DOCSLIB.ORG

Patents 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patents 2021 Patents 2021 A practical cross-border insight into patent law 11th Edition Featuring contributions from: Bird & Bird LLP Gowling WLG PETOŠEVIĆ Russia Cedar White Bradley IP LLC Haynes and Boone Pham & Associates Chuo Sogo Law Office, P.C. Kadasa Intellectual Property Reinhold Cohn Group CPST Intellectual Property (in association with Rouse & Co. International) Reising Ethington P.C. Daniel Law Law Office of KRAdamo Rouse DDPV Studio Legale LexOrbis Setterwalls Duane Morris LLP Mintz Shook Lin & Bok Eric Silwamba, Jalasi and Linyama Nestor Nestor Diculescu Kingston Petersen SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan Legal Practitioners Ofo Ventura Intellectual Property & Litigation TIPLO Attorneys-at-Law Gleiss Lutz OLIVARES Gorodissky & Partners Ukraine Patrinos & Kilimiris ISBN 978-1-83918-066-8 ISSN 2044-3129 Published by 59 Tanner Street London SE1 3PL United Kingdom Patents 2021 +44 207 367 0720 [email protected] th www.iclg.com 11 Edition Consulting Group Publisher Rory Smith Publisher James Strode Editor Contributing Editor: Jane Simmons Katharine Stephens Senior Editor Sam Friend Bird & Bird LLP Head of Production Suzie Levy Chief Media Officer Fraser Allan CEO Jason Byles Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd. Cover image www.istockphoto.com ©2020 Global Legal Group Limited. All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction by any means, Strategic Partners digital or analogue, in whole or in part, is strictly forbidden. Disclaimer This publication is for general information purposes only. It does not purport to provide comprehen- sive full legal or other advice. Global Legal Group Ltd. and the contributors accept no responsibility for losses that may arise from reliance upon information contained in this publication. This publication is intended to give an indication of legal issues upon which you may need advice. Full legal advice should be taken from a qualified professional when dealing with specific situations. Chapter 6 21 Australia Australia Jane Owen Bird & Bird LLP Rebecca Currey 1 Patent Enforcement To commence proceedings in the Federal Court, a party must file an originating application. The originating application will be accompanied by a statement of claim and a genuine steps state- 1.1 Before what tribunals can a patent be enforced ment in accordance with the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) (FCRs). against an infringer? Is there a choice between tribunals The fees to file an originating application are prescribed in and what would influence a claimant’s choice? schedule 1 of the Federal Court and Federal Circuit Court Regulation 2012. As of 1 July 2019, the fee for filing an originating applica- The Federal Court of Australia (Federal Court) and the state tion for a corporation is AUD 4,100. and territory Supreme Courts have jurisdiction to hear patent The period of time that elapses between the filing of the origi- infringement matters. nating application and the final trial depends on the complexity of the Patent infringement proceedings are typically brought in the proceedings – for example, whether the applicant seeks to amend the Federal Court because this Court has numerous judges with patent(s), the number of patents asserted, whether experiments need extensive patent expertise who are appointed to the patent list to be carried out, and how long evidence preparation takes. and allocated to hear these matters. Generally, parties should allow anywhere between 12 and 18 months before the final trial on infringement. 1.2 Can the parties be required to undertake mediation before commencing court proceedings? Is mediation 1.5 Can a party be compelled to disclose relevant or arbitration a commonly used alternative to court documents or materials to its adversary either before or proceedings? after commencing proceedings, and if so, how? Parties cannot be required to mediate before commencing The FCRs provide several mechanisms for disclosure of docu- proceedings. However, under the Civil Dispute Resolution Act ments both before and after the commencement of proceedings. 2011 (Cth), the legal representatives for the party issuing the proceedings must sign and file a genuine steps statement that Before commencement sets out the steps that have been taken to try and resolve the A party that believes it may have the right to obtain relief against matter before issuing proceedings. a party, but does not have sufficient information to decide In the course of the proceeding, the Federal Court will whether to start a proceeding, can seek an order for “prelimi- consider options for alternative dispute resolution, including nary discovery” of documents from the other party. mediation, as early as reasonably practicable and may order the parties to mediate. Mediation is more common than arbitration, After commencement unless the dispute is governed by a contract mandating that arbi- The FCRs also provide mechanisms to obtain “standard” and tration be undertaken before or in lieu of Court litigation. “non-standard” discovery of documents after the commence- ment of a proceeding. 1.3 Who is permitted to represent parties to a patent Orders for discovery after commencement are not made as a dispute in court? matter of course and a party must only seek discovery (whether “standard” or “non-standard”) if it will facilitate the just resolu- Barristers and solicitors represent parties in patent proceedings tion of the proceeding as quickly, inexpensively and efficiently as possible. in the Federal Court. In Australia, patent attorneys are a separate profession and Other mechanisms have a right of audience in the Australian Patent Office but A party to a proceeding can use Notices to Produce served on cannot appear in Court. a party, requiring the party to produce any document or thing Litigants can self-represent, but a corporation must be repre- within the party’s control at the trial. sented by a legal practitioner unless leave of the Court is given. 1.6 What are the steps each party must take pre-trial? 1.4 What has to be done to commence proceedings, Is any technical evidence produced, and if so, how? what court fees have to be paid and how long does it generally take for proceedings to reach trial from commencement? There are numerous steps a party must take in the lead-up to trial. Patents 2021 © Published and reproduced with kind permission by Global Legal Group Ltd, London 22 Australia The Federal Court Practice Note, “Intellectual Property A party should make known its request for an expedited proce- Practice Note (IP-1)”, provides some examples of special steps dure and hearing at the time of filing an originating application. A which may be ordered to be undertaken in patent matters. For party should otherwise make its request for an informal or abbre- example, the Court may order that the parties file an agreed viated pleadings process known as the first case management technical primer to assist in explaining the technical back- hearing. ground to the invention claimed in the patent in suit. The impact on overall timing will depend on the complexity The first step in the proceeding is the pleading of each party’s of the proceeding. It is unlikely that a patent proceeding would case (a statement of claim, a defence and any cross-claim, be finalised in under three months if expedition is ordered. defence to cross-claim and replies). After the close of pleadings, evidence will be led by both 1.10 Are judgments made available to the public? parties. If not as a matter of course, can third parties request Evidence relied on for both infringement and revocation will copies of the judgment? invariably include expert technical evidence. In the immediate lead-up to the trial, a case management Judgments are made publicly available online in Australia, typi- conference will occur before the judge. At the case manage- ment conference, the judge will set a timetable for the filing of cally within 24 hours of being handed down by the judge. submissions, objections to evidence, Court book preparation and other requirements the judge may have in preparing the 1.11 Are courts obliged to follow precedents matter for trial. This may include orders regarding a timetable from previous similar cases as a matter of binding for competing experts to confer prior to the trial and for expert or persuasive authority? Are decisions of any other evidence to be given concurrently at trial. jurisdictions of persuasive authority? 1.7 How are arguments and evidence presented at the The doctrine of precedent is central to the Australian judicial trial? Can a party change its pleaded arguments before system. Australian Courts are bound to follow the ratio decidendi and/or at trial? (reasons for the decision) of superior Australian Courts, and will not depart from decisions of the same Court without good reason. At the trial, the parties’ arguments are made by both written and Older decisions from the United Kingdom may be persua- sive (Australian patent law has departed from UK patent law), oral submissions. but they are not binding. See Seiko Epson v Calidad [2017] As to the parties’ evidence, the affidavit evidence upon which FCAFC 1403 for an example of this consideration. Decisions of a party intends to rely will be formally “read” by the party European and US Courts are of interest, but are less persuasive. relying on the evidence and admitted into evidence. A person However, since adopting the concept of “support” instead of that has given evidence in affidavit form may be required for fair basis in Australia, European cases may have some increased
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Evolution of Patenting Software
    12JCULR Dr Anthony Place 11 The Evolution of Patenting Software DR A. G. PLACE Abstract The rapid evolution of software within the last 30 years has seen it move from a method of calculating mathematical expression to a technology in its own right that has permeated almost every technology and economic endeavour. For this reason courts have justified the patenting of software. Under current patent law, the system is particularly sensitive to control and interpretation, and must maintain a delicate balance between inventors’ rights and public access. As the assessment of novelty, inventive step and utility require identifying the field of technology, establishing the common general knowledge and constructing a hypothetical skilled addressee, there is an inseparable nexus between the patenting of software-related inventions and the nature of software and its designers. This paper provides a legal and technical perspective on the issues of software patents. The basis of the paper is that while software has evolved to become patentable, it is still rapidly evolving, which is putting tension on current interpretations and ‘traditional principles’. INTRODUCTION The software industry is a rapidly growing industry that has positioned itself within almost every other field of economic endeavour. For this reason, software patents cause a lot of confusion in the technical and legal professions alike. The complexity and misunderstanding associated with software patents can be attributed to software’s rapid evolution from a scientific and mathematical calculator to a pervasive product that has permeated almost every aspect of modern technology (and life). The patent system is an evolving process which is directed by public policy, legislation and judicial interpretations.
    [Show full text]
  • Picture As Pdf Download
    For debate Costs to Australian taxpayers of pharmaceutical monopolies and proposals to extend them in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement US ambitions ntellectual property (IP) provisions being pursued Summary for the by the United States in the 12-country Trans-Pacific Intellectual property (IP) protections proposed by I Partnership Agreement (TPPA) negotiations have gen- the United States for the Trans-Pacific Partnership Trans-Pacific erated widespread alarm since the initial US proposals Agreement (TPPA) have sparked widespread alarm Partnership were leaked in 2011.1-5 Subsequent leaks of composite about the potential negative impact on access to drafts of the IP chapter have shown ongoing resistance affordable medicines. Agreement by most countries to many of the US proposals that would The most recently leaked draft of the IP chapter … would delay access to generic medicines.6,7 But while the most shows some shifts in the US position, presumably in recently leaked draft suggests some modifications in the response to ongoing resistance from other countries. expand and While some problematic provisions identified in US position,7 major concerns related to medicines access entrench costly earlier drafts have been removed or mitigated, major remain unresolved. concerns remain unresolved. monopolies This article focuses on three particular problems for Three of the greatest concerns for Australia in the in Australia, Australia that remain in the 2014 draft. These are provi- recent draft include provisions that would further with no sions that would further entrench secondary patenting entrench secondary patenting and evergreening, lock and evergreening, lock in extensions to patent terms, and in extensions to patent terms and extend monopoly evidence of any extend data protection for certain medicines.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmaceutical Patent Extension and Springboarding Provisions in Various Jurisdictions
    Final Report to the Commonwealth Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources Review of Pharmaceutical Patent Extension and Springboarding Provisions in Various Jurisdictions INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF AUSTRALIA (IPRIA) Andrew F. Christie, Saba Elkman and Melanie J. Howlett 6 November 2002 Review of Pharmaceutical Patent Extension and Springboarding Provisions CONFIDENTIAL 2 Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................5 1. REVIEW OF PATENT EXTENSIONS ..............................................................10 1.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................10 1.2 UNITED STATES ..................................................................................................10 1.2.1 Laws and Regulations.................................................................................10 1.2.2 Interpretation ..............................................................................................13 1.2.3 Proposals for Reform..................................................................................13 1.2.4 Patent Extensions Pursuant to 35 USC § 154 ............................................14 1.3 CANADA .............................................................................................................15 1.3.1 Laws and Regulations.................................................................................15 1.3.2 Proposals for Reform..................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • 19 Comparative Study on the Basis of the Prior User Right (Focusing on Common Law)（*） Research Fellow: Takeo Masashi
    19 Comparative Study on the Basis of the Prior User Right (Focusing on Common Law)（*） Research Fellow: Takeo Masashi Suppose A had filed a patent application for an invention, but, prior to A’s filing, the other B had made the same invention independently and has been making and selling a product embodying such invention. In this case, could A be granted a patent? Or, would A’s patent be found invalid? If A is to be granted a valid patent, would B be allowed to continue making and selling the product even after a patent has been granted to A? The Japanese Patent Act [JPA] provides the following solutions to this question: (i) in cases where A’s invention lacks novelty due to B’s making and selling (Article 29 paragraph (1) of JPA), A cannot be granted a patent, and B will be able to continue making and selling the product, (ii) in cases where A’s invention is still new, A will be granted a patent, but, nevertheless, B will be allowed to continue making and selling pursuant to and to the extent of prior user right (Article 79 of JPA). But these solutions are, from a historical and comparative perspective, not exclusive ones. For example, the “classical” UK Patent Law prior to 1977 and US Patent Law prior to reform in 2011 have provided different solutions from those of Japan. The purpose of this study is to investigate why they have adopted different solutions in adjusting the conflict between patentee and prior user and, thereby, to clarify the characteristic of the prior user right of JPA.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Australia's New Patent
    Sydney MLC Centre Martin Place Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Telephone +61 2 9225 5000 Facsimile +61 2 9322 4000 Melbourne An easy guide to Australia’s 101 Collins Street Melbourne Vic 3000 Australia Telephone +61 3 9288 1234 Facsimile +61 3 9288 1567 new patent law under the Perth QV.1 Building 250 St Georges Terrace Perth WA 6000 Australia Telephone +61 8 9211 7777 Facsimile +61 8 9211 7878 Intellectual Property Laws Brisbane Amendment (Raising the Bar) Central Plaza One 345 Queen Street Brisbane Qld 4000 Australia Telephone +61 7 3258 6666 Facsimile +61 7 3258 6444 Act 2012 Singapore 10 Collyer Quay #15-08 Ocean Financial Centre Singapore 049315 Telephone +65 6236 9939 Facsimile +65 6538 2575 Associated offices Jakarta Beijing Shanghai Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Freehills Patent & Trade Mark Attorneys Melbourne 101 Collins Street Melbourne Vic 3000 Australia Telephone +61 3 9288 1577 Facsimile +61 3 9288 1567 Sydney MLC Centre Martin Place Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Telephone +61 2 9225 5777 Facsimile +61 2 9322 4000 www.freehills.com/ptm Associated with Freehills Registered Patent & Trade Mark Attorneys in Australia and New Zealand www.freehills.com MPB125394 An easy guide to Australia’s new patent law under the Intellectual Property Laws Amendment (Raising the Bar) Act 2012 © Copyright in this guide book is owned by Freehills. This guide book provides a summary only of the subject matter covered, without the assumption of a duty of care by Freehills. The summary is not intended to be nor should it be relied on as a substitute for legal or other professional advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Clarity on Patentability in Australia!
    Clarity on patentability in Australia! Dr Sudhanshu Ayyagari, Wednesday 15th July 2020 Over the past decade, the Australian patent law and Patentability of a B2B payment system practice in relation to the patent-eligibility of software, covered business methods and gaming related Traditionally, payment systems have used a reference inventions has been in a state of flux. In the absence number to associate a payment with the correct of a legislative change, the Australian courts, and the financial document. In these systems, a payee was patent office have been very proactive in providing required to match the details of the payment (such as much needed guidance on the requirements for the date, payment amount, payer name), with details patentability. As we have reported in our previous on the bank statement. However, a major limitation two-part series on software patentability in Australia, of these systems was that the payment and details the Australian stand-point, based on some high- would arrive at the payee separately, and with a delay. level court decisions1 has been very similar to the In addition, as the bank statements are often limited approaches being followed by the practitioners in the to a few fields, conducting business-to-business US and Europe2. transactions has been difficult. In this article, we explore some recent Australian In Jagwood Pty Ltd [2020] APO 38, the patent office patent office decisions on covered business method considered a new system for reconciling electronic and gaming related patents, which appear to payments. In Jagwood’s application, the Applicant provide clarity and a glimmer of hope for innovators presented that their invention overcame the above operating in this domain.
    [Show full text]
  • Q&A on Patent Law in Australia
    ChapterXX 7 27 Australia Australia Jane Owen Bird & Bird LLP Rebecca Currey 1 Patent Enforcement 1.4 What has to be done to commence proceedings, what court fees have to be paid and how long does it generally take for proceedings to reach trial from commencement? 1.1 Before what tribunals can a patent be enforced against an infringer? Is there a choice between tribunals and what To commence proceedings in the Federal Court, a party must file an would influence a claimant’s choice? originating application. The originating application will be accom- panied by a statement of claim and a genuine steps statement in The Federal Court of Australia (Federal Court) and the state and accordance with the Federal Court Rules 2011 (Cth) (FCRs). territory Supreme Courts have jurisdiction to hear patent The fees to file an originating application are prescribed in infringement matters. schedule 1 of the Federal Court and Federal Circuit Court Regulation 2012. Patent infringement proceedings are typically brought in the As of July 2018, the fee for filing an originating application for a Federal Court because this Court has numerous judges with exten- corporation is AUD 4,045. sive patent expertise who are appointed to the patent list and The period of time that elapses between the filing of the allocated to hear these matters. originating application and the final trial depends on the complexity of the proceedings – for example, whether the applicant seeks to 1.2 Can the parties be required to undertake mediation amend the patent(s), the number of patents asserted, whether experiments need to be carried out, and how long evidence before commencing court proceedings? Is mediation or preparation takes.
    [Show full text]
  • PATENT EVER GREENING : LAW and ETHICS FULL PAPER SUBMISSION ICIL 2016 7Th International Conference on Information Law and Ethics Dr
    PATENT EVER GREENING : LAW AND ETHICS FULL PAPER SUBMISSION ICIL 2016 7th International Conference on Information Law and Ethics Dr. Lisa P. Lukose Associate Professor, University School of Law and Legal Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India Theme: Intellectual Property and Ethics Subtheme: Patent and Ethics Title of the paper: PATENT EVER GREENING: LAW AND ETHICS ABSTRACT Today we are living in a ‘knowledge economy’ which is purely based on information which can be protected and en-cashed. The world is revolving round the potential know- how. The know-how is primarily protected by way of system of patents which is a kind of intellectual property (IP). IP deals with products of human ingenuity and creativity. It relates to knowledge and information which can be incorporated in tangible objects and can be commercially exploited. The expression, ‘intellectual property rights’ refers to legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields. It is a collective term used to denote independent rights such as patents, trademarks, copyright, industrial designs, geographical indications, confidential information and layout designs. The discussion in the present paper will be limited to patents with a special emphasis on ever-greening of patents. Patent is an exclusive privilege to reward the true and first inventors of new inventions. To be patentable, an invention must be novel, involving inventive step and of industrial application. Theoretically patents exist to promote the diffusion of innovative knowledge. The patent system provides necessary incentives for investment in research and encourages inventors to engage in new lines of R & D, thus it stimulating further creativity.
    [Show full text]
  • Divided Performance of Patented Methods in Australia: a Call to Codify Procured Infringement
    252 UNSW Law Journal Volume 41(1) 10 DIVIDED PERFORMANCE OF PATENTED METHODS IN AUSTRALIA: A CALL TO CODIFY PROCURED INFRINGEMENT JOHNATHON E LIDDICOAT* The US case Akamai Technologies Inc v Limelight Networks Inc brought the patent world’s attention to the issue of if and how a patentee may enforce a method claim against a competitor who performs some of the steps in the method but leaves other steps to be performed by arms-length clients – a scenario known as divided performance. The case raised the possibility that divided performance effectively enables a competitor to use a patented method – yet avoid infringement. This article finds that no Australian patent infringement mechanism clearly creates liability for divided performance; however, it also reveals that the seldom invoked, common law mechanism known as procured infringement plausibly does. As a result, this article argues that procured infringement should be codified in the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) to resolve ambiguity surrounding whether it creates liability, thereby generating certainty for the myriad stakeholders who use the patent system. I INTRODUCTION The primary rationale for patent systems is that they incentivise innovation by creating intangible property rights in inventions. 1 It follows, that if the * PhD, BSc (Hons), LLB (Hons), Philomathia Post-Doctoral Research Associate in Law, Faculty of Law, Centre for Law, Medicine and Life Science, University of Cambridge; Adjunct Research Fellow, Centre for Law and Genetics, University of Tasmania. My thanks go to all those who provided comments and criticisms, including Di Nicol, Peter Heerey, Don Chalmers and three anonymous reviewers. I would also like to thank the editorial team at UNSW Law Journal for their diligent assistance in publishing this article.
    [Show full text]
  • Best Patent Cases 2019 Australia and New Zealand
    Best Patent Cases 2019 Australia and New Zealand ShelstonIP.com Established. Excellence. • Patentees learned some harsh lessons as the Full Court dismissed infringement claims based on the Dear Reader construction of the terms “contains” (construed exhaustively in Nichia) and “recognise” (construed Welcome to Shelston’s wrap-up of the most broadly in Davies). notable patent decisions in Australia and • There were several applications by patentees to New Zealand delivered during 2019. It was amend patent claims and specifications after a busy year for patent jurisprudence with commencing infringement proceedings (Meat some interesting themes emerging – in & Livestock Australia, Neurim, BlueScope), with particular, it has been a banner year for mixed success. decisions on the “manner of manufacture” requirement for patentable subject matter. • Consideration was given in the Patent Office to Australia’s “raised bar” requirements for support and sufficiency Gary( Cox, Universal Polymers). • Both clinical trial patient consent forms (InterPharma) and academic conference posters • An expanded Full Federal Court clarified the (Regeneron) were considered prior art documents “manner of manufacture” test for computer- in life sciences cases. implemented methods to be patentable • There were further decisions regarding families of (Encompass), a topic that was also central to patents that have been litigated for a decade or several other Federal Court (Tettman, Repipe, more (Globaltech, SNF). Watson) and Patent Office Apple( ) decisions. • There
    [Show full text]
  • 'Evergreening' of Patents
    —M.U.L.R- 02_Chalmers_(prepress_complete_fourth_proof).doc — Title of Article — printed 5 March 2007 at 6.47.34 PM — page 29 of 33 EVERGREEN OR DECIDUOUS? AUSTRALIAN TRENDS IN RELATION TO THE ‘EVERGREENING’ OF PATENTS ROBERT CHALMERS∗ [The so-called ‘evergreening’ of pharmaceutical patents has become an issue of major public concern in the wake of the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement and the amendments it requires to the Therapeutics Goods Act 1989 (Cth). The effect of these amendments was to place additional obligations on manufacturers of generic (unpatented) pharmaceuticals. Some additional provisions were also included in an attempt to safeguard against potentially ‘illegitimate’ patent infringement action taken by patentees against such manufacturers. This article examines these provisions and their likely effect on the patent protection strategies adopted by the pharmaceutical industry. It also considers recent responses to these strategies by the patents administration system and the courts — in particular, the decision of Arrow Pharmaceuticals Ltd v Merck & Co Inc.] CONTENTS I Introduction............................................................................................................... 29 II Patent Strategies — Evergreening in Action?........................................................... 31 III Pre-Existing Law...................................................................................................... 34 A Australia ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Primary Producer Access to Gene Technology
    Access to gene technology Primary Producer Access to Gene Technology Limitations imposed by the existing practice of patenting gene and gene sequences under the Patents Act 1990 (Cth) 1. 4. THE PUBLIC INTEREST AND PATENTING............................................................................................ 9 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 0 Access to gene technology Executive summary A patent may generally be granted under the Commonwealth Patents Act for an invention which is new, not obvious, useful and described in a way that can be followed by others. Patents are granted in Australia for biological processes, organisms and biological molecules. This includes genes and gene sequences, some of the basic and universal elements of biology, as well as a basic elements of a range of economically valuable inventions including diagnostic kits, medicines (veterinary and other) and agriculturally important crops. This submission argues the present patenting scheme for gene and gene sequences has been setting the hurdle for inventiveness (including non obviousness and novelty)and the grant of a patent too low and allowing the scope of the patent to be too broad. Almost any gene or gene sequence identified for the first time can be patented failing to recognise the inherent degeneracy in genetic materials and by allowing these broad patent claims there is very little room left for other inventors to use the genetic materials to be inventive. This undermines the purpose of the patenting scheme and the benefits that can be derived from patenting. An analysis of the international patenting regime shows Australia only has limited options available and these will rely principally on competition laws. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Access to gene technology 1.
    [Show full text]