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U.S. Department of Justice National Institute of Justice ,< This document has been reproduced exactly as received from the person or organization originating it. Points of view or opinions stated ",i~ in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official pOSition or poliCies of the National Institute of .' Justice, Permission to reproduce this copyrighted material has been granted by FB T I·a'hI En-f-Greemen-t---Bttl--le tin

to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) . . . " '\" ~"W' ~ Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permis'

- !:",- sion of the copyright owner. March 1992 l%®lJ Volume 61 Law Enforcement Bulletin Number 3

I'Peatures •

Air Passenger Processing 1 By Stephan M. Garich A Name is Just a Name-Or Is It? \ 3'~ ~ ~ 4 By J. Philip Boller, Jr. A Guide to Chinese Names \.9 ~3i 10 By C. Fredric Anderson and Henriette Liu Levy Page 4 19 Police Recruits l3 ~q~ ~ By Gary M. Post "">;. R B Transnational Crimes l.3 ~9'!3 M c ~ 26 By Austin A. Andersen MAR l' fI!1 I " ' ~.CQVtieIT~'O\~S .. IdDepartm~nt$ ~.

9 Bulletin Reports 18 Book Review

16 Point of View 24 Police Practices By Glenda' E. Mercer , Page 26

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ISSN 0014-5688 USPS 383-310

------~------~ A Guide to Chinese Names

By C. FREDRIC ANDERSON and HENRIETTE LlU LEVY

oday, many law enforce­ and record Chinese names more cept. For example, the character ment agencies are experi­ accurately. meaning "bright" is composed of T encing increasing diffi­ the characters that represent the sun culties in identifying accurately and the moon. Together, they sug­ individuals with Chinese names. Unlike English and other West­ gest the idea of brightness. These difficulties have arisen pri­ ern languages, Chinese is not built marily because of the diversity of upon an alphabet. Rather, it is com­ Chinese Dialects the and naming posed of thousands of characters, Written Chinese characters are systems and how authorities re­ each of which represents one syl­ understood by anyone who under­ corded Chinese names in the past. lable. Each character, or syllable, is stands Chinese; however, spoken Therefore, the purpose of this article also a unit in itself and represents a Chinese varies according to dia­ is to discuss Chinese characters and complete idea. lects. In other words, although all dialects, romanization systems, and Some Chinese characters are Chinese read the same language, how to determine and record Chi­ pictographic in nature. These char­ they may not be able to understand nese proper names. It is intended to acters are derived from ancient Chi­ someone who speaks a different dia­ provide law enforcement officers nese symbols that are pictures of the lect of Chinese. Therefore, to con­ with a basic understanding of the objects they represent. Chinese sider Chinese as one language is an Chinese language and naming sys­ characters may also be combined to oversimplification. Rather, Chinese tem, thereby helping them to report create another character and COll- is a group of related, yet distinct,

10/ FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ------languages within the Chinese cate verbally with a to the establishment of Mandarin branch of the Sino-Tibetan family speaker just as someone who speaks Chinese as the standard dialect and of languages. Chinese is composed Spanish could not understand some­ official language of both the of hundreds of dialects and one who speaks French. However, People's Republic of China and of subdia1ects, each of which devel­ unlike French and Spanish, speak­ . Mandarin is also taught oped as various peoples migrated to ers of different Chinese dialects can uniformly throughout the educa­ different geographic regions. still communicate through the writ­ tional systems in both countries. Scholars disagree as to the number ten form of the language. and classification of Chinese dia­ Furthermore, most dialects Romanization Systems lects, but for the purposes of this branched out and subdialects The phonetic representation of a article, only seven major diE.lects evolved. Subdialects are variations Chinese character into words or syl­ will be discussed. of the mother dialect. While lables using the Latin alphabet is The most common Chinese dia­ subdialects qiffer to varying de­ called romanization. This process lect is Mandarin. Mandarin is spo­ grees, it is· easier for speakers of is, at times, referred to as translitera­ ken by approximately 70 percent of various subdialects, derived from tion. Transliteration is different the Chinese population, primarily in the same dialect, to understand one from translation in that it only pro­ northern, eastern, and southwestern another. For instance, a speaker of vides the pronunciation, whereas China. It is the nationa11anguage of the Southern Min subdialect will translation provides the meaning of both the People's Republic of China find it easier to converse with a the character. and the Republic of China on Tai­ Northern Min speaker than with Romanization of a Chinese wan. The Wu dialect, common to someone who speaks Cantonese. character into English is accom­ the area near Shanghai, is the second Language reformers within plished by replicating the pronun­ most prevalent and is spoken by China have tried to standardize spo­ ciation of the Chinese character us­ roughly 15 percent of the people. ken Chinese, in the hope of elimi­ ing English letters. For example, the Cantonese is popularly spoken nating the difficulties created by so Chinese character meaning "man" in Canton and Kong. many dialects. This movement led or "husband" is pronounced in both Taishenese, or Toyshan, a sub­ dialect of Cantonese, was once the most important Chinese dialect in the United States because it was spoken by most of the early Chinese immigrants. The Min, or Fukienese, dialect is derived from Fujian Prov­ ince of China. Gan and related dia­ lects are common in eastern-central China, and Xiang is spoken in cen­ tr:\l and southwestern China. In ad­ dition, Hakka, unlike other dialects, is not geographically based. This dialect is common among descend­ ants of refugees from China's 9th century civil wars. It must be emphasized that the Special Agent Anderson is the Mrs. Levy is a translator assigned above dialects are as different as Senior Supervisory Resident Agent to the Language Services French is to Spanish. For example, a of the FBI's Fort Myers, Florida, Unit at FBI Headquarters in Mandarin speaker cannot communi- Resident Agency (Tampa Office). Washington, DC.

------March 1992/11 Mandarin and Cantonese as "fu," Wade-Giles. Both systems repre­ Toyshan, which use different rules and thus, it is romanized as "fu." sent the same Mandarin sounds, but for transliterating characters into However, in another example, the use different rules for incorporating English words or syllables. What­ Chinese character meaning "3" is these sounds into English words or ever system is used, it is imperative pronounced differently in Mandarin syllables. The Wade-Giles system that the conversion of the characters and Cantonese. As a result, it is was developed during the late 1800s into English spelling be done faith­ romanized as "san" in Mandarin and and early 1900s by two British dip­ fully in adherence to the rules of that as "sam" in Cantonese. lomats and is still used to this day in system so that a particular system Ideally, the romanization pro­ many parts of the world. The will not romanize a character in cess should be standardized and more than one spelling. documented to ensure that all trans­ While stressing the importance literations are consistent and accu­ of consistency in romanization, it is rate. Without a standardized system, of equal importance to know that the one transliterator may romanize the "Because the Chinese Chinese do not necessarily same character as "fu" and another language is so diverse, romanize their names according to as "foo." Even though both investigators should any established systems. Often, a transliterators intended their take great care when Chinese name will be romanized romanized word to represent the recording and based solely on how it sounds to the character for "man" or "husband," English listener. For example, the their romanizations are different be­ reporting Chinese name of the Chinese general and cause each used different rules for proper names. politician, CHIANG Kai-shek, can converting the same sound into be romanized into numerous forms, English. As a result, someone including: could incorrectly believe that the People's Republic of China intro­ • JIANG Jieshi (Mandarin! transliterators were referring to two duced in the mid-1950s" and Pinyin) different characters that have two officially adopted this system in • CHIANG Chieh-shih (Manda­ different meanings. This issue of 1978 for its Chinese-language pub­ rinlW ade-Giles) consistent romanization becomes lications and business letters sent to critical when applied to specific in­ • TSEUNG Kai-shek foreign countries. dividual names. (Cantonese), and Since the People's Republic of Even though not all dialects China adopted the Pinyin system in • CHIANG Kai-shek (his own have their own standardized 1978, many institutions, including romanization part Mandarin! romanization systems, most com­ the FBI, have also adopted t~e Wade-Giles and part mon dialects, such as Cant·onese, do Pinyin system for Mandarin Cantonese). use a standardized romanization romanizations. As a result, in FBI The same can be said of the system. In other words, in order to files prior to 1980, the Chinese char­ name of the founder of the Republic convert Chinese characters into acters for names of people who of China, SUN Yat-sen, whose Cantonese, each and every character speak Mandarin were romanized variations include: should always be consistently con­ according to the Wade-Giles sys­ • SON Yixian (Mandarin! verted (transliterated) into the same tem-the only romanization system Pinyin) English spelling (pronunciation). In used for Mandarin at that time. After addition, each romanization system • SUN I-hsien (MandarinlWade­ 1980, the FBI adopted the Pinyin has different rules for transliterating Giles) system of transliterating Mandarin characters into English words or names. • SUN Yat-sin (Cantonese), and syllables. There are also romanization • SUN Yat-sen (his own Mandarin has two popular systems for Cantonese and romanization). romanization systems, Pinyin and

12/ FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ------In the first example, CHIANG graphic Code (STC). However, to some of the common dialects, such Kai-shek's own romanization is avoid confusion and ensure consis­ as Mandarin (Pinyin), Mandarin composed of a Cantonese given tency, it is recommended that law (Wade-Giles), Cantonese, and/or name and a Mandarin family name. enforcement agencies use the STC Taishanese. Also, some STC manu­ In the second example, SUN Yat­ when possible. als furnish the meaning or transla­ sen created his own individual As mentioned, the STC pro­ tion for each of the characters. For romanization of his ; vides numerical equivalents for all example, the meaning for STC yet, the romanization of his family Chinese characters by assigning number 0857 is "excellent, praise." name is "SUN" in all systems. a four-digit number to each charac­ When a name in Chinese char­ These examples are indicative of the ter. For example, for the name acters is transmitted in STC num­ various possible romanizations and CHIANG Kai-shek, the four-digit bers, the receiver simply uses th~ the difficulties law enforcement of­ numbers would be 5592, 0094, and STC manual to decode the STC ficers can encounter as a result of 4258 respectively. numbers into their corresponding attempting to identify a Chinese An STC manual also provides Chinese characters and romanize person by using a romanized name. an English equivalent, or ro­ them into the proper dialect. Since manization, for each character for both the sender and the receiver of Standard Telegraphic Code As explained above, the various romanization systems present diffi­ culties in identifying a Chinese indi­ vidual because they create different versions of spelling when convert­ ing a Chinese character into Eng­ lish. This problem highlights the fact that the best identification of a Chinese name is the characters themselves. However, this proce­ dure is complicated by the fact that most communication systems do not transmit Chinese characters, and most law enforcement officers do not have the proficiency to read them. To remedy this problem, coding systems, developed many years ago, are used. These systems convert Chinese characters into four-digit numbers which, unlike Chinese characters, can be transmitted by telegraph, teletype, or typewriter. These numbers are also readily rec­ ognizable and can be retrieved eas­ ily. Several such coding systems are the Chinese Telegraphic Code (CTC), the Chinese Commercial Code (CCC), and the Standard Tele-

------March 1992/13 roughly as "dear." Thus, WONG Kin-kwok may be addressed by a close friend as Ah WONG. In the same manner, Mandarin speakers may precede their family names with "Lao," "Xiao," or "Da" as in Lao , Xiao WANG, or Da WANG, which means "Old Wang," "Little Wang," and "Big Wang," respectively. In the United States, Chinese­ Americans commonly add a West­ ern or "Christian" given name as a prefix to their Chinese name. For example, after adopting a Western given name, such as Peter, the Cantonese name LEUNG King­ hung becomes Peter King-hung LEUNG or simply Peter LEUNG. However, often the adoption of a the information use the same STC name first and the given name(s) Christian name is for convenience manual, accuracy is guaranteed. last. This could be illustrated by only and may not be reflected in The STC numbers should be taking the typical American name, official records. kept and recorded as an alias. Many John Henry Doe, in which the given In addition, married Chinese Asian law enforcement agencies names are listed first and the family women will usually keep their full will accept requests for identifica­ name is last. However, the Chinese names and add their husbands' tion checks or fugitive stops only if equivalent to this name would be names before the others. For ex­ the providing agency submits the Doe John Henry. This custom is ample, if Miss LEUNG Yut-wa subject's name in either Chinese kept even in the West. For example, married Mr. CHAN, she would be­ characters or STC numbers. Al­ Chinese leader, DENG Xiaoping, is come Mrs. CHAN (LEUNG) Yut­ though the recent wide use of fac­ never referred to as Xiaoping wa. However, sometimes Chinese­ simile machines allows for the DENG. American women will not use their transmission of Chinese characters, In addition, a Chinese indi­ given and maiden names and will it should be emphasized that the vidual generally will be referred to keep only their married name. This receiver needs to be proficient in the by both family and given names. is particularly true if the woman has written Chinese language to read it For example, one would address a an Americanized name. For in­ and romanize the text. man with the name WANG Jianguo stance, if Mary Yut Wa LEUNG with his full name rather than as malTied Mr. CHAN, she would be­ Chinese Names Jian, Jianguo, or WANG. Only come Mrs. Mary LEUNG CHAN. Chinese names generally con­ among relatives and close friends do The arrangement of given sist of three characters. The first Chinese address one another by names is treated differently in the character represents the family their given names. However, various romanization systems. The name, and the last two characters Cantonese speakers may address Wade-Giles system connects the represent the given name. Unlike close friends and family with the two syllables of the given name by a English proper names, Chinese family name preceded by "Ah," an hyphen (e.g. Yu-lung), while the names are presented with the family informal term that can be translated Pinyin system links the two syl- lables without any break in between any Chinese individual. In addition, name is the subject's family name, (e.g. Li Yulong). Still another ar­ when the suspect or individual in and then clearly indicate such in rangement, commonly used in Ma­ question is providing this informa­ writing. laysia and Singapore, treats the tion, they should be reminded to Next, the STC numbers for the three romanized syllables as three print the characters. And, because subject's name should be deter­ separate words, such as LEE Yu many individuals use romanized mined. This process will most likely Lung. names for certain American legal require a Chinese language special­ situations, the investigator should ist or someone schooled in Chinese How to Determine and Record transliteration to look up the charac­ Chinese Names ters in an STC manual. As men­ Because the Chinese language tioned previously, some STC manu­ is so diverse, investigators should als also provide romanizations for take great care when recording and ... there are methods different dialects, such as Mandarin reporting Chinese proper names. " law enforcement and Cantonese. The STC manual Often, a subject's name will only be can apply... to will also reveal one or more reported in its romanized form. This romanizations for the subject's can cause great difficulty in light of determine and record name which mayor may not the multiplicity of possible charac­ Chinese proper names confirm the individual's own ters for anyone phonetic spelling. accurately. romanization. This confusion could be likened to looking in the telephone book Conclusion under Gene Smith for an acquaint­ Despite the numerous dialects, ance who actually spells his name romanization systems, and various Jean Smythe. For example, if the have them print their romanized" other peculiarities of the Chinese only information available is that names. This can be especially help­ language, there are methods law en­ the romanization of the subject's ful if the subjects have an unusual forcement can apply to better under­ family name is WANG, this is not romanization. stand Chinese individuals and to enough to determine the exact Chi­ Again, when recording Chinese determine and record Chinese nese character that WANG repre­ names, investigators should also re­ proper names accurately. Today, sents. In the Mandarin dialect, member that in Chinese, family American society represents a WANG may be represented by 19 names are listed first. For example, wealth of ethnic diversity. As a re­ different characters. In other words, someone with the name WANG sult of this diversity, however, it is there are 19 different characters that Chien-Kuo should be addressed as imperative that law enforcement of­ have the Mandarin pronunciation Mr. WANG, not a& Mr. Kuo. There­ ficers nationwide become more fa­ and romanization of WANG. Also, fore, when recorc:ing Chinese miliar with other cultures that are in Cantonese, WANG could refer to names, it would be, 1lpful to iden­ becoming increasingly present in one of five characters, none of tify clearly which name is the family their communities. Basic knowl­ which is identical to any of the Man­ name. For example, suppose a Chi­ edge of various cultures and lan­ darin characters for WANG. nese individual is arrested and inter­ guages, such as Chinese, is just one However, if the Chinese charac­ rogated. The investigator should way law enforcement officers can ter for the subject's family name is immediately have the suspect print help tear down the walls between known, then an accurate ro­ his name in Chinese characters and various ethnic groups and better manization can be determined. his romanized name, along with any protect the citizens they serve. Therefore, recording an individual's aliases. The investigator should name in its original Chinese charac­ then confirm with the subject which m ters is crucial to identify accurately character and which romanized

------March 1992/15