Supported by
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 Possibilities with more district cooling in Europe
Final Report
This report is published by Euroheat & Power whose aim is to inform about district heating and cooling as efficient and environmentally benign energy solutions that make use of resources that otherwise would be wasted, delivering reliable and comfortable heating and cooling in return. This report is the report of Ecoheatcool Work Package 5 The project is co-financed by EU Intelligent Energy Europe Programme. The project time schedule is January 2005-December 2006. The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Up-to-date information about Euroheat & Power can be found on the internet at www.euroheat.org
More information on Ecoheatcool project is available at www.ecoheatcool.org
This report benefited from a kind contribution of Meredydd Evans, International Energy Agency.
© Ecoheatcool and Euroheat & Power 2005-2006
Euroheat & Power Avenue de Tervuren 300, 1150 Brussels Belgium Tel. +32 (0)2 740 21 10 Fax. +32 (0)2 740 21 19
Produced in the European Union
The ECOHEATCOOL project structure
Target area of EU29 + EFTA3 for heating and cooling
Information resources: Output: IEA EB & ES Database Heating and cooling Housing statistics The European heating demands in various Urban & rural population and cooling market countries and sectors Temperature frequencies Market information for (Work package 1 & 2) heating and cooling
District heating efficiency (Work package 3)
Supply resources: Output: CHP Possibilities for District Possible supply to Industrial waste heat Heating and Cooling in district heating and Waste incineration Europe cooling systems from Geothermal heat (Work package 4 & 5) CHP, RES and waste Biomass heat resources for Free cooling various countries
Strategy recommendations (Work package 6)
Dissemination of results (Work package 7 and 8)
Project co-ordinator: Norela Constantinescu, Euroheat & Power, [email protected]
Principal authors: Pär Dalin and Anders Rubenhag, Capital Cooling Europe AB, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] With the contribution from Euroheat & Power, Belgium Danish District Heating Association, Demark French District Heating and Cooling Association (SNCU), France Finish Energy Association, Finland German District Heating Association, Germany Italian District Heating Association, Italy Austrian Association of Gas and District Heat Supply Companies, Austria Swedish District Heating Association, Sweden Norwegian District Heating Association, Norway Confederation of European Waste to Energy Plants, Belgium Czech District Heating Association Czech Republic
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Contents
1 Executive summary...... 4 2 Introduction...... 6 2.1 Fundamental idea of district cooling...... 6 2.2 DC systems and suppliers in Europe ...... 9 3 District cooling development...... 10 3.1 The customer/building owner...... 11 3.1.1 Building developments...... 11 3.1.2 Technical and cultural barriers ...... 11 3.2 Financial impacts ...... 11 3.2.1 Simultaneously factor impact on the production capacity...... 12 3.2.2 Energy efficiency...... 12 3.2.3 Building density...... 12 3.2.4 Project financing...... 13 3.3 Cooling sources...... 13 3.3.1 Natural cooling sources...... 13 3.3.2 Strategic heat sources for cooling...... 14 3.3.3 Residual cooling...... 15 3.4 Legislations and Barriers...... 18 4 Implication from establishing new district cooling schemes...... 18 4.1 Contribution from increased energy efficiency...... 18 4.2 Contribution to reduce emissions...... 19 4.2.1 Refrigerants...... 19 4.2.2 Green house effect / Carbon dioxide...... 19 4.3 Contribution to security of energy supply...... 19 4.3.1 Reduced electrical peak loads ...... 19 4.3.2 Correlation between electrical power demand and cooling demand...... 20 4.3.3 DC business impact on the power infra structure...... 21 4.4 Contribution to the innovativeness and competitiveness of Europe’s economy...... 22 5 Compiled results and conclusions ...... 22 6 References...... 22 7 Appendices...... 24
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1 Executive summary
The main idea of district cooling is to use local sources that otherwise would be wasted or not used, in order to offer for the local market a competitive and high-efficient alternative to the traditional cooling solutions The centralisation of cooling production is a prerequisite to reach a high efficiency insofar as it makes possible to use “free cooling” or waste heat sources. A district cooling system can reach an efficiency rate typically 5 or even 10 times higher than traditional local electricity-driven equipments The benefits of District cooling are addressing the society, property owners and utilities
For society: o environment protection: reduction of CO2 emission and environmental hazardous refrigerants, enhanced aesthetics and an improved local environment by reducing the noise o security of supply: avoid investments in summer electricity peak capacities, enhance the reliability of the electricity supplycompetitiveness: development of a new energy service which should compete freely with the conventional alternatives For property owners/ customers o more economical way of cooling corporate social responsibility (CSR) policyImproved value for the cooled building For utilities o competitive product that gives long term stable business o An innovative energy service to attract new and existing customersFits perfectly into Corporate Social Responsibility Is a 25 % market share of District Cooling, of the total cooling market in Europe 32 – 165 TWh/year a possibility for 2020?
There are some arguments in favour of such development but also barriers to be overcome: • Strong driving force from property owners. • Potential for cooling sources is larger than 500TWh o Natural cooling (free cooling including the possibility for seasonal storage): over 260TWh o Residual cooling (especially from LNG): over 30TWh o Industrial cooling (CHP, waste incineration, industrial residual);over 260 TWh • Legitimate – naturally integrated in the local energy policy / barriers o Tradition and cultural; the acceptance of thermal products from collective systems are lower where there is a strong gas market and a low district heating saturation rateEuropean/national legislative frameworks: lack of implementation of energy efficiency measures in the cooling market, comprehensive assessment taking into account the primary energy savings and fair comparison of all cold suppliesLack of strategic focus and/or experience for DC business by industrial actors Investments costs 60-80 billion € which should be seen within the context of additional needed electricity peak capacities
Benefits from 25% DC market share of a total cooling market of 660TWh
• Energy efficiency: 5 times higher than the conventional air conditioned equipments • Security of supply –expressed as less electricity consumed: the annual electricity consumption can be decreased by 50 to 60 TWhe • Environmental impact: 40 to 60 million tons of annual CO2 savings which represents 15% of EU’s Kyoto commitment • Financial effort: Reduced investments in electricity capacity by 30 billion €
Need for further action • Policy level: create the level playing field by assuring the compatibility among different directives • Utility level: make the business case visible for industrial players • Deeper understanding of certain input factors ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 4
o Natural cooling sources o National statistics i.e. correlation between electrical power demand and cooling demand
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2 Introduction
This is the main report from Work Package 5 (WP5) of the Ecoheatcool project. The previous report WP2 covered the overall definition and description of the European cooling market and its potential growth in the service and residential sectors and the consequent impact on the electricity demand. The target area is 32 countries, including the EU-25 community, the four accession countries, and three EFTA countries. The WP2 report showed that, assuming the present increase in the air conditioning equipment sales continues, the pace of expansion would take Europe faster to “the European saturation rate” (i.e. 60% for the service sector and 40% for the residential) than earlier predicted. With approx. a four fold increase compared to the year 2000 we could see a EU-15 market at 500 TWhc before 2020. For Europe 32 this would correspond to 660 TWhc, cooling demand. Another element which can contribute to an even higher demand is the increase of useful floor space per capita for the NMs10 when the countries GDP will rise. The focus for this fifth part of the Ecoheatcool (WP5) project is to describe and quantify the benefits from positioning district cooling as an option to the dominating air-conditioned building bound systems. It is assumed that district cooling could reach a 25% market share by 2020. The benefits consider a number of aspects which reflect the major challenges faced by EU, i.e. security of supply / CO2 reductions. In chapter 2.2 the status of district cooling in Europe today is described and in chapter 3 the potential and development factors are discussed. In chapter 4, the implication from establishing new district cooling systems with respect to security of supply, energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions are estimated and finally the conclusions from the analysis are summarised in chapter 5.
2.1 Fundamental idea of district cooling
District cooling refers to cooling that is commercially supplied through a cold/heat carrier medium against payment on the basis of a contract. District cooling can be a network serving several customers; it can also refer to the local production and distribution of cooling to supply the needs of an institution - business centres, airports, hospitals, universities and public buildings. Experiences demonstrate that this type of block cooling can be the starting point of a district- cooling network when new users are added. The main fundamental idea of district cooling is to use local sources that otherwise would be wasted or not used, in order to offer the local market a competitive and high-efficient alternative to the traditional cooling solutions. The centralisation of cooling production is a prerequisite to reach a high efficiency insofar as it makes possible to use “free cooling” or waste heat sources, and thereby enable benefits brought by a large-scale production of energy. A distribution network is therefore necessary to enable the cooling supply to the customers. A district cooling system can reach an efficiency rate typically 5 or even 10 times higher than traditional local electricity-driven equipments. Switching away from fossil primary energy for cooling production is an essential consequence of the fundamental idea of district cooling. The main five source and production combinations are: • Natural cooling sources from deep sea, deep lake, rivers or aquifers so called “free cooling” • Industrial cooling sources where absorption chillers are used in combination with waste heat from industrial processes, waste incineration or cogeneration production plants • Residual cooling from re-gasification of LNG • Heat pumps in combination with e. district heating systems
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• High efficient industrial chillers are often added as a part of the production mix to secure outgoing temperatures and redundancy
To increase the efficiency and reliability, these cooling sources and production techniques are often combined with different kinds of storage solutions, such as: • Seasonal storage where free cooling in winter is stored for use during the summer period • Night-to-day storage facilities where overcapacity during the night is stored for use during daytime.
CUSTOMERS
STORAGE
PRODUCTION COOLING SUB-STATION (HEAT EXCHANGER)
WASTE HEAT OR “FREE COOLING” DISTRIBUTION SOURCE NETWORK
Figure 1 District cooling system, an overview of district cooling technologies can be found in Ecoheatcool work package 2.
District cooling can bring important benefits for the society, such as: • Environment • Adjustment to the Kyoto protocol and stricter, new environmental norms • Reduction of CO2 and environmental hazardous refrigerants such as HCFC • Enhanced aesthetics and an improved local environment by reducing the noise • Security of supply • Avoided investments in summer electricity peak production, transmission and distribution • Higher local reliability of the electricity supply • Higher energy utilisation and reduced energy consumption • Competitiveness • A new energy service that competes’ freely with conventional alternatives and can be introduced without subsidies.
District cooling can provide benefits that are of interest to propriety owners/customers, such as:
More economical solution for cooling: • Less expensive in exploitation than alternatives, like compression cooling • Less price risks compared to alternatives • Clear cost profile, no ‘hidden costs’ • Care free service with a very high reliability More social responsibility oriented: • Highly energy efficiency cooling option • Often cooling is provided from sustainable sources ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 7
• Contributes to improved local environment (architectural freedom and quality; avoiding noise from cooling towers; avoiding use of cooling agents (chemicals) at the premises) Improved value for the cooled building: • Flexible adjustment of supply to demand, both comfort cooling and process cooling • Floor space savings • No use of cooling agents (chemicals) at the customers’ site and thereby giving a solution for replacement of phased-out CFC/HCFC in cooling systems.
District cooling can be also attractive for energy services companies:
• Fits perfectly into Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy • A competitive product that gives a long term stable and profitable business • An innovative service to attract new and existing customers
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2.2 DC systems and suppliers in Europe The market share of district cooling represents today about 1-2% or between 2 to 3 TWhc of the total cooling market. District cooling has successfully developed in some densely populated areas in Europe in service industries, public buildings, and in some cases, in the residential and industry sectors. District cooling networks are operated by energy- utility and ESCO companies, in several countries – as illustrated below, and many new systems are under development or in the feasibility study phase. District cooling statistics are presented in appendix 2 while appendix 3 contains show cases from Amsterdam, Barcelona, Helsinki, Lisbon and Stockholm.
Figure 2 Indicative mapping of cooling networks and on-site cooling installations
1 200 DC Energy sales GWh per year 1 000 Connected load MW
800
600
400
200
0
y g s ce n n y r K a n e tal u U ri ed I b mark st m Spain rland inland u Fra w Norwayortugal F A S Germa P Monacoxe Den Lu Nethe
Figure 3 District cooling – 2003 statistics ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 9
3 District cooling development
In ECOHEATCOOL, WP2, the cooling demand within EU-32 was estimated to reach 660TWhc in the period 2012 to 2020. This corresponds to a total saturation rate of 49% or 60% for the service sector and 40% for the residential sector. Considering that the cooling market today is dominated by packaged air-conditioning systems the seasonal system energy efficiency ratio is about 2.5 (WP-2, EECCAC,2003 & EERAC,1999).A he cooling demand of 500 TWhc as estimated in the WP2 for EU-15, would command for an annual electricity consumption for EU-15 of 200 TWhe. For all 32 Europe countries this would correspond to an electricity consumption of 260 TWhe.
The consumption of 200 TWhe corresponds to about 8 % of the annual electricity generation for EU-15 in 2002. This could be compared with the ratio for US where air conditioning today accounts for 16% of electricity consumption (IEA, 1999). The development of conventional cooling equipment indicates that the efficiency can be improved by up to 25% in new installations and can slightly lower the impact on the European energy balance. On the other hand a fast and wide introduction of district cooling can make a big difference since the efficiency of these systems can be 5 or even up to 10 times higher than conventional technique.
The market share of district cooling is today about 1-2% in EU-15 or between 2 to 3 TWhc of the total cooling market. For this work package a market penetration rate of 25% for the District Cooling schemes will be assumed (by 2020). For the EU-32 the 25% market share corresponds to:
• a total district cooling energy demand of about 165 TWhc divided between 118 TWhc for the service sector representing 35% of the total service sector cooling demand) and 47 TWhc for residential sector representing 15% or of the total residential cooling demand.,
• a peak cooling capacity demand of about 140 GWc and investments in new district cooling infrastructure of 55 to 80 billion Euro. This should be seen also within the context of the need for additional electricity peak capacities as DC contributes to reducing electrical summer peak loads.
There are different reasons behind the development of district cooling. The development of a district cooling network is always a win-win process for a range of different players. On the customers’ side, buildings owners are increasingly keen on outsourcing operations to external companies with a view to developing productivity and gain on optimisation of energy use. For energy companies, the development of a district-cooling offer is an attractive choice to enter new markets and get closer to the end-user. To enable this win-win situation the District cooling schemes has also been introduced with a business models that are based on individual alternative priced contracts. Last but not least, for a city, the district-cooling option enables a sustainable supply of cooling with the ensuing environmental and economic advantages in terms of quality of life, attractiveness of the city and a better urban design.. In some Member States, the development of district cooling could rely on experience in district heating like for instance in Helsinki, Paris and Stockholm. In other cases, the development is more recent and embedded in innovative local urban projects like in Barcelona and Lisbon. Also see appendix 3. The choice to manage energy in a more rational way systematically lies in the background of all district cooling business projects. Different factors have played a role in the development of district cooling such as the priorities laid down in the respective regulatory frameworks, and the investment climate. The challenge lies in a mechanism that manages to place DC in the right position in terms of economic and environmental performance in comparison to other investment options. Here DC suffers from the lack of experience in many European cities when it comes to DC/DH solutions. The lack of experiences from the political/local authorities combined with the ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 10
lack of experience of the organisations to manage implementation (urban planning, realisation and risk handling) represent areas that have to be improved in order to develop a successful European DC sector. However the European Commission initiatives such as the Concerto Programme, promoting the sustainable society will educate the triple helix partnership to greater understanding how to run a more efficient decision making process on the extremely important level i.e. the local community. Last but not least, the influence of cultural and climatic conditions and the design of local demands play a role and impact on the choice of technologies in district cooling networks.
3.1 The customer/building owner
3.1.1 Building developments The residential and service sectors account for nearly 40 % of final energy consumption. The expanding trend of these sectors resulting from the corresponding trend in the increase in GDP (as explained in WP2) would result in an increase of their energy consumption and hence also their carbon dioxide emissions. Due to this major impact on long-term energy consumption, larger buildings will gradually need to meet minimum energy performance requirements tailored to the local climate. Best practice should in this respect be geared to the optimum use of factors relevant to enhancing energy performance. As the application of alternative energy supply systems is generally not explored to its full potential, the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative energy supply systems should be considered. In WP3 the necessity for a comprehensive evaluation with a view to reduce fossil primary energy consumption and related CO2 emissions is described The recent RICS report, Green Value through 18 real-life case studies in Europe and Canada (Rics,2005), show which are the key drivers for practical sustainability illustrating the financial value of green buildings and how they can also contribute to genuine social and environmental value. Not only can they provide healthier and more productive places to live and work, they also have the potential to command higher rents and prices, attract tenants more quickly, reduce tenant turnover and cost less to operate and maintain. New examples of major building development projects throughout Europe show that careful balancing of the energy supply through the development of mixed use has enabled full advantage of the best solutions commercially available.
3.1.2 Technical and cultural barriers Two important barriers for a fast introduction of district cooling were identified: • Cultural; the acceptance of thermal products from collective systems is lower where there is a strong gas market and a low district heating saturation rate. • Cheap low-efficient local RAC units are rapidly taking market shares from the centralised building systems in EU. This is, in the short perspective, a big threat to the security of supply and CO2 reductions and in the long perspective it becomes a technical barrier towards district cooling. This will be due to the fact that there will be more new developed buildings without secondary systems that can receive external supply. A fast implementation of the directives related to energy efficiency can lower this risk. The building regulation depends on the adoption of a comprehensive assessment on the basis of primary resource factor, PRF, and fair comparison of all cold supply (air- conditioning, refrigeration ) options
3.2 Financial impacts The major components to investigate if a large scale district cooling scheme can compete with the building bound alternatives are: • the investments in production, ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 11
• finding a system architecture with as high energy efficiency as possible, • the investment in distribution • getting long term investments with low financial costs and risk handling to ensure a low cost financing
3.2.1 Simultaneously factor impact on the production capacity From an investment perspective the specific production capacity that has to be invested in it is radically reduced in a large scale district cooling system compared to local building bound systems. The investment reduction is due to the simultaneously factor1 and avoided redundancy investments. Estimations from cities where district cooling has been introduced indicate up to 40% reduction in total installed cooling capacity.
3.2.2 Energy efficiency To increase the financial feasibility of the high energy efficient solutions it is fundamental to have access to sources for the centrally produced district cooling.. It is also important to have as high efficient equipment as possible for the auxiliary and chiller equipment and to have a 24/24 hour operational staff to run the system on optimal performance. Table 1 Performance of different cooling solutions
Solutions EER Conventional building bound solutions Conventional RAC and CAC 1,5-3,5 Conventional chillers combiened with aquifers 3-6
District cooling solutions Industrial chillers with efficient condenser cooling and/or recovered heat to DH 5-8 Free cooling / industrial chillers 8-25 Free cooling and cooling spills 25-40 Absorption chiller driven from heat from waste or renewable source 20-35
EER =(Seasonal System) Energy Efficiency Ratio. This states the output of yearly useful cooling energy per unit of yearly electrical energy input in the system. (base for financial calculations)
3.2.3 Building density By taking into account the buildings statistics presented in WP 2 and appendix 1, with 21 billion m2 for residential sector and by assuming an estimated cooling demand equivalent to 40 % penetration rate, the residential cooling demand would correspond to 334 TWhc cooling. With the buildings in service sector accounting for 7 billion m2 and by assuming a 60 % penetration rate, the corresponding cooling demand is 327 TWhc. By identifying where DC has got its competitive edge it is clear that it is a function of keeping the distribution network on a level where the specific investment can be within a range where the integrated system i.e. production and distribution can be competitive with the local alternative. The district cooling statistics show that district cooling has been introduced down to a density of
1 Simultaneity is a conception which is used to describe that separate customer’s peak load doesn’t occur at the same time due to: • different type of buildings as offices, theatres etc. has a demand that occur at different time of the day. • a variation of demand that occur randomly over time and it is influenced by individual temperature regulation in both DC and DH systems • different buildings are not exposed to the maximum temperature ate the same time due to shading etc. • different way of operating the technical installations • the simultaneity factor is not influenced by outdoor temperature.
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0.5 kW per meter of distribution, i.e.in larger and middle size cities, within expansion areas such as retail and business parks and airports etc.
3.2.4 Project financing There are today a lot of schemes and organisations which support the development of high energy efficient infrastructure projects such as the European Investment Bank (EIB) and “green loans”. The term PPP describes any public private partnership, which can be, carried out by using private loans and contracting out services like waste collection, energy infrastructure, railways or hospital cleaning to private companies. Public private partnerships (PPPs) are a generic term for the relationships formed between the private sector and public bodies often with the aim of using private sector resources and/or expertise in order to provide and deliver services. The term PPP is used to describe a wide variety of working arrangements from loose, informal and strategic partnerships to design build finance and operate (DBFO) type service contracts and formal joint venture companies. The Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is a form of PPP but is also a form of contracting or procurement implying: the hallmarks of which are: • a long term service contract between a public sector body and a private sector ‘operator’ • the provision of capital assets and associated services by the operator • a single ‘unitary’ payment from the local authority which covers investment and services • the integration of design, building, financing and operation in the operator’s proposals • the allocation of risk to the party who can best manage and price it • service delivery against performance standards set out in an ‘output specification’ • a performance related ‘payment mechanism’ • an ‘off balance sheet treatment’ for the local authority so that any investment delivered through the project does not count against borrowing consents • support from central government delivered through what are known as ‘PFI credits’
Under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) the public sector purchases services on a long-term basis by using private sector management skills and by having private finance at risk. The private sector has always been involved in the building and maintenance of public infrastructure, but PFI ensures that contractors are bound into long-term operation and maintenance contracts and bear responsibility for the quality of the work they do. With PFI, the public sector defines what is required to meet public needs and ensures delivery of the outputs through the contract. Consequently, the private sector can be harnessed to deliver investment in better quality whilst frontline services are retained within the public sector. Since there is a need of very fast introduction of new district cooling schemes to be able to meet a considerable market share there is no doubt that the PFI represents an important success factor in order to boost the development for DC. 3.3 Cooling sources
Below it is shown that the availability of cooling and residual sources is higher than what is needed to cover supply sources for a 25% district cooling market share..
3.3.1 Natural cooling sources The concept refers to the extraction of available cold water. It can be compared to the use of geothermal energy in district heating systems. The cold water required to cool down buildings can be found in oceans, lakes or rivers and aquifers. Via heat exchangers the cold is transferred to the distribution network and delivered to the customers where the cold is used in the cooling infrastructure of the building. The maximum ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 13
cooling temperature delivered to customers can be guaranteed with - if needed - additional cold added from different sources. Such a system can be developed when the water temperature is cold enough and when the plant is close to the buildings where the water is carried. The advantage of free cooling is that it offers cooling on a renewable basis. Today such schemes exist in Europe (Stockholm, Helsinki) and North America (Toronto). The potential for finding natural cold water in lakes and sea, which is close to urban areas where the cooling market is, has not been subject to any analysis. However we can assume that many urban areas have in their vicinity and can get access to cold water in lakes, sea or aquifers. Appendix 3 describes examples of district cooling systems based on natural cooling. When including seasonal storage solutions the potential will increase since also cold winter surface water from lakes, sea and rivers can be used. A recommendation is to further investigate this potential.
3.3.2 Strategic heat sources for cooling By looking at strategic heat sourcing for absorption chillers (in combination with waste heat production from industrial processes, waste incineration or cogeneration production plants) it is clear that heat sources as a driver for running absorption chillers can form the backbone of the potential to build the base cooling capacity in EU-32. The ECOHEATCOOL, WP4, provides the five strategic heat sources (see chapter 4). The cooling potential is then based on the fact that 50% of the available heat sources can be used for cooling purpose. The efficiency of the absorption chillers is assumed to be 70%:
• CHP: 445 TWhh- corresponds to 156 TWhc.
• Waste incineration: 350 PJ/year or 100 TWhh – corresponds to 35 TWhc.
• Industrial residual: 55 TWhh – corresponds to 20 TWhc. • Combustible renewables: Current supply of combustible renewables to CHP plants and HOBs is transformed into 168 PJ heat and 83 PJ electricity (IEA, 2003), i.e. equals with 16 TWhc. The future possibility for heat generated from combustion renewables can be 500 PJ/year at current heat sales which corresponds to 138 TWhh and 48 TWhc
• Geothermal and others: 25 TWhh - corresponds to 9 TWhc
The potential for cooling from the five strategic heat sources is 260 TWhc. As summarised in Work Package 4 the availability of the five heat strategic sources is shown below. .
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Figure 4 Strategic heat sources which could be feasibly accessible for running absorption chillers.
3.3.3 Residual cooling As pipeline supply is in itself insufficient to satisfy the total European demand of natural gas – Europe needs LNG (liquefied natural gas) and LNG diversifies Europe’s gas supply. Several countries in Europe are currently operating LNG import terminals including Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Turkey. Europe imports most of its LNG supply from Algeria, but also receives LNG shipments from Africa, the Middle East and Trinidad and Tobago. IEA indicates that France, which imports the most LNG in Europe due to limited natural gas resources, receives its LNG from Nigeria. A substantial portion of this LNG is piped into Italy from France. A number of additional projects are proposed in these European countries. The United Kingdom (UK) has a large natural gas reserve in the Southern Gas Basin, although production has been declining. The UK currently has no LNG import terminals, but several have been proposed.
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Figure 5 LNG Terminals in Europe, (Reference: California Energy Commission, February 2005)
According to British Petroleum the existing re-gasification capacity stands at some 7 bcfd (billion cubic feet per day)–predominantly in Spain, France and Turkey. Projects ‘In Development’– those with regulatory approval and with construction contracts awarded –account for total capacity of up to 16 bcfd by 2010.. Additional projects – speculative and under consideration – would bring the total capacity up to 23 bcfd by2015. This represent a significant capacity stack (nearly half of Europe’s current gas demand)!
Figure 6 The rapid growth in LNG re-gasification capacity in Spain LNG terminals
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Process integration of cold energy recovered from the receiving terminal is an interesting possibility that has been studied in Barcelona The LNG, stored at -160 °C in heavily insulated tanks, has to be re-gasified before it can be injected into the District gas network. Traditionally the terminal operators used vaporisers heated by submerged burners for this task, achieving an efficiency of around 110% referred to net calorific value. Despite this high efficiency, however, the gas used for LNG re-gasification still accounted for 1.25% of the total volume sent out by the terminal. Seawater is also used as a heat source for re-gasifying LNG. However this option could be difficult to use when the sea temperature falls to around 4 °C in the winter months, too low for the seawater to perform this function effectively. It is obvious that alternative use by taking advantage of the cooling availability source in these terminals is of great interest as a recovery cooling source for DC. An interesting example for investigating these possibilities is the feasibility study for the use of the residual cold from the re-gasification plant that ENAGAS has in Barcelona Port. This study covers a system of district heating & cooling that fulfils the air-conditioning (70 MW) and heating (40 MW) needs of different buildings in the service sector (650,000 m2) of an important area in the city, currently undergoing a transformation phase. The cold production is principally based on the use of vaporisers for using the residual cold from the change process of the LNG phase, complemented with conventional equipment to handle for peak demand times, and storage of 12,000 m3. The heat production is carried out by means of natural gas boilers. The distribution of cold/hot water to the different buildings is done through a 9 km long network. The temperature of the LNG storage (–160 °C), and its corresponding vaporisation process, imply a certain degree of complexity in the system. The cooling sources availability is provided in the graph below.
Figure 7 Potential cooling sources by far exceeds the cooling market demand
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3.4 Legislations and Barriers In the current situation of liberalised energy markets, emphasis is put on short-term return on investments, and on low prices. This context is not favourable to energy-efficient infra structure technologies, such as district cooling, which are more capital-intensive, i.e. requires major capital investment during an early stage and with a long term and stable return on this investment. It is therefore important for operators that regulatory framework is stable for longer terms. Barriers exist that prevent the development of infrastructures. The development of a district network to supply cooling implies not only major investments but also authorization and licenses from public authorities to buy land, and dig pipes in the ground. These obligations do not exist for individual technologies. Long and uncertain negotiations with authorities can turn into a clear barrier for district projects. At national levels, procedures to develop infrastructure should therefore be clear, transparent and quick enough to facilitate the emergence of ambitious projects.
4 Implication from establishing new district cooling schemes
4.1 Contribution from increased energy efficiency In order to communicate the benefits of district cooling, the overall primary energy dependency and the corresponding carbon dioxide emissions are quantified as follows: Table 2 Performance of different cooling solutions2
Solutions EER PRF Conventional building bound solutions Conventional RAC and CAC 1,5-3,5 1,7-0,7 Conventional chillers combiened with aquifers 3-6 0,8-0,4
District cooling solutions Industrial chillers with efficient condenser cooling and/or recovered heat to DH 5-8 0,5-0,3 Free cooling / industrial chillers 8-25 0,3-0,1 Free cooling and cooling spills 25-40 0,1-0,06 Absorption chiller driven from heat from waste or renewable source 20-35 0,13-0,07
EER =(Seasonal System) Energy Efficiency Ratio. This states the output of yearly useful cooling energy per unit of yearly electrical energy input in the system. (base for financial calculations)
PRF =Primary Resource Factor. (base for environmental/primary resource impact analysis)
The comparison of different cooling solutions in the cooling market can be done by using a methodology based on the use of Primary Energy Factor (PEF)/Primary Resource Factor (PRF). This will represent the ratio of the non-regenerative primary energy required for the building to the final energy supplied to the building These comparison shows that district cooling systems can play an important role in a European strategy for higher security of supply through lower import dependencies. With the assumed market share for district cooling systems of 25%, the district cooling market would be equal to 165 TWhc.
2 A more thorough description of how primary resource factor (PRF) relates to the Energy Efficiency Ratio is explained in the ECOHEATCOOL work package 3 (WP3) of this project that is dealing with the question of “Guidelines for assessing the efficiency of district heating and district cooling systems”.
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By producing the 165 TWhc using conventional electrical air conditioning (with an average energy efficiency ratio of 2.5), the electricity consumption would be 66 TWhe. Covering this cooling need by a typical district cooling system, with an energy efficiency that is 5- 10 times higher, about 50-60 TWhe electricity would be saved. 4.2 Contribution to reduce emissions
4.2.1 Refrigerants The efficiency of district cooling leads to emission reductions. District cooling is instrumental in the phasing out of refrigerants such as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) and HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) that is due in 2010. Electricity-driven compression chillers use these refrigerants whose release in the air result in the destruction of the environment – i.e. depletion of the ozone layer that accelerates the phenomenon of global warming.
4.2.2 Green house effect / Carbon dioxide
The high energy efficient district cooling enables reductions of CO2 and as such it is a sufficient part of the solutions to meet Kyoto objectives.
Based on previously presented estimations and a EU marginal CO2 impact of 0,7-1,0 of CO2/MWh, the potential for CO2 savings by using district cooling in the EU-32 represents about 40 million tons annually. For comparison this accounts for around 10-18% of the EU commitment to the Kyoto protocol3.
4.3 Contribution to security of energy supply
4.3.1 Reduced electrical peak loads Rising of electrical power demands has been identified as one key indicator for increase in cooling demand. According to (Lucas,1998) the electrical energy to run all refrigerating machines, including air- conditioning plants and heat pumps, accounts for between 10 and 20% of the worldwide electricity consumption. One sixth of the electricity consumed in the US goes to cooling of buildings (Loftness,2002) which gives an estimate of the correlation between electrical power demand and cooling demand. Eurostat served as base for statistics information on electricity consumption. The statistics used are the electricity available for inland market with the code 107200 in the Eurostat database. The analysis of the trend of electricity consumption was carried out from the market statistics, which were available for the EU-15 countries. The EU-15 countries were therefore used in the historical trend analysis. A more detailed study has also been done for the electricity demand during 2003 where statistics were available for all 27 European countries. The total electricity demand for each country was used due to the lack of statistical data for building demands on a monthly basis. Between 1990 and 2002 the average peak loads in the European Union have increased by 20 %. In a southern member state like Greece, the corresponding increase was 54 % during the same period. The average peak-load increase is expected to continue at the same rate - at least. In Mediterranean countries, the forecasted increase is even higher. In the years between 1990 and 2020 generation capacity in Spain and Italy is expected to double. In Greece and Portugal capacity is forecasted to increase three times during the same period.
3 Pursuant to the Kyoto protocol, the EU is committed to an 8% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2008- 2012 compared to 1990 levels. It means a total reduction of 340 million tonnes greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalent. ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 19
In the frame of this general trend a significant development happened recently with regards to peak loads. If they traditionally occurred during wintertime, latest peaks were recorded during the summer, and some cases touching capacity limits with resulting risks of outages. An increase demand for cooling, if met by traditional electricity devices, will worsen the situation. Between 1990 and 2002, the annual electricity consumption in EU-15 rose by 30 %, while the increase for July was 38 %. If a heat wave similar to that of 2003 were to occur again, it would be a potential problem limiting electricity production when the need for cooling is peaking up. This massive development of cooling is happening in a context when Europe is to invest massively in order to both renew its electricity generating capacity and meet the growing demand. According to the International Energy Agency (WEO, 2004), the electricity generation in the European Union is projected to increase at an average rate of 1.3% between 2002 and 2030. Forecast investment represents $788 billion into power generation, $121 billion into transmission grids and $423 billion into distribution networks. In this perspective, policy-making needs to go further than replacing old generation facilities with new ones. Current investment needs in energy generation offers a historic opportunity window to generate energy more efficiently and give more room for an integrated approach to energy needs. In this context, district cooling provides a working alternative to meet the growing cooling demand.
1600 Original Demand 1400 With DC
1200
1000
800 MW 600
400
200
0
y l an Ju J Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 8 The contribution of district cooling to the reduction of peak demand (example)
Where applied, district cooling takes away the summer peak demand in electricity. Although district cooling needs electricity as a driving force itself, the demand for electricity per unit cooling delivered is much lower than with traditional local cooling production. Areas with district cooling are much less likely to be confronted with shortages in power supply.
4.3.2 Correlation between electrical power demand and cooling demand
Historical trend of the EU-15 countries The annual electrical demand for the EU-15 countries is shown in Figure 9. The country codes are clarified in Appendix 1. An increase of the electrical power demand is shown during the 19 studied years. In total a 50% increase has been calculated for the period.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 20
600
DE 500 FR
UK
IT 400 ES
SE
300 NL
BE TWh/year
FI 200 AT
GR
PT 100 DK
IE
0 LU 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Figure 9 Annual total electrical power demands for the EU-15 countries
The increases in summer electrical demand imply that the cooling demand is responsible for a growing share of the electricity demand in Europe. Almost half of the 15 countries have shifted to positive ratios at the end of the investigated period. The cooling demand in the EU-32 market (at the European saturation level of 60% for the service sector and 40% for the residential sector) corresponds to a cooling capacity of about 228 GWc for the service sector and 408 GWc for the residential sector. By using an efficiency ratio at 2.5 this would result into a power capacity equal to 254 GWe • With 35% and /15% DC market share for service and residential sector respectively, the attributed demand capacities for district cooling would be 80 and 62 GWc respectively . By using the efficiency ratio of 2.5 this cooling capacity would result into 56 GWe needed in case this cooling demand capacity would be supplied from air conditioning units. With the 5 to (10) times more efficient DC solution a net reduction in the order of 50 GWe is possible.
4.3.3 DC business impact on the power infra structure An interesting impact that could be illustrated, it is how the reductions in power capacity could affect the investments needs within the integrated power systems from the production side all the way through transmission and distribution into the building facilities by taking into account the requirements which would be needed by using conventional cooling solutions in the individual buildings. By using an assumed key-figure of 3000 €/kW (WEO, 2004) as a marginal investment for the integrated new capacity the following macro economical assumption can be made:
• If the marginal investment impact is 20% of the total avoided electricity capacity (50 GWe) the avoided investment will be 30 billion Euro or 40-50% of the investment for new district cooling infrastructure.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 21
The marginal investments in power capacity show both a significant impact on the security of supply and marginal investments. Our strong recommendation is to follow the recommendation from WP2 to perform monitoring programs and to collect more precise statistics to be able to analyse the EU and regional energy and capacity impacts from cooling.
4.4 Contribution to the innovativeness and competitiveness of Europe’s economy
District cooling competes against other alternatives on the cooling market and must be a competitive option with attractive pricing and a high quality of supply and service. The technologies that are used in the district cooling system are state of the art. Since the grids and the cooling production facilities take a huge share in the investments, much emphasis is placed on energy efficiency, cost savings, investment optimisation and quality improving innovations. The providers of alternative solutions are also innovative, this competition in innovativeness drives the business to continuously create added value for the customers and investors.
5 Compiled results and conclusions
The cooling demand in EU-15 is approximately 200 TWhc – which correspond to 80TWhe or 3% annual electricity generation in EU-15. In WP2 the cooling demand for the same area was estimated to 500TWhc by 2020, which corresponds to 200 TWhe electricity or about 8 % of the annual power generation 2002. This could be compared with the ratio for US where air conditioning today accounts for 16% of power consumption (IEA, 1999).
For 32 European countries this would correspond to an electricity consumption of 260 TWhe. For the Europe 32 a district cooling market share of 25% of the total cooling supply corresponds to:
• A cooling energy demand of about 165 TWhc, a peak cooling capacity demand of about 140 GWc and investments in new district cooling infrastructure of 55 to 80 billion Euro. • With a typical DC system we could estimate an efficiency that is 5-10 times higher which suggests that about 50 to 60 TWhe electricity could be saved.
• These savings gives the potential of 40 to 60 million tons CO2 savings/year for the Europe 32. For comparison this has been translated to account for around 15% of the EU commitment in the Kyoto protocol. • The potential of natural industrial and residual cooling sources that today are available exceeds the needed input for an assumed 25% district cooling market share.
• If the marginal investment impact is 20% of the total avoided electricity capacity (50 GWe), the avoided investment will be about 30 billion Euro or 40-50% of the investment for new district cooling infrastructure.
6 References WP1,2005, Ecoheatcool-WP1, The European Heat Market 2003, November 2005 WP2,2005, Ecoheatcool-WP2, The European Cooling Demands, November 2005 WP3,2005, Ecoheatcool-WP3, District heating and cooling efficiency, November 2005 WP4, 2006, Ecoheatcool-WP4, Possibilities with more DH in Europe, June 2006 Eurostat,2005, Eurostat, the online database for Energy and Environment, table es_106a, available at the Eurostat website epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int Eurostat,2002, Eurostat, statistical information on energy consumption for the service sector Lucas, 1998, Lucas L., 1998, IIR news, International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 21, No., 2, pp. 87-88 ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 22
Loftness,2002, Loftness V, The Austin Papers Building green 2002 IIR, 2003, IIR, 2003, International Institute of Refrigeration newsletter, No 13, August 2003 Repab Fakta, 2001, Repab Fakta, Årskostnader Kontor, 2001 EECCAC, 2003, EECCAC “Energy Efficiency and Certification of Central Air Conditioners”, D.G. TREN, April 2003 EERAC, 1999, EERAC “ Energy Efficiency of Room Air-Conditioners”, D.G.Energy (DGXVII), May 1999 IEA, 1997, Residential Energy Consumption Survey Office of Energy Markets and End Use IEA, 1999, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey 1999 IEA,2005, Energy balances for OECD countries 1960-2003, available on CD-ROM or online at www.iea.org , Paris 2005 IEA,2005, Energy balances for non-OECD countries 1971-2003, available on CD-ROM or online at www.iea.org , Paris 2005 IEA,2004, Cooling buildings in a warming climate, Sophia Antipolis (Côte d’Azur), France 21–22 June 2004 available at www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/Textbase/work/2004/cooling/presentations.htm WEO, 2004, IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2004, www.iea.org Euroheat & Power, District Heating and Cooling, country by country survey 2005. Brussels 2005. Boverket, Boverket (The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning), Housing Statistics in the European Union 2004. Karlskrona 2005. Available at http://www.boverket.se Silpilä,Ranne, Aaltonen,2004, Silpilä, Ranne, Aaltonen, Analysing cooling production costs in buildings, Osat 1-3, 2004 CEP,2003, Centre of Energy and Processes, 2003, http://www-cenerg.ensmp.fr UN,2004, UN, Urban and rural areas 2003, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2004, available at http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2003/2003urban_rural.htm UNECE,2005, UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe), Bulletin of Housing Statistics for Europe and North America 2004. Geneva 2005. Available at http://www.unece.org/ DEA, 2005, European district energy associations Interviews with the European district energy associations, 2005 BSRIA, 2004, World market for air conditioning, 2004 BSRIA, 2005 , European market for air conditioning, 2005 Eurostat,2003, The Eurostat data base 107200 Rics, 2005, RICS report, Green Value through 18 real-life case studies in Europe and Canada, http://www.rics.org
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7 Appendices
Appendix 1. Background information
Table 3 Population and GDP Country Country label Country Population GDP 2003, GDP/capita, GDP PPS GDP group 2003, Billion EUR EUR 2003, Billion PPS/capita millions EUR EUR Austria AT EU15 8,1 226 27846 211 26035 Belgium BE EU15 10,4 270 25978 260 25060 Bulgaria BG ACC4 7,8 18 2266 50 6341 Croatia HR ACC4 4,4 26 5797 43 9774 Cyprus CY NMS10 0,7 12 16120 13 17486 Czech RepubliCZ NMS10 10,2 80 7847 149 14624 Denmark DK EU15 5,4 187 34715 140 25983 Estonia EE NMS10 1,4 8 5942 14 10463 Finland FI EU15 5,2 143 27496 127 24272 France FR EU15 59,8 1557 26055 1480 24759 Germany DE EU15 82,5 2165 26230 1931 23402 Greece GR EU15 11,0 153 13911 190 17237 Hungary HU NMS10 10,1 73 7228 129 12768 Iceland IS EFTA3 0,3 9 31789 7 24817 Ireland IE EU15 4,0 135 33733 113 28159 Italy IT EU15 57,6 1301 22584 1310 22750 Latvia LV NMS10 2,3 10 4244 20 8721 Lithuania LT NMS10 3,5 16 4711 34 9744 Luxembourg LU EU15 0,4 24 53241 21 45706 Malta MT NMS10 0,4 4 10576 6 15518 Netherlands NL EU15 16,2 454 27998 418 25741 Norway NO EFTA3 4,6 195 42752 143 31396 Poland PL NMS10 38,2 185 4848 374 9785 Portugal PT EU15 10,4 131 12500 166 15900 Romania RO ACC4 21,7 50 2316 138 6330 Slovak RepublSK NMS10 5,4 29 5382 60 11138 Slovenia SI NMS10 2,0 25 12314 33 16348 Spain ES EU15 41,9 745 17785 890 21260 Sweden SE EU15 9,0 267 29833 220 24524 Switzerland CH EFTA3 7,3 285 38818 204 27854 Turkey TR ACC4 70,7 212 3002 417 5898 United KingdoUK EU15 59,4 1591 26779 1515 25489 Total 572,5 10587 18494 10825 18911
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Table 4 Calculation of Specific cooling demand
Country ECI Total Total service Specific cooling demand Cooling total potential residential area area
Residential Service Residential Service Total - million m2 million m2 kWh/m2 kWh/m2 TWh TWh TWh Germany 94 3492 1852 35 77 121 143 264 Italy 133 2395 453 49 109 117 49 166 France 95 2643 861 35 78 93 67 160 Spain 147 1885 341 54 121 102 41 143 Turkey 135 1542 268 50 111 77 30 107 United Kingdom 74 2226 892 27 60 60 54 114 Poland 95 802 382 35 78 28 30 58 Greece 161 452 149 59 132 27 20 47 Romania 137 530 87 50 112 27 10 36 Portugal 104 441 126 38 85 17 11 28 Netherlands 65 667 183 24 53 16 10 26 Hungary 123 310 101 45 101 14 10 24 Austria 106 308 119 39 87 12 10 22 Belgium 77 416 151 28 63 12 10 21 Sweden 73 399 161 27 60 11 10 20 Switzerland 85 324 136 31 70 10 10 20 Czech Republic 89 333 100 33 73 11 7 18 Bulgaria 116 233 31 43 95 10 3 13 Slovak republic 117 173 81 43 96 7 8 15 Denmark 59 279 114 22 48 6 5 12 Finland 72 198 101 27 59 5 6 11 Croatia 127 131 33 47 104 6 3 10 Norway 67 212 95 25 55 5 5 10 Slovenia 127 59 16 47 104 3 2 4 Lithuania 85 78 14 31 70 2 1 3 Ireland 32 162 58 12 26 2 2 3 Latvia 79 54 23 29 65 2 2 3 Cyprys 143 33 7 53 118 2 1 3 Estonia 65 38 14 24 54 1 1 2 Malta 143 14 4 53 118 1 0 1 Luxembourg 81 22 7 30 67 1 0 1 Iceland 6 16 7 2 5 0 0 0
TOTAL 20 867 6 966 807 560 1 367
Residential Service Total TWh TWh TWh ACC4 2437 420 190 423 120 46 166 EFTA3 551 237 58 130 15 15 30 EU15 15986 5567 506 1127 601 438 1039 NMS10 1894 742 393 876 71 61 132
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Table 5 Estimated saturation of Cooling per country EU-15, year 2000
Country ECI Total Total service Cooling after saturation Electricity demand for cooling residential area area
Residential Service Total Residential Service Total - million m2 million m2 TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh Germany 94 3492 1852 6 39 45 2 15 18 Italy 133 2395 453 6 13 19 2 5 8 France 95 2643 861 5 18 23 2 7 9 Spain 147 1885 341 5 11 16 2 4 6 United Kingdom 74 2226 892 3 15 18 1 6 7 Greece 161452149157123 Portugal 104441126134011 Netherlands 65667183133011 Austria 106308119133011 Belgium 77416151133011 Sweden 73399161133011 Denmark 59 279 114 0,3 1,5 1,8 0,1 0,6 0,7 Finland 72 198 101 0,3 1,6 1,9 0,1 0,6 0,8 Ireland 32 162 58 0,1 0,4 0,5 0,0 0,2 0,2 Luxembourg 81 22 7 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,1 TOTAL 15 986 5 567 30 118 148 12 47 59
Not: The same saturation levels for all countries are assumed
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Table 6 Estimated saturation of Cooling per country, corresponding to US saturation, 1997-1999,
Country ECI Total Total service Cooling after saturation Electricity demand for cooling residential area area
Residential Service Total Residential Service Total - million m2 million m2 TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh Germany 94 3492 1852 85 105 189 34 42 76 Italy 133 2395 453 82 36 118 33 14 47 France 95 2643 861 65 49 114 26 20 46 Spain 147 1885 341 71 30 101 29 12 41 Turkey 135 1542 268 54 22 76 22 9 30 United Kingdom 74 2226 892 42 39 82 17 16 33 Poland 95 802 382 20 22 42 8 9 17 Greece 161 452 149 19 14 33 8 6 13 Romania 137 530 87 19 7 26 7 3 10 Portugal 104 441 126 12 8 20 5 3 8 Netherlands 65 667 183 11 7 18 4 3 7 Hungary 123 310 101 10 7 17 4 3 7 Austria 106 308 119 8 8 16 3 3 6 Belgium 77 416 151 8 7 15 3 3 6 Sweden 73 399 161 8 7 15 3 3 6 Switzerland 85 324 136 7 7 14 3 3 6 Czech Republic 89 333 100 8 5 13 3 2 5 Bulgaria 116 233 31 7,0 2,2 9,1 2,8 0,9 3,7 Slovak republic 117 173 81 5,2 5,6 10,8 2,1 2,3 4,3 Denmark 59 279 114 4,2 4,0 8,2 1,7 1,6 3,3 Finland 72 198 101 3,7 4,4 8,1 1,5 1,7 3,2 Croatia 127 131 33 4,3 2,5 6,8 1,7 1,0 2,7 Norway 67 212 95 3,7 3,8 7,5 1,5 1,5 3,0 Slovenia 127 59 16 4,3 2,5 6,8 1,7 1,0 2,7 Lithuania 85 78 14 1,7 0,7 2,5 0,7 0,3 1,0 Ireland 32 162 58 1,3 1,1 2,4 0,5 0,4 1,0 Latvia 79 54 23 1,1 1,1 2,2 0,4 0,4 0,9 Cyprys 143 33 7 0,5 0,3 0,8 0,2 0,1 0,3 Estonia 65 38 14 0,6 0,5 1,2 0,3 0,2 0,5 Malta 143 14 4 0,5 0,3 0,8 0,2 0,1 0,3 Luxembourg 81 22 7 0,5 0,3 0,8 0,2 0,1 0,3 Iceland 6 16 7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0
TOTAL 20 867 6 966 567 410 976 227 164 391
ACC4 2437 420 83,8 33,6 117,3 33,5 13,4 46,9 EFTA3 551 237 10,8 10,8 21,6 4,3 4,3 8,6 EU15 15986 5567 420,8 319,7 740,5 168,3 127,9 296,2 NMS10 1894 742 51,2 45,8 97,0 20,5 18,3 38,8 20867,4 6966,4 566,6 409,8 976,4 226,6 163,9 390,6
Not: 70% for the residential sector and 73% for the service sector. (The same saturation levels for all countries are assumed)
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Table 7 Estimated saturation of Cooling per country with saturation levels 40% of residential sector and 60% of service sector and the electricity energy demand with conventional cooling technique.
Country ECI Total Total service Cooling after saturation Electricity demand for cooling residential area area
Residential Service Total Residential Service Total
- million m2 million m2 TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh TWh Saturation SEER 95 40% 60% 2,5 2,5
Germany 94 3492 1852 48 86 134 19 34 54 Italy 133 2395 453 47 30 76 19 12 31 France 952643861374077151631 Spain 147 1885 341 41 25 65 16 10 26 Turkey 135 1542 268 31 18 49 12 7 19 United Kingdom 74 2226 892 24 32 57 10 13 23 Poland 95 802 382 11 18 29 5 7 12 Greece 161 452 149 11 12 23 4 5 9 Romania 137 530 87 11 6 17 4 2 7 Portugal 104 441 126 7 6 13 3 3 5 Netherlands 65 667 183 6 6 12 3 2 5 Hungary 123 310 101 6 6 12 2 2 5 Austria 106 308 119 5 6 11 2 2 4 Belgium 77 416 151 5 6 10 2 2 4 Sweden 73 399 161 4 6 10 2 2 4 Switzerland 85 324 136 4 6 10 2 2 4 Czech Republic 89 333 100 4 4 9 2 2 4 Bulgaria 116 233 31 4,0 1,8 5,8 1,6 0,7 2,3 Slovak republic 117 173 81 3,0 4,6 7,6 1,2 1,9 3,0 Denmark 59 279 114 2,4 3,3 5,7 1,0 1,3 2,3 Finland 72 198 101 2,1 3,6 5,7 0,8 1,4 2,3 Croatia 127 131 33 2,5 2,1 4,5 1,0 0,8 1,8 Norway 67 212 95 2,1 3,1 5,2 0,8 1,3 2,1 Slovenia 127 59 16 2,5 2,1 4,5 1,0 0,8 1,8 Lithuania 85 78 14 1,0 0,6 1,6 0,4 0,2 0,6 Ireland 32 162 58 0,8 0,9 1,7 0,3 0,4 0,7 Latvia 79 54 23 0,6 0,9 1,5 0,2 0,4 0,6 Cyprys 143 33 7 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,1 0,1 0,2 Estonia 65 38 14 0,4 0,4 0,8 0,1 0,2 0,3 Malta 143 14 4 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,1 0,1 0,2 Luxembourg 81 22 7 0,3 0,3 0,5 0,1 0,1 0,2 Iceland 6 16 7 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 TOTAL 20 867 6 966 324 337 661 129 135 264
ACC4 2437 420 47,9 27,6 75,5 19,1 11,0 30,2 EFTA3 551 237 6,2 8,9 15,0 2,5 3,5 6,0 EU15 15986 5567 240,5 262,7 503,2 96,2 105,1 201,3 NMS10 1894 742 29,2 37,7 66,9 11,7 15,1 26,8 20867,4 6966,4 324 337 661 129 135 264 Not: The same saturation levels for all countries are assumed
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Table 8 Estimated impacts on the electricity capacity by cooling
Country ECI Cooling capacity Cooling capacity after saturation Electricity capacity
Residential Service Total Residential Service Total Residential Service Total
-GWGWGWGWGWGWGWGWGW Saturation EER 95 40% 60% 2,5 2,5
Germany 94 171 101 273 69 61 129 27 24 52 Italy 133 118 25 142 47 15 62 19 6 25 France 95 130 47 177 52 28 80 21 11 32 Spain 147 93 19 111 37 11 48 15 4 19 Turkey 135 76 15 90 30 9 39 12 4 16 United Kingdom 74 109 49 158 44 29 73 17 12 29 Poland 95 39 21 60 16 13 28 6 5 11 Greece161228309514426 Romania 137 26 5 31 10 3 13 4 1 5 Portugal 104 22 7 29 9 4 13 3 2 5 Netherlands 65 33 10 43 13 6 19 5 2 8 Hungary 123 15 6 21 6 3 9 2 1 4 Austria 106156226410224 Belgium77208298513325 Sweden 73 20 9 28 8 5 13 3 2 5 Switzerland85167236411324 Czech Republic 89 16 5 22 7 3 10 3 1 4 Bulgaria11611213516 202 Slovak republic 117 9 4 13 3 3 6 1 1 2 Denmark 59 14 6 20 5 4 9 2 1 4 Finland7210615437 213 Croatia127628 314 101 Norway 67 10 5 16 4 3 7 2 1 3 Slovenia127314 112 001 Lithuania85415 202 101 Ireland 32 8 3 11 3 2 5 1 1 2 Latvia 79314 112 001 Cyprys143202 101 000 Estonia65213 101 000 Malta 143101 000 000 Luxembourg81101 001 000 Iceland 6 101 001 000 TOTAL 1023 380 1403 409 228 637 164 91 255
Electricity capacity Residential Service Total GW GW GW ACC4 120 23 143 48 14 62 19 6 25 EFTA3 27134011819437 EU15 785 305 1089 314 183 497 126 73 199 NMS10 93 41 134 37 24 62 15 10 25 1024 381 1405 410 229 638 164 91 255
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Appendix 2. District cooling statistics
DISTRICT COOLING STATISTICS 31.12.2003 OF (COUNTRY/COMPANY) Customer and network < A=1-5
B=5-15 B=5-15 C= >15 Company/system Connected load energyDelivered (to customers) No of systems 5MW MW MWh France SUC 64 84 000 Elvya - Lyon (Quartier Gd Lyon) 26 35 000 Enertherm - Courbevoie 99 143 000 SERM Montpellier ADP 30 52 000 Paris 1, Climaspace 198 350 000 Paris 2, CPDCU (la defense) 195 350 000 Montpellier, IBM 13 13 000 Villepinte, Parc des Expositions 24 24 000 No of systems <5MW 3 A Total (Country) 652 1 053 800
Italy ASM Brescia: Ospedale Civile 9 9 400 AEM Milano: Tecnocity 17 6 510 AGAC Reggio Emilia: Rete 1 e Falcone 5 2 438 SEABO Bologna: Ovest, Università 2, Frullo 11 4 047 AGAC Reggio Emilia: Rete 2 10 4 176 SNAM San Donato: Metanopoli 37 34 405 No of systems <5MW 7 B Total (Country) 97 64 781
Luxenburg Lux Energie 19 22 920 No of systems <5MW 0 0 Total (Country) 19 22 920
Monaco Smeg 27 32750 No of systems <5MW 0 Total (Country) 27 32750
Portugal Lisbon, Climaspaco 40 48000 No of systems <5MW 0 Total (Country) 40 48000
Spain PARCBIT Energia 2 310 DistrictClima, Barcelona 14 20400 Vall d'Hebron Hospital (institutional) 6 University Campus Jaun Carlos I (inst) 6 No of systems <5MW 3 A Total (Country) 30 20710
Netherlands NOB Hilversum 8 9600 Zuidas, Amsterdam initiates 60MW No of systems <5MW 15 B Total (Country) 23 19600
Denmark No of systems <5MW 4 A Total (Country) 4 4900
Sweden Stockholm (Fortum Värme) 283 344 699 Solna/Sundbyberg (Norrenergi AB) 50 53 700 Lund (Lunds Energi AB) 36 47 378 Göteborg (Göteborg Energi AB) 25 36 900 Västerås (Mälarenergi AB) 24 25 000 Uppsala (Vattenfall Värme Uppsala AB) 16 21 641 Huddinge/Botkyrka (Södertörns Fjärrvärmeaktiebolag ) 20 16 796 Helsingborg (Öresundskraft AB) 14 12 600 Linköping (Tekniska Verken i Linköping AB) 16 20 588 Norrköping (Sydkraft ÖstVärme AB) 13 5 843 Örebro (Sydkraft MälarVärme AB) 15 10 845 Eskilstuna (Eskilstuna Energi & Miljö AB) 7 4 160 Umeå (Umeå Energi AB) 6 6 500 Sollentuna (Sollentuna Energi AB) 5 3 262 No of systems <5MW 28 C Total (Country) 557 642364
Finland Helsingin Energia 14 9300 Turku Energia Oy 6 4065 No of systems <5MW 1 A Total (Country) 20 13455
Norway Bærum Fjernvarme AS (www.barum-fjernvarme.no) n.a. Trondheim Fjernvarme AS (www.tev.no/tev_fjernvarme/f_index.html) n.a. Nedre Romerike Fjernvarme AS n.a. Agder Energi Varme AS (www.aevarme.no/aevarmeweb/aevarme.nsf) n.a. Oslo Lufthavn Gardermoen (www.osl.no) n.a. No of systems <5MW A Total (Country) 25 50290
UK No of systems <5MW A Total (Country) 8 15414
Austria No of systems <5MW A Total (Country) 4 3000
Germany VW Kraftwerk GmbH, Car Industry, Wolfsburg 6,2 8 464 Stadtwerke Chemnitz AG/D.C. Grid/Chemnitz 9,12 7 414 HEW/District Cooling Business Centre/….. 32,5 41 573 Stuttgart University/Heat Power Plant Pfaffenwald 16,7 33 800 Mainova AG/…/Frankfurt 44 124 280 Fernwärmeversorgung Niederrhein/Köln 5,5 270 Berlin 32,6667 49000 No of systems <5MW 26 C Total (Country) 173 323686
MW MWh TOTALT 1 680 2 315 670 ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 30
INPUT TO WP 5: SHOW CASES EXISTING DC NETWORK IN EUROPE
ANNEX 3 SHOWCASE OF DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEMS IN EUROPE Depending on local conditions different technical solutions are used. Described below are the examples in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Helsinki, Lisbon and Stockholm. In many countries there are a number of systems. Some other good examples that are not more described in the following pages, but can be mentioned are:
- Paris In Paris some of the first and also the largest European DC systems exist. In the area of La Défense, a system is operated by CPCU. In the Paris City center Climaspace operates the other large system. The technical solutions for the DC production are chiller/heat pumps and a cold water distribution network. Operation started in 1991. The sales of district cooling for these two systems are estimated to be 350 GWh each.
- Berlin In Berlin, Bewag’s Energy Center close to the Potsdamer Platz is serving the area with District Cooling. The chilled water is produced with 3 absorption chillers and 7 compression chillers. DC operation started in 1997. The production capacity for this plant is now 38 MWc and the DC energy sales are estimated to be 36 GWh in 2005.
For some more detailed examples see the following pages on. A.3.1 AMSTERDAM A.3.2 BARCELONA A.3.3 HELSINKI A.3.4 LISBON A.3.5 STOCKHOLM
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AMSTERDAM
Until recently District Cooling has been a well hidden secret in the Netherlands. There are at present a number of small institutional cooling systems in the Netherlands. Most of these systems are aquifer/heat-pump solutions supplying one or a few buildings but to small to be defined as large scale District Cooling. In 2003 Nuon took the decision to establish Netherlands first real large scale commercial District Cooling system in Amsterdam, in a partnership with the Swedish management company, Capital Cooling Europe (CCE). The CCE staff has earlier developed the DC business in Stockholm.
The system is under realisation in the Zuidas area. Zuidas is located along the highway A10 between Shiphol Airport and the City of Amsterdam. Zuidas is Amsterdam’s International Business Hub where commercial buildings dominate the prospected areas. The largest finance corporations, international hotels, the RAI exhibition halls, VU university hospital, law firms, IT companies and WTC are among the contracted and potential customers.
An outline of the planned system that now is under construction is shown in picture A4.1.2. About 2,5 million square meters of office area is planned for in this area and is one of the most intense building areas in the Netherlands.
The first delivery of District Cooling will commence in May 2006. Nuon’s first contracted District Cooling customer was ABN Amro head office, which has a peak cooling demand of 9.6 MW. The existing aquifer cooling system, which is only three years old, will now be replaced by district cooling.
Figure A3.1.1: View over the Zuidas area with ABM Amro on the left
The District Cooling systems capacity is designed for a peak demand of 76 MW, which is planned to be reached 2012. The DC production will then reach 100 GWh and will be a mixture of free cooling from the bottom of Lake Neiuwe Meer and chillers.
Separate traditional chiller installations in buildings generally has a low EER (seasonal system energy efficiency ratio) of 2,5 where 1 kWh of electricity to produce 2.5 kWh of cooling and aquifer solutions can reach twice that figure. With the planned production of District Cooling in Zuidas only 1 kWh of electricity is needed for producing 10 kWh of cooling. The District Cooling will reduce 75% of the CO2 emissions compared to conventional chillers.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 32 The free cooling implies that cold bottom water from the Lake Neiuwe Meer will be used. The temperature at a depth of 30 m is about 5-7oC, and can be used for district cooling production. At periods when the temperature in the lake is to high chillers will adjust the distribution systems forward supply temperature to 6 oC. The return temperature from the customers will be 16oC.
Also a second District Cooling system is now also planned for in Amsterdam in the area of Bullewijk, located between Schiphol Airport and the City of Amsterdam. Here cold lake water from the Lake Ouderkerkerplas is planned for as the free cooling source. This system will be almost the equal size as the Zuidas system. This area also consists of commercial buildings such as investment banks, IT- companies, AJAX Arena and the AMC hospital. The Bullewijk system is planned to have its first DC delivery in 2007.
Figure A3.1.2: The DC system in Zuidas, Amsterdam
All district cooling customer contracts are individually negotiated. Pricing is always based on the customers alternative cost. The benefit with this market pricing is that it will only be a contract if a win- win situation is created.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 33
BARCELONA
Over the last decade in Spain, the growth of individual systems for cooling has been very high leading to additional demand for peak electricity capacity and deterioration of urban environment. The city of Barcelona has taken the lead in the supply of an efficient supply of cooling.
In 2002 a first system started operations in Spain, and now three successful systems are delivering cooling on a commercial basis to customers.
The biggest Spanish system is operating in Barcelona, and covers the new urban centre called Forum area, where a major international event – Universal Forum of Cultures - was held in 2004. In 1999, the City Council of Barcelona, in the frame of a strategy on urban development, realized that district heating and in particular cooling systems present important advantages:
• Improved energy efficiency with possible use of renewables and waste energy in district systems • Reduction of environmental impact as compared to conventional air-conditioning systems. The district-cooling system enables to decrease GHG emissions, and also it improves significantly environmental and health conditions • Creation of added value in terms of new services developed for modern tertiary activities (offices, hotels, information technology and other knowledge-based business) - increasing the attractiveness of the city for investors
After five years of careful planning, the first system started in 2004 to supply clients in the newly reconstructed area called Forum.
Figure A3.2: Expansion of the district-cooling system from Forum area to the new 22@ technological district in Barcelona
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 34 The system, initially formed by a 5-km network, 17 MW cooling production capacity and 5000 m3 storage, started to supply 5 clients who contracted around 16,5 MW. The main source of energy is steam generated in the solid urban waste treatment plant, located next to the installations. The cooling business is run by Districlima whose main shareholders are ELIO IBERICA-SUEZ, AGBAR and TERSA.
After the start of commercial operation in March 2004, the system supplied 16.018 MWh cooling and 5.345 MWh heating energy, cutting primary energy consumption by 30% and GHG emissions by 31% (more than 1.400 t CO2eq in 2004).
Several factors influenced the positive development of district cooling in Barcelona, but the most important ones were:
• Commitment of the local authorities for the creation of a completely new market - decisive to convince the first new customers to connect • Comprehensive city planning, to integrate energy infrastructure in the design of new city areas • Dense area with a lot of new tertiary buildings with an important cooling demand forming the ‘critical mass’ for the project • Public-private partnership formed around the project. Good coordination of the planning process between all involved parties
It did not take long for building managers to understand the numerous advantages of DC. New clients joined just after the launch of the system. In late 2004 the network began to expand to the Forum neighbourhoods, mainly to the new technological district called 22@. Furthermore, the district system for 22@ was the object of deep analysis and negotiations between public and private parties from year 1999. So, after the initial success of the Forum DC system, the City Council decided to speed up the implementation of the DC in 22@ technological district.
In spring 2005, Districlima won the concession to supply the whole district 22@. As a result, the new production capacity already under construction is expected to reach 50 MW plus an equivalent of 26 MW in storage capacity in 2010. The expansion is based on the growth of the capacity in Forum DC central, but soon also in a new satellite central within 22@ district. The expected demand for 2010 is over 100 MW contracted capacity.
Spin-off effects of the first big DC system built in Spain:
• One of the biggest Spanish energy utilities, Gas Natural, is presently projecting a DHC system for a tertiary area in the Barceloneta district, in Barcelona • A huge project in the South-West part of the city of Barcelona is under evaluation by the City Council. This project is linked to the use of a great amount of low temperature waste energy presently dissipated to the sea by the liquid natural gas re-gasing plant in the Barcelona Harbour. Within a radius of 4 km there is an industrial area and tertiary sector with a great number of potential consumers • DHC system integrated in the new urban development in EXPO 2008 site in Zaragoza • Studies for new developments in Sagrera area in Barcelona
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 35 HELSINKI
District Cooling (DC) customers in Helsinki include business- and office buildings, hotels and shopping centers. The first residential buildings will also be connected to the DC network in a few years. Both existing and new buildings are district cooling customers. When delivered to the customers, the DC water temperature is +8°C. The temperature of returning cooling water is +16°C.
An ever-increasing number of business buildings need District Cooling all year round. Powerful lighting, people and ADP equipment as well as solar heat all increase the indoor temperature. Cooling has become all year round even in the Finnish climate.
Figure A3.3.1: View of Helsinki center
Building owners also recognise the effect of indoor air quality on working efficiency and comfort e.g. in offices and shops. Cooling of ventilation air has become frequent so that cooling is automatically being installed to nearly all new business premises. Furthermore, ventilation air cooling is usually installed to existing buildings in connection with larger renovations.
As compared to building-specific solutions, District Cooling has proved to be a competitive alternative to compressor chillers and cooling towers by its price and technical solutions. Building owners in Helsinki want to concentrate on their core business areas, which do not include investing in individual energy production or continuous maintenance of such equipment. Changes in the electricity market prices, restrictions to the use of cooling refrigerants, uncertainties about future taxes and other legislation factors make District Cooling an attractive alternative. With District Cooling the long term cooling costs are predictable and stable, which is also an important asset.
Figure A3.3.2: Map of network
By the end of 2005, the total connection power of buildings in the district-cooling network will be approx. 32 MW and the number of connections about 37. The connected customer load of DC varies between 25-3400 kW. The annual energy consumption of Helsinki Energy's DC customers is divided so that 1/3 of the total consumption is during the six coldest months of the year and 2/3 during the six warmest months. The peak load of District Cooling consumption is normally between 1:00- 4:00 pm.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 36 District Cooling customers typically choose their cooling capacity 15-25% lower compared to the defined capacity of alternative building specific cooling systems. If more cooling energy is later needed, increasing the capacity is agreed upon between the customer and Helsinki Energy. The District Cooling is distributed from Salmisaari cooling centres to the customers in Ruoholahti, Kamppi and Töölö suburbs via underground pipelines built under streets and in tunnels. In summer 2006, also the District Cooling customers (office- and business buildings, hotels) in Kaartinkaupunki and Kluuvi areas will be connected to the new distribution network. Since the beginning of 2003 District Cooling has been distributed to office buildings in Hermanni, Vallila, Sörnäinen and Pasila areas by using transportable cooling units. In summer 2006 these areas will be connected through distribution network to the large cooling centres.
The DC grid have large diameters; the inner diameter of the network main pipelines is between 400-800 mm. Implementing such pipelines under streets is challenging, slow and expensive. Building is especially difficult in the Kaartinkaupunki, Kluuvi and Kruununhaka areas. A new four-kilometre Kamppi-Erottaja-Kruununhaka multi-utility service tunnel is being built at the moment. When it is ready, it will enable the building of District Cooling distribution network all the way to the business- and office building quarters in the city centre.
The DC centres operate 24 hours a day and 365 days a year. Cooling energy production reliability has been ensured by using different, alternative production methods and by making the network looped. According to gained experiences, the distribution reliability of District Cooling equals the reliability of district heating. A centralised production method brings operational reliability with the expanding distribution network and several production units located around the city
Helsinki Energy's primary method of producing cooling energy is with seawater. During a period of about six months the sea water is cold enough to directly provide the needed cooling energy through heat exchangers and pumps. Sea water is a renewable source of cooling energy. When the sea- water temperature rises in the spring, District Cooling is produced mechanically.
Figure A3.3.3: Installations of Helsinki Energy
Helsinki Energy produces electricity by combined production. In the winter, all the heat gained from electricity production is used as district heating. In the summer, this heat is not entirely needed for district heating. By using absorption technique, this excess heat can be used for producing cooling energy. In the absorption processes, sea water is used for re-cooling. Helsinki Energy now has three absorption chiller centres for District Cooling production. The first DC pilot plant was established in 1998 and is located in Pitäjänmäki, and has a cooling capacity of 1.2 MW. A 10 MW cooling centre was established in 2001 and is located in Salmisaari, where also a new 35 MW plant will be fully taken into operation in spring 2006. The Salmisaari cooling plant has in total ten 3.5 MW absorption chillers and two compressor chillers. The heat source for the absorption technique is +85°C district heating water.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 37 Helsinki Energy also has nine transportable cooling units, which enable a quick launch of cooling services in a totally new customer area. As soon as the final pipe connection is built from the district cooling centre to the customer, the cooling unit is moved to a new location. The cooling units that Helsinki Energy has have a cooling capacity between 400-1500 kW. At the moment, Helsinki Energy is building the world's largest combined district heating and -cooling production facility using cleaned waste water as heat source. The district cooling capacity of the facility is 60 MW and district heating capacity 90 MW. This heat pump facility is located underneath Katri Vala Park and it will be taken into commercial use in summer 2006. The facility will be mainly in district heating production, and in summertime it is used in normal load District Cooling production together with the absorption chiller centres. In the future, cooling energy will also be produced in large compressor chiller centres. The technique is at its best in peak load and backup power production. The centres will be operated to cut down the peak load energy demand and to re-cool the cooling water reserves. Cooling water reserves provide flexibility for cooling energy production. At the moment, Helsinki Energy has one 1000 m3 cooling water storage in Salmisaari and in total 300 m3 storage in Pitäjänmäki. New 10000 m3 cooling water storage are planned to be built in Salmisaari, Hanasaari and in connection to the shared use service tunnels. The water storage is cooled during the night when the cooling consumption is lower. The stotragees enable operating the coolers at maximum effective 100% drive. The stored water cooling energy is then used during the next day peak load hours.
The interest of building owners towards District Cooling has increased steadily. The reason behind the popularity is the ecological friendliness and cost-effectiveness of the system as compared to conventional compressor technique. District Cooling will be the primary cooling solution in Helsinki Energy's customer areas.
According to future plans, the total connection capacity of district cooled buildings is estimated to exceed 100 MW by 2010 and 250 MW by 2020. By then the number of DC customers will exceed 300. At the moment, contracts are being made with customers to be connected to the DC network in 2007- 2010. In 2020, the length of DC network in operation will be about 100 km. During the next few years, building the distribution networks will be visible in the street scene as the cooling centres will mainly be located in underground premises excavated in the bedrock. During 2005, the DC distribution network will expand in total by 8 kilometres, half of which is located in shared use service tunnels. By the end of the year the total length of the DC network will be 16 km. During the following 2-3 years, the network will expand by 7-10 km per year. Building the DC network is based on a detailed general plan of future situations in 2010, 2015 and 2020. The distribution network is dimensioned and built according to this general plan.
Compared to conventional building-specific solutions, environmental friendliness is the most important trend steering Helsinki Energy's development of District Cooling. Providing DC increases the ecological efficiency of Helsinki Energy's combined heat and power production. Until recent years, there was no alternative to the conventional building-specific cooling solutions, but now, District Cooling now can provide one alternative to those areas where construction is feasible. Due to the costs of first investments, building cooling centres and the continuous expanding of district cooling network the payback time of investments is fairly long.
LISBON
In 1998, the main city of Portugal was hosting the World Expo. It was an opportunity for the country to modernise the main infrastructures of Lisbon and develop a project of urban regeneration. A new area was created to host the exhibition and then to serve as a new business area covering 500.000 m2. The area was designed to reach a balance between offices, residential buildings, and tertiary activities; parks and modern public means of transportation were also designed.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 38 Figure A3.4: World Expo area in Lisbon. (Photo by Anders Tvärne, Capital Cooling Europe)
For energy supplies, the ambition was to cover the thermal needs of the exhibition site with intelligent and efficient technologies. Climaespaco won a call for tender to develop a project and exploit energy installations for a period of 25 years under a concession contract with the city of Lisbon.
The production plant is a trigeneration plant. This means that heat, cold and electricity. The absorption chillers are driven by waste heat from the electricity production in the gas turbine.
In 1998, the installed capacity was 40 MW cooling, 23 MW heat and 5 MW electricity. A foreseen expansion to 60 MW district cooling and 44 MW district heating.
The trigeneration plant is composed of the following items: - A 4.8 MWe gas turbine - Two absorption chillers of 2x5.1 MWc - Two compressor chillers with ammonia as refrigerant of 2x5.8 MWc - A heat recovery boiler 12 MWth and an auxiliary boiler 15 MWth - A cold water storage tank 15 000 m3, - Plus a district heating network - Plus a district cooling network.
The network supplies an area of 330 ha at the south-east of the city, along the river Tagus. Around 70 buildings are connected to the network and supplied with cooling and heating.
The trigeneration expects to reach a saving of annual 6000 tonnes equivalent oil. This is representing a 45% reduction compared to separate productions of electricity, heat and cooling. In terms of emissions, 20.000 tonnes CO2 a year, 250 tons of NOx and 300 tons of SO2 will be avoided annually. In comparison with offices using a conventional system, energy consumption for heating, cooling and electricity for lighting and equipment needs is expected to be reduced from 248KWh/m2 to 51 KWh/m2. The total reduction of CO2 is about 70%. It should be mentioned that the refrigerants, CFC and HCFC are now also are phased out.
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 39 STOCKHOLM
Starting in Sweden in the early 1990's, District Cooling (DC) has had a rapid development. Today, District Cooling production in Sweden has grown to the same size as the production of the much older product wind power. But there is a very important difference: Unlike wind power, District Cooling has been successfully established without any subsidies! The cooling business in Stockholm is run by the energy corporation Fortum and alone accounts for about half of the national supply. 7 000 000 square meters of commercial area in the Swedish Capital are supplied with District Cooling via the cooling distribution network, that is currently 76 kilometer-long.
Figure 3.5.1: Stockholm City
DC operations in Stockholm started in 1994. The market responded positively - partly because of the political decision to phase out CFC and HCFC-based products that are extremely aggressive to the ozone layer. It may appear strange that large-scale District Cooling has had a flying start in northern Europe, where the need for cooling reasonably is less than on the southern Europe. One conceivable explanation is that property owners are used, since 50 years back, to buying heat from large District Heating systems.
When launching a new product, the paramount achievement is to create confidence among customers - actual and potential. Market success is founded on a couple of very clear advantages for District Cooling: • new price products and services based on customer demand and willingness to pay • District Cooling has been presented to - and appreciated by - customers as easy to operate, reliable, economical and environmentally friendly • it is an uncomplicated and easily maintained product - property owners just purchase cooling instead of being responsible for complicated machinery • over its total operating time, District Cooling has reached a reliability level exceeding 99.7 per cent • advantage of economy with competitive market prices free from public interventions, long contract periods and reduced investments for customers. Individual contracts are based on alternative prices and are often combined with District Heating contracts. • system flexibility makes it possible to adjust cooling capacity to varying demands without having to invest in over-dimensioned equipment. • fast adjustments of delivery capacity facilitates keeping and/or acquiring tenants • the environmental superiority is a good door-opener to customers and the media. During the decade of District Cooling's existence in Stockholm, emissions of CFC and HCFC have
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 40 dropped by more than 60 metric tons. CO2-emissions from conventional cooling is 280 g/kWh as compared to 60 g/kWh from Stockholm District Cooling • noise is radically reduced when individual cooling equipment is removed and releases space in customer property. One brilliant example is the recent development project for commercial real estate in downtown Stockholm. By connecting to District Cooling and removing large cooling installations on the flat roofs, space was created for constructing the City's most central, attractive apartments as penthouses with an excellent view! • public economy benefits from more efficient use of especially the electricity supply infrastructure. As shown above, there are great economic advantages in avoiding additional electricity supply for cooling, which is ensured by District Cooling.
When District Cooling in Stockholm was launched, strong demand was expected. Indeed, growth has been faster than expected, which led to a temporary stop in sales last year due to the lack of production capacity. Fortum has now resolved that situation by connecting two DC systems and building new production capacity.
One pleasing surprise is that the utilization period has turned out to be significantly longer than expected. Cooling is necessary not only because of warm weather, but to approximately 50 % due to the all year round need for process cooling of computers, refrigerating/freezing equipments etcetera.
In systems with summer electricity peaks, the electricity savings provided by District Cooling have full impact. The Stockholm example shows that also in systems with winter electricity peaks, District Cooling gives a sizable reduction.
Fortum presently sells 500 GWh of district cooling per annum. If that cooling had been produced conventionally, it had required five times more electric energy. That is to say that District Cooling means an 80 % reduction of the electricity requirement for cooling.
The Stockholm scheme consists of today of different systems raging from 3 MW to 228 MW. The largest system is today the DC system for the central parts of Stockholm. 228MW of DC in customer connections is now integrated from earlier several smaller and temporary systems.
Figure A3.5.2: The Stockholm City DC system
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 41 Production • Free cooling • Chillers • Waste cooling from heat-pumps
Aquifer
Production • Waste cooling from heat-pumps
Figure A3.5.3: The second largest Stockholm system, the Kista system, designed for 50 MW
Production • Chiller
• Heat-pumps
• Option free cooling
3 km ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 42 DATA :
Production capacity in: The Central network: 188 MW The Kista network: 41 MW Skärholmen Mall: 10 MW Infra City: 9 MW Danderyd Mall: 3MW Farsta Mall: 3 MW Älvsjö: 5 MW Marieberg: 4 MW Nacka Forum: 3,5 MW
- Number of customers exceeds 500. - DC grid, pipe length: 76 km. - Supplied commercial area 7 000 000 square meter.
Figure A3.5.4: Development of the DC systems in Stockholm.
District Cooling in Stockholm
GWh DC Statistic Prognosis
450
400 350
300 250
200 150 100 50
0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
ECOHEATCOOL Work package 5 43