Linkages Between Agricultural Research (AR) and Agricultural Research for Development (ARD)

Linkages between Agricultural Research (AR) and Agricultural Research for Development (ARD)

Case Study Finland

Funding Ministries and Research Councils Funding for Agricultural Research (AR) The mission of the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland (http://www.mmm.fi/en/index/ministry/mission.html) is to «create the conditions for the sustainable and diversified use of renewable natural resources and for developing the economic and leisure-time activities of the countryside. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry also ensures that the commodities obtained from renewable natural resources are safe and of high quality.

The activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry comprise agriculture, horticulture and forestry, fisheries, game management and reindeer farming, other rural livelihoods and rural development, the use and management of water resources, land surveying, and veterinary care and the related control of animal and plant health and foodstuffs of animal origin.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry contributes to the development of the common agricultural policy and fisheries policy of the European Union. The Ministry implements decisions within these sectors and in the field of veterinary medicine in Finland. The Ministry is responsible for the preparation of legislation, financing of support measures and the monitoring and control related to their implementation, as well as steering and support of research and advisory services». The Finnish Research and Innovation System is here below described. According to the Ministry of Education of Finland, the national objective is to maintain R&D funding at the rate of 4 per cent of GDP in the 2010s, of which public investment should be of 1.2 per cent of GDP. The contribution of the private sector should cover a minimum of 2/3 of the total funding.

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 1 of 18 Source: Ministry of Education of Finland – website http://www.minedu.fi/export/sites/default/OPM/Tiede/tutkimus- _ja_innovaationeuvosto/julkaisut/liitteet/Review2011-2015.pdf

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 2 of 18 Agricultural Research is funded by:  Academy of Finland (www.aka.fi), also from NGOs  The Agricultural Development Fund (Makera) is administrated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 's care outside the State budget fund. Purpose of the fund is to secure and complete the farm and other rural industries such as reindeer husbandry in the financing of investment, and promote their development activities. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland has funded in autumn 2012 a total of 20 research and development project in the field of agriculture, as well as 6 projects for the rural research and development . In 2013, a total of 3,175,000 Euros has been allocated for the funding of research and development projects (http://www.mmm.fi/fi/index/tutkimus/maatalous.html).  (http://www.mmm.fi/fi/index/etusivu/maaseudun_kehittaminen/maataloudenrakenne politiikka/makera.html)  Makera-Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MMM) shared cost funding  Tekes – the Finnish Funding Agency for Innovation (http://www.tekes.fi/en/tekes/), is the most important publicly funded expert organisation for financing research, development and innovation in Finland and e boosts innovation in research communities, industry and service sectors.  Ministry of Environment  (http://www.ym.fi/fi- FI/Ministerio/Rahoitus_ja_avustukset/Tutkimus_ja_kehittamistoiminnan_rahoitus)  The Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment (ELY Centres) are responsible for the regional implementation and development tasks of the central government. (http://www.ely-keskus.fi/en/web/ely-en/)  Foundations

Funding for Agricultural Research for Development (ARD) The main source of funding for Agricultural Research for Development is, in Finland, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (http://formin.finland.fi/),

According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, in the Year 2011 Finland donated more Official Development Aid, ODA, than ever before, over one billion Euros (1.013 billion), 0.52% of GNP, equal to 190 Euros for each Finn.

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 3 of 18 The mechanisms for assigning the funds refer to two main modalities, as described in the following sub-sections.

Development research In cooperation with the Academy of Finland funds are allocated to finance problem- oriented and multidisciplinary development research involving developing countries (http://www.aka.fi/en-GB/A/Funding-and-guidance/Funding/AZ-index/Development- research/). As reported by the Academy of Finland, in research for development, the problems to be studied may relate to the local or global level, or from a connection between different levels. Academy funding is directed to finance working hours (salaries), research costs, travel, national and international collaboration and mobility, work and researcher training abroad, costs for preparation of international projects, pilot studies or preparation of research projects together with researchers or institutes based in developing countries. The projects are aimed to produce active collaboration with researchers and research institutes in developing countries. A total of about 3 million Euros is allocated to projects within a funding period of four year. Funding can be obtained for both a traditional Academy Project and a development research project, if the theme treated is different, so that a possible connection is excluded.

The Institutional Cooperation Instrument (ICI) (http://formin.finland.fi/public/?contentid=132197&contentlan=2&culture=en-US). By this instrument Finnish government agencies are enabled to participate development cooperation. «The objective is to strengthen the skills and know-how of government actors, such as ministries, in the developing countries. The action resembles twinning: a developing country actor cooperates with a Finnish government agency».

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 4 of 18 This instrument is not directed however to finance research activities, but only capacity building, including networking, improved organisation and training. (http://formin.finland.fi/public/?contentid=132197&contentlan=2&culture=en- US#Institutional_Cooperation).

The average project is of 1-2 years and for an amount of USD 500.000-700.000. The modality of operation is based on expert-level cooperation and training and the focus is on technical competence and expertise, capacity-building in order to build a direct co- working of experts. The ICI instrument is results oriented, committing the partners to reach the established objective; however it does not specify the details, allowing to produce innovation and exploring new ideas and practices among trusted partners. MTT – Agrifood Research Finland (https://portal.mtt.fi/portal/page/portal/mtt_en/mtt/about) conducts research under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, employing about 750 people at 15 locations across Finland. The head office is situated at Jokioinen, 120 Km away from Helsinki. In 2012, MTT total expenditure has been of about EUR 59 million, of which 57 % was budget financing from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Some examples of current MTT research activities for development projects is provided hereafter: • FoodAfrica – a regional programme in East (Kenya, Uganda) and West Africa (Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Senegal): Improving food security through capacity building in research and information dissemination. In co-operation with four CGIAR centres (Bioversity international, ICRAF, IFPRI, ILRI) , University of Helsinki and HAMK University of Applied Sciences (2011-2015) • Kenya ICI: Building capacity to improve safety in the feed - dairy chain, with special focus on health risks associated with biological contaminants (2010-2013) • Peru ICI: Improving Nutrition of Andean and Amazonian Population: Health- promoting Bioactive Compounds in Andean and Amazonian Food Materials and Diets (2010-2013) • Vietnam ICI: Capacity building for the development of cold water fish farming in Vietnam. MTT as a partner, Co-ordinator Game and Fisheries Research Institute (2010-2012) • Ethiopia through Academy of Finland: Exploring alternative scenarios of adapting to climate change: Analytical framework and a Sub-Saharan case (AlterCLIMA) (2009-2012). • Ethiopia ICI: Capacity building in genetic evaluation and new breeding tools to strengthen the Ethiopian dairy development (2011-2014) • Zambia ICI: Production of disease-free planting materials of potatoes, sweet potatoes and cassava in Zambia (2012-2015 ) • Tanzania: Seed Potato Development Project in Tanzania. MTT as a partner, University of Helsinki Coordinates. http://www.helsinki.fi/news/archive/3-2011/8- 15-01-09 • Egypt ICI: Enhancing development of water use efficient crops & production methods to dry and saline conditions in Sinai (2013-2015)

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 5 of 18 In relation to these activities, some questions about AR and ARD goals and possible synergies have been formulated to some MTT researchers in advance. The answers are represented here below in Table 1 (as represented in ANNEX I).

Other channels The Ministry for Foreign Affairs also supports international research institutes and projects, such as the Nordic Africa Institute (http://www.nai.uu.se/), the European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM) (http://www.ecdpm.org/ ) and the European Report on Development (ERD) (http://erd.eui.eu/).

The Ministry for Foreign Affairs also supports many multilateral organisations’ research institutes and programmes, e.g. the World Bank Knowledge for Change programme (KCP) and the UN Wider Institute. Development research is also supported as a part of country programmes and regional Programmes.

Policies and Strategies According to the Ministry of Foreign Trade of Finland (Government decision-in-principle 16 Feb 2012), the overarching goal of the Finland’s development policy programme is to eradicate extreme poverty and to pursue human dignity for all people, in line with the UN Millennium Declaration Goals. The development policy should also find solutions to other global challenges, mainly referred to the unsustainable use of natural resources and the climate change.

As Finland’s Development Programme (2012) states, «development policy is a key element of Finland’s foreign and security policy which aims at strengthening international stability, security, peace, justice and sustainable development, as well as promoting the rule of law, democracy and human rights». This responds to Finland commitment to the UN Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals, aiming at eradicating poverty. Even if the world has recently experienced higher prosperity, the inequality between countries has grown. Finland development cooperation aims in particular at reducing inequalities and providing support especially for those contexts in which human development indicators are lagging behind and people cannot enjoy a decent life. As reported by AKA (website, consulted on 14.01.2014), research for development describes and interprets the different dimensions of development, trying to analyse and remove the obstacles to its achievement. The aim is to provide knowledge for problem solving in relation to critical issues, such as health, natural resources, the economy and education. Knowledge can also have regard to the functioning of international, national and cultural systems and their possible limitations in order to find pathways towards development.

Situations of conflicts, environmental degradation, population growth, unemployment, food crisis, climate change and increased competition in environmental resources are particularly challenging for developing countries. Development pathways depend nowadays greatly on the growth of private investments. However, in the poorest

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 6 of 18 countries countercyclical policies are much dependent on Official Development Assistance (ODA). Recognising the limitations of the GDP per-capita in measuring development, Finland aims at better integrate the three dimensions of development (environmental, social and economic). Support action in cooperation for development is focused in particular to the development of innovation and skills. An important role is also played by the improvements in the use of resources, in order to best satisfy the local needs. The Finnish approach of development policy is based on human rights and is targeted to reflect people’s future needs and «help countries to free themselves from aid dependency». The human rights approach means enabling people, especially the poorest, to recognise them and undertaking action in order to see them satisfied.

About the connections with agricultural research, the Finnish perspective in sustainable development emphasises the need for Finns themselves to change consumption habits and production models, pursuing principles of inclusive green economy. In this way development cooperation goals are interlinked to national objectives. Sustainable development principles in developed and developing countries are much related. In order to ask the poorest countries to join green economy principles, developed countries have themselves to demonstrate that a development, which realises at the same time social justice and security, as well as environmental sustainability, is possible and build the needed capacity in developing countries. In Particular, the Finnish programme is composed of four sections, here below treated: 1. The human rights based approach and the working methods of Finland’s development policy and development cooperation, which include a. Democratic ownership and accountability of decision-makers towards citizens (rule of law, good governance and transparency), b. Openness of results and achievements, c. Effectiveness, meaning the creation of more and better possibilities for people to influence their own lives, d. Coherence, meaning the convergence of development policies in different sectors, as for instance that of food security and right to food, according to OECD’s tool for policy coherence e. Concentration, meaning the focus on the least developed countries in Africa and Asia, which are committed to the achievement of development results and poverty reduction and which promote principles of good governance. Development cooperation is set up especially in long-term partnerships for reducing fragmentation of human and financial resources. Long-term partners have been identified in Ethiopia, Kenya, Zambia, Nepal, Mozambique, Tanzania and the Vietnam emerging economy. Long-term cooperation is also entertained with Afghanistan, Palestinian Territory and South Sudan. f. Modalities and resources for cooperation: development funds are addressed to larger and less numerous projects, in order to reduce fragmentation. In the bilateral cooperation, emphasis is given to a result-based approach and risk assessment procedures. Financial support is especially related to the realisation of good governance, human rights, reduction of inequality and

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 7 of 18 increase of democratic values. The achievement of the objectives happens also through political and policy dialogue. 2. The cross-cutting objectives of gender equality, reduction of inequality and climate sustainability, part of the UN Millennium Development Goals are pursued through targeted actions and policy dialogue. 3. The four priority areas for development policy and development cooperation: a. A democratic and accountable society that promotes human rights. b. An inclusive green economy that promotes employment. c. Sustainable management of natural resources and environmental protection d. Human development. 4. Finland’s humanitarian assistance, financed from development cooperation appropriations.

According to the Finnish development policy guidelines on agriculture and food security (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland, 2010), food security is currently one of the most important issues in international development policy, due to the growing number of people suffering hunger. Finland promotes the view that the agricultural production in developing countries should first satisfy the needs of the country themselves (the domestic demand), according to a principle of responsibility of every nation towards own population, and exported only for the residual part. The possible export of agricultural products of developing countries should then be primarily addressed towards other developing countries.

The commitment in actions for the improvement of food security requires consistency of national and international policies, which can achieve sustainable food security and development in other sectors. That is why the challenges of agriculture and food security should be confronted by a holistic and systemic approach, along the chains from ‘farm- to-fork’ so that also the products of smallholder farmers can reach the markets. According to the Finnish Ministry report (2010), «the right to food is part of the right to live in dignity». Almost half the population in developing countries, around 2.5 billion people, lives in rural areas and earns their living from agriculture. More than two-thirds of people living in extreme poverty are rural residents; however the high rate of urbanization in developing countries has produced poverty and malnutrition also in urban areas.

Finland is already working to promote food security in developing countries by improving agricultural productivity, strengthening the agricultural value chain and increasing the vitality of rural areas. The holistic approach in the development of the ‘farm-to-fork’ chain, is a key aspect, involving the construction of new forms of cooperation (social capital), climate change issues (natural capital), and the coordination of donors. Food quality and safety are also part of food security issues, as well as rural development for the creation of good living environments and interaction with urban areas (Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2010).

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 8 of 18 The Finnish Ministry lists some main components of food security:  Food availability and quality  Access to food for their own use  Continuity and regularity of food supply  Distribution among different population groups and areas, and within households.

About gender issues, the poorer the country, region and family, the more likely women and girls can enjoy of smaller shares within families, in spite of having the responsibility of food production and preparation.

A key aspect is the need for sustainable intensification of food production, which should not be a matter of sufficient supply, but also as an economic activity generating development and reducing poverty, affecting employment and livelihoods in other sectors. The Ministry (2010) reports how «a vital agricultural sector acts as a safety net that maintains economic development and employment. One of the most important tasks of economic and social policy is to ensure that the right to food is realised in the life of every human being. Investing in creating sustainable and decent jobs, developing the quality of the workforce and employment services, making income distribution more equal as well as strengthening social security are important actions also with respect to food security».

According to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland (2010), «Finland supports:  climate change mitigation and adaptation, agricultural water management, agroforestry and the introduction of good agricultural practices the preparation of national climate change mitigation and adaptation plans and especially the incorporation of gender equality issues and the role of women in them.  the production of small-scale biofuels for the needs of local markets in areas in which it will not reduce or jeopardise food production, and the use of agricultural residues in the production of energy. The Finnish agricultural development policy, in particular, «promotes development policy coherence in cooperation with the ministries responsible for the various policy sectors and reduces the detrimental impact of trade policy on developing countries in various policy sectors» (Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2010).

The development policy guidelines for forest sector of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Finland (http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx? contentid=288213&contentlan=2&culture=en-US, 2013) reports about the decisive role of forests for the global future, in terms of preservation of the diversity of nature, of the water cycle, and as a mean to achieve diversified production and environmental services. In developing countries the tropical forests are also used as shelter, food security and energy. The use of forests for purposes of carbon sequestration is particularly emphasised in international climate negotiations. In developing countries

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 9 of 18 often unfair and unclear land ownership is source of uncontrolled land use. The Finnish development policy and co-operation, based on human rights promotes the sustainable and democratic governance of forests and the just distribution of forest- based benefits. The linkages between Agricultural Research and Agricultural research for Development can be seen in the capability of Finland in the assessment of forest resources and in the development of functional monitoring and information systems. Good and transparent governance is also promoted as a precondition for sustainable development and a green participatory and job-creating economy.

On such basis, the themes of the AKA (www.aka.fi) for its research for development call (http://www.aka.fi/en-GB/A/Funding-and-guidance/Funding/AZ-index/Development- Research-esittely/) are:  a democratic and accountable society that promotes human rights  an inclusive green economy that promotes employment  sustainable management of natural resources and environmental protection  human development. The research may also focus on other themes, which are relevant to the objectives of the call of the Academy of Finland, and the more general Finland’s development cooperation and development policy goals.

Linkage mechanisms In spite of the recognition of the mutual interest in Agricultural research for Development, AR and ARD funding schemes are kept as separated. However, the ICI instrument provides the linkage between AR and ARD as it gives the possibility to use the research done and the results achieved for purposes of capacity building. This means that the same agricultural research carried out, as well as the expertise and technological development achieved for national aims, are transferred to developing countries and made useful for development purposes.

Networks, Alliances etc Finland’s priorities are focused to build bilateral development cooperation in agriculture and food security, also on the basis of the development strategies of the partner countries. Sector-specific policies are also developed in cooperation with other donors and along long-term commitment in order to improve the success and the predictability of future needs. The effectiveness of the policies is measured through activities of evaluation and monitoring of the objectives. In the selection of suitable instruments for agriculture and food security in developing countries, Finland follows a criterion of appropriateness. Future activities (Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2010) will be focused on «cooperation, the division of labour and the exchange of information and experiences».

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 10 of 18 Key aspects of the Finnish agricultural policy for development are:  Sectoral and multilateral cooperation between organisations and financing institutions, with particular support given to the Committee on World Food Security in coordinating global cooperation on food security.  New forms of cooperation and partnerships for agriculture development and food security (e.g. South-South, EU-USA).  In agriculture and food security the major focus is given to improve the conditions for production and livelihood opportunities of smallholder farmers, including local people in planning, implementing and monitoring projects to ensure ownership  Analysis of sustainable alternatives and practices  Good, effective, responsible and transparent governance, strengthening the opportunity of actors and stakeholders to participate in the planning, implementing and monitoring of the agricultural policies. This would include anti- corruption activities  The activities focus mainly on those areas where the countries’ needs and Finnish resources and added value converge. «Finland (Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 2010):

 supports agricultural production that promotes the attainment of food security in developing countries  is continuing the controlled increase of development cooperation funding that is channelled to agriculture and food security. Finland has increased development cooperation funding allocated to agriculture since 2007. Finland’s bilateral aid for the agricultural sector has increased from around six million euros to 34 million euros in 2006–2009. The share of the agricultural sector in bilateral development cooperation funding has risen from just under two per cent to over six per cent during the same period.  assesses potential Finnish expertise to capitalize on Finnish added value and directs it, where applicable, for use in development cooperation. Assists young experts to gain access to multilateral organisations and bilateral projects».

According to the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2010), «Finland participates in increasing agricultural productivity:  by enhancing the functioning of the entire food value chain.  by promoting research, education and extension, supporting the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and national research institutes as well as inter-institutional cooperation.  through cooperation on land use and ownership in close cooperation with multilateral  actors and other donors».

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 11 of 18 According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2010) Finland’s most important partner countries for development cooperation purposes in the agricultural and food security sectors are mainly long-term partners and include Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Zambia, Tanzania and Vietnam. Other kind of regional cooperation is also present in other areas (i.e. countries and regions facing post-conflict situations).

The most important multilateral cooperation channels in the agricultural and food security sectors are FAO, IFAD, WFP and CGIAR as well as other international financing institutions.

In order to underline coherence and coordination actions, at the country level, harmonisation and between donors is very important in order to understand the main aspects of partner countries and improve the effectiveness of the cooperation. The Transatlantic Partnership for Sustainable Development is an opportunity to realise closer cooperation between the world’s largest donors (i.e. EU and US, in the area of food security. At national level, Finland realises development plans within the larger framework of the partnership, while at global level, Finland actively participates for the development of international cooperation and coordination. The agricultural development programme of the African Union CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme) is a good platform for cooperation with African countries. As the Ministry (2013) reports, «International environmental agreements, such as the conventions on biodiversity and desertification, set out their own guidelines on work relating to food security. Part of the funds granted to the World Bank and the Asian, African and Latin American development banks are allocated to developing agriculture and food security either directly or through numerous thematic and sector-specific initiatives (e.g. climate change, energy, aid for trade, the information society, equality and social protection). Furthermore, issues relating to food security and development cooperation in general are receiving greater emphasis in the agricultural policy work by the OECD».

In its multilateral cooperation, Finland: at the political level supports placing the development of agriculture and food security at the heart of the work of international organisations, while at the implementation level stresses the importance of every organisation to focus on areas of action in which they can provide added value in accordance with their mandate.  supports the implementation of environmental agreements relating to rural development (climate, biodiversity and desertification) and places emphasis on synergies between the objectives of the agreements in planning and implementing actions.  supports research and project activities through strategic partnerships, especially in relation to climate change, land administration and agricultural productivity.  supports countries’ own development programmes and especially the African agriculture development programme CAADP (Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development  Programme)»

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 12 of 18 Other networking activities are listed as follows: IntensAfrica: http://www.cirad.fr/en/news/all-news-items/articles/2013/institutionnel/intensafrica- un-partenariat-europe-afrique-sur-l-intensification-durable

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Finland directly supports ARD through funding of the CGIAR. (www.cgiar.org)

FinCEAL – Developing Finnish Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation between Europe, Africa and the LAC Region – (www.unipid.fi/finceal) is a project financed by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture with the purpose of increasing support for Finnish researchers focusing on Africa and the Latin America and the Caribbean region. The Ministry has mandated UniPID to coordinate the project in 2013 - 2014. The project is seeking to network the Finnish research and science community working with Africa and the LAC region through enhanced communication, and to increase the participation of Finnish experts in important bi-regional processes.

The FinCEAL Research Infobank has just been launched, in order to network researchers based at a Finnish institution and carrying out research related to Latin America and the Caribbean or Africa. This happens through an Infobank (www.unipid.fi/infobank). The database is multidisciplinary and aims to:  Facilitate knowledge exchange, communication and cooperation between researchers focusing on Africa and the LAC region in Finland  Enhance transparency  Act as a distribution channel for disseminating information on relevant funding calls  Act as a contact point for the Finnish Ministries, External Missions, International Research Networks and Consulting Companies seeking Finnish expertise

The Infobank is an initiative of the Ministry of Education and Culture, maintained at the UniPID (Finnish University Partnership for International Development) web site. Learn more about the Infobank and register your project at: www.unipid.fi/infobank

Courses concerning research for development are organised by a number of Institutions and for many thematics. The Viikki Tropical Resources Institute (VITRI), for instance, is part of the Department of Forest Sciences and provides academic training as well as research on forest resources in tropical and developing countries.

Compiled by: Maurizio Sajeva, MTT Agrifood Research Finland [email protected] - +358.505519125 With the contributions of : Marjukka Mähönen, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Finland [email protected] - + 358.040 7217161 Riina Vuorento, Ministry of Education of Finland

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 13 of 18 [email protected] Hannu J. Korhonen, Professor, MTT Agrifood Research Finland [email protected] MTT researchers: Harri Vehviläinen, Jarkko Niemi, Veli-Matti Rokka, Elina Kiviharju Date: 15th January, 2014

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 14 of 18 ANNEX I Table 1. ARD and AR: goals and synergies (Jarkko Niemi) Geographical area Sub-Saharan Africa (Kenya, Ghana, Uganda, Senegal) Specific Increased understanding and methodological skills motivation/purpose of especially in the context of global food markets, modelling ARD in a specific context and climate change, as well as important partnerships with international research organisations. In the long term an increased emphasis on risk management issues is recommended. Specific elements ARD attempts to provide new and empirically tested (based characterising ARD in on research) solutions to problems which exist in non- relation to AR? developed economies. Infrastructures are often missing or poorly developed whereas in Europe they are generally well developed (e.g. in the context of livestock production, feed markets are often missing and data collection is a challenge in ARD). Differences in the ARD should focus more on developing new or better expected solutions to problems. ARD may provide useful scene to test impacts/usefulness some economic theories in different conditions where the role of human economic behaviour is more important as basic needs and competition are more relevant. Core expertise/research Use of natural resources, economics, how people make excellence rational and irrational choices, modelling Motivations for similar Similar methods and modelling approaches can be research used in both contexts. substance/methodologies ARD and AR common E.g.: Social and environmental sustainability, human challenges development and well-being, food safety, reliability of markets (Maurizio input) ARD and AR synergies of Methodological benefits, dissemination activities, improved common scientific understanding about the global food trade. Having a better substance/methodologies. expertise on the global food markets and global food trade is beneficial for MTT. In this context research on South America (major competitor and exported of various products) and China (major importer) would be interesting. existing funding MFA (more instruments could be available) instruments possible strategic CGIAR (IFPRI etc.), European research institutions and partnerships HEIs (e.g. Wageningen, CIRAD) Table 1. ARD and AR: goals and synergies (Harri Vehviläinen) Geographical area Vietnam Specific motivation/purpose of ARD in a specific context To support poverty alleviation and gender equality through strengthening the capacity of Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA-1), which enables RIA-1 to be in charge of sustainable development of freshwater aquaculture sector in Vietnam to meet the increasing challenges of achieving environmental sustainability and adapting to climate change. The collaboration has been designed so that increased capacity of

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 15 of 18 RIA-1 and its partners will immediately serve fish farmers as final beneficiaries. Increasing RIA-1’s capacity to independently produce enough healthy and locally adapted freshwater fish material will directly benefit the local farmers. The elevated productivity and profitability of fish farming will have positive impact on poverty alleviation and furthermore on gender and minority equality. Institutional collaboration between RIA- 1, Finnish and the other partners, is not considered as one-way transfer of information and technology: one of the project aims is a mutual scientific and technical benefit for both Vietnamese and Finnish collaborators. The project will also provide rare and valuable data about selective breeding in regards to the climate change, which may also have a global significance. The collaborating history includes three previous projects. These projects have built capacity in cold water fish farming from first introduction of cold water fish farming to successful transfer of diverse rainbow trout brood stocks (two strains) from the Finnish selective breeding program, growing of RIA-1's capacity to create basis for their own national rainbow trout breeding program, and enhancing the strategic planning and risk management capacity in RIA-1. Further, the projects have, also among private farmers, piloted the possibilities of whitefish farming in Vietnam, built RIA-1’s capacity to train hundreds of fish farmers, and carried out industry driven coldwater aquaculture studies. It is noteworthy that cold water aquaculture takes place in mountainous, remote and isolated areas, and regions occupied by ethnic minorities living in difficult conditions. In these parts cold water aquaculture promotes the prosperity and well-being of people via creating new opportunities for green economy, thereby serving as an effective tool for the alleviation of poverty. The green economy is low-carbon, resource-efficient, socially inclusive and creates decent work and well-being for as many women and men as possible. In addition, cold water fish farming has brought many direct and indirect supporting business/job opportunities related to production, processing, transportation, marketing, sales and maintenance. Thus, the new local aquaculture production strongly promotes the business of whole value chain and thereby also the fish processors, retail trade and horeca-activities are beneficiaries of the development. The importance of cold water aquaculture has been identified by Vietnam’s government and has been prioritized in the Vietnamese scientific strategies and research funding. Despite the very rapid development and many achieved improvements, many significant challenges still remain. Currently RIA-1's Research Center for Cold Aquatic Species (RCCAS) is capable of supplying 300 – 400 000 rainbow trout eggs/fingerlings to private farmers, but the demand for high quality, disease free and locally adapted animal material is much higher due to fast growth of the farming (early 2000: no cold water farming, 2009: 12 farms, 2012: 105 farms). Similarly, although the ability to diagnose fish diseases has been improved during the previous collaboration, the overall fish health situation is, however, getting more challenging due to uncontrolled fish transport and fast growth of the production. The great opportunities of fish farming unfortunately may tempt great risk taking. In many cases around the world, good start in aquaculture has been followed by a great drop of the whole industry due disease epidemics. Developing countries at lower latitudes are found to be most prone and vulnerable for disease outbreaks in aquaculture. During the current collaboration, aim is to avoid this unfortunate development by building capacity to develop Vietnam’s own national selective breeding fish material adapted to local conditions, and to monitor and treat fish

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 16 of 18 health issues. Specific elements In ARD increasing the actual capacity to do research characterising ARD in and implement results immediately to practise are the relation to AR? key issues. Differences in the In ARD the effects must be immediate and beneficiaries expected well-defined whereas in AR more far-stretching and impacts/usefulness wider/cross-cutting effects may be pursued. Core expertise/research Data validation and analyses, Estimation of breeding values, excellence Designing mating schemes, Optimization of breeding programs, Selective breeding R&D Motivations for similar Lessons learned can be applied globally. research substance/methodologies ARD and AR common Climate change, amount of food produced in sustainable challenges and equal manner ARD and AR synergies of Lessons learned can be applied globally & partnerships common scientific build with ARD can lead to good collaboration future as substance/methodologies. equals in AR Existing funding MFA (e.g. ICI) instruments EU?:"The EU plays a key role in development of international agriculture policy and food security..." http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/developing- countries/index_en.htm World Bank FAO/UN Possible strategic RIA-1, Can Tho University, Vietnamese Ministry for partnerships Agriculture and Rural Development Table 1. ARD and AR: goals and synergies (Veli-Matti Rokka and Elina Kiviharju) Geographical area Southern African countries, mainly Zambia and Malawi. Also Northern Africa (Tunisia and Egypt). Specific Development of infrastructure for production system of motivation/purpose of disease-free planting materials in Africa. To develop ARD in a specific context tolerance of crop plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Specific elements The technology chain from micropropagation systems characterising ARD in to crop production system using disease-free materials relation to AR? by local small-scale farms in developing countries is mainly missing of underdeveloped. Tools and infrastructure related to molecular biology. Differences in the Technological advancements, improved food security, expected environment-friendly crop production system. impacts/usefulness Core expertise/research Plant biotechnology, plant genetic resources, climate excellence change, disease resistance, tolerance to abiotic stresses, DNA-technology. Motivations for similar To develop more environment-friendly plant production research system, sustainable use of natural resources, reduced substance/methodologies use of pesticides and other chemicals in agriculture,

0432d407754f0e54a5f6726e15abfbda.doc Page 17 of 18 threats related to climate change, higher crop yields with improved quality characters. ARD and AR common More environment-friendly crop production technology, challenges control of severe diseases and plant pathogens, spread of quarantine diseases from undeveloped agricultural sites to clean production areas. ARD and AR synergies of Food safety, increasing knowledge in critical factor in common scientific global food production. substance/methodologies. existing funding Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Finland. instruments possible strategic CIP (CGIAR), FAO, African Research Institutes, European partnerships Research Institutes (such as JHI), private sector (SMEs)

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