HUMAN BIOLOGY LAB EXAM REVIEW 1

1. Be able to measure the height, depth, and width of a box IN CENTIMETERS. The answer will look something like 4.7cm. In other words, measure the maximum number of complete cm, and then add on the extra number of mm to complete the measurement. Ask me NOW if you have questions, because I’m not answering questions right before or during the test! 2. List the steps of the scientific process in order (answer: observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion) 3. List 4 things wrong with a given study. NOTE: The actual study on the test will be ONE of the following three studies. The faults here are in red to give you a clue; make sure you find FOUR faults per study. The actual test will not have clues in red! Ask me NOW if you have questions!

A. A researcher working for an herbal medicine company conducts an experiment on 10 middle-aged men (3 things there). He tells them that he is testing an herbal medication that scientists think will make people feel more energetic. He instructs them to take one herbal medicine tablet a day for one week. After a week he asks them if they feel more energetic. He reports that 9 out of 10 people feel more energetic after taking the medication. (Answer: they used only 10 people, they were in a narrow age range, they were all men, and the trial period was only one week) B. A study found that obese women who were given pyruvate supplements for three weeks lost an average of 13 pounds weight (of which 8 pounds was fat). During the study, the subjects were on a liquid diet consisting of 1000 calories per day and were ingesting 30 grams of pyruvate daily. The control group consumed an equal amount of carbohydrates (not liquid) but no pyruvate. One health store wants to start selling pyruvate as "a phenomenal weight-loss pill for overweight people". (Answer: they were all women, the study was too short, the test group measured calories while the control group measured carbohydrates, and the test group was on a liquid diet while the control group was on solids). C. 500 Caucasian men who had high blood cholesterol levels were between ages 30-50, and worked white-collar jobs (meaning they are skilled or educated, instead of manual labor workers) in the Midwestern states. Half of the group were given a standard diet which included 5 cups of oat bran daily. Half of the group were given a standard diet plan with no oat bran. All of the men had blood cholesterol levels tested by objective hospitals at the beginning and end of the study. After two months, the group who had eaten oat bran had a 20% decrease in their cholesterol levels. The group who had not eaten any oat bran had no change in cholesterol levels. The cereal company conducting the study concluded that if all people ate oat bran daily, their cholesterol levels would decrease. (Answer: 500 people is not enough, they were all Caucasian, they were all men, they were all white collar, and they were from a small region of the world)

4. List FOUR things to do before putting a microscope in the cabinet. (Answer: lower the stage, put the shortest objective in front, wrap the cord up, and carry it with two hands). 5. There will be one question from pages 16 and three questions from page 20 of your lab manual. 6. Know what type of tissue moves food through the digestive tract (smooth muscle). 7. Know what type of muscle is voluntary (skeletal). 8. Know the four major body tissues (connective tissue, muscle, epithelium, nervous). 9. There will be three stations with slides. One of the questions on each slide WILL be “Name this tissue, be specific”. The answer will be one of the following, depending on the slide. You must use ALL of the words in your answer: a. Stratified squamous epithelium b. Simple cuboidal epithelium c. Connective tissue, blood d. Connective tissue, bone 10. If the slide is of epithelium, muscle, or connective tissue, the second question will be: “Name a location of the body where this tissue can be found”. Examples: a. Stratified squamous epithelium: fingerprints b. Simple cuboidal epithelium: kidney 11. Additional tissue questions include “name the function of this tissue” Examples: a. Stratified squamous epithelium: protection b. Connective tissue, blood: transport oxygen c. Connective tissue, bone: support 12. Know the definition of diffusion, osmosis, equilibrium, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic, and be able to spell those words. 13. Know the effect of ice and heat on diffusion. 14. Know what two things can easily pass through a cell membrane: Water and oxygen 15. Know what the difference is between active and passive transport. 16. What does the body secrete that emulsifies fat? What organ secretes it? 17. Be able to label the organs on the first page of the digestion lab 18. What was added to the tube that had starch in it to make turn black? Iodine 19. What is the definition of an enzyme? Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones. 20. Where is the enzyme “amylase” made? Salivary gland 21. What is the definition of emulsification? Breaking down fat into smaller droplets 22. Which reagent is an indicator that changes color in the presence of sugar? Benedict’s 23. What color does this reagent turn in the presence of sugar (positive sugar test) Reddish brown 24. Be able to label the phases of mitosis if you see a drawing from page 205 in your manual. 25. Know how many cells result from mitosis (2) and how many from meiosis (4). 26. Know if the parent cells of mitosis are haploid or diploid; know the same for the daughter cells. 27. Know if the daughter cells of meiosis are haploid or diploid. 28. Know the stages of mitosis on the plastic models (photos are on website) 29. Be able to give a brief description of what is happening during each of the five major stages of mitosis. Your test question will be “In what stage does ______occur?” 30. Be able to identify ALL the photos on the website on mitosis. 31. Know how to spell “gametogenesis” 32. Know how many chromosomes there are in a human (46) and how many in a human egg (23). 33. Know the benefit of crossing over is to allow for genetic variation. 34. Know that 2n  n illustrates meiosis, and 2n  2n illustrates mitosis. 35. There will be three reproductive models on the exam: male, female, and female external genitals. There will be four questions on each model, and all the questions will be “Name this structure”. (labeled photos on website) 36. Be able to spell “homozygous” and “heterozygous” and know the meaning of each (see transcript). 37. Know the definition of “genotype” and “phenotype”. 38. For a given DNA strand, what are the complimentary base pairs for each nucleotide? For example, given a DNA strand of AATGC, the complimentary base pairs would be TTACG. 39. Know ALL the red marks in the DNA replication transcript. 40. Know the difference between missense, nonsense, and frameshift mutations. 41. Know what things were used to get the DNA out of the cell of an onion (see transcript: blender, soap, and alcohol) 42. Know how to spell “Chromatography” and “Gel Electrophoresis” and recognize the description for each.