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Uni International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8318391 Levine, Peg Elizabeth THE PART1CIPANT-0BSERVER: AN AMERICAN NARRATOR The Ohio State University PH.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1983 by Levine, Peg Elizabeth All Rights Reserved THE PARTICIPANT-OBSERVER: AN AMERICAN NARRATOR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio S tate U niversity By Peg Elizabeth Levine, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State U niversity 1983 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. Suzanne Ferguson Dr. John Muste Dr. Julian Markels Advi ej/artment of To Suzanne Ferguson whose help and encouragement made this disseration possible. VITA May 18, 1945 Born - Cleveland, Ohio 1967 B.A., University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 1968 M.A., New York U niversity New York, New York 1976-1983 Teaching Associate, English Department, The Ohio S tate U niversity PUBLICATIONS "Seminar and the Long Term Project." Moreover. June 2, 1972. Ohio State University English Department Publication. HONORS The Presidential Fellowship for 1980-1981, The Ohio State University. \ FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Studies in American Literature: Professor Julian Markels Studies in Afro-American Literature: Professor Patrick Mullen Studies in the Novel: Professor John Muste Studies in Nineteenth Century British Literature: Professor Arnold Shapiro TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION..................................................................................................... i i VITA............................................................................................................ i i i Chapter I. Some Definitions of the Participant- Observer Narrator ............................................................... 1 II. Shared Traits: An Overview of the Participant-Observer Narrator .................................... 20 I I I . R e lia b ility and D istance.................................................. 42 "Louisa Pallant" ........................................................... 53 The B lithedale Romance ............................................. 65 "Bartleby the Scrivener"......................................... 83 "The F a ll of the House of Usher" ....................... 96 IV. Worldview, Avoidance, and Projection: The Participant-Observer and Responsibility . 113 Worldview ..... .................................................. 114 A voidance ........................................................................ 124 P ro jectio n ........................................................................ 136 V. Individualism, the Participant-Observer N arrator, and the Reader .................................................. 150 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 168 iv CHAPTER ONE SOME DEFINITIONS OF THE PARTICIPANT-OBSERVER NARRATOR Point of view has been seen as a central critical issue ever since Percy Lubbock's influential book, The Craft of Fiction, was published in 1921. Lubbock asserts, "the whole intricate question of method, in the craft of fiction, I take to be governed by the question of the relation in which the narrator stands to the story. He tells it as he sees it, in the first place; the reader faces the story and listens."! The reader will "listen" to a very different story depending on whether it is told from a point of view outside or inside the story. The narrator outside the story is usually in a privileged position above the characters, able to share with the reader the thoughts, words, and actions of each character. This access to unlimited knowledge about the story also gives the narrator every right to guide the reader's understanding of that story. The narrator inside the story is, at the same time, a character in the story. If a realistically drawn character, this narrator can have no access to other characters' unspoken thoughts or to the words and actions that occur away from her or his sight and hearing. Even with this limited perspective, the narrator may yet feel competent to guide the reader's interpretation of events; but the reader may not agree to be led by a n a rra to r whose powers are no more omniscient than the reader's own. The point of view of the dramatized first-person narrator presents not only a different story to the reader, but also a different set of problems of interpretation. Dramatized first-person narrators are of two basic types, the main character who tells of her or his own adventures and the (supposedly) minor character who tells the story of the main character(s) with whom she or he is involved.2 My concern is with the second of these types, and my objective is. to examine and describe this form of narration and to explore its place in the American literary tradition before 1900. In the nineteenth century, major American authors had already begun to employ the participant-observer narrator; Hawthorne's only fully developed first-person narrator, Miles Coverdale in The B lithedale Romance, is th is type, as is M elv ille's lawyer n arrato r of "Bartleby the Scrivener," Poe's narrator in "The Fall of the House of Usher," and Henry James's narrator of "Louisa Pallant," to name just those works which will be analyzed in this dissertation.3 However, Poe's "The Gold Bug" and "The Oblong Box" have n arrato rs who f i t the criteria of the participant-observer, aB do the narrators of other sto rie s by James, such as "The Author of B eltra ffio " and "The Figure in the Carpet." The narrators of The Shadow of a Dream by William Dean Howells and "Jenny Garrow's Lovers" by Sarah Orne Jewett also share most of the characteristics of the participant-observer, while The Copperhead by Harold Frederic is ju st one of a number of instances of lesser-known American writers making use of this form of n arra tio n . We can occasionally find European and British examples of this narrator prior to 1900,4 such as those in Alexander Dumas, Fere's, The Corsican Brothers. Maria Edgeworth's Castle Rackrent. Prosper Merimle's "The Venus of Ille," and Elizabeth Gaskell's Cranford. But unlike the group of American narrators under discussion, these old world n arrato rs have few common c h a ra c te ris tic s. Dumas's storyteller, Alexandre, takes part in the action but is identified with the author himself; since this kind of narrator "demonstrates the smallest possible distance between himself and his author," Betty Schrock Beck in her 1963 dissertation dubs this type, the narrator as "nom de plume."5 The narrator of Castle Rackrent is a servant who follows from a distance the Castle's sundry heirs without deeply involving himself or the reader with any of these characters. The emphasis in Merimle's tale is on the mystery of a Roman statue of Venus which comes dangerously to life, rather than on the narrator's relationships with other characters in the story. The narrator of Cranford developed from observer to actor when Mrs. Gaskell changed the work from an essay for Dickens's Household Words to a novel. For the most part, except for Emily Bronte and Joseph Conrad, the major nineteenth-century continental and English authors restrict their use of the first-person dramatized narrator to the role of protagonist. However, in Wutherine Heights and Heart of Darkness, the narration is split between one character, like Nellie Dean or Marlow, who w itnesses the events and describes them aloud, and another character who, like Lockwood or Conrad's frame narrator, records

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