Table of Contents s473

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 1

Chapter 2 6

Chapter 3 11

Chapter 4 17

Chapter 5 22

Chapter 6 26

Chapter 7 29

Chapter 8 32

Chapter 9 37

Chapter 10 42

Chapter 11 46

Chapter 12 52

Chapter 13 55

Chapter 14 57

Test Bank 60

i Part 1 The Basis for Modern Policing

Chapter 1 Understanding the Police Chapter Objectives:  Understand how the public and police interrelate with one another.  Contrast the roles of police with the needs of society.  Understand the many roles of police in U.S. society.  Comprehend the complex relationship between the rule of law and the functions of the police in society.  Discern between the popular image of the police officer and the reality of the police role.  Understand how individual police officer behavior affects the performance of the police in our communities.  Appreciate the dynamics of the police subculture and how they contribute to the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the police officer on the street.

Chapter Outline THE GOVERNMENT THE POLICE AND THE PEOPLE CRIME AND THE POLICE THIS BOOK’S THEME Preventing Crime By The Police DEFINING THE POLICE THE ROLE OF THE POLICE IN GOVERNMENT POLICE IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY Majority Rule and Minority Rights American Policing Under Fire When A Killer Can’t be Found: The JonBenét Ramsey Case THE IMPOSSIBLE MANDATE SEPERATION OF POWERS THE JUSTICE SYSTEM FIT PUBLIC TRUST AND THE POLICE The Killing of Amadou Diallo THE POLICE DILEMMA PLAYING BY THE RULES Highlights in Policing Youth Crime Prevention Key THE NEED FOR BALANCE IMAGE VERSUS REALITY Public Expectations of the Police GOALS OF POLICING Law Enforcement Peacekeeping and Order Maintenance American Policing Under Fire An African American Wrongly Targeted by PoliceOfficers Crime Prevention Protecting Civil Rights

1 Delivery of Services A Closer Look The American Bar Foundation Recommendations for Police Departments

Chapter Summary As we have seen in this chapter, the role and functions of police are varied in U.S. society. What the police do is determined by a number of variables, which include politics and ideology, expectations of the public, and past experience in policing. How the police work is guided by criminal and constitutional law as well as by the dynamics of individual police officer behavior and how individual officers perceive the citizenry, the law, and their role as the police. In carrying out their role, officers must always be aware of the overriding need to balance public safety with a safeguarding of individual rights. Five primary functions exist with regard to police services: law enforcement, peacekeeping and order maintenance, crime prevention, protecting civil rights, and delivery of services. These functions encompass the majority of duties required of police officers. The functions of police officers are closely related to the development of the police subculture. Although this culture represents a close knit bond between officers, this bond begins to develop almost immediately upon acceptance to the police academy. Once an officer is on the street for a while, he or she develops a working style. Cases that represent the manner in which officers exercise their duties and perceive themselves in their role as police officers are discussed in the chapter.

Key Terms enforcement full enforcement impossible mandate majority rule minority rights proactive reactive selective

Suggested Answers to Discussion Questions 1. In what ways do you think political ideologies influence the role of the police in our society?  As a rule, police systems today closely mirror the form of government under which they operate.  For example, we know that policing systems that operate in dictatorial countries are much different from those operating in democracies.  Because governments are institutions for creating and carrying out public policy, the manner in which this is done shapes the character of a society and its social institutions alike.

 Social Contract Theory  Respect for the rule of law

2  Civil rights  Human dignity  constitutionalism  social justice  majority rule

2. Discuss the police role and the rule of law and how laws aid or impede the effectiveness of police officers.  In the United States, governmental authority is based on the rule of law rather than by the whims of influential individuals or powerful organizations such as the police.  This means, at least in theory, that laws generated by a democratic process are likely to be fairer and responsive to more people than are those that might be created by only a select few persons.  Such a system, as idealistic as it sounds, does not develop overnight but rather through generations of trial and error.  The ultimate goal, of course, is for the law in a democratic society to be as free from tyrannical influence as possible.  Accordingly, “control” of such abuses is presumed under the rule of law, resulting in all governmental leaders being held responsible for their actions.  Maintaining order  Coercive force

3. Explain what is meant by the terms majority rule and minority rights.  Democratic societies are committed to two core principles: the doctrine of majority rule and the protection of minority rights.  Under the doctrine of majority rule, those in power determine the manner in which resources will be used to achieve social ends such as national security, transportation, medical care, and crime control.  General safeguards are in place, however, to protect the rights of the people, regardless of who is in power, and to ensure that a government does not become too powerful and evolve into a despotic dictatorship.,

 The US Constitution  The Bill of Rights  Control of abuses

4. Describe the meaning of the term impossible mandate.  The values and norms of society are often reflected in the public’s response to incidents involving police behavior.  It is widely believed that the police are supposed to operate within the framework of community values and in doing so perpetuate the ideals of a free and democratic society.  It is also the responsibility of the police to adapt to changing social needs and expectations.

3  This expectation has been termed the impossible mandate, meaning that police must serve many masters: the public, prosecutors, politicians, criminals, victims, judges, and so on.

5. How do you think the stereotypical image of police as portrayed by movies and books aids or hinders the effectiveness of the police?  The reality of police work is less exciting than the stereotypical image.  Only 20% of a patrol officer’s time is spent in arrest and apprehension activities,  The remaining 80% relegated to less glamorous tasks, such as report writing and routine patrolling.  Unrealistic expectations  Crime fighting role  Budget  Management

6. What are the five goals of policing?  Law enforcement  Peacekeeping and order maintenance  Crime prevention  Protecting civil rights  Delivery of services

7. Which of the functions of police contribute best to crime control and positive community relations?  Crime prevention  Delivery of services

8. Distinguish between full and selective enforcement.  full enforcement: complete enforcement of all laws in conjunction with constitutional standards.

 selective enforcement: enforcing some of the laws some of the time against some people. Crackdowns on drunk driving, prostitution, and speeding reflect some instances of selective enforcement.

9. Discuss the manner in which police officer working styles interact with the functions of police.  Authority  Rush to judgment  Lax in their response to crime  Efficiency

4 10. List and discuss the types of services provided by the police.  Law enforcement  Peacekeeping and order maintenance  Crime prevention  Protecting civil rights  Delivery of services

5 Chapter 2 Historical Foundations of Policing Chapter Objectives:  Identify notable persons throughout history who made valuable contributions to modern policing in the United States.  Recognize the old Peelian philosophies in current public mandates for police behavior.  Identify significant differences in the formulation of police systems in Colonial America and the established police system in England.  Describe the stages of police development in the United States.  Understand how technology and public reform contributed to the alienation of the police from the citizenry.

Chapter Outline ANCIENT POLICE SYSTEMS Police Development in Ancient Greece Police Development in Ancient Rome The Middle Ages POLICE DEVELOPMENT IN ENGLAND The Bow Street Runners PROFESSIONALIZATION AND THE ENGLISH POLICE The London Metropolitan Police A Closer Look: Sir Robert Peel (1778–1850) Highlights in Policing: Peel’s Principles of Professional Policing EARLY AMERICAN POLICING (1600–1860) Urban Growth and the Need for Police Urban Conditions The Rise of U.S. Urban Police Departments The New York City Police Department A Different Structure The Trend Continued THE POLITICAL ERA (1840–1920) THE EMERGENCE OF THE SHERIFF The Posse Comitatus Act Southern Justice Vigilante Justice State Police Agencies The First Police Forces EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY CHANGE THE REFORM ERA (1920–1970) Police Administrators and Reform Professionalizing the Police Highlights in Policing A History of Modern Policing The Changing Role of the Police

6 The Adoption of the Bureaucratic Model The Introduction of Science and Technology The Introduction of Civil Service THE EMERGENCE OF THE PROFESSIONAL POLICE OFFICER Civil Rights and Police Professionalization Professionalizing Police Organizations Police Accreditation A Closer Look O. W. Wilson (1900–1972) Professional Organizations THE COMMUNITY POLICING ERA (1970–PRESENT)

Chapter Summary Our English heritage has played an important role in the development and establishment of police systems in the United States. The creation of the urban police during the nineteenth century was testimony to the fact that they were essential to the well-being of cities with growing diverse populations and varying political processes. This role, although somewhat clouded, is still vital today. The lessons learned from 1860 to 1920 are crucial to understanding pressures on our police today. The reliance on individual authority, combined with the U.S. citizen’s unwillingness to accept governmental power without question, places the police in the unique position of having to justify their actions in virtually all police–citizen encounters. This climate tends to increase community tensions and confrontations with government figures. Consequently, over time the police have learned to exercise a prudent use of discretionary powers to avoid that tension. The close link between the police and local politicians places the police in a position to choose between political and public-interest groups. As history shows, however, U.S. urban police emerged as an extension of the political majority and have always sided with that majority. It is the challenge of today’s professionalism movement to institute high standards for police as a profession and to remind police administrators and policymakers of the dubious historical record of the police so that the mistakes of the past are not repeated in the future.

Key Terms bobbies constable frankpledge system hue and cry night watch posse comitatus slave patrols Statute of Winchester thief-taker tithings

7 Suggested answers to discussion questions 1. Discuss why the police are both an aberration and a necessity of modern society.  Urbanization  Industrialization  Immigration

2. Explain Henry Fielding’s contribution to the English system of policing.  In the mid-eighteenth century and in the wake of London’s industrialization, Fielding was appointed magistrate in Westminster. It was there, on Bow Street, that the first English police squadron was born.  During the early eighteenth century, a large criminal fencing organization led by Jonathan Wild employed a loosely organized group of thieves and robbers who would turn their spoils over to Wild. He would then negotiate with the rightful owners of the property for a ransom of their possessions. Police response was generally slow, due to corruption and apathy.  Henry Fielding and his investigators set out to change things. As a first step, he established working relationships with local pawnbrokers and gave them lists and descriptions of newly stolen property. He subsequently requested them to alert him if the property showed up at their shops.  Fielding then placed an advertisement in the London and Westminster newspapers, requesting descriptions of known thieves and robbers in the communities. Fielding’s idea was an original concept, as people were not used to sharing information of thefts with authorities.  Within the first year, Fielding’s efforts were joined by several other constables, who helped form one of the first (unofficial) investigative squads in England, the Bow Street Runners.  The Runners were not official police and therefore were not entitled to regular pay. However, upon capture of criminals, they were still entitled to the standard thief-takers’ rewards. After a short period of time, Fielding’s venture was acknowledged by the government, which offered a small financial subsidy for the continuation of his efforts.  The Runners continued to operate in an unofficial capacity, for had it been known that they were supported with public funds, such a practice would have most likely been publicly condemned as an instrument of oppression.  The successes of the Bow Street Runners continued until the gradual formation of a horse patrol in 1804. The patrol employed over 50 men, whose uniform consisted of red vests, blue jackets, and blue trousers. This was considered by many to be England’s first uniformed police force.

3. In what ways were the Bow Street Runners similar to modern-day criminal investigators?  The Bow Street Runners were similar to modern day criminal investigators in that citizens reported thefts to them and they worked to return stolen merchandise.  They also began the practice of crime reporting and information sharing.

8 4. List the ways in which Sir Robert Peel’s early principles of policing affect our current system of policing.  To prevent local disturbances without the use of repressive force and to avoid intervention by the military  To control public order nonviolently, using force to gain compliance only as a last resort  To reduce conflict between the public and the police  To demonstrate efficiency through the absence of crime and disorder rather than by visible evidence of oppressive police action

5. Discuss the main reasons for the rise of police professionalism beginning late in the nineteenth century.  Increasing concern with safety and security  Complex and interdependent cities relying on commerce for its livelihood cannot tolerate extensive criminal activity.

6. Discuss the circumstances that led up to the formation of America’s first full-time police departments.  Between 1820 and 1860, U.S. cities attracted unprecedented numbers of migrants.  Riots, often with specific political targets and goals, were common in preindustrial urban life.  Massive social change brought about by industrialization, immigration, and urbanization.

7. Discuss August Vollmer’s and O. W. Wilson’s primary contributions to police professionalization.  Vollmer was a true innovator. He contributed to the professionalization of police work by adopting fully mechanized patrol systems that enabled officers to cover more distance in a shorter period of time.  The police department added two-way radios for more efficient communication, and the lie detector was employed for use in criminal investigations.  Vollmer supported the hiring of college educated officers and established a police school in his department.  Vollmer helped organize the first academic criminology curriculum in the United States.  Wilson introduced distinct marking of police vehicles and the use of mobile crime laboratories and polygraphs.  Wilson believed that the police were unable to control crime because they had no control over socially related issues such as neglect and poverty. However, he postulated that the police could successfully deter criminals through preventive patrol.

9 8. What events identify the “reform era” as such?  Elites were interested in breaking the political stranglehold on the police by crooked politicians.  Police administrators sought independence from city hall.  Instead of meeting a broad social service function, which was used to get votes by local politicians, the police gradually concentrated on more crime-related matters.

9. Compare and contrast the different eras of policing, and discuss what was learned about policing during each era. The Political Era  Police were grossly disliked, yet granted broad powers of arrest, search, and seizure.  Close association between police and political figures.

The Reform Era  Efficiency  Reorganization  Accountability  Professionalism  Bureaucracy

The Community Era  Public interest  Academic research  Movement away from crime-fighter focus

10. What events led to the development of the “community policing era”?  Widespread incidents of civil disorder during the 1960s,  Civil rights unrest created a feeling of anxiety and uneasiness in the impoverished urban slums.  Tension between the citizenry and the government stemmed from involvement in the Vietnam War, which often provoked demonstrations and civil disobedience on college campuses across the nation.  Drug abuse also gained momentum during the 1960s and has been linked to the antiestablishment sentiments of the decade.