1. Cell Theory: "All organisms are composed of one or more cells. The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms. All cells come from preexisting cells." 2. Cell Wall: a rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection 3. Cells: the basic units of living organisms 4. Chlorophyll: traps light energy and give leaves and stems their green color 5. Chloroplasts: capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time. Only in plants 6. Chromatin: strands of DNA that contain the master set of directions for making proteins 7. Cilia: short, numerous, hair-like projections the move in a wavelike motion 8. Compound Light Microscope: uses a series of lenses to magnify object in steps 9. Cytoplasm: the clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell 10. Cytoskeleton: support structure within the cytoplasm 11. Electron Microscope: uses a beam of electrons instead of natural light to magnify structure up to 500,000 times their actual size 12. Endoplasmic Reticulum or ER: a series of highly folded membranes and is site of cellular chemical reactions 13. Eukaryotes: do contain membrane – bound structures; Most of the multicellular plants and animals and some unicellular organisms 14. Flagella: longer projections that move with a whip-like motion 15. Fluid Mosaic Model: structural model of the plasma membrane where molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer 16. Golgi Apparatus: a flattened system of tubular membranes that sort the proteins into packages to be sent to the appropriate destination 16. Homeostasis: the process of maintaining the cell's environment 16. Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria 16. Microfilaments: thin, solid protein fibers 16. Microtubules: thin, hollow cylinder made of protein 16. Mitochondria: "transforms energy for the cell. "power house"" 16. Nucleolus: organelle within the nucleus that makes ribosomes 16. Nucleus: controls the activities of the cell. Directions to make proteins 16. Organelles: the membrane – bound structures within eukaryotic cells 16. Phospholipids: lipids with a phosphate group attached to them 16. Plasma (cell) Membrane: serves as boundary between the cell and its environment; allows materials such as water and nutrients to enter and waste products to leave 16. Plastids: plant organelles used for storage 16. Prokaryotes: do not have membrane – bound structures; Most unicellular organisms 16. Ribosomes: sites where the cell assembles enzymes and other proteins according to the directions of DNA 16. Robert Hooke: used a light microscope to study cork; observed box-shaped structures he gave the name cells 16. Schleiden: observed plants and concluded all plants are composed of cells 16. Schwann: observed animals and concluded all animals are composed of cells 7.2 Plasma Membrane – The phospholipid bilayer fluid mosaic  Like a “smart” security ______for the cell.  Allows some ______in and ______. Phospholipid bilayers have 2 important characteristics 1. The molecule’s ______outer ends can ______together like ______, but are NOT permanently stuck like in a chemical bond. 2. So the lipid bilayers ______.

What is a mosaic? The ______that the ______make on the membrane make the surface look like a mosaic.

Proteins in the Cell Membrane are ______.  ______in the cell membrane ______many purposes.  ______– Proteins act as ______through which only ______molecules can pass.  ______– Proteins ______into the cell by reacting to certain other molecules  ______– Proteins are the “______” of cells giving them identity.

7.3 Cell Organelles - Structure and Function

Cellular Boundaries  The ______ The cell wall is ______present in… o Acts as a ______o ______, ______, most ______membrane ______and some ______o Is ______o Fairly ______o ______most o Gives additional ______and ______

Plant Cell Wall  Made up of ______- Cellulose  Forms a thick ______ Functions to ______the cell and give it ______ONLY o Very ______– allows ______to ______o DOES ______select what materials can enter the cell – that is the cell ______job

Control in the cell 1. Nucleus – ______of the eukaryotic cell. o Contains the directions to make ______in chromatin – strands of ______. Remember, the types of proteins a cell produces are what makes it unique o ______are necessary for ALL functions of the cell o We call this DNA ______when it is all coiled up before the cell ______itself  THIS is where all ______is stored

In and around the Cell Nucleus 2. Nucleolus - ______the ______ ______ribosomes that will move outside the nucleus into the cytoplasm (more on ribosomes later, but they are the factories that make proteins from amino acids) 3. Nuclear Envelope – pair of membranes that ______& ______4. Nuclear Pores – ______to ______through nuclear envelope 5. Cytoplasm – fluid region between cell membrane and nucleus

Living in suspension Cytoplasm ______the nucleus, ______the organelles Has two main components – ______& organelles  Cytosol – gelatinous ______that consists mostly of ______along with proteins, carbohydrates, salts, minerals, & organic molecules.

Protein Factories 6. Ribosomes - ______manufacturing centers  This is where proteins are made.  ______ribosomes – scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Produces proteins used ______the cell. (generally)  ______ribosomes – produce proteins used ______the cell (generally) The chemical reaction center 7. Endoplasmic Reticulum – a large, folded workspace within the cell  System of ______that forms a ______system between the nucleus and the cytoplasm  May have ribosomes ______– Rough ER.  ____ ribosomes – Smooth ER Membrane lipid producer 7a. ______ER  Builds ______for cell ______ neutralizes poisons (will break down morphine & amphetamines) Protein producer 7b. ______ER  Ribosomes ______

Molecular Mailing Center 8. ______– ______by attaching carbohydrates or lipids  “______” proteins in saclike pieces of membrane pinched off that are full of chemicals – called ______ Ex – found in cells that produce large number of chemicals – saliva & digestion aids

The Powerhouse 9. ______from the nutrients Ex – Found in greater numbers in liver cells & heart cells

The Recycling Center 10. ______- recycling centers of the cell  Contain strong ______enzymes that ______food & foreign objects Ex – Found in white blood cells

Stuff for Lysosomes to destroy…

Holding Everything together 11. ______- Maintain the ______of cell & ______in place  Microtubules- ______tubes like plumbing pipes  Microfilaments- have a structure that resembles ______and ______causing movement. ______have many ______

Chromosome moving company 12. ______- Organize the microtubules of the cytoskeleton during ______in animal cells (Plant cells don’t have centrioles)

Moving Right along 13. Cilia & Flagella - ______organelles that extend from the surface of the cell, where they assist in ______ ______- ______hairlike projections – move in ______ ______- ______whiplike projections In humans cilia line parts of the ______system, moving ______particles & ______away from the lungs

Self Storage Centers 14. ______are membrane-bound spaces in the cell used for storage of materials.  Examples of things the vacuole may store are ______, ______and ______.  Vacuoles are difficult to see in ______cells, since they are so ______, and ______.  Plant vs. Animal Cells 1. Both have the same organelles. 2. Both are Eukaryotic cells.

Plants have 1. Large vacuoles – may take up to 90% of the volume of a cell A. gives support to the cell B. stores food or waste material

 Animal cell Usually smaller in size Cell wall is absent. Cellulose in any form is absent Cytoplasm is denser, more granular and occupies most of the space in the cell . Vacuoles absent. If present, they are small, temporary and concerned with excretion or secretion Vacuoles are large and prominent. May be one or more Plastids are absent Plastids are usually present Centrosome is present Centrosome is absent. Instead two small clear areas called polar caps are present Prominent and highly complex Golgi bodies present near nucleus Contain several sub units of Golgi apparatus called dictyosomes

 Plant cell Usually larger in size Cell wall made up of cellulose is present Cytoplasm is pushed to the periphery and forms a thin lining against the cell wallThe central space in the cell may be occupied by a large, single vacuole Plant Cells Plant Cells

3. Chromoplasts – color pigments found in flower petals (red, orange, and yellow) A. no known chemical function in the cell B. attracts animals & insects to the flower Plant Cells 4. Leucoplasts – colorless vacuoles A. storage for starch and fat molecules 5. Cell Wall – thick outer layer that protects & supports the cell. A. made of cellulose