Renbaan Cave : Stone Tools, Settlement and Subsistence

RENBAAN CAVE: STONE TOOLS, SETTLEMENT AND SUBSISTENCE

Jonathan M. Kaplan

Town

Honours froject submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsCape for the B.A. (Hons.) degree in Archaeology at the Universityof of Cape Town.

UniversityNovember 1984

The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author.

University

enquiry enquiry are are suggested. suggested.

analysis analysis of of the the stone stone artefact artefact assemblage assemblage and and new new avenues avenues of of

Important Important behavioural behavioural information information has has been been located located in in the the

occupation occupation of of late late Holocene Holocene sites sites in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape.

question question our our previous previous perception perception of of the the distribution distribution and and

of of radiocarbon radiocarbon dates dates however, however, forces forces us us to to reconsider reconsider and and

small small cave/shelter cave/shelter sites sites in in the the research research area. area. The The availability availability

at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave reflect reflect similar similar patterns patterns to to those those noted noted at at other other

Parkington. Parkington. It It is is argued argued that that settlement settlement and and subsistance subsistance patterns patterns

is is designed designed to to complement complement the the research research of of professor professor John John

contemporary contemporary Later Later Stone Stone Age Age studies studies in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape. It It

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave excavation excavation and and situates situates the the site site in in the the context context of of

This This project project describes describes and and interprets interprets the the results results from from the the ABSTRACT ABSTRACT :,t ht . r !

: i

I I am am immensely immensely grateful grateful to to all. all.

this this report. report.

Herbert Herbert and and Aaron Aaron Mazel Mazel for for their their support . . Maryna Maryna Morgan Morgan typed typed

Bishop, Bishop, Christine Christine Liengme, Liengme, John John Lanham, Lanham, Dave Dave Halkett, Halkett, Mike Mike

Regenmortel Regenmortel drew drew the the maps. maps. Special Special thanks thanks to to Carol Carol Kauffman, Kauffman, Rod Rod

drawings, drawings, Royden Royden Yates Yates drew drew the the stone stone tools tools and and Loubie Loubie van van

from from the the museum's museum's special special collection. collection. Tina Tina Robey Robey reproduced reproduced the the

African African Museum Museum provided provided the the frontispiece frontispiece and and other other photographs photographs

provided provided the the radiocarbon radiocarbon dates. dates. Patricia Patricia Davidson Davidson from from the the South South

scraper scraper and and John John Vogel Vogel from from the the C . S.I.R. S.I.R. laboratory laboratory in in Pretoria Pretoria

bird bird remains. remains. Johan Johan Binneman Binneman examined examined a a particularly particularly interesting interesting

macrofauna, macrofauna, Margaret Margaret Avery Avery the the microfauna microfauna and and Graham Graham Avery, Avery, the the

artefacts. artefacts. Thanks Thanks are are also also due due to to Richard Richard Klein, Klein, who who analyzed analyzed the the

Cedric Cedric who who taught taught Poggenpoel, Poggenpoel, me me all all I I know know about about stone stone

Hall, Hall, who who supervised supervised me me in in professor professor Parkington's Parkington's absence absence and and

and and supervised supervised this this report. report. I I would would also also like like to to thank thank Dr Dr Martin Martin

I I am am deeply deeply indebted indebted to to professor professor J?hn J?hn Parkington Parkington who who suggested suggested

people. people.

without without the the generous generous help help and and guidance guidance of of a a number number of of good good

This This project project would would not not have have been been possible, possible, let let alone alone completed, completed, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES REFERENCES

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 93 93

B. B. Settlement Settlement and and Subsistance Subsistance

A. A. Patterns Patterns in in Stone Stone

CHAPTER CHAPTER 6 6 DISCUSSION DISCUSSION 68 68

ARTEFACTS ARTEFACTS FROM FROM RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE

CHAPTER CHAPTER 5 5 RESULTS RESULTS OF OF THE THE METRICAL METRICAL ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF OF STONE STONE 60 60

Flora Flora

Faunal Faunal Remains Remains

Fauna Fauna and and Flora Flora

Pottery Pottery

Leather Leather

Fibre Fibre

Worked Worked Wood Wood

Shell Shell

Worked Worked Bone Bone

B. B. Non-Lithic Non-Lithic Cultural Cultural Material Material

Basal Basal Level Level

Ash Ash Deposits Deposits

Bedding Bedding Unit Unit

Surface Surface Deposits Deposits

A. A. The The Stone Stone Tool Tool Assemblage Assemblage

CHAPTER CHAPTER 4 4 CULTURAL CULTURAL MATERIAL MATERIAL FROM FROM RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE 35 35

Dating Dating and and Correlation Correlation

Basal Basal Unit Unit

Ash Ash Deposits Deposits

Bedding Bedding Units Units

Surf ace ace Deposits Deposits

Stratigraphy Stratigraphy of of the the Deposits Deposits

Vegetation Vegetation and and Animal Animal

CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 3 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE - THE THE EXCAVATION EXCAVATION 18 18

Karoo Karoo

Mountains Mountains

San dveld dveld

Coast Coast

CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 2 RESOURCE RESOURCE BACKGROUND BACKGROUND AND AND SUBSISTANCE SUBSISTANCE 11 11

Review Review of of Past Past Approaches Approaches

Introduction Introduction

AIMS AIMS CHAPTER CHAPTER OF OF TIIE TIIE 1 1 PROJECT PROJECT 1 1

List List of of Plates Plates

List List of of Tables Tables

List List of of Figures Figures CONTENTS CONTENTS

from from the the Artefact Artefact Metrical Metrical Analysis Analysis

Appendix Appendix VI VI Arithmetic Arithmetic Means, Means, Standard Standard Deviations Deviations and and Modes Modes

Appendix Appendix V V Assemblage Assemblage Inventories Inventories

Appendix Appendix IV IV Photomicrographs Photomicrographs of of Use-wear Use-wear on on a a Convex Convex Scraper Scraper

Utilized Utilized Tools Tools

Appendix Appendix III III Illustrations Illustrations of of Selected Selected Formal Formal and and

Classes Classes and and Raw Raw Materials Materials

Appendix Appendix II II Metrical Metrical Analysis Analysis and and Definitions Definitions of of Artefactal Artefactal

Appendix Appendix I I Report Report on on bird bird remains remains from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave.

/ /

42 42 AD AD in in categories categories

mateial mateial aw aw r within within tendencies tendencies Uilization Uilization 10:1 10:1

BU BU in in classes classes 40 40 artefact artefact of of components components material material 9:2 9:2 Raw Raw

40 40 BU BU in in categories categories

aterial aterial m w w a r within within tendencies tendencies 9:1 9:1 Utilization Utilization

37 37 SD SD in in classes classes ct ct fa e art f f o components components material material Raw Raw 8:2 8:2

37 37 SD SD in in categories categories

material material raw raw within within tendencies tendencies Utilization Utilization 8:1 8:1

35 35 BL BL in in tools tools

formal formal of of frequency frequency Percentage Percentage Cave: Cave: 7:7 7:7 Renbaan Renbaan

35 35 AD AD in in tools tools

formal formal of of y y c uen freq Percentage Percentage Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 7:6 7:6

35 35 BU BU in in tools tools

formal formal of of frequency frequency Percentage Percentage Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 7:5 7:5

35 35 SD SD in in tools tools

formal formal of of frequency frequency Percentage Percentage Cave: Cave: 7:4 7:4 Renbaan Renbaan

35 35 unit unit each each for for frequencies frequencies tool tool Formal Formal Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 7:3 7:3

35 35 unit unit each each for for frequencies frequencies material material Raw Raw Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 7:2 7:2

35 35 frequencies frequencies material material Raw Raw Cave: Cave: 7:1 7:1 Renbaan Renbaan

24 24 levels levels main main f f o Distribution Distribution Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 6:2 6:2

22 22 excavation excavation and and cave cave of of Plan Plan Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 6:1 6:1

19 19 map map 000 000 1:1000 1:1000 Biome, Biome, Fynbos Fynbos of of Vegetation Vegetation 5:1 5:1

18 18 drawing drawing section section schematic schematic Cave: Cave: Renbaan Renbaan 1 1 4: 4:

14 14 Vegetation Vegetation area area Research Research 3:4 3:4

13 13 Rainfall Rainfall area area Research Research 3:3 3:3

12 12 Geology Geology area area Research Research 3:2 3:2

11 11 Topography Topography - area area Research Research 3:1 3:1

4 4 deposit deposit with with sites sites and and scatters scatters artefact artefact Stone Stone 2:3 2:3

4 4 hollows hollows Deflation Deflation 2:2 2:2

3 3 rs rs e scatt shell shell and and middens middens Shell Shell 2:1 2:1

2 2 Cape Cape southwestern southwestern the the

in in sites sites excavated excavated to to relation relation in in Cave Cave Renbaan Renbaan 1:1 1:1

No: No: Page Page Following Following No: No: Figure Figure

FIGURES FIGURES F F O LIST LIST

15:1 15:1 Suggested Suggested mounting mounting technique technique of of small small convex convex scraper scraper 71 71

14:5 14:5 Modified Modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagram diagram of of scraper scraper edge edge lengths lengths 66 66

14:4 14:4 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of scraper scraper edge edge lengths lengths in in BL BL 66 66

14:3 14:3 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of scraper scraper edge edge lenghts lenghts in in AD AD 66 66

14:2 14:2 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of scraper scraper edge edge lengths lengths in in BU BU 66 66

14:1 14:1 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of scraper scraper edge edge lengths lengths in in SD SD 66 66

13: 13: 18 18 Modified Modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagram diagram of of qu8rtz qu8rtz scraper scraper lengths lengths 65 65

13:17 13:17 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz scraper scraper lengths lengths in in AD AD 65 65

13:16 13:16 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz scraper scraper lengths lengths in in BU BU 65 65

13: 13: 15 15 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz scraper scraper lengths lengths in in SD SD 65 65

13:14 13:14 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete adze adze lengths lengths in in AD AD 65 65

13:13 13:13 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete adze adze length length in in BU BU 64 64

13:12 13:12 Modified Modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagram diagram of of silcrete silcrete adze adze lengths lengths 64 64

13: 13: 11 11 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete adze adze lengths lengths in in SD SD 64 64

13: 13: Frequency Frequency 10 10 distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete flake flake lengths lengths in in BL BL 64 64

13:9 13:9 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete flake flake lengths lengths in in AD AD 64 64

13:8 13:8 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete flake flake lengths lengths in in BU BU 63 63

13:7 13:7 Modified Modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagram diagram of of silcrete silcrete flake flake lengths lengths 63 63

13:6 13:6 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of silcrete silcrete flake flake lengths lengths in in SD SD 63 63

13:5 13:5 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz flake flake lengths lengths in in BL BL 63 63

13:4 13:4 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz flake flake lengths lengths in in AD AD 63 63

13:3 13:3 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz flake flake lengths lengths in in BU BU 63 63

13:2 13:2 Modified Modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagram diagram of of quartz quartz flake flake lengths lengths 63 63

13:1 13:1 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of quartz quartz flake flake lengths lengths in in SD SD 63 63

12:2 12:2 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of elongated elongated scraper scraper lengths lengths 46 46

12:1 12:1 Frequency Frequency distribution distribution of of convex convex scraper scraper lengths lengths 46 46

11:2 11:2 Raw Raw material material components components of of artefact artefact classes classes in in BL BL 44 44

categories categories in in BL BL 44 44

11:1 11:1 Utilization Utilization tendencies tendencies within within raw raw material material

10:2 10:2 Raw Raw material material components components of of artefact artefact classes classes in in AD AD 42 42

silcrete silcrete tools tools on on older older flakes flakes for for each each level level 74 74

7:2 7:2 Number Number and and percentage percentage of of formal formal and and utilized utilized

silcrete silcrete tools tools on on older older flakes flakes 74 74

7:1 7:1 Number Number and and pe r c entage entage o f f formal formal and and utilized utilized

6:2 6:2 Renbaan Renbaan Cave: Cave: M ic r o fa una una 57 57

6:1 6:1 Renbaan Renbaan Cave: Cave: Ma crofauna crofauna 55 55

material material

5:2 5:2 De De Hangen Hangen and and Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave: Cave: non non lithic lithic cultural cultural 47 47

5:1 5:1 Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave non- l ithic ithic cultural cultural material material 47 47

4:4 4:4 Stone Stone tool tool clas s e s s 44 44 an d d raw raw materials materials in in BL BL

4:3 4:3 Stone Stone tool tool classes classes a n d d raw raw materials materials in in AD AD 42 42

4:2 4:2 Stone Stone tool tool classes classes an r d a w w materials materials in in 40 40 BU BU

Stone Stone tool tool cla 4:1 4:1 sses sses an d d raw raw materials materials in in SD SD 37 37

Adriesgrond Adriesgrond C a v e e and and Klipfonteinrand Klipfonteinrand

3:1 3:1 Radiocarbon Radiocarbon determination determination from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, De De Hangen, Hangen, 34 34

Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave 22 22

2:1 2:1 Faunal Faunal assembla ge s s f rom rom De De Hangen Hangen and and

viscinity viscinity of of R e nbaa C n a ve ve 21 21

1:1 1:1 Some Some of of the the plant plant species species found found growing growing in in the the

Table Table No: No: Following Following Page Page No: No:

LIST LIST OF OF TABLES TABLES

Leather Leather 10 10 53 53

9 9 String String 52 52

Wood Wood point point 8 8 51 51

7 7 Shell Shell pendants pendants 49 49

Donax Donax scrapers scrapers 6 6 49 49

Tortoise Tortoise carapac e e bowl bowl 5 5 48 48

4 4 Bone Bone tubes tubes 47 47

Bone Bone awls 3 3 , , bone bone p oint oint 47 47

2 2 Tharakarnma Tharakarnma 18 18

Renbaan Renbaan 1 1 Cave Cave 18 18

Plate Plate No: No: Folowing Folowing Page Page No: No:

LIST LIST OF OF PLATES PLATES

= = n n Number Number

= = Frequency Frequency f f

= = sd sd Standard Standard Deviation Deviation

= = BL BL Basal Basal Units Units

= = Ash Ash Deposits Deposits AD AD

= = BU BU Bedding Bedding Units Units

= = SD SD Surface Surface Deposits Deposits

= = Hornfels Hornfels HFS HFS

= = QZ QZ Quartzite Quartzite

= = ccs ccs Cryptocrystaline Cryptocrystaline silicate silicate

= = SIL SIL Silcrete Silcrete

= = QTZ QTZ Quartz Quartz

LIST LIST OF OF ABBREVI ATI ONS ONS WHICH WHICH OCCUR OCCUR IN IN DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS AND AND TABLES TABLES

archaeology archaeology of of the the s o u t hwestern hwestern Cape, Cape, and and that that all all material material

lithocentric lithocentric approach approach would would not not enhance enhance our our understanding understanding of of the the

After After thoughtfull thoughtfull con s ideration, ideration, it it was was felt felt that that a a purely purely

accomodate accomodate an an in-depth in-depth analysis analysis of of the the stone stone tool tool assemblage. assemblage.

Initially, Initially, the the emphasis emphasis of of this this report, report, was was designed designed to to

relations. relations.

segment segment of of the the wider wider picture picture of of prehistoric prehistoric people-environment people-environment

To To understand understand settlement settlement and and subsistance subsistance at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave as as one one

contemporary contemporary Later Later Stone Stone Age Age research research in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape.

excavation excavation and and to to situate situate Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave into into the the context context of of

The The aim aim of of this this pro je ct, ct, is is to to present present the the results results of of the the

students. students.

at at UCT, UCT, and and assisted assisted by by a a number number of of under- and and post-graduate post-graduate

excavated excavated by by Cedric Cedric Poggenpoel Poggenpoel from from the the Department Department of of Archaeology Archaeology

site, site, necessitated necessitated co nt roll e d d a a excavation. excavation. The The site site was was

prevent prevent any any further further destruction destruction of of a a potentially potentially significant significant

substantial substantial portion portion o f f the the deposit deposit from from the the back back of of the the cave. cave. To To

who who owned owned the the land land on on which which the the site site is is situated, situated, had had removed removed a a

Archaeology Archaeology at at the the University University of of Cape . Town Town (UCT), (UCT), that that the the farmer farmer

rescue rescue operation, operation, It It came came to to the the attention attention of of the the Department Department of of

The The excavation excavation at at R e nba a n n Cave Cave in in July July 1979, 1979, was was essentially essentially a a

AIMS AIMS OF OF THE THE PROJECT PROJECT INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER CHAPTER ONE ONE - 1 -

tools tools from from the the Sandv el d d t o o the the mountains mountains and and identified identified explicit explicit

completed completed by by Mazel Mazel (1978), (1978), w h o o studied studied the the distribution distribution of of stone stone

hypothesis. hypothesis. By By far far t h e e most most impressive impressive and and ambitious ambitious was was

University University of of Cape Cape Town Town (UCT) (UCT) were were designed designed to to test test the the seasonal seasonal

Subsequent Subsequent Research Research projects projects by by graduate graduate students students from from the the

hypothesis hypothesis and and to to establish establish a a link link between between the the two two zones. zones.

the the mountains mountains on on the the Atlantic Atlantic coast coast was was excavated excavated to to test test this this

spent spent at at the the coast. coast. Elands Elands Bay Bay Cave Cave (Parkington (Parkington 1976a), 1976a), west west of of

occupied occupied during during the the summer, summer, while while the the winter winter months months would would be be

Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington a n d d Po g g e npoel npoel 1971) 1971) appeared appeared to to have have been been

Parkington Parkington (1976a), (1976a), h ypoth e sised sised that that the the mountain mountain site site of of De De

archaeological, archaeological, ethnogra p h i c, c, historical historical and and environmental environmental data, data,

understanding understanding settl eme nt nt patterns patterns in in the the region. region. Combining Combining

1976a,b, 1976a,b, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1983, 1981, 1980, 1978, 1977, 1984a), 1984a), with with a a view view to to

has has been been extensively extensively res e arched arched by by John John Parkington Parkington (1972, (1972,

excavated excavated c a ve/shelt er er s ites ites in in the the research research area. area. This This region region

southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape. Figure Figure 1:1 1:1 illustrates illustrates the the distribution distribution of of

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave is is si tuate d d in in the the Clanwilliam Clanwilliam district district of of the the

to to situate situate Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave with in in the the ambit ambit of of this this programme. programme.

overview overview of of Later Later Ston e e A g e e r e search search in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape and and

This This section section is is bri e f. f. The The aim aim is is to to present present a a simplified simplified

R EVIEW EVIEW OF OF PAST PAST APPROACHES APPROACHES

nature nature of of Later Later Stone Stone A g e e society. society.

culture culture need need to to be be t ak e n n into into consideration consideration to to appreciate appreciate the the - 2 -

D D

RIVER RIVER

VALLEYS VALLEYS

CAPE CAPE COASTAL COASTAL PLAIN PLAIN AND AND

I I

305 305 . . N N METRES METRES WESTER

N N

LAND LAND ABOVE ABOVE

0 0 4 0 kms kms

..I.. ..I..

18 18

33 33

32 32

SITES SITES IN IN THE THE SOUTHWESTERN SOUTHWESTERN CAPE CAPE

FIGURE FIGURE

1:1 1:1 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE IN IN RELATION RELATION TO TO EXCAVATED EXCAVATED

hollows hollows and and on on talus talus slop e s s in in front front of of small small rock rock shelters shelters (Fig (Fig

(Fig (Fig 2:1) 2:1) and and surface surface scatters scatters of of stone stone tools tools in in deflation deflation

Archaeologists Archaeologists at at UCT UCT are are systematically systematically recording recording shell shell middens middens

the the auspices auspices of of the the Spatial Spatial Archaeology Archaeology Research Research Unit Unit (SARU). (SARU).

(Parkington (Parkington 1980; 1980; Mazel Mazel and and Parkington Parkington 1981), 1981), much much of of it it under under

Subsequently, Subsequently, more more spatial spatial work work has has been been completed completed in in the the area area

archaeology, archaeology, which which tied tied in in with with Parkington's Parkington's existing existing programme. programme.

Mazel 's 's (1978) (1978) pro j e ct ct was was clearly clearly an an early early attempt attempt at at spatial spatial

resources. resources.

for for different different parts parts of of the the year year in in accordance accordance with with available available

economies. economies. It It is is impli ed ed that that different different activities activities were were scheduled scheduled

and and discard discard habits habits of of hunting hunting and and gathering gathering and and collecting collecting

assemblages assemblages from from the the coast coast to to the the mountains mountains reflect reflect patterned patterned use use

varied varied resource resource environments. environments. The The pattern pattern of of stone stone tool tool

and and the the Sandveld Sandveld are are interpreted interpreted as as the the technological technological response response to to

The The differences differences in in the the assemblage assemblage frequency frequency between between the the mountains mountains

a a subsistance subsistance economy economy based based primarily primarily on on hunting. hunting.

the the predominance predominance of of scrapers scrapers and and backed backed pieces pieces as as the the remnants remnants of of

Mazel Mazel (1978) (1978) extended extended his his argument argument t9 t9 the the Sandveld, Sandveld, where where he he saw saw

plant plant food food gathering gathering in in the the mountains. mountains. Using Using the the same same model, model,

woodshavings woodshavings seem seem to to emphasise emphasise the the overwhelming overwhelming importance importance of of

by by adzes adzes (Mazel (Mazel 1978). 1978). The The frequent frequent occurence occurence of of adzes adzes and and

hollows hollows of of the the Sandveld. Sandveld. The The mountain mountain assemblages assemblages were were dominated dominated

pieces pieces were were profusely profusely visible visible in in the the sand sand shifting shifting deflation deflation

inter-assemblage inter-assemblage variability variability across across space. space. Scrapers Scrapers and and backed backed

- 3 3 -

c o• r o v •, •, , , ...... s s ,l •&• •&• • • l l

- Kn , ,

0 0 1 1 ' ' 6 6 8 8 10 10

@ @

0 0

u u

......

~ ~

z z

32 · ,s ,s s s

~ ~

'D 'D

• OSf OSf ~ ~

. s,I( s,I(

1----r------,------~-,-....,------.------.,..-

n · s s

111'15 111'15 E E llf:JO llf:JO E E

( ( REFERENCE: REFERENCE: MANHIRE MANHIRE 1984) 1984)

FIGURE FIGURE 2:1 2:1 SHELL SHELL MIDDENS MIDDENS AND AND SHELL SHELL SCATTERS SCATTERS

slope slope and and in in the the upper upper levels levels which which post-date post-date the the introduction introduction of of

understanding understanding settlement settlement in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape. On On the the talus talus

hollow hollow pattern. pattern. Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984) is is the the 'key' 'key' to to

allowed allowed comparison comparison of of these these assemblages assemblages with with the the deflation deflation

stratified stratified and and dated dated deposits deposits of of Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984), 1984), have have

prior prior to to the the appearance appearance of of herders herders about about 2000 2000 years years ago. ago. The The

as as representing representing a a subsistance subsistance economy economy based based primarily primarily on on hunting, hunting,

of of formal formal tool tool frequencies frequencies occuring occuring in in the the open open Sandveld Sandveld sites, sites,

Parkington Parkington (1983) (1983) and and Manhire Manhire (1984) (1984) have have interpreted interpreted the the pattern pattern

excavated excavated and and dated dated examples examples of of this this pattern, pattern,

Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington 1976a) 1976a) and and Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey (1984) (1984) are are

Table Table Mountain Mountain Sandstone Sandstone kopjes kopjes in in the the Sandveld Sandveld (Manhire (Manhire 1984). 1984).

and and talus talus slopes slopes of of numerous numerous small small isolated isolated rock rock shelters shelters in in the the

These These adze adze dominated dominated assemblages assemblages are are restricted restricted to to the the dripline dripline

are are small small in in comparison comparison with with the the deflation deflation hollow hollow assemblages. assemblages.

in in adzes adzes do do exist, exist, even even as as far far as as the the present present coast coast line, line, but but

and and understand. understand. It It is is now now beyond beyond question question that that assemblages assemblages rich rich

visible, visible, and and less less densely densely scattered, scattered, they they are are difficult difficult to to define define

stone stone tool tool assemblages assemblages in in the the Sandveld, Sandveld, but but because because they they are are less less

Recent Recent research research has has indicated indicated that . there there are are other other patterns patterns of of

dispersal dispersal (Manhire (Manhire et et al al 1983). 1983).

also also being being investigated, investigated, to to identify identify patterns patterns of of aggregation aggregation and and

al al 1984). 1984). Spatial Spatial variability variability of of subject subject matter matter in in rock rock art art is is

over over the the last last 10 10 000 000 years years (Buchannan (Buchannan et et al al 1984; 1984; Manhire Manhire et et

2:2 2:2 and and 2:3) 2:3) in in order order to to understand understand changing changing settlement settlement patterns patterns - 4 -

l l S S (tACS (tACS .. .. N N I AS AS OU .4. .4. CO,tl

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1984) 1984) MANHIRE MANHIRE (REFERENCE: (REFERENCE: HOLLOWS HOLLOWS DEFLATION DEFLATION 2:2 2:2 FIGURE FIGURE

CO IIIJ OU IIS IIS I JI JI M(llHS M(llHS S . L .' .' A. A.

Km Km rm rm • • : : STOIJE STOIJE = = SCAT SCAT DEPOSI T T ll ll

a a 6 6 6 6 10 10

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32 32

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~ ~

'tt, KH KH

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32 32

1s · ,5 · E E (REFERENCE: (REFERENCE: MANHIRE MANHIRE 19~.Hil 19~.Hil

FIGURE FIGURE 2:3 2:3 STONE STONE ARTEFACT ARTEFACT SCATTERS SCATTERS AND AND SITES SITES WITH WITH DEPOSIT DEPOSIT

particulr particulr site site at at a a particular particular point point in in time. time. The The functional functional

space space thus thus reflect reflect a a range range of of activities activities scheduled scheduled for for a a

activities activities through through time time (Parkington (Parkington 1980). 1980). Assemblages Assemblages across across

variability variability in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape therefore therefore reflect reflect changing changing

variability variability in in the the Sandveld Sandveld and and the the mountains . . Stone Stone tool tool

rather rather than than refuge refuge as as the the explanation explanation for for inter-assemblage inter-assemblage

Parkington's Parkington's (1976a,1977) (1976a,1977) earlier earlier models, models, which which cited cited seasonality seasonality

This This new new model model repr esents esents a a modification modification from from Mazel's Mazel's (1978) (1978) and and

post post date date 2000 2000 BP BP and and the the appearace appearace of of pastoralism. pastoralism.

adze adze rich rich assemblages, assemblages, strengthens strengthens the the argument argument that that these these sites sites

many many of of these these sites, sites, in in association association with with stratified stratified and and dated dated

essentially essentially chronological chronological sequence. sequence. The The appearance appearance of of pottery pottery at at

mountains mountains is is interpreted interpreted as as reflecting reflecting spatial spatial patterning patterning in in an an

This This pattern pattern from from the the coast coast to to the the Sandveld Sandveld kopjes , , east east to to the the

Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, including including numerous numerous open open scatters scatters (Parkington (Parkington 1980). 1980).

Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave and and

the the upper upper levels levels and and talus talus slopes slopes of of the the mountain mountain sites sites at at De De

the the Sandveld, Sandveld, but but is is widespread. widespread. Adzes Adzes dominate dominate assemblages assemblages in in

frequencies, frequencies, is is not not restricted restricted to to the the hills hills which which string string across across

association association with with small small cave/rock · · shelters shelters and and high high adze adze

1984:116). 1984:116). (Manhire (Manhire et et al al This This pattern pattern of of talus/slope talus/slope in in

pattern pattern of of change change not not evenly evenly distrbuted distrbuted across across the the landscape" landscape"

suggested, suggested, that that "high "high adze adze frequencies frequencies are are late late and and represent represent a a

latter latter are are dominated dominated by by scrapers scrapers and and backed backed pieces. pieces. It It is is now now

from from those those lower lower down. down. Adzes Adzes are are common common in in the the former, former, while while the the

pottery pottery and and domestic domestic animal s, s, the the assemblage assemblage is is very very different different - 5 -

all all six six of of the the excavated excavated middens middens (Buchannan (Buchannan et et el el 1984:126), 1984:126),

been been found found on on 21 21 (65.6%) (65.6%) of of the the 32 32 sampled sampled shell shell middens middens and and in in

integrated integrated shellfish shellfish collection collection into into their their economy. economy. Pottery Pottery has has

there there have have been been significant significant changes changes in in the the way way hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers

in in shellfish shellfish distribution distribution in in time time and and across across space space and and argue argue that that

plant plant foods. foods. Buchannan Buchannan et et al al (1984), (1984), have have identified identified patterning patterning

collecting collecting at at sites sites close close to to the the shoreline, shoreline, as as a a preferance preferance to to

BP BP inland inland sites, sites, was was an an inreased inreased attention attention to to shellfish shellfish

intensified intensified exploitation exploitation 9f 9f underground underground plant plant foods foods at at post post 1700 1700

by by black black mussel mussel and and white white limpet limpet species. species. Coincidental Coincidental with with

consist consist of of a a substantial substantial accumulation accumulation of of shell shell midden midden dominated dominated

talus talus slope slope and and the the upper upper levels levels at at Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984)

Cave Cave contain contain abundant abundant remains remains of of underground underground plant plant foods. foods. The The

(Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave and and Renbaan Renbaan

Post Post 1700 1700 BP BP levels levels at at Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington 1976a), 1976a), De De Hangen Hangen

to to Later Later Stone Stone Age Age studies studies in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape.

society society is is essential. essential. The The emphasis emphasis is is on on a a behavioural behavioural approach approach

about about these these site site and and assemblage assemblage changes changes in in hunting hunting and and gathering gathering

An An understanding understanding of of the the different different processes processes involved involved in in bringing bringing

herders. herders.

and and resource resource conditions conditions availability availability and and the the appearance appearance of of

time time and and across across space space as as a a response response to to changing changing environmental environmental

al al (1984) (1984) argues argues that that we we need need to to see see changing changing activities activities through through

range range of of stone stone tools tools produced produced and and discarded discarded by by them. them. Manhire Manhire et et

aspects aspects of of the the activities activities of of hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers is is visible visible in in the the

- 6 6 -

marginal marginal areas areas for for domestic domestic stock. stock.

were were therefore therefore compelled compelled to to intensify intensify their their exploitation exploitation of of

grazing grazing is is less less attractive attractive were were ignored. ignored. Hunters Hunters and and gatherers gatherers

(and (and possibly possibly cattle), cattle), the the coast coast and and Sandveld Sandveld kopjes, kopjes, where where

Sandveld Sandveld was was preferred preferred by by Pastoralists Pastoralists for for grazing grazing their their sheep sheep

including including plant plant food food gathering gathering and and shellfish shellfish colecting. colecting. The The open open

small, small, more more sedentary sedentary animals animals like like grysbok, grysbok,

emphasis emphasis from from larger, larger, more more mobile mobile game game like like eland eland and and zebra zebra to to

kopjes, kopjes, the the coast coast and and the the mountains. mountains. This This led led to to a a shift shift in in

of of settlement settlement from from open open deflation deflation hollows hollows up up into into the the Sandveld Sandveld

The The appearance appearance of of herders herders about about 2000 2000 years years ago ago shifted shifted the the focus focus

the the east east and and the the fringes fringes o f f the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains. mountains.

settlement settlement systems systems during during this this time time lay lay in in the the Sandveld Sandveld plains plains to to

was was geared geared almost almost ex~lusively ex~lusively to to mussel mussel colecting. colecting. The The heart heart of of

coastal coastal sandveld sandveld fringes fringes in in the the winter winter months, months, where where exploitation exploitation

Prehistoric Prehistoric people people then then scheduled scheduled their their visits visits to to the the coast coast and and

the the coast coast and and Sandveld Sandveld became became more more attractive attractive for for settlement. settlement.

important important intertidal intertidal mar i ne ne resources. resources. At At 4000 4000 BP, BP, conditions conditions at at

three three metres metres higher higher than than the the pres~nt pres~nt day, day, thus thus eliminating eliminating

conditions conditions were were much much drier drier and and sea-levels sea-levels rose rose at at least least two two to to

Bay Bay Cave Cave (Parkington (Parkington 1976 a ) ) and and Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984), 1984),

Between Between 8000 8000 and and 4000 4000 years years ago, ago, the the hiatus hiatus recognised recognised at at Elands Elands

1700 1700 BP. BP.

which which implies implies that that the the sites sites were were visited visited during during the the period period after after - 7 -

excavated excavated archaeological archaeological evidence. evidence.

people people between between the the coast coast and and the the mountains, mountains, generated generated from from

directly directly contradicts contradicts the the hypothesis hypothesis of of the the seasonal seasonal movement movement of of

of of the the diet diet of of Holocene Holocene hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape

inhabitants. inhabitants. Her Her results results of of the the stable stable carbon-isotope carbon-isotope assessments assessments

in in order order to to detect detect diet diet and and settlement settlement patterns patterns in in prehistoic prehistoic

bone bone collagen collagen from from skeletons skeletons found found in in archaeological archaeological deposits, deposits,

mobility mobility hypothesis. hypothesis. He r r research research is is based based on on the the analysis analysis of of

independent independent test test of of Parkington's Parkington's (1972, (1972, 1976a, 1976a, 1977) 1977) seasonal seasonal

Judy Judy Sealy's Sealy's (1984) (1984) research research in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape is is an an

1984). 1984).

and and Sandveld Sandveld kopje kopje assemblages assemblages (Manhire (Manhire 1984, 1984, Manhire Manhire et et al al

further further inland inland (Buchannan (Buchannan et et al al 1984) 1984) and and the the deflation deflation hollows hollows

(Parkington (Parkington 1976a), 1976a), shell shell middens middens located located along along the the coast coast and and

Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984) and and Diepkloof Diepkloof

(Parkington (Parkington Hangen Hangen and and Po ggenpoel ggenpoel 1971), 1971), Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave, Cave,

This This model model has has been been tested tested against against excavation excavation results results from from De De

(Manhire (Manhire et et al al 1984:118). 1984:118).

those those more more time time consuming consuming to to gather gather or or less less productive productive to to hunt" hunt"

weaker weaker group, group, to to move move down down their their list list of of preferred preferred foods foods towards towards

have have arisen arisen and and non-pastoralists non-pastoralists may may have have been been forced, forced, as as the the

protected protected domestic domestic stock, stock, new new kinds kinds of of conflict conflict situation situation may may

increased, increased, wild wild animal animal biomass biomass would would have have been been partly partly replaced replaced by by

Along Along with with the the appearance appearance of of the the herders herders "populations "populations would would have have - 8 -

particularly particularly in in view view of of the the model model proposed proposed by by Parkington Parkington and and

contemporary contemporary archeological archeological research research in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape, Cape,

Sealy's Sealy's (1984) (1984) conclusions, conclusions, have have considerable considerable implications implications for for

inland inland and and coastal coastal skeletons. skeletons.

hypothesis. hypothesis. Her Her analysis analysis explains explains the the gross gross difference difference between between

1984:32). 1984:32). These These results results directly directly contradict contradict the the seasonal seasonal mobility mobility

"occasional "occasional visits" visits" to to the the coast coast (Sealy (Sealy and and van van der der Merwe Merwe

and and inland inland people people lived lived permanently permanently in in the the mountains, mountains, with with

people people lived lived permanently permanently at at the the coast coast

"throughout "throughout the the Holocene , ,

carbon carbon isotope isotope ratios ratios in in coastal coastal skeletons, skeletons, that that the the coastal coastal

(1984) (1984) therefore therefore argues argues on on the the basis basis of of consistantly consistantly positive positive

of of the the diet diet of of prehistoric prehistoric inhabitants"(Sealy inhabitants"(Sealy 1984:3). 1984:3). Sealy Sealy

the the human human foodwebs foodwebs and and skeletal skeletal remains remains are are "direct "direct reflections reflections

similar similar to to terestial terestial resources. resources. Measurement Measurement 'l 'l of of the the ti ti values values of of

marine marine resources, resources, whils t t those those from from inland inland sites sites have have readings readings

The The coastal coastal skeletons skeletons have have isotopic isotopic signatures signatures consistant consistant with with

and and animal animal foods, foods, while while coastal coastal people people ate ate mainly mainly marine marine food. food.

coast. coast. Her Her results results show show that that inland inland people people consumed consumed mainly mainly plant plant

are are isotopically isotopically different different from from marine marine foods foods obtained obtained at at the the

Sealy Sealy (1984) (1984) has has demonstrated demonstrated that that fopd fopd obtained obtained in in the the mountains mountains

measurements measurements on on 18 18 human human skeletons skeletons from from archeological archeological sites. sites.

from from the the four four major major physiographic physiographic zones, zones, and and compared compared these these

6l 6l establish establish the the average average values values of of the the prehistoric prehistoric diet diet

and and plant plant species species were were analysed, analysed, which which enabled enabled Sealy Sealy (1984) (1984) to to

In In order order to to test test season b~ b~ ality , , the the values values of of over over 200 200 animals animals - 9 -

to to accomodate accomodate this this data. data.

Stone Stone Age Age in in the the southw ester n n Cape Cape might might need need to to be be made made in in order order

others. others. Considerable Considerable changes changes in in contempoary contempoary views views of of the the Later Later

- 10 10 -

up-welling up-welling of of the the Benguella Benguella current current has has a a beneficial beneficial effect effect on on

The The coast coast supports supports a a highly highly productive productive eco-system. eco-system. The The cold cold

COAST COAST

Karoo. Karoo.

coast, coast, Sandveld, Sandveld, Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains mountains and and the the semi-desert semi-desert

the the research research area. area. Four Four physiographic physiographic zones zones are are identified identified - the the

illustrate illustrate the the topography, topography, geology, geology, rainfall rainfall and and vegetation vegetation of of

the the availability availability of of potential potential resources. resources. Figures Figures 3:1-3:4 3:1-3:4

marked marked seasonality seasonality in in climate climate which which has has a a considerable considerable effect effect on on

examined examined in in detail detail by by Parkington Parkington (1976a:30-45) (1976a:30-45) and and displays displays a a

The The environmental environmental background background of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape has has been been

all all other other excavated excavated Stone Stone Age Age sites sites in in the the research research area. area.

from from which which the the excavation excavation derives derives is is fundamental fundamental in in relation relation to to

argue argue that that an an understanding understanding of of the the wider wider context context of of the the research research

Although Although this this report report is is essentially essentially confined confined to to Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, I I

hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer land land use use patterns. patterns.

important important and and have have must must a a major major played played role role in in late late Stone Stone Age Age

its its offers offers region region potential potential own own resources, resources, is is intrinsically intrinsically

and and resource resource characteristic characteristic nature nature P?tential. P?tential. The The fact fact that that each each

in in its its macro-context, macro-context, examined examined in in order order to to appreciate appreciate its its

The The environmental environmental background background of of the the research research area area needs needs to to be be

THE THE WIDER WIDER CONTEXT CONTEXT OF OF THE THE SOUTHWESTERN SOUTHWESTERN CAPE CAPE

RESOURCE RESOURCE BACKGROUND BACKGROUND AND AND PREHISTORIC PREHISTORIC SUBSISTANCE SUBSISTANCE IN IN

CHAPTER CHAPTER 2 2

- 11 11 - l I 32

Ji°Ji

I I

FIGURE

LANO LAND

1&"

FROM BELOW

3:1

1000

RESEARCH

3000

AREA:

TOPOGRAPHY

LJ Si

~\/

LANO LAND

AOOVE

FROM

3000

5000

,,i)j

RELIEF

Fruit, Fruit, roots, roots, berries berries and and corms, corms, as as well well as as small small and and larger larger

would would have have undoubtedly undoubtedly b e en en exploited exploited by by hunters hunters and and gatherers. gatherers.

however, however, offer offer abundent abundent plant plant food food and and animal animal resources resources which which

dry dry with with water water confined confined to to a a few few water water courses. courses. The The Sandveld Sandveld does does

succulent succulent shrubs. shrubs. Durin g g the the summer summer months, months, the the area area is is extremely extremely

conditions conditions and and consist consist of of stunted, stunted, thorny, thorny, drought drought deciduous deciduous and and

latitude latitude of of Elands Elands B ay), ay), the the vegetation vegetation is is adapted adapted to to arrid arrid

Because Because of of the the low low r a infall infall (less (less than than 200mm 200mm per per annum annum at at the the

and and the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains mountains approximately approximately 40 40 km km away. away.

Table Table Mountain Mountain Sandstone). Sandstone). It It extends extends between between the the Atlantic Atlantic coast coast

and and wind wind deflation deflation hollows hollows with with few few rocky rocky outcrops outcrops (or (or kopjes) kopjes) of of

The The Sandveld Sandveld is is a a sa ndy ndy c o astal astal plain plain and and consists consists of of sand sand dunes dunes

SANDVELD SANDVELD

association association with with cultural cultural remains remains attest attest to to coastal coastal exploitation. exploitation.

of of bird bird life. life. Shell Shell mid d ens, ens, shell shell scatters scatters and and cave cave sites sites in in

the the mouths mouths of of these these estuaries estuaries which which attracts attracts fish fish and and a a variety variety

flow flow into into the the sea, sea, resulting resulting in in a a concentration concentration of of freshwater freshwater at at

Sandveld Sandveld streams streams over fl o w , , break break through through the the coastal coastal sandbars sandbars and and

seaweed. seaweed. During During the the Winter Winter months, months, when when rainfall rainfall increases, increases, the the

foods foods include, include, molluscs, molluscs, fish, fish, lobster, lobster, seal, seal, sea sea birds birds and and

resource resource for for its its exist a nce. nce. In In this this area, area, the the variety variety of of marine marine

present · · community community of of E l a nds nds Bay Bay is is still still dependant dependant on on this this

Pleistocene Pleistocene and and late late Holocene Holocene inhabitants inhabitants relied relied intensively. intensively. The The

mollu s cs cs and and crustraceans, crustraceans, a a resource resource upon upon which which the the terminal terminal

intertidal intertidal zone zone off ers ers a a rich rich supply supply of of exploitable exploitable marine marine

of of the the water water ensures ensures a n n abundance abundance of of marine marine foods. foods. The The rocky rocky

the the marine marine resources resources of of the the west west coast. coast. The The rich rich nutrient nutrient status status

- 12 12 - 12·

FIGURE

3:2

RESEARCH

AREA:

GEOLOGY

physiographic physiographic feature feature of of the the south south western western Cape. Cape. The The diversified diversified

are are shale, shale, quartzite quartzite and and probably probably the the most most impressive impressive

The The Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains mountains of of Table Table Mountain Mountain Sandstone, Sandstone,

MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS

animal animal and and marine marine resources resources in in the the surrounding surrounding areas. areas.

of of the the Quaecoma Quaecoma and and ot her her rivers, rivers, as as well well as as a a variety variety of of plant, plant,

the the Sandveld Sandveld reflect reflect a a reliance reliance on on the the freshwater freshwater and and resources resources

It It is is clear clear that that the the large large number number of of sites sites at at the the coast coast and and in in

Sandveld. Sandveld.

these these sources. sources. Silcret e e stone stone tools tools are are abundant abundant at at sites sites in in the the

Prehistoric Prehistoric toolmakers toolmakers would would undoubtedly undoubtedly have have been been drawn drawn towards towards

conchoidally conchoidally and and is is therefore therefore ideal ideal for for stone stone tool tool manufacture. manufacture.

located located in in rafts rafts in in the the Sandveld. Sandveld. It It is is fine fine grained, grained, fractures fractures

Silcrete, Silcrete, an an important important raw raw material material for for stone stone tool tool manufacture manufacture is is

the the mouths mouths of of the the Langevlei Langevlei and and Jakkals Jakkals rivers rivers further further north, north,

birds. birds. Similar Similar but but smaller smaller bodies bodies of of fresh fresh water water are are located located at at

(Val entyn entyn 1726:23) 1726:23) (or (or Verlore Verlore Vlei), Vlei), has has abundant abundant fish fish and and water water

mountains mountains to to the the sea. sea. This This freshwater freshwater lake, lake, known known as as the the Quaecoma Quaecoma

Sandveld Sandveld traverses traverses the the coastal coastal ~lain ~lain from from the the Picketberg Picketberg

A A long long freshwater freshwater vlei, vlei, situated situated immediately immediately south south of of the the

the the nearby nearby nutrient-poor nutrient-poor mountain s. s.

made made it it a a more more attractive attractive hunting hunting and and gathering gathering environment environment than than

the the high high nutrient nutrient status status of of the the strandveld strandveld vegetation vegetation may may have have

mobile mobile game game would would have have been been available. available. Moll Moll argues argues (1984) (1984) that that

- 13 13 - FIGURE

3:3

D D 32°30°

RAINFALL

RESEARCH

,a·

LESS

BETWEEN

AREA:

THAN

300

RAINFALL

AND

600

I ~-

RAINFALL

BETWEEN

THAN

600

900

AND

900M

RAINFALL

The The vegetation vegetation cover cover of · · the the mountain mountain zone zone is is referred referred to to by by

storage storage area). area).

because because the the Table Table Mountain Mountain Sandstone Sandstone is is a a good good aquifer aquifer (or (or

contain contain running running water water for for most most of of the the year. year. This This is is partly partly

1726:33). 1726:33). Streams Streams and and kloof kloof draining draining the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains mountains

reliable reliable permanent permanent water water catchment catchment in in the the mountains mountains (Valentyn (Valentyn

is is 200mm 200mm or or less. less. The The Tharakamma Tharakamma (or (or Olifants Olifants River) River) is is the the most most

This This contrasts contrasts strongly strongly with with the the Sandveld Sandveld where where average average rainfall rainfall

average average at at between between 600-900mm, 600-900mm, the the majority majority falling falling in in winter. winter.

rainfall rainfall amounts amounts greater greater than than 1000mm 1000mm have have been been recorded, recorded, with with the the

charactersistics charactersistics of of the the area. area. In In the the high high mountain mountain kloofs, kloofs, annual annual

Rainfall Rainfall in in the the mountains mountains is is controlled controlled by by the the orographical orographical

cannot cannot sustain sustain the the larger larger ruminants ruminants (Moll (Moll 1984). 1984).

The The low low nutrient nutrient status status of of the the fynbos fynbos vegetation vegetation in in the the mountains mountains

animals animals and and plant plant foods, foods, rather rather than than larger larger animal animal populations. populations.

potential potential however, however, lies lies more more in in the the range range and and variety variety of of small small

Cape Cape fold fold belt belt zone zone a a prime prime focus focus for for prehistoric prehistoric settlement. settlement. The The

rivers rivers and and countless countless kloofs kloofs and and streams streams potentially potentially makes makes the the

communities, communities, as as well well as as a a permane~t permane~t water water supply supply in in two two main main

reed reed grass grass and and is is also also available. available. Rich Rich animal animal and and plant plant

tool tool manufacture. manufacture. A A range range of of organic organic raw raw materials, materials, such such as as wood, wood,

is is abundant abundant and and these these rocks rocks were were undoubtedly undoubtedly utilized utilized for for stone stone

plant plant communities. communities. Raw Raw material, material, including including quartz quartz and and quartzite quartzite

places, places, offers offers an an enormous enormous variety variety of of habitats habitats for for animal animal and and

terrain terrain of of the the mountains, mountains, which which peak peak at at 2000 2000 meters meters in in some some

- 14 14 - \

FIGURE

STRANDVELD

WEST

3:4

COAST

RESEARCH

AREA:

'-'-'-'--

VEGETATION

FYNBOS

COASTAL

FYNBOS

AND

SUCCULENT

WESTERN

MTN

KAROO

AND

©I

~'=~~,;.YPES

making making fibre, fibre, string, string, mats, mats, nets, nets, bedding bedding and and fuel. fuel. Small Small

deposits. deposits. Plants Plants are are also also used used for for medicinal medicinal purposes purposes and and for for

important important food food resource resource than than is is apparent apparent from from archaeological archaeological

taken taken for for granted. granted. It It is is very very possible possible that that plant plant food food was was a a more more

The The availability availability of of a a wide wide variety variety of of edible edible plants plants seems seems to to be be

recognisable recognisable in in the the archaeological archaeological record record ( ( Liengme Liengme pers pers comm). comm).

Albucha Albucha spp. spp. are are other other edible edible plant plant foods foods which which might might not not be be

eaten eaten (Metelerkarnp (Metelerkarnp and and Sealy Sealy 1983). 1983). Trachyandra Trachyandra spp. spp. and and

the the stalks stalks of of Crassula Crassula Alpestris Alpestris are are other other plants plants which which can can be be

truncatellum truncatellum and and the the berries berries of of Diospyros Diospyros camulasa camulasa as as well well as as

after after peeling peeling off off the the thorny thorny skins. skins. The The leaves leaves of of Canophyturn Canophyturn

mamillaris mamillaris Hoodia Hoodia and and sp., sp., whose whose fleshy fleshy stems stems are are eaten eaten raw raw

flowers, flowers, roots, roots, leaves leaves and and stems stems of of succulents succulents such such as as Caralluma Caralluma

represented represented in in the the archaeological archaeological deposits. deposits. These These include include the the

low low waste waste residue, residue, many many of of the the edible edible plants plants would would not not be be

base. base. Due Due to to their their soft, soft, fleshy fleshy nature, nature, lack lack of of preservation preservation and and

Karoo, Karoo, adding adding to to the the potential potential diversity diversity of of the the food food resource resource

River River valley valley is is a a transition transition zone zone between between the the Mountain Mountain Fynbos Fynbos and and

seeds seeds would would also also have have been been consumed consumed when when available. available. The The Olifants Olifants

until until March March or or April April (Parkington (Parkington 1976a); 1976a); wild wild fruit, fruit, berries berries and and

which which would would have have had had economic economic pote~tial pote~tial from from soon soon after after July July

zones. zones. Watsonia Watsonia Chasmanthe Chasmanthe and and sp. sp. are are two two geophyte geophyte species species

Mountain Mountain Fynbos Fynbos supports supports many many more more edible edible plants plants than than the the other other

found, found, encouraging encouraging a a substantial substantial woody woody resource resource potential. potential. The The

edible edible plant plant species. species. Small Small and and large large trees trees are are occasionally occasionally

Fynbos. Fynbos. The The Mountain Mountain Fynbos Fynbos supports supports a a great great number number of of useful useful and and

Taylor Taylor (1978) (1978) as as Mountain Mountain Fynbos; Fynbos; this this replaces replaces Acock's Acock's (1975), (1975),

- 15 15 -

mainly mainly during during winter. winter.

the the Karoo. Karoo. The The Doorn Doorn River River flows flows all all year year round, round, the the Tanqua, Tanqua,

winter. winter. The The Tanqua Tanqua and and Doorn Doorn rivers rivers are are major major drainage drainage areas areas in in

receives receives less less than than 150mm 150mm per per annum, annum, most most of of it it (60%) (60%) during during

mountains mountains and and rainfall, rainfall, is is therefore therefore limited. limited. The The whole whole valley valley

basin. basin. The The Karoo Karoo is is in in the the rain rain shadow shadow of of the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt

available available in in pebble pebble form form from from most most of of the the rivers rivers which which drain drain the the

dispersion dispersion has has been been greatly greatly intensified intensified by by water water action. action. It It is is

primary primary source source is is the the Doorn/Tanqua Doorn/Tanqua basin, basin, but but its its geographical geographical

intrusion intrusion of of dolorite dolorite sills sills into into the the shales shales of of the the Karoo. Karoo. Its Its

cheit cheit are are available. available. Indurated Indurated shale shale is is derived derived from from the the

indurated indurated shale shale (or (or hornvels), hornvels), chalcedony, chalcedony, jasper, jasper, agate agate and and

broken broken by by numerous numerous flat-topped flat-topped hills. hills. Raw Raw material material such such as as

tillites tillites of of the the Karoo Karoo system. system. The The landscape landscape is is flat flat and and dry, dry,

the the rocks rocks of of the the Cape Cape system system are are overlain overlain by by the the shales shales and and

East East of of the the mountains mountains is is the the semi-desert semi-desert Karoo/Doorn Karoo/Doorn basin, basin, where where

KAROO KAROO

trapping, trapping, snaring, snaring, collecting collecting (and (and possibly) possibly) fishing. fishing.

secure secure sites, sites, with with increased increased emphasis emphasis on on plant plant food food gathering, gathering,

herders. herders. Hunter-gatherers Hunter-gatherers were were forced . . to to occupy occupy more more isolated isolated and and

after after 2000 2000 BP, BP, coinciding coinciding with with the the introduction introduction of of pastoral pastoral

mountains mountains (and (and Sandveld Sandveld kopjes) kopjes) became became more more intensively intensively occupied occupied

(Waterhouse (Waterhouse 1932:117,128). 1932:117,128). Recent Recent analysis analysis suggests suggests that that the the

resources resources such such as as honey, honey, caterpillars, caterpillars, locusts locusts and and termites termites

bovids bovids would would also also have have been been available, available, supplemented supplemented by by other other

rodents, rodents, dassies, dassies, tortoises tortoises and and small, small, and and occasionally occasionally large, large,

- 16 16 -

better better watered watered adjacent adjacent are a s s (Parkington (Parkington 1976a:38). 1976a:38).

to to exploit exploit the the temporary temporary pastures pastures and and then then to to return return in in summer summer to to

and and early early white white stock stock keepers keepers to to move move seasonally seasonally into into the the Karoo Karoo

hunter-gatherers. hunter-gatherers. It It was was the the respo ns e e both both of of indigenous indigenous herders herders

the the Karoo Karoo may may have have been been occupied occupied and and exploited exploited by by prehistoric prehistoric

shrubs shrubs are are found. found. It It is is possible possible th~t th~t during during the the winter winter months, months,

herds herds such such as as springbok. springbok. Along Along water water courses, courses, trees trees and and large large

Aristidious Aristidious obtusa obtusa are are abundant, abundant, which which attracts attracts large large migratory migratory

Karoo Karoo into into an an attractive attractive area area for for exploitation. exploitation. Grasses, Grasses, such such as as

exceedingly exceedingly low, low, the the winter winter rains rains dramatically dramatically transform transform the the

name name Succulent Succulent Karoo Karoo (Acocks (Acocks 1975:69). 1975:69). Although Although rainfall rainfall is is

The The vegetation vegetation of of the the Karoo Karoo is is dominated dominated by by succulents, succulents, hence hence its its

- 17 17 -

the the day, day, lies lies completely completely in in the the shade shade with with no no sun sun penetrating penetrating in. in.

permanent permanent supply supply of of water water within within easy easy access. access. The The site, site, during during

about about five five kilometers kilometers away away (Plate (Plate 2). 2). There There is is therefore therefore a a

above above the the site, site, one one has has a a view view directly directly east east to to the the Tharakamma, Tharakamma,

on on the the co-ordinates co-ordinates 33°14' 33°14' south, south, 18°52'east. 18°52'east. From From immediately immediately

sandstone sandstone cave, cave, 5,6m 5,6m deep deep and and 16m 16m across, across, facing facing almost almost due due south south

kilometers kilometers south south of of t h e e present present day day town town of of Clanwillam. Clanwillam. It It is is a a

long long walk walk from from the the Olifant's Olifant's River River Valley, Valley, and and is is about about four four

(Plate (Plate 1). 1). The The cave cave is is fairly fairly accessible, accessible, but but requires requires a a fairly fairly

up up from from its its confluence confluence with with a a minor minor tributary tributary of of the the Tharakamma Tharakamma

northern northern side side of of a a kloof kloof approximately approximately three three quarters quarters of of the the way way

site site is is situated. situated. The The site site is is located located on on a a sandstone sandstone kopje kopje on on the the

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave takes takes its its name name from from that that of of the the farm farm on on which which the the

illustrates illustrates the the relationship relationship of of the the main main levels levels (Fig:4:1). (Fig:4:1).

Subsequently, Subsequently, schematic schematic a a section section drawing drawing was was made made which which

few few survey survey measurements measurements were were made made by by the the excavators excavators of of the the site. site.

writer writer at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. In In particular, particular, no no section section drawings drawings and and

noted noted that that similar similar and and other other problems problems were were experienced experienced by by the the

identified identified by by Robey Robey (1984) (1984) at at Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave and and it it should should be be

lies lies buried buried there. there. Problems Problems relatin~ relatin~ to to excavation excavation have have been been

and and we we are are therefore therefore only only dealing dealing with with a a sample sample of of what what actually actually

seven seven days days (4th (4th to to 10th 10th July). July). The The whole whole site site was was not not excavated excavated

The The excavation excavation at at R e nb a an an Cave Cave in in July July 1979 1979 was was completed completed in in

RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE - THE THE EXCAVATION EXCAVATION

CHAPTER CHAPTER 3 3

- 18 18 -

FIGURE FIGURE 4:1 4:1 SCHEMATIC SCHEMATIC SECTION SECTION DRAWING DRAWING

,,-:..'_-:, ,,-:..'_-:,

"\' "\'

......

:,~~:'~(!) ~ ~ BROWN BROWN SAND SAND WITH WITH CHARCOAL CHARCOAL

BROWN BROWN SAND SAND WITH WITH VEGETATION VEGETATION -

. . 0 .1-. ~,. ~,.

,~ ,~ 'J 'J ' · · •.) •.) BROWN BROWN

- SAND

MOTTLED MOTTLED

BROWN BROWN

~ ~ ·::., ·::., ~ J . ,;l'- , ,

...... r r

[I] [I]

. .

COARSE COARSE BROWN BROWN SAND SAND . . ORANGE ORANGE SPECKLED SPECKLED

BEDDING BEDDING PATCHES PATCHES GREY GREY ASH ASH SOIL SOIL

1: 1: Renbaan Renbaan PLATE PLATE Cave Cave

PLATE PLATE 2: 2: Tharakarnma Tharakarnma

Hartogia Hartogia capensis capensis and and Euclea Euclea sp. sp.

are: are: Olea Olea africana, africana, Maytenus Maytenus oleoides oleoides Diospyros Diospyros ramulosa ramulosa , ,

around around boulder boulder scree. scree. Other Other shrubs shrubs occuring occuring in in this this community community

distrbution distrbution is is restricted restricted to to south south facing facing slopes slopes of of hills hills and and

This This occurs occurs immediately immediately in in front front of of the the site. site. Its Its general general

1. 1. Rhus Rhus undulata undulata - Asparagus Asparagus retrofractus retrofractus community community

recognised: recognised:

Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave, Cave, at at least least five five of of these these communities communities were were

Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, which which falls falls within within the the same same vegetation vegetation type type as as

Andriesgrond Andriesgrond cave, cave, described described eight eight plant plant communities. communities. Around Around

A A survey survey by by Sue Sue Milton Milton (1978) (1978) of of vegetation vegetation in in the the vicinity vicinity of of

Karoo Karoo Shrublands Shrublands (Fig:5:1). (Fig:5:1).

cave cave falls falls in in the the region region of of mosaic mosaic of of Dry Dry Mountain Mountain Fynbos Fynbos and and

Director Director of of Surveys Surveys and and Mapping Mapping Mowbray, Mowbray, Cape Cape Town Town 1983), 1983), Renbaan Renbaan

According According to to "Vegetation "Vegetation of of Fynbos Fynbos Biome,1:1000 Biome,1:1000 000 000 map" map" (Chief (Chief

VEGETATION VEGETATION AND AND ANIMAL ANIMAL

manufacture manufacture of of implements). implements).

of of the the day day and and is is fairly fairly comfortable comfortable for for relaxing relaxing (and (and possibly possibly

down down into into the the kloof. kloof. The The area area to to the the east east is is in in the the sun sun for for most most

shrub shrub covered covered talus talus to to the the immediate immediate east east of of the the site, site, extending extending

linear linear feature, feature, possibly possibly a a handprint. handprint. There There is is a a fairly fairly steep, steep,

very very indistinct indistinct paintings paintings are are visible, visible, including including a a u-curved u-curved

the the kloof. kloof. The The walls walls of of the the shelter shelter are are heavily heavily weathered. weathered. Some Some

in in shape. shape. The The view view to to the the south south is is limited limited to to the the upper upper half half of of

It It is is well well protected protected from from the the elements elements and and roughly roughly hemispherical hemispherical

- 19 19 - (O

(

KEY

M81N

L:.;_J 8 Ll ~

• Im [2;i1 ~

M ~

MAIN iu

NOR

E S

Fynbos

coto

tra

Mes

n Or

Wes

TYPES VEGETATION

West

Karro

Wesl

dve

M c

PES

c:;;p

oun

Coast

Mou

C~ast

lain

Shr

&'~

tai

F n

ain

Strandveld

blands

F n

ynbo

Renos

ynbos

TYPES

ynb

nbos

erveld

~~-

·'

Shrublands

Sand

Karroid

ynbos

lAMB!Rr

lai

•

'Cl

ct>

0 0 I-'

Ol f-'• I-' t:1 C/l Ci Ol ::, tp ~ V, I-ti Ol trj ~

ct> p. <

I-'

ct> Ol Ol ::0 ::,

> ::, ct> ~ CT ::, < I'"!

0.. N

I'"! f-'· C/l ct>

Ci 0

Ol ::,

ct>

::i:: w <

t::l ct> II Ol

ct> ::,

::,

H "rj

c:: c:i ..

trj ::0

I-'

c:i trj

trj

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z .. 0 H tp

0 tp

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0 I-' 0 0 0 0 0

'"ti >

Babiana Babiana • • Annual Annual grasses grasses and and herbs herbs also also occur. occur.

community community are are Oxalis Oxalis Cyarella, Cyarella, Lachenalia Lachenalia Moraea Moraea and and

Ruschia Ruschia spp. spp. and and Euphorbia Euphorbia sp. sp. Geophytes Geophytes found found in in the the

include include Eriocephalus Eriocephalus ericoides ericoides Asparagus Asparagus sp, sp, Rhus Rhus dissecta dissecta

dominant dominant species species is is Montinia Montinia caryophyllacea caryophyllacea . . Understory Understory plants plants

This This occurs occurs in in the the north north facing facing slope slope opposite opposite the the site. site. The The

4. 4. Montinia Montinia - Cotyleda Cotyleda community community

and and Ornithogalum Ornithogalum maculatum maculatum (Plate (Plate 4). 4).

Anthericum Anthericum Lachenal i a a Oxalis Oxalis , , Wachendorfia Wachendorfia paruiflora paruiflora

compositae, compositae, geophytes geophytes and and grasses. grasses. The The geophytes geophytes include include

The The understory understory is is sparse, sparse, comprising comprising some some karroid karroid or or ericoid ericoid

This This grows grows on on deep deep sand sand in in the the valley valley and and in in small small sandy sandy gulleys. gulleys.

3. 3. Wildenovia Wildenovia stinta stinta community community

consuists consuists of of small, small, succulent succulent plants. plants.

where where the the soil soil is is shallow shallow and and quartzitic. quartzitic. The The understory understory

This This occurs occurs on on the the flat flat and and gently gently sloping sloping ground ground above above the the site, site,

2. 2. Diosmia Diosmia acuaephylla acuaephylla community community

site. site.

plicatum. plicatum. Two Two grass grass species species occured occured on on the the slope slope below below the the

floribunda floribunda sp., sp., Haemaithus Haemaithus Oxalis Oxalis spp, spp, and and Empodium Empodium

Geophytes Geophytes growing growing in in the the shade shade of of bouldres bouldres include include Chasmanthe Chasmanthe

spp. spp.

The The understory understory plants plants Felicia Felicia include include scabrida scabrida and and Solanum Solanum

- 20 20 -

sightings sightings of of mammals mammals by by early early visitors visitors to to the the Cape, Cape, and and

sightings sightings in in the the Cape Cape Province Province explicitly explicitly details details all all accounts accounts of of

Skead's Skead's (1980) (1980) comprehensive comprehensive volume volume of of historical historical mammal mammal

wide wide range range of of plant plant species. species.

supported, supported, during during prehistoric prehistoric times, times, and and continues continues to to support, support, a a

Thus, Thus, the the area area around around Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave and and the the Olifants Olifants River River valley valley

of of Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave is is presented presented in in Table Table 1:1. 1:1.

list list of of some some A A of of the the plant plant species species found found growing growing in in the the vicinity vicinity

(Milton (Milton 1978:1). 1978:1).

have have to to have have exploited exploited most most or or all all of of the the plant plant communities" communities"

plant plant food, food, fuel, fuel, fibre fibre and and chemicals, chemicals, hunter hunter gatherers gatherers would would

overgrazing overgrazing may may have have depopulated depopulated the the flora. flora. In In order order to to obtain obtain

the the shelters shelters were were first first occupied occupied by by hunter-gatherers, hunter-gatherers, although although

occured occured in in the the distribution distribution of of the the major major plant plant communities communities since since

grazing grazing pressure. pressure. ''It ''It is is unlikely unlikely that that drastic drastic changes changes have have

moisture, moisture, soil soil depth, depth, slope, slope, geology geology aspect aspect of of topography topography and and

appears appears to to be be influenced influenced pri m arily arily by by soil soil nutrient nutrient status, status, soil soil

Milton Milton (1978) (1978) suggests suggests that that the the distripution distripution of of plant plant communities communities

and and Maytenus Maytenus oleoides oleoides

shrubs shrubs found found Rhus Rhus include include Montinia Montinia undulata undulata caryophyllacea caryophyllacea

comminity comminity and and is is charachterised charachterised by by Diospyros Diospyros ramulosa ramulosa • • Other Other

This This is is related related to to the the Rhus Rhus undulata undulata - Asparagus Asparagus retrofractus retrofractus

5. 5. Rocky Rocky seasonal seasonal drainage drainage course course community community

- 21 21 -

Salvia Salvia sp. sp.

Diospyros Diospyros rarnulosa rarnulosa

Passerina Passerina sp. sp.

Struthiola Struthiola sp. sp.

Herrnannia Herrnannia sp. sp.

Dodonaea Dodonaea viscosa viscosa

Maytenus Maytenus oleoides oleoides

Rhus Rhus sp. sp.

Rhus Rhus undulata undulata

Rhus Rhus dissecta dissecta

Leucosperrnurn Leucosperrnurn sp. sp.

Ficus Ficus cordata cordata

Oxalis Oxalis spp. spp.

Montinia Montinia caryophyllacea caryophyllacea

Lapeirousia Lapeirousia sp. sp.

Melasphaerula Melasphaerula rarnosa rarnosa

Ferr Ferr aria aria sp. sp.

Gladiolus Gladiolus alatus alatus

Babiana Babiana sp. sp.

Moraea Moraea fugax fugax

Haernanthus Haernanthus sp. sp.

Wachendorfia Wachendorfia parvifolia parvifolia

Ornithogalurn Ornithogalurn rnaculaturn rnaculaturn

Asparagus Asparagus retrofractus retrofractus

Wildenowia Wildenowia striata striata

OF OF THE THE SITE SITE RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE

TABLE TABLE 1: 1: 1 1 SOME SOME PLANT PLANT SPECIES SPECIES FOUND FOUND IN IN THE THE VISCINITY VISCINITY

are are recorded recorded in in the the Clanwilliam Clanwilliam district district (Golson (Golson 1984). 1984).

Paintings Paintings of of eland, eland, elephant, elephant, buffalo, buffalo, buck, buck, pheasant pheasant and and equids equids

portrays portrays animals animals which, which, if if not not hunted, hunted, were were at at least least sighted. sighted.

Rock Rock Art Art in in the the mountains mountains of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape visually visually

fish fish and and honey honey also also contributed contributed to to the the diet diet (Warterhouse (Warterhouse 1932). 1932).

De De Hangen Hangen and and Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave. Cave. Caterpillars, Caterpillars, locusts, locusts, insects, insects,

species species are are recorded. recorded. Table Table 2:1 2:1 lists lists the the faunal faunal assemblages assemblages from from

Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971) 1971) and and Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, similar similar

hippopotamous, hippopotamous, honey honey badger, badger, porcupine porcupine and and domestic domestic sheep. sheep. At At De De

klipspringer, klipspringer, duiker, duiker, eland, eland, hare, hare, mongoose, mongoose, dune-mole, dune-mole, rat, rat,

remains remains from from Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave deposits deposits include include baboon, baboon,

trekked trekked inland, inland, is is recorded recorded in in the the archaeological archaeological deposit. deposit. Faunal Faunal

Information Information on on animal animal species species living living in in this this region region before before whites whites

hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers living living here. here.

and and large large bovids bovids would would probably probably have have been been attractive attractive targets targets for for

in in Skead Skead 1980:410). 1980:410). Most Most of of the the small small ground ground game, game, dassie, dassie, small small

past past occurences occurences of of hippo hippo in in the the lower lower Olifants Olifants River" River" (Shortridge (Shortridge

hippopotamous hippopotamous do do not not appear appear but but "there "there are are local local traditions traditions of of

eland, eland, rhinocerous rhinocerous others. others. and and Historical Historical accounts accounts of of

hyaenas, hyaenas, steenbok, steenbok, gry s bo k , , klipspringers, klipspringers, rheebucks, rheebucks, gemsbucks, gemsbucks,

elephants, elephants, lions, lions, leopards, leopards, zebras, zebras, warthogs, warthogs, jackals, jackals, foxes, foxes,

region. region. These These include include small small ground ground game, game, babboons, babboons,

showing showing that that a a wide wide range range of of species species was was supported supported in in this this

(1980:52-680) (1980:52-680) lists lists all all accounts accounts of of mammal mammal sightings sightings in in the the area, area,

Under Under the the heading: heading: "Picketberg "Picketberg and and Clanwilliam Clanwilliam district", district", Skead Skead

travellers travellers into into the the interior interior after after permanent permanent settlement settlement in in 1652. 1652.

- 22 22 -

Testudo Testudo (chersine) (chersine) angulata angulata spp.?) spp.?) (+ (+ 313 313 unknown unknown

Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius amphibius (hippopotamus) (hippopotamus) 1 1

Felis Felis caracal caracal (caracal) (caracal) 1 1

Ictonyx Ictonyx striatus striatus (zorilla) (zorilla) 1 1

Bathyergus Bathyergus suillus suillus (dune-mole (dune-mole rat) rat) 3 3

Hystrix Hystrix sp. sp. (porcupine) (porcupine) 1 1 1 1

Canis Canis sp. sp. (jackal (jackal or or dog) dog) 1 1 1 1

Mellivora Mellivora capensis capensis (honey (honey badger) badger) 1 1

Herpestis Herpestis or or genette genette (viverrid) (viverrid) 2 2

Genette Genette tigrina tigrina (genet) (genet) 2 2

Herpestis Herpestis pulverulentis pulverulentis (mongoose) (mongoose) 3 3 8 8

Equus Equus sp. sp. (an (an equid) equid) 1 1 1 1

Ovis Ovis sp. sp. or or apra,sp.(domestic apra,sp.(domestic sheep/goat) sheep/goat) 1 1

bovine bovine or or eland eland 1 1

Bovidae Bovidae gen gen et et sp. sp. (large) (large)

Bos Bos tauras tauras (domestic (domestic cattle) cattle) 1 1

Taurotragus Taurotragus (eland) (eland) oryx oryx 1 1

Antidorcas Antidorcas marsupialis marsupialis (springbok) (springbok) 1 1

Sylicapia Sylicapia grimmia grimmia (duiker) (duiker) 1 1 4 4

Oreotragus Oreotragus oreotragus oreotragus (klipspringer) (klipspringer) 3 3

Raphicerus Raphicerus sp. sp. (grysbok/steenbok) (grysbok/steenbok) 6 6 6 6

Lepus Lepus sp. sp. or or Pronolagus Pronolagus sp. sp. (hare) (hare) 6 6 4 4

Procavia Procavia 94 94 capensis capensis + + (dassie) (dassie) 8 8

Papio Papio ursinus ursinus (baboon) (baboon) 1 1

Homo Homo sapiens sapiens sapiens sapiens (man) (man) 1 1

DE DE HANGEN HANGEN ANDRIESGROND ANDRIESGROND CAVE CAVE

ANDRIESGROND ANDRIESGROND CAV E . . MINIMUM MINIMUM NUMBERS NUMBERS IN IN THE THE DEPOSITS. DEPOSITS.

TABLE TABLE 2:1 2:1 COMPARISON COMPARISON OF OF THE THE FAUNAL FAUNAL COUNTS COUNTS FROM FROM DE DE HANGEN HANGEN AND AND

material, material, botanical botanical and and faunal faunal remains remains from from the the excavation. excavation. These These

was was made made to to recover recover all all stone stone artefacts, artefacts, non-lithic non-lithic cultural cultural

was was surveyed surveyed with with the the aid aid of of a a theodolite theodolite (Fig (Fig 6:1). 6:1). An An attempt attempt

artefacts artefacts and and features. features. The The surface surface of of the the site site and and cave cave outline outline

facilitate facilitate controlled controlled excavation excavation methods methods and and recording recording of of

A A horizontal horizontal grid grid was was laid laid on on the the surface surface of of the the deposit deposit to to

dumped dumped the the deposits deposits elsewhere. elsewhere.

some some blurring blurring of of the the distributional distributional features features because because the the farmer farmer

area area was was avoided avoided during during excavation, excavation, but but may may have have contributed contributed to to

a a substantial substantial amount amount of of deposit deposit at at the the back back of of the the cave. cave. This This

the the land land on on which which the the cave cave is is located, located, had had disturbed disturbed and and removed removed

charcoal charcoal rich rich deposit deposit towards towards the the centre. centre. The The farmer farmer who who owned owned

with with an an arc arc of of bedding bedding lining lining the the back back of of the the cave cave and and an an ashy, ashy,

pattern pattern of of small, small, Later Later Stone Stone Age Age sites sites in in the the mountain mountain zone, zone,

The The deposits deposits at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave seem seem to to conform conform to to the the normal normal

STRATIGRAPHY STRATIGRAPHY OF OF THE THE DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

inhabitants. inhabitants.

Valley, Valley, which which many many were were of of exploited exploited by by the the prehistoric prehistoric

plant plant and and animal animal species species were were available available in in the the Olifants Olifants River River

occasionally. occasionally. As As can can be be seen seen from from the the above, above, a a wide wide range range of of

still still abundant. abundant. Rare Rare sightings sightings of of the the Cape Cape Leopard Leopard are are recorded recorded

Baboons, Baboons, dassie, dassie, small small bovids, bovids, small small ground ground game game and and tortoise tortoise are are

buffalo, buffalo, rhinocerous, rhinocerous, eland eland and and lion lion have have been been hunted hunted out. out.

Today, Today, many many of of the the animals animals recorded recorded above, above, such such as as elephant, elephant,

- 23 23 - :n cc a, m 0 m (") C 0 m r :n (/) 0 0 (/) m n :n "'

r co 0 C ~ (/) I 0 < r,i :::J

>z Cl

N 3

______I

Course Course Brown Brown Sand Sand (CBS), (CBS), Hearth Hearth above above Course Course Brown Brown Sand Sand (H+CBS), (H+CBS),

Underneath Underneath SC, SC, four four individual, individual, (floating (floating units) units) were were recognized. recognized.

material material was was very very shallow. shallow. It It was was merely merely cleaned cleaned and and scraped. scraped.

were were placed placed in in paper paper packets packets according according to to squares. squares. The The surface surface

collected collected together together and and packed. packed. The The rest rest of of the the surface surface deposits deposits

of of the the surface surface was was in in a a disturbed disturbed condition condition and and was was therefore therefore

Surface Surface Cleanings Cleanings (SC) (SC) is is the the surface surface layer. layer. A A substantial substantial part part

SURFACE SURFACE DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

shows shows the the distribution distribution of of the the four four main main levels levels in in the the excavation. excavation.

interpreting interpreting the the excavation excavation from from limited limited field field notes. notes. Figure Figure 6:2 6:2

the the reader(s) reader(s) must must take take into into consideration consideration that that the the writer writer is is

This This section section will will summarize summarize the the excavation excavation at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, but but

excavation excavation which which constitutes constitutes 2,90 2,90 cub.m cub.m of of the the material. material.

excavated. excavated. 290 290 buckets buckets of of deposit deposit were were removed removed from from the the

of of each each level level proceeds. proceeds. An An area area of of eight eight square square metres metres was was

different different components, components, which which will will be be included included as as the the description description

Units Units (BL). (BL). It It must must be be emphasised emphasised that that each each level level is is made made up up of of

Deposits Deposits (SD), (SD), Bedding Bedding Units Units (BU), (BU), Ash Ash Deposits Deposits (AD) (AD) and and Basal Basal

main main levels levels were were identified. identified. These These . are are described described as as Surface Surface

as as a a result result of of compatibility compatibility in in the the formal formal tool tool content), content), four four

twenty twenty eight eight separate separate units, units, but but as as a a matter matter of of convenience convenience (and (and

manually. manually. No No bulk bulk samples samples were were taken. taken. The The deposit deposit was was removed removed in in

squares squares and and units, units, sieved sieved through through a a 3mm 3mm mesh mesh sieve sieve and and sorted sorted

level. level. The The deposit deposit was was removed removed according according to to clearly clearly identifiable identifiable

were were placed placed in in paper paper packets packets and and marked marked according according to to square square and and

- 24 24 - . l rn I. I ~ ;l) CD CD 6' m 0 m .. () C 0 f'..l m r en 0 § en m () ;l) 7'

r OJ 0 C en ~ I 0 < m ::n I )> z C)

I. OJ 0 m ::0 0 )> 0 z z C') C> m (J) i) ~ () ~ ;:,_ I m ~ (f) 0

speckled speckled (OSP) (OSP) deposit. deposit. Bedding Bedding Patch Patch 3 3 in in square square C4 C4 and and D4 D4 was was

4), 4), it it had had shifted shifted towards towards the the centre, centre, overlaying overlaying an an orange orange

Due Due to to its its disturbed disturbed nature nature (especially (especially bedding bedding patches patches 1,2 1,2 and and

the the back back of of the the cave, cave, similar similar to to other other small small mountain mountain cave cave sites. sites.

The The bedding bedding from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave forms forms an an arc-like arc-like pattern pattern around around

the the bedding bedding patches patches in in the the deposit deposit was was not not surveyed. surveyed.

deep deep into into the the deposit deposit the the bedding bedding patches patches extend. extend. The The extent extent of of

of of the the whole whole site. site. There There is is no no indication indication in in the the field field notes, notes, how how

disturbed disturbed nature, nature, we we are are not not sure sure whether whether this this is is representative representative

Seven Seven bedding bedding patches patches have have been been described, described, but but due due to to their their

bedding bedding which which might might be be a a factor factor influencing influencing its its preservation. preservation.

charcoal. charcoal. A A substantial substantial amount amount of of termite termite casts casts were were found found in in the the

fibres, fibres, vegetable vegetable remains, remains, twigs, twigs, sticks, sticks, woodshavings, woodshavings, sand sand and and

The The matrix matrix of of the the bedding bedding consists consists more more of of a a mass mass of of uncompacted uncompacted

Cave Cave 'bedding' 'bedding' is is similar similar to to bedding bedding found found at at Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave. Cave.

found found at at De De Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971). 1971). The The Renbaan Renbaan

collected collected did did not not consist consist of of the the thick thick wads wads of of grass grass bedding bedding

Patches Patches might might be be a a misleading misleading description, description, as as the the bedding bedding

Bedding Bedding Units Units (BU) (BU) contains contains mainly mainly Bedding Bedding Patches Patches (BP). (BP). Bedding Bedding

BEDDING BEDDING UNITS UNITS

this this level. level.

Surface Surface Deposits Deposits (SD). (SD). 82 82 cub.m cub.m of of deposit deposit was was excavated excavated from from

association association with with SC. SC. They They are are all all subsumed subsumed under under the the level level

to to them them as as surface surface related related units units because because of of their their stratigraphic stratigraphic

Hearth Hearth in in Brown Brown Sand Sand (HBS) (HBS) and and Brown Brown Sand Sand (BS). (BS). I I have have referred referred

- 25 25 -

identified. identified. They They were were not not stratigraphically stratigraphically separate, separate, but but

Within Within the the bedding bedding unit, unit, an an additional additional nine nine excavation excavation units units were were

the the farmer. farmer.

mixed mixed up up with with the the main main ash ash unit unit when when the the bedding bedding was was disturbed disturbed by by

of of the the bedding bedding became became ashy ashy on on contact contact with with the the main main ash ash unit, unit, or or

1976a). 1976a). Alternatively, Alternatively, it it may may have have been been that that the the inner inner boundary boundary

Ethnographic Ethnographic information information supports supports this this suggestion suggestion (Parkington (Parkington

may may suggest suggest that that the the coals coals were were added added to to the the bedding bedding for for warmth. warmth.

amount amount of of charcoal charcoal in in the the bedding bedding without without any any stratified stratified fires, fires,

bedding bedding with with hot hot coals coals and and more more sand, sand, before before being being slept slept on. on. The The

recognized recognized in in the the excavation. excavation. Sand Sand was was then then thrown thrown on on top top of of the the

in in a a shallow shallow hollow hollow to to form form part part of of a a bed, bed, but but these these were were not not

possible possible that that bedding bedding and and corm corm residue residue with with twigs twigs were were laid laid down down

of of charcoal charcoal interspersing interspersing scatters scatters of of twigs twigs and and grass. grass. It It is is

Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, they they were were mixed mixed with with layers layers of of course course sand sand and and lots lots

possible possible to to lift lift large large wads wads of of bedding bedding out out of of the the hollow, hollow, but but at at

different different from from that that found found at at De De Hangen. Hangen. At At De De Hangen, Hangen, it it was was

The The matrix matrix of of the the bedding bedding at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave is is clearly clearly quite quite

Pretoria. Pretoria. The The fibre fibre was was dated dated to to 1150 1150 + + 50 50 BP BP (PTA-3768). (PTA-3768).

submitted submitted to to the the radiocarbon radiocarbon dating dating laboratory laboratory of of the the CSIR CSIR in in

fibres fibres from from bedding bedding patch patch 3, 3, in in square square D4 D4 at at a a depth depth of of 5cm 5cm was was

was was more more dense dense than than the the other other bedding bedding patches. patches. A A sample sample of of grass grass

out, out, that that these these squares squares contained contained the the undisturbed undisturbed material. material. It It

surface surface sand, sand, it it was was evident evident from from the the tufts tufts of of bedding bedding sticking sticking

considered considered the the only only reliable reliable in-situ in-situ deposit. deposit. After After removing removing the the

- 26 26 -

accumulation accumulation of of fires fires compacted compacted together together to to form form one one level. level. It It is is

A A feature feature of of OSP OSP is is its its lack lack of of stratigraphy.It stratigraphy.It suggest suggest an an

in in the the analysis. analysis.

was was taken taken out out separately separately and and called called Pit Pit Infall Infall (PI) (PI) and and ignored ignored

C2, C2, it it is is truncated truncated by by an an animal animal burrow. burrow. This This disturbed disturbed deposit deposit

approximately approximately 46 46 cm cm in in square square B2, B2, which which is is its its deepest. deepest. In In square square

stop stop at at a a depth depth of of approximately approximately 18cm. 18cm. The The deposit deposit petered petered out out at at

small small hearth - merging merging into into square square C4. C4. OSP OSP in in square square B4 B4 seemed seemed to to

separately. separately. The The bulk bulk of of the the Grey Grey Ash Ash in in square square B4 B4 resembled resembled a a

is is slightly slightly overlain overlain by by a a Grey Grey Ashy Ashy layer layer (GA), (GA), which which was was removed removed

spits spits of of 10cm. 10cm. 30cm 30cm into into the the deposit, deposit, the the deposit deposit petered petered out out and and

B2,B3,B4,C2,C3,D2,D3 B2,B3,B4,C2,C3,D2,D3 and and E3. E3. In In square square B4, B4, OSP OSP was was removed removed in in

fires fires made made roughly roughly in in the the same same place. place. It It extends extends over over squares squares

Speckled Speckled deposit deposit (OSP) (OSP) is is made made up up of of a a heavy heavy concentration concentration of of

orange orange and and grey grey ash ash deposit deposit with with flecks flecks of of charcoal. charcoal. This This Orange Orange

The The inner inner border border of of the the arc arc of of bedding bedding patches patches merged merged into into an an

ASH ASH DEPOSITS DEPOSITS (AD) (AD)

1-7. 1-7. 1,30 1,30 cub.m cub.m of of deposit deposit was was removed removed from from this this layer. layer.

stone stone tool tool composition composition was was clearly clearly similar similar to to Bedding Bedding Patches Patches

Below Below Bedding Bedding Patch Patch 5 5 (P-BPS) (P-BPS) and and Vegetation Vegetation Patch Patch (VP). (VP). the the

which which was was comparable comparable with with IP, IP, Hearth Hearth with with Vegetation Vegetation (HV), (HV), Pit Pit

Iridacea Iridacea Patch Patch with with Charcoal Charcoal (IP), (IP), Bottom Bottom of of Iridacea Iridacea Patch Patch (BIP) (BIP)

Sand Sand with with Fragmented Fragmented Bedding Bedding (BSFB), (BSFB), Hearth Hearth in in Brown Brown Sand Sand (HBS), (HBS),

Brown Brown Sand Sand with with Vegetation Vegetation (BSV), (BSV), fragmented fragmented Bedding Bedding (FB), (FB), Brown Brown

represent represent localized localized and and isolated isolated units. units. These These were were identified identified as as

- 27 27 -

from from the the other other three three l e vels vels and and this this is is visible visible too too in in the the stone stone

a a fairly fairly rich rich deposit. deposit. BL BL is is clearly clearly stratigraphically stratigraphically distinct distinct

artefacts artefacts and and other other cultural cultural remains remains from from this this one one square, square, it it is is

colour colour and and has has a a crumbly crumbly texture. texture. Considering Considering the the amount amount of of

and and possibly possibly an an earlier earlier occupation. occupation. The The deposit deposit is is brown brown in in

on on bedrock. bedrock. It It therefore therefore represents represents the the basal basal layer layer of of the the site site

and and AD. AD. The The unit unit was was excavated excavated in in only only one one square, square, B4 B4 and and rests rests

the the basal basal layer layer deposits, deposits, represents represents a a clear clear break break with with SD, SD, BU BU

Brown Brown sand sand with with charcoal charcoal (BSC) (BSC) which which constitutes constitutes the the majority majority of of

BASAL BASAL UNIT UNIT

(OSP). (OSP).

in in close close stratigraphic stratigraphic association association with with the the main main ash ash deposit deposit

with with Vegetation Vegetation (GAV) (GAV) and and Grey Grey Ash Ash (GA). (GA). These These ashy ashy deposits deposits are are

These These are are : : Grey Grey Brown Brown Sand Sand (GBS), (GBS), Grey Grey Ash Ash Soil Soil (GAS), (GAS), Grey Grey Ash Ash

clos e e association association were were id e ntified ntified and and included included into into this this level. level.

OSP OSP was was clearly clearly homogeneous, homogeneous, but but four four small, small, localised localised units units in in

(PTA (PTA 3783). 3783).

C3 C3 at at a a depth depth of of 30cm 30cm in in OSP OSP and and Radiocarbon Radiocarbon dated dated + + to to 1910 1910 60 60

Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave. Cave. A A sample sample of of charcoa~ charcoa~ was was collected collected from from square square

observation, observation, is is that that O SP SP resembles resembles Unit Unit 3 3 (Orange (Orange Flecked) Flecked) at at

depositional depositional site, site, post post processes processes or or age. age. An An interesting interesting

being being burnt, burnt, an an intensity intensity of of fire fire making making and and occupation occupation at at the the

1971:71).This 1971:71).This difference difference might might reflect reflect the the different different kind kind of of wood wood

ash ash deposit deposit as as at at De De Hangen Hangen ( ( Parkington Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel

a a fairly fairly homogeneous homogeneous unit, unit, but but does does not not display display the the pure pure white white

- 28 28 -

deposit deposit was was removed removed from from this this level. level.

definitely definitely not not contemporary contemporary with with SD, SD, BU BU and and AD, AD, 21 21 cub,m. cub,m. of of

dated dated to to 5430 5430 70 70 _± _± BP BP (PTA (PTA 3766). 3766). This This clearly clearly shows shows that that BL BL is is

collected collected from from square square B4 B4 at at a a depth depth of of 50cm 50cm in in BSC BSC is is radiocarbon radiocarbon

formal formal tool tool component component is is also also very very different. different. A A charcoal charcoal sample sample

visibly visibly larger larger than than those those found found in in the the other other three three levels levels and and the the

frequency frequency and and type type of of stone stone tools tools found. found. The The artefacts artefacts are are

non-association non-association with with the the other other three three layers, layers, is is the the change change in in

tangible tangible feature feature basal basal of of unit unit which which indicates indicates its its

the the first first bedding bedding could could have have been been laid laid down down here. here. Another Another more more

towards towards the the back back walls walls of of the the cave, cave, and and it it looks looks very very much much as as if if

one one unit. unit. This This rich rich brown brown coloured coloured deposit deposit slopes slopes quite quite steeply steeply

No No sub-units sub-units were were visible visible in in BSC BSC and and it it was was therefore therefore removed removed as as

the the earliest earliest occupation. occupation.

BL BL clearly clearly represents represents the the earliest earliest deposit deposit in in the the cave cave and and thus thus

occupation occupation than than BSC, BSC, but but dates dates would would be be needed needed to to confirm confirm this. this.

level. level. It It is is possible possible that that MB MB may may represent represent a a slightly slightly later later

that that from from BSC BSC and and it it was was decided decided to to include include it it as as part part of of this this

Brown Brown (MB). (MB). The The assemblage assemblage represented represented in in this this deposit deposit reflects reflects

mottled mottled deposit deposit which which was was removed removed seperately seperately and and called called Mottled Mottled

Toward Toward the the front front of of square square B4, B4, BSC BSC is is divided divided by by a a light light brown brown

therefore therefore needs needs to to be be closely closely examined. examined.

because because it it represents represents a a clear clear break break from from the the other other levels levels and and

tool tool assemblage. assemblage. Potentially,this Potentially,this deposit deposit is is very very interesting interesting

- 29 29 -

Cape Cape in in order order to to assess assess hunters hunters and and gathrers gathrers adaptive adaptive strategies strategies

from from all all sites sites in in the the southwestern southwestern (and (and southen southen and and eastern) eastern)

from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave that that we we need need as as many many dates dates as as possible, possible, but but

unerstanding unerstanding of of settlement settlement at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. And And it it is is not not only only

non-occupation, non-occupation, and and in in this · · way way gauge gauge a a more more reliable reliable

all all the the units units to to enable enable us us to to locate locate precisely precisely the the periods periods of of

understanding understanding of of the the occupation occupation of of the the site. site. We We need need dates dates from from

Few Few radiocarbon radiocarbon dates dates only only provide provide us us with with a a 'relative' 'relative'

although although the the lithic lithic assemblages assemblages are are almost almost identical. identical.

30cm. 30cm. More More dates dates would would be be needed needed to to confirm confirm its its contemporaneity, contemporaneity,

the the charcoal charcoal sample sample from from square square C3 C3 in in OSP OSP came came from from a a depth depth of of

back back of of the the cave cave from from square square D4 D4 came came from from a a depth depth of of 5cm, 5cm, while while

two two samples samples were were collected. collected. The The sample sample of of grass grass bedding bedding from from the the

levels, levels, BP BP from from OSP. OSP. This This may may be be due due to to the the depth depth at at which which the the

'non-occupation' 'non-occupation' which which separate separate the the apparently apparently complimentary complimentary

shorten shorten the the gap. gap. The The same same is is true true for for the the 760 760 years years of of

3500 3500 years, years, although although it it is is possible possible that that units units dated dated between between may may

basal basal layers layers and and ash ash deposits, deposits, represents represents a a difference difference of of over over

by by periods periods of of non-occupation. non-occupation. The The time time difference difference between between the the

more more plausibly, plausibly, represents represents short short bursts bursts of of occupation occupation seperated seperated

not not to to suggest suggest that that occupation occupation at at Renbaan Renbaan was was continuous, continuous, but but

with with the the earliest earliest date date from from a a charcoal charcoal sample sample from from BL. BL. This This is is

deposits deposits at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave span span a a time time range range of of over over 5000 5000 years, years,

sequence sequence and and the the individual individual dates dates have have been been cited cited above. above. The The

Three Three radiocarbon radiocarbon dates dates are are available available for for the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave

DATING DATING AND AND CORRELATION CORRELATION

- 30 30 -

intermittent intermittent fire fire making. making. We We need need to to question question then then whether whether OSP OSP at at

uncompacted uncompacted and and did did not not suggest suggest continuous continuous fire fire making, making, but but

and and GA GA are are all all more more ashy ashy in in content content than than OSP. OSP. However, However, they they were were

units units which which together together with with OSP,make OSP,make up up AD AD therefore therefore GBS, GBS, GAS,GAV, GAS,GAV,

at at Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave (and (and De De Hangen). Hangen). Those Those floating, floating, ephemeral ephemeral

Renbaan. Renbaan. The The 'MAC' 'MAC' at at Re nbaan nbaan Cave Cave is is thus thus different different from from the the MAC MAC

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave OSP. OSP. Orange Orange Speckled Speckled is is considered considered to to be be the the MAC MAC of of

Charcoal Charcoal Flecked, Flecked, at at Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave structurally structurally resembles resembles

isolated isolated from from a a layer layer called called main main ash ash concentration concentration (MAC). (MAC).

Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. At At Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave, Cave, 'Charcoal 'Charcoal Flecked' Flecked' was was

which which interestingly, interestingly, corresponds corresponds to to OSP OSP (PTA-3783) (PTA-3783) 1910 1910 + + 60BP 60BP at at

50BP, 50BP, from from 'Charcoal 'Charcoal Flecked', Flecked', below below the the main main ash ash concentration, concentration,

Two Two dates dates are are available available from from Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave, Cave, (PTA-2480) (PTA-2480) 1640 1640 + +

occupied occupied much much earlier earlier than than De De Hangen. Hangen.

the the earliest earliest date date at at De De Hangen Hangen and and suggests suggests that that Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave was was

date date from from Renbaan, Renbaan, from from OSP OSP (PTA-3783) (PTA-3783) 1910 1910 + + 60, 60, is is similar similar to to

pre-dates pre-dates the the ash ash and and grass grass layers layers at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. The The later later

(Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971). 1971). This This date, date, interestingly, interestingly,

situated situated the the within within loose loose bedrock bedrock below below the the glass glass layers layers

(PTA-127) (PTA-127) i i 1850 1850 50BP, 50BP, was was from from a a small small lens lens of of ash ash and and charcoal charcoal

from from BP BP at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. The The earliest earliest date date from from De De Hangen Hangen

The The latest latest five five dates dates f r om om De De Hang e n n all all predate predate the the first first date date

two two from from Andriesgrond Andriesgrond and and two two from from Klipfonteinrand Klipfonteinrand (Table (Table 3:1). 3:1).

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave dates dates are are compared compared against against 6 6 dates dates from from De De Hangen, Hangen,

throughout throughout the the Holocene. Holocene.

- 31 31 -

had had removed removed a a substantial substantial amount amount of of deposit deposit from from the the surface surface so so

The The farmer farmer who who owns owns the the land land on on which which Klipfonteinrand Klipfonteinrand is is located, located,

of of occupation, occupation, possibly possibly a a hunting hunting party. party.

Alternatively, Alternatively, BSC BSC at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave may may repesent repesent a a short short 'burst' 'burst'

How How small small is is small small and and when when is is a a site site defined defined as as large? large?

is is also also difficult difficult to to understand understand what what Parkington Parkington means means by by small. small.

occupied occupied a a suitable suitable site site no no matter matter how how large large or or small small it it was. was. It It

seems seems quite quite plausible plausible that that hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer people people would would have have

pattern pattern syndrome. syndrome. Clearly Clearly Renbaan Renbaan refutes refutes this this suggestion. suggestion. It It

question question then then this this suggestion suggestion of of 2000BP 2000BP samll samll cave cave settlement settlement

site, site, but but has has a a depos it it extending extending nearly nearly 5500 5500 years. years. We We need need to to

Pastoralism. Pastoralism. Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave is is a a small small Later Later Stone Stone Age Age mountain mountain

settlement settlement response response by by hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer to to the the introduction introduction of of

that that all all small small cave cave sites sites in in the the mountains mountains post post date date 2000 2000 BP, BP, a a

at at BSC BSC from from Renbaan Renbaan C a ve. ve. Parkington Parkington (1980, (1980, 1983, 1983, 1984a) 1984a) feels feels

BP BP is is dated dated from from spit spit 1 1 and and is is similar similar to to (PTA-3766), (PTA-3766), + + 5430 5430 70BP 70BP

belt, belt, bordering bordering the the semi-desert semi-desert Karoo Karoo zone. zone. (PTA-2475), (PTA-2475), 5570 5570 + + 70 70

a a large large cave, cave, located located on on the the eastward eastward margin margin of of the the Cape Cape fold fold

Two Two dates dates are are availabl e e from from Klipfonteinrand. Klipfonteinrand. Klipfonteinrand Klipfonteinrand is is

'MAC' 'MAC' at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave.

Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave is is separated separated by by nearly nearly 1500 1500 years years from from the the

the the main main ash ash concentration. concentration. If If this this is is so, so, then then the the MAC MAC from from

The The other other date date from from Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave, Cave, (PTA-2482) (PTA-2482) + + 430 430 50BP, 50BP, is is

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave is is the the main main ash ash concentration. concentration.

- 32 32 -

than than De De Hangen. Hangen. The The deposits deposits from from Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave (particularly (particularly

Renba a n n Cave Cave dates dates also also show show that that the the site site was was occupied occupied earlier earlier

reliably reliably confirm confirm this this suggestion. suggestion.

1976a) 1976a) and and Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984). 1984). More More dates dates are are needed needed to to

1 1 also also falls falls within within the the hiatus hiatus at at Elands Elands Bay Bay Cave Cave (Parkington (Parkington

during during this this time. time. The The Klipfonteinrand Klipfonteinrand 5570 5570 + + 70 70 BP BP date date from from spit spit

the the suggestion suggestion that that the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains mountains were were occupied occupied

(BL) (BL) at at Renbaan Renbaan cave cave falls falls within within the the hiatus hiatus and and adds adds credence credence to to

Cape Cape fold fold belt belt plant plant and and animals. animals. The The date date for for the the basal basal level level

to to these these circumstances circumstances by by intensifying intensifying their their exploitation exploitation of of the the

hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer settlement settlement and and that that prehistoric prehistoric people people responded responded

Sandveld Sandveld would would therefore therefore have have not not been been attractive attractive zones zones for for

two two to to three three metres metres higher higher than than it it does does today. today. The The coast coast and and

considerably considerably more more arid arid than than today today and and that that the the sea sea level level stood stood

BP BP - 4000 4000 BP, BP, conditions conditions at at this this part part of of the the West West coast coast were were

1976a) 1976a) and and Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984). 1984). It It is is felt felt that that from from 8000 8000

falls falls clearly clearly within within the the hiatus hiatus at at Elands Elands Bay Bay Cave Cave (Parkington (Parkington

and and compares compares them. them. The The 5430 5430 + + 70 70 BP BP date date from from the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave

relation relation to to three three dated dated sites sites in in the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains, mountains,

This This section section has has considered considered the the dates dates from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave in in

at at Renbaan Renbaan cave. cave.

below below the the surface surface and and in in time time is is intermediary intermediary between between BSC BSC and and OSP OSP

60 60 BP BP is is dated dated from from a a human human skeleton skeleton in in Brown Brown Sandy Sandy Soil Soil just just

years years of of late late Holocene Holocene deposit deposit was was destroyed. destroyed. (PTA-1642) (PTA-1642) 3540 3540 + +

that that he he could could keep keep his his sheep sheep in in the the cave. cave. Possibly Possibly the the last last 3000 3000

- 33 33 - - 34 -

'Charcoal Flecked'), forces us to question the stratigraphic associations between the 'sleeping area' and the 'cooking area' at Renbaah Cave. The structural differences between OSP at

Renbaan Cave and Main Ash Concentration at De Hangen has also been considered earlier and Klipfonteinrand, a large cave site in the Cape fold belt, reveals a dated assemblance to Renbaan Cave, a small cave site, especially the ·earliest date. Parkington's suggestion that small cave sites were only occupied after 2000 as a response to the introduction of pastoralism is also questioned.

Finally, a plausible explanation of possibly most cave/shelter sites in the southwestern, southern and eastern Cape, is that they represent short bursts of occupation rather than continuous occupation.

PTA-1642 PTA-1642 3540 3540 + + 60 60 Charcoal Charcoal Brown Brown Sandy Sandy Soil Soil

PTA-2475 PTA-2475 5570 5570 + + 70 70 Human Human Bone Bone Spit Spit 1 1

Lab.No: Lab.No: Date Date BP: BP: Material: Material: Levels: Levels:

KLIPFONTEINRAND KLIPFONTEINRAND

so so PTA-2482 PTA-2482 430 430 + + Charcoal Charcoal Main Main Ash Ash Concentration Concentration

so so PTA-2480 PTA-2480 1640 1640 + + Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Charcoal Flecked Flecked

Lab.No: Lab.No: Date Date BP: BP: Material: Material: Levels: Levels:

ANDRIESGROND ANDRIESGROND CAVE CAVE

PTA-346 PTA-346 390 390 + + 45 45 Grass Grass Bedding Bedding Grass Grass Layer Layer · ·

PTA-126 PTA-126 350 350 Charcoal Charcoal Main Main Ash Ash Concentration Concentration

PTA-188 PTA-188 458 458 + + 45 45 Charcoal Charcoal Main Main Ash Ash Concentration Concentration

so so PTA-167 PTA-167 90 90 + + Charcoal Charcoal Grass Grass Layer Layer

PTA-125 PTA-125 380 380 + + 45 45 Charcoal Charcoal Main Main Ash Ash Concentration Concentration

so so PTA-127 PTA-127 1850 1850 + + Charcoal Charcoal Hearth Hearth Above Above Bedrock Bedrock

Lab.No: Lab.No: Date Date BP: BP: Material: Material: Levels: Levels:

DE DE HANGEN HANGEN

PTA-3766 PTA-3766 5430 5430 + + 70 70 Charcoal Charcoal Brown Brown Sand Sand with with Charcoal Charcoal

PTA-3783 PTA-3783 1910 + + . . 60 60 Charcoal Charcoal Orange Orange Speckled Speckled

so so + + 1150 1150 PTA-3768 PTA-3768 Grass Grass Bedding Bedding Bedding Bedding Patch Patch

Lab.No: Lab.No: Date Date Material: Material: BP: BP: Levels: Levels:

RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE

Cave Cave and and Klipfonteinrand. Klipfonteinrand.

Radiocarbon Radiocarbon determinations determinations from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, De De Hangen, Hangen, Andriesgrond Andriesgrond

TABLE TABLE 3:1 3:1

material material component component of of the the artefact artefact cl a sses. sses.

within within the the raw raw material material categories categories and and Figure Figure 8:2 8:2 the the raw raw

categories. categories. Figure Figure 8:1 8:1 illustrates illustrates the the utilization utilization tendencies tendencies

Table Table 4:1 4:1 depicts depicts the the stone stone tool tool classes classes and and raw raw mat e rial rial

SURFACE SURFACE DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

each each level level in in the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave excavation. excavation.

illustrates illustrates the the percentage percentage frequency frequency of of formal formal tool tool types types from from

respective respective levels levels is is depicted depicted in in Figure Figure 7:3. 7:3. Figure Figure 7:4-7:7 7:4-7:7

level. level. each each The The frequency frequency of of formal formal tool tool types types from from the the

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave and and Figure Figure 7:2, 7:2, the the raw raw material material frequencies frequencies from from

Figure Figure 7:1 7:1 represents represents the the overall overall raw raw material material frequencies frequencies from from

perspective. perspective.

described described seperately seperately and and compared compared - thus thus placing placing the the levels levels into into

(BU), (BU), Ash Ash Deposits Deposits (AD)" (AD)" and and Basal Basal Unit Unit (BL). (BL). Each Each will will be be

four four levels levels are are identified: identified: Surface Surface Deposits Deposits (SD), (SD), Bedding Bedding Units Units

from from the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave excavation excavation is is presented. presented. In In the the analysi - s, s,

this this chapter chapter a a description description and and analysis analysis of of the the lithic lithic assemblage assemblage

discussions discussions of of the the results results will will be be presented presented in in Chapter Chapter Five. Five. In In

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave has has been been subjected subjected to to detailed detailed metrical metrical analysis analysis and and

It It should should be be noted noted at at the the outset, outset, that that the the lithic lithic assemblage assemblage from from

A. A. THE THE STONE STONE TOOL TOOL ASSEMBLAGE ASSEMBLAGE

CULTURAL CULTURAL MATERIAL MATERIAL FROM FROM RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE

CHAPTER CHAPTER FOUR FOUR

- 35 35 -

E = = E QTZ QTZ - 63 % % (n = 1 894) 894)

D = = D SIL SIL - 25 % % (n=755 ) )

C = = C CCS CCS - 6% 6% (n= 1 66 ) )

B = = B QZ QZ - 3 , 2 % % ( n =96 ) )

A= A= !IFS !IFS - 2 , 5 % % (n=74 ) )

KEY : :

FIGURE FIGURE 7:1 7:1 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: RAW RAW MAT ERI AL AL FREQUENCIES FREQUENCIES

E E = = E = = E QTZ QTZ QTZ QTZ - - 59 ,3 %(n=330) %(n=330) 44 % % (n=96) (n=96)

D = = D SIL SIL - 30,3%(n=169) 30,3%(n=169) D D = = SIL SIL - 31 % % (n=68) (n=68)

C = = C CCS CCS - (n=32) (n=32) 5,8% 5,8% = C · · CCS CCS - 4,5% 4,5% (n=10) (n=10)

- - 2,5% 2,5% (n=14) (n=14) B = = B B = = B QZ QZ QZ QZ 13,6 % % (n=30) (n=30)

A = = HFS HFS - 2% 2% A= A= HFS HFS - ( ( n=l n=l 1) 1) 6,8 % % (n=15) (n=15)

KEY : : UNIT UNIT 3 3 KEY : : UNIT UNIT 4 4

E E

E = = E Q TZ TZ - 64 % % (n=753) (n=753) E E = = QTZ QTZ - 68% 68% (n=71 5) 5)

D = = D SIL SIL - 25 ,9 % (n=306) (n=306) D = = D SIL SIL - 22 ,2 % (n =233) =233)

C = = C CCS CCS - 6 , 3 % % (n=75) (n=75) C C = = CCS CCS - 4,6 % % (n=49) (n=49)

- B = = B

QZ QZ (n=22) (n=22) 8 % % B = = B QZ QZ 2 , 8% 8% (n =30) =30) , , t t

A= A= HFS HFS - 2 , 1 1 , % % (n = 26) 26) A= A= HFS HFS - 2% 2% (n=22) (n=22)

KEY : : UNIT UNIT 1 1 KEY: KEY: UNIT UNIT 2 2

E E E E

D D

FOR FOR EACH EACH UNIT UNIT

FIGURE FIGURE 7:2 7:2 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL FREQUENCIES FREQUENCIES

C C SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 40% 40% = = C C SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 72,7 % % = =

B B = = MRP MRP 31,4% 31,4% B B ADZES ADZES 1 8 ,1 % % = =

A= A= ADZES ADZES 28,5% 28,5% 9 % % A= A= SEGMENT SEGMENT

KEY: KEY: UNIT UNIT 3 3 (n=35) (n=35) KEY: KEY: UNIT UNIT 4 4 (n = 11) 11)

B B

C C

A A

E E = = ADZES ADZES 40,3 % %

D = = D ADZES ADZES 45 % % D D = = SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 36,5% 36,5%

C C = = SCRAPE RS RS 34,3% 34,3% C C = = MRP MRP 21 21 , 1 1 , % %

B = = B MRP MRP 19,7 % % B = = B AWL AWL 0,96% 0,96%

A= A= BACKED BACKED POINT POINT 1 1 % % A= A= DRILL DRILL 0,96% 0,96%

KEY: KEY: UNIT UNIT 1 1 (n=96) (n=96) KEY: KEY: UNIT UNIT 2 2 (n=104) (n=104)

E E

C C

FOR FOR EACH EACH UNIT UNIT

FIGURE FIGURE 7:3 7:3 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: FORMAL FORMAL TOOL TOOL FREQUENCIES FREQUENCIES

TOTAL TOTAL 175 175

D D U/L U/L GRINDSTONE GRINDSTONE 2 2 1, 1, 1 1 % %

HAMMERST 0 0 O NE NE

D D

RICE RICE G RAIN RAIN 5 5 CORES CORES 2,9 % %

0 0

BIPOLAR BIPOLAR C O RES RES 1 1 0, 0, 6 % %

D D

IRREGULAR IRREGULAR CORES CORES 7 7 4 % %

I I

I I OUTILS OUTILS 22 22 ECAILLES ECAILLES 12, 12, 6 % %

UTILIZED UTILIZED FLAKES FLAKES 34 34 19,4 % %

BACKED BACKED 0 0 PO INT INT

SEGMENTS SEGMENTS 0 0

DRILL DRILL D D 1 1 o, o, 6 % %

0 0 AWLS AWLS 1 1 0,6% 0,6%

I I

. 23 23 MRP MRP 13, 13, 1 1 % %

I I ELONGATED ELONGATED 20 20 SCRAPERS SCRAPERS ]11,4% ]11,4%

I I I I

CONVEX CONVEX 18 18 SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 10,2% 10,2%

41' 41' ADZES ADZES 23 % %

FORMAL/UTILIZED FORMAL/UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS n n FREQUENCY FREQUENCY OF OF FORMAL/UTILIZED FORMAL/UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS (%) (%)

OF OF FORMAL FORMAL TOOL TOOL IN IN SD SD

FIGURE FIGURE 7:4 7:4 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

TOTAL TOTAL 164 164

U / L L GRINDSTONE GRINDSTONE

D D 3 3

,8 % % 1 1

HAMMERSTONE HAMMERSTONE 0 0

0, 0, 6 % %

RICE RICE GRAIN GRAIN CORES CORES 9 9

05,5 % %

BIPOLAR BIPOLAR CORES CORES 2 2 D D

1, 1, 2 % %

IRREGULAR IRREGULAR CORES CORES 6 6 D D

3 ,7 % %

OUTILS OUTILS ECAILLES ECAILLES 15 15

9,2 % %

UTILIZED UTILIZED FLAKES FLAKES 32 32

19,7 % %

BACKED BACKED POINT POINT

o o a, a, 6% 6%

SEGMENTS SEGMENTS 0 0

DRILLS DRILLS 0 0

AWLS AWLS · O O

MRP MRP

19 19

11 11 , 7 7 , % %

ELONGATED ELONGATED SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 14 14

8,6% 8,6%

CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 19 19

11, 11, 7% 7%

ADZES ADZES 43 43

26,5 % %

fORMAL/UTILIZED fORMAL/UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS n n FREQUENCY FREQUENCY OF OF FORMAL / UTILIZED UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS ( % ) )

OF OF FORMAL FORMAL TOOLS TOOLS IN IN BU BU

FIGURE FIGURE 7:5 7:5 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

TOTAL TOTAL 81 81

U/L U/L GRINDSTONE GRINDSTONE 0 0

HAMMERSTONE HAMMERSTONE D D 1 1 1, 1, 2% 2%

I I

RICE RICE GRAIN GRAIN CORES CORES 7 7 I I a , , 6% 6%

D D BIPOLAR BIPOLAR CORES CORES

3 3 3 ,7 % %

D D IRREGULAR IRREGULAR CORES CORES

2 2 2,5 % %

I I OUTIL OUTIL ECAILLES ECAILLES

6 6

I I 7, 7, 4 % %

UTILIZED UTILIZED FLAKES FLAKES 26 26

32 % %

BACKED BACKED POINT POINT D D 1 1 1, 1, 2 % %

SEGMENTS SEGMENTS 0 0

DRILLS DRILLS 0 0

AWLS AWLS o · ·

l l MRP MRP

11 11 I I 13, 6% 6%

D D

EL ONGATE D D SCRAPERS SCRAPERS

4 4

4,9 % %

CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 10 10

I I 12,3 % %

I I ADZES ADZES I I

10 10

12,3 % %

FORMAL /UT ILIZED ILIZED TOOLS TOOLS n n FREQUENCY FREQUENCY OF OF FORMAL/UTILIZED FORMAL/UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS (%) (%)

OF OF FORMAL FORMAL TOOLS TOOLS IN IN AD AD

FIGURE FIGURE 7:6 7:6 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

TOTl\L TOTl\L 33 33

U/L U/L GRINDSTONE GRINDSTONE 0 0

HAMMERST O NE NE 0 0

RICE RICE GRA IN IN CO RES RES 0 0

BIPOLAR BIPOLAR C OR ES ES 0 0

IRREG U LAR LAR C O RES RES 3 3

[ [ I I 9 % %

D D

OUTILS OUTILS EC A ILLES ILLES 3 % %

1 1

UTILIZED UTILIZED FL A KES KES 18 18

I I 55 % %

BACKED BACKED POINT POINT 0 0

D D SEGME N TS TS

3 % %

DRILLS DRILLS 0 0

AWLS AWLS 0 0

MRP MRP 0 0

ELONGATED ELONGATED SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 0 0

CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPERS SCRAPERS 8 8

24, 24, 2% 2%

ADZES ADZES 2 2 06 . % %

FORMAL/UTILIZED FORMAL/UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS n n FREQUENCY FREQUENCY OF OF FORMAL/UTILIZED FORMAL/UTILIZED TOOLS TOOLS { % ) ) % {

OF OF FORMAL FORMAL TOOLS TOOLS IN IN BL BL

FIGURE FIGURE 7:7 7:7 RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE: CAVE: PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY

dominance dominance of of quartz quartz in in the the assemblage, assemblage, there there is is a a definite definite

unavailability unavailability of of preferred preferred raw raw materials. materials. However, However, despite despite the the

use use of of quartz, quartz, they they argue, argue, is is a a response response to to the the relative relative

material material boundries boundries play play in in the the manufacture manufacture of of stone stone tools. tools. The The

Binford Binford and and Sabloff Sabloff (1982) (1982) have have recognised recognised the the role role that that raw raw

(1.95%) (1.95%) hornfels. hornfels.

233 233 (22.7%) (22.7%) silcrete, silcrete, 61 61 (5.95%) (5.95%) CCS, CCS, 18 18 (1.75%) (1.75%) quartzite quartzite and and 20 20

formal formal classes. classes. Out Out of of 1025 1025 waste waste pieces, pieces, 703 703 (68%) (68%) are are quartz, quartz,

Together Together quartz quartz and and silcrete silcrete dominate dominate the the waste, waste, utilized utilized and and

Quartz Quartz is is readily readily available available in in the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains. mountains.

(16.3%) (16.3%) CCS, CCS, 3 3 (6.1%) (6.1%) quartzite quartzite and and 2 2 (4.08%) (4.08%) are are hornfels. hornfels.

utilized utilized pieces,22 pieces,22 (44.8%) (44.8%) are are quartz, quartz, 15 15 (30.6%) (30.6%) are are silcrete, silcrete, 8 8

CCS, CCS, 1(1%) 1(1%) in in quartzite quartzite and and 5 5 (5.2%) (5.2%) in in hornfels. hornfels. Of Of the the 42 42

58 58 (60.4%) (60.4%) are are in in silcrete, silcrete, 26 26 (27%) (27%) are are in in quartz, quartz, 6 6 (6.25%) (6.25%) in in

pieces pieces where where quartz quartz dominates. dominates. Out Out of of 96 96 formal formal tools tools in in Level Level 1, 1,

emphasis emphasis on on silcrete silcrete for for formal formal tools, tools, but but less less so so for for utilized utilized

materials materials in in each each artefact artefact class. class. There There is is now now a a pronounced pronounced

silcrete silcrete is is markedly markedly reversed reversed when when we we examine examine the the use use of of the the

quartz. quartz. The The large large discrepancy, discrepancy, nearly nearly 40% 40% between between quartz quartz and and

quartz quartz and and silcrete, silcrete, but but with with a a definite definite inclination inclination towards towards

hornfels hornfels 2.2%. 2.2%. The The level level is is therefore therefore overwhelmingly overwhelmingly dominated dominated by by

comprises comprises 63.6%, 63.6%, silcrete silcrete 25.9%, 25.9%, CCS CCS 6.3%, 6.3%, quartzite quartzite 1.8% 1.8% and and

Cave Cave excavations excavations comes comes from from SD. SD. Within Within this this level, level, quartz quartz

The The majority majority of of the the stone stone pieces, pieces, 1182 1182 (39.3%) (39.3%) from from the the Renbaan Renbaan

- 36 36 -

material. material. This This observation observation prevails prevails in in levels levels 1,2 1,2 and and 3. 3.

Scrapers Scrapers therefore therefore seemed seemed to to be be made made in in a a preferrential preferrential raw raw

scrapers scrapers in in silcrete silcrete including including some some in in CCS, CCS, quartz quartz and and hornfels. hornfels.

elongated elongated scrapers scrapers are are made made in in quartz quartz and and almost almost all all convex convex

and and convex convex scrapers. scrapers. Further Further observation observation revealed revealed that that all all

In In appendix appendix II, II, a a distinction distinction is is made made between between elongated elongated scrapers scrapers

quartz quartz rock rock crystal. crystal.

are are made made in in hornfels. hornfels. One One backed backed point point is is made made in in fine-grained fine-grained

quartzite quartzite formal formal tool tool which which is is an an adze. adze. Two Two adzes adzes and and one one scraper scraper

in in quartz. quartz. There There are are 3 3 CCS CCS adzes adzes and and 1 1 scraper. scraper. There There is is only only 1 1

scrapers. scrapers. Adzes Adzes are are preferentially preferentially made made in in silcrete silcrete and and scrapers scrapers

formal formal tool tool class class in in level level 1. 1. There There are are 41 41 adzes adzes opposed opposed to to 38 38

tools, tools, 22 22 are are scrapers scrapers and and 1 1 is is an an adze. adze. Adzes Adzes dominate dominate the the

tools, tools, 36 36 are are adzes adzes and and 9 9 are are scrapers. scrapers. Of Of the the 26 26 formal formal quartz quartz

made made from from the the different different raw raw matrials. matrials. Of Of the the 58 58 silcrete silcrete formal formal

In In level level 1, 1, there there is is a a distinct distinct pattern pattern in in the the kinds kinds of of tools tools

classes classes in in all all four four levels. levels.

assemblage assemblage from from the the excavation. excavation. Qua~tz Qua~tz also also dominates dominates the the waste waste

assemblage assemblage from from level level 1, 1, is is reflected reflected in in the the total total lithic lithic

The The emphasis emphasis on on quartz quartz a s s the the dominant dominant raw raw material material in in the the lithic lithic

manufacture. manufacture.

predictably predictably conchoidal conchoidal fracture fracture makes makes it it ideal ideal for for stone stone tool tool

preference preference use use of of for for silcrete silcrete the the in in formal formal tools, tools, whose whose

- 37 37 -

Total Total 753 753 306 306 75 75 22 22 26 26 1182 1182

Chunks Chunks 33 33 17 17 1 1 1 1 2 2 54 54

Chips Chips 89 89 447 447 20 20 3 3 7 7 566 566

Bladelets Bladelets 9 9 22 22 0 0 4 4 0 0 35 35

Broken Broken Flakes Flakes 80 80 19 19 114 114 6 6 10 10 229 229

Flakes Flakes 78 78 34 34 14 14 4 4 4 4 134 134

Uil. Uil. Grindstone Grindstone 0 0 2 1 1 2 0 0 3 3 0 0

Hammerstone Hammerstone 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Cores Cores 9 9 3 3 4 4 0 0 1 1 17 17

Pieces Pieces Esquillees Esquillees 3 3 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 15

Utilized Utilized Flakes Flakes 11 11 8 2 2 8 10 10 1 1 32 32

Drills Drills 0 0 0 0 0 0 · O O 0 0 0 0

Awls Awls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Segments Segments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Backed Backed Points Points 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

13 13 MRP's MRP's 2 2 2 2 19 19 0 0 2 2

Adzes Adzes 3 3 1 1 36 36 1 2 2 1 43 43

9 9 Scrapers Scrapers 22 22 1 1 0 0 1 1 33 33

QUARTZ QUARTZ SILCRETE SILCRETE CCS CCS QUARTZITE QUARTZITE HORNFELS HORNFELS TOTAL TOTAL

CATEGORIES CATEGORIES IN IN SURFACE SURFACE DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

TABLE TABLE 4:1 4:1 STONE STONE TOOL TOOL CLASSES CLASSES AND AND RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL

QZ QZ HFS HFS

w w UT UT UT UT FT FT w w FT FT

0 0

10 10

20 20

TOOLS TOOLS - FT= FT= FORMAL FORMAL

• •

MY!'l11 MY!'l11 •

I I 30 30 UT UT UTILIZED UTILIZED = =

W W = = WASTE WASTE

40J 40J

% % KEY: KEY:

50 50

60 60

70 70

80 80

I I n=26 n=26

n=22 n=22

I I 90 90

100 100

SIL SIL ccs ccs QTZ . .

UT UT w w w w UT UT Iv Iv FT FT UT UT FT FT FT FT

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

50 50

60 60 • •

I I 70

n=306 n=306 80 80

n=75 n=75

90 90

n=753 n=753

100 100

CATEGORIES CATEGORIES IN IN SD SD

FIGURE FIGURE 8:1 8:1 UTILIZATION UTILIZATION TENDENCIES TENDENCIES WITHIN WITHIN RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL

UT ILI ZED ZED WA STE STE

ccs ccs Q T Z Z c cs cs S I L L QZ QZ IIF'S IIF'S Q TZ TZ SIL SIL QZ QZ !IFS !IFS

0 0 ------

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

n = 49 49

501 501

60 60

rj rj

n= 1 035 035

8 0 0

90 90

100 100

TO T AL AL PIECES PIECES F0R.."1AL F0R.."1AL

c cs cs Q T Z Z SIL SIL QZ QZ HFS HFS ccs ccs QTZ QTZ SIL SIL QZ QZ HFS HFS

0 0

10 10

20 20

3 3

40 40

·o ·o ~ ~

50 50

60 60

n=96 n=96

n = 11 8 0 0

I I

7 0 0

80 80

9 0 0

100 100

CLASSES CLASSES IN IN SD SD

FIGURE FIGURE 8:2 8:2 RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL COMPON EN TS TS OF OF ARTEFACT ARTEFACT

categories categories in in Level Level 2. 2. Figure Figure 9:1 9:1 depicts depicts the the utilization utilization

Table Table 4:2 4:2 depicts depicts the the stone stone tool tool classes classes and and raw raw material material

BEDDING BEDDING UNIT UNIT

bi-polar bi-polar flaking. flaking.

White White 1968). 1968). Pieces Pieces esquilees esquilees are are probably probably the the products products of of

attempts attempts to to remove remove more more bladelets bladelets from from a a core core (Vanderwal (Vanderwal 1977, 1977,

rice-grained rice-grained cores cores suggest suggest that that they they may may be be the the result result of of final final

and and the the close close association association between between them them and and quartz quartz bi-polar bi-polar and and

esquilees esquilees are are visibly visibly dominated dominated by by quartz quartz in in the the total total assemblage assemblage

(80%) (80%) quartz quartz pieces pieces esquilees esquilees and and 3 3 (20%) (20%) silcrete. silcrete. Pieces Pieces

relatively relatively insignificant. insignificant. The The rest rest of of the the utilized utilized pieces, pieces, 12 12

CCS, CCS, 2 2 quartzite quartzite and and 1 1 hornfels. hornfels. Quartzite Quartzite and and hornfels hornfels are are

Out Out of of 32 32 utilized utilized flakes, flakes, 10 10 are are quartz, quartz, 11 11 are are silcrete, silcrete, 8 8 are are

the the formal formal tool tool category. category. Quartz, Quartz, silcrete silcrete (CCS) (CCS) are are dominant. dominant.

In In the the utilized utilized flake flake category, category, the the same same pattern pattern emerges emerges as as in in

MRP's. MRP's.

difference difference between between silcrete silcrete MRP's MRP's and and quartz, quartz, CCS CCS and and hornfels hornfels

is is hornfels. hornfels. There There therefore therefore significant significant a a proportional proportional

silcrete, silcrete, 2 2 (10.5%) (10.5%) in in quartz, quartz, 2 2 (10.5%) (10.5%) in in CCS CCS and and 2 2 (10.5%) (10.5%) in in

There There are are 19 19 miscellaneous miscellaneous retouched retouched pieces pieces (MRP), (MRP), 13 13 (68%) (68%) in in

scraper. scraper.

particular particular type type of of raw raw material material to to make make a a particular particular type type of of

Prehistoric Prehistoric stone stone tool tool makers makers therefore therefore seemed seemed to to prefer prefer a a

- 38 38 -

two two in in level level 1. 1. There There are are 2 2 hornfels hornfels MRP's MRP's in in level level 1, 1, where where

level level 1. 1. Twelve Twelve are are in in silcrete silcrete and and six six in in CCS CCS opposed opposed to to 13 13 and and

minor minor differences. differences. There There are are 5 5 quartz quartz MRP's MRP's opposed opposed to to two two in in

In In level level 2, 2, the the MRP MRP class class is is very very similar similar to to level level 1, 1, with with some some

in in quartz. quartz.

prevails prevails in in level level 2. 2. Adzes Adzes are are preferred preferred in in silcrete silcrete and and scrapers scrapers

pattern pattern in in silcrete silcrete and and quartz quartz formal formal tools tools described described in in level level 1, 1,

and and 3(7.8%) 3(7.8%) silcrete. silcrete. Twenty Twenty are are elongated elongated quartz quartz scrapers. scrapers. The The

1 1 (2.4%) (2.4%) in in hornfels. hornfels. Out Out of of 38 38 scrapers, scrapers, 35 35 (92%) (92%) are are in in quartz quartz

36 36 (87.8%) (87.8%) are are silcrete, silcrete, 2 2 (4.8%) (4.8%) in in quartz, quartz, 2 2 (4.8%) (4.8%) in in CCS CCS and and

Adzes Adzes dominate dominate the the formal formal tool tool class class in in level level 2. 2. Out Out of of 41 41 adzes, adzes,

30 30 (2.8%) (2.8%) and and hornfels hornfels 2 2 (2%). (2%).

of of the the assemblage, assemblage, silcrete silcrete 233 233 (22.2%), (22.2%), CCS CCS 49 49 (4.6%), (4.6%), quartzite quartzite

similar. similar. In In this this level level quartz quartz constitutes constitutes 715 715 pieces, pieces, which which is is 8% 8%

by by 13 13 and and silcrete silcrete scrapers scrapers by by 6. 6. Adze Adze frequencies frequencies are are markedly markedly

however, however, a a few few noticeable noticeable differences. differences. Quartz Quartz scrapers scrapers increase increase

that that the the two two levels levels are are complimentary complimentary and and contemporary. contemporary. There There are are

Level Level 2 2 reflects reflects a a similar similar pattern pattern to to level level 1, 1, which which may may suggest suggest

of of the the total total assemblage. assemblage.

tools tools from from the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave excavation, excavation, 1049 1049 pieces, pieces, which which is is 34% 34%

classes. classes. Level Level 2 2 comprises comprises the the second second highest highest amount amount of of stone stone

Figure Figure 9:2 9:2 the the different different raw raw material material components components of of the the artefact artefact

tendencies tendencies within within the the respective respective raw raw material material categories categories and and

- 39 39 -

similar similar to to level level 1. 1.

some some anomalies anomalies in in the the utilized utilized class, class, the the assemblage assemblage is is very very

Scrapers Scrapers are are preferred preferred in in quartz quartz and and adzes adzes in in silcrete. silcrete. Despite Despite

quantitavely quantitavely and and in in the the utilized utilized and and formal formal tool tool classes. classes.

Level Level 2 2 like like level level 1, 1, is is dominated dominated by by quartz quartz and and silcrete, silcrete, both both

level level 1, 1, quartz quartz comprises comprises 80% 80% of of the the pi e ces ces esquilees. esquilees.

opposed opposed to to 12 12 quartz quartz and and 3 3 silcrete silcrete in in level level 1. 1. In In level level 2 2 and and

quartz quartz and and 1 1 each each of of silcrete, silcrete, CCS, CCS, quartzite quartzite and and hornfels hornfels

esquilees esquilees in in level level 2 2 as as opposed opposed to to level level 1. 1. In In level level 2, 2, 18 18 are are

There There is is a a significant significant difference difference in in the the number number of of pieces pieces

flakes flakes and and only only 1 1 in in level level 1. 1.

2 2 and and two two in in level level 1. 1. In In level level 2 2 there there are are 3 3 utilized utilized hornfels hornfels

are are 3 3 in in level level 2 2 and and 8 8 in in level level 1. 1. Four Four are are in in quartzite quartzite in in level level

there there is is a a significant significant difference difference in in CCS CCS utilized utilized flakes. flakes. There There

utilized utilized flakes flakes in in level level 2 2 opposed opposed to to 11 11 in in level level 1. 1. However, However,

flakes flakes in in level level 2 2 and and 10 10 in in level level 1. 1. There There are are 14 14 silcrete silcrete

sub-types sub-types are are similar similar to to level level 1. 1. There There are are 10 10 quartz quartz utilized utilized

In In the the utilized utilized flake flake class class in in level level 2, 2, the the proportions proportions of of

awl awl and and one one hornfels hornfels awl. awl.

1 1 or or 2. 2. The The rest rest of of the the formal formal tools tools in in level level 2 2 are are 1 1 silcrete silcrete

there there are are none none in in level level 2. 2. There There are are no no quartzite quartzite MRP's MRP's in in level level

- 40 40 -

Total Total 715 715 233 233 49 49 30 30 22 22 1049 1049

Chunks Chunks 36 36 10 10 1 1 4 1 1 4 52 52

Chips Chips 311 311 35 35 5 0 0 5 2 2 35 3 3

Bladelets Bladelets 29 29 4 4 10 10 1 1 1 1 45 45

Broken Broken Flakes Flakes 173 173 60 60 14 14 7 7 10 10 264 264

Flakes Flakes 86 86 55 55 6 6 11 11 2 2 160 160

Uil. Uil. Grindstone Grindstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2

Hammerstone Hammerstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cores Cores 10 10 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 13 13

Pieces Pieces Esquilees Esquilees 18 18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 22

Utilized Utilized Flakes Flakes 10 10 3 3 14 14 3 3 4 4 34 34

Drills Drills 0 0 0 0 0 0 · o o 1 1 1 1

Awl Awl 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1

Segments Segments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Backed Backed Points Points 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MRP's MRP's 5 5 12 12 6 6 0 0 0 0 23 23

Adzes Adzes 2 2 36 36 2 2 1 1 0 0 41 41

Scrapers Scrapers 35 35 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 38 38

QUARTZ QUARTZ SILCRE TE TE CCS CCS QUARTZITE QUARTZITE HORNFELS HORNFELS TOTAL TOTAL

CATEGORIES CATEGORIES IN IN BEDDING BEDDING UNITS UNITS

TABLE TABLE 4:2 4:2 STONE STONE TOOL TOOL CLASSES CLASSES A N D D RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL

HFS HFS QZ QZ

w w UT UT UT UT w w FT FT

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

11 11 II II

40 40

FT = = FORMAL FORMAL T O OLS OLS

1 1

50 50 % %

UT= UT= UTILIZED UTILIZED

W W - WASTE WASTE = =

KEY : : 60 60 ~ ~ J J

70 70

1 1

n =22 =22

n=30 n=30 80

90 · ·

100 100

Q T Z Z ccs ccs SIL SIL

w w U T T w w w w F T T U T T FT FT UT UT FT FT

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

50 50

60 60

- 70 70

n - = 233 233

n=4 9 9

80 80 ~ ~

I I

90 90

n=71 5 5

100 100

MATERIAL MATERIAL CATEGORIES CATEGORIES I N N BU BU

UTILIZATION UTILIZATION TENDENCI E S S WITIIIN WITIIIN RAW RAW FIGURE FIGURE 9:1 9:1

UTILI Z ED ED W l\STE l\STE

ccs ccs QTZ QTZ ccs ccs SIL SIL QZ QZ IIFS IIFS SIL SIL Q TZ TZ HFS HFS Q7, Q7,

- 0 0

1 0 0

20 20

30 30

4 0 0

% %

50 50

60 60

70 70

1 1

80 80

n =88 7 7

90 90

1 00 00

TOTJ\L TOTJ\L PIECES PIECES F OR MAL MAL

ccs ccs SIL SIL QTZ QTZ Q Z Z !IFS !IFS ccs ccs SIL SIL Q T Z Z l!F S S

0 0 ~ffi.~~~!<'(.1-,·.:1i,·~11 ~ffi.~~~!<'(.1-,·.:1i,·~11 ~; ~;

>i~°H'f{\ >i~°H'f{\ l, l, : : ,1s;, ,1s;, ·.~;,:I:,;•.;..,,. ·.~;,:I:,;•.;..,,.

l l ·,, ·,, "'~-" "'~-" ...... - •.. •.. .,.,. .,.,. .. ..

!,~g. !,~g.

r~/~ r~/~ ,,": ,,":

}fi;~t!~ }fi;~t!~

<:~ti, <:~ti, 't'.'f'#;I]"" 't'.'f'#;I]"" : :

7 7 i i

1 0 0

n:it"' n:it"' :,.}.~:fiof :,.}.~:fiof ;~;; ;~;;

.~. .~. ,~ ,~ ...... k·td.:.l. k·td.:.l. .,J~ .,J~ ,:'A · ''* ''* ...... l l

~~;,rflf~•~I,·~\,~· ~~;,rflf~•~I,·~\,~·

20 20

""J.c:~1<:1 ""J.c:~1<:1 ...... ·, ·,

1/'1 1/'1

J y,.{,..~, y,.{,..~,

'.,b.s~,.. '.,b.s~,.. ' '

• • r~· .i,t r r

.. ..

''.,~ ''.,~

~.(.~{ ~.(.~{

115: ,n;;;:; ,.q; ,.q; 30 30 tfi>ii tfi>ii

,Wt),: 'Vi 'Vi

\t\}!r \t\}!r

40 40

G~··· G~··· .. .. ;,_ ;,_ ...... • •

,;t::ti ,;t::ti

% %

50 50 l l

n = 104 104

60 60

70 70

I I n= 1 049 049

8 0 0

9 0 0

10 0 0

CLASSES CLASSES IN IN BU BU

RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL COMPON E NTS NTS FIGURE FIGURE OF OF ARTEFACT ARTEFACT 9:2 9:2

centre. centre. If If one one takes takes into into account account the the functional functional element element of of

arc-like arc-like patterns patterns and and Orange Orange Speckled Speckled (level (level 3) 3) is is located located in in the the

Renbaan. Renbaan. Bedding Bedding patches patches (level (level 2) 2) line line the the back back of of the the cave cave in in

is is a a spatial spatial distinction distinction between between the the deposits deposits in in the the cave cave at at

the the Ash Ash Deposit Deposit (and (and possibly possibly the the main main ash ash concentration). concentration). There There

different different activities activities performed performed within within the the cave. cave. Level Level three three is is

The The change change in in formal formal tool tool frequency frequency may may possibly possibly reflect reflect the the

level level 2 2 and and 33 33 scrapers scrapers and and 43 43 adzes adzes in in level level 1. 1.

14 14 scrapers scrapers and and 10 10 adzes adzes compared compared to to 38 38 scrapers scrapers and and 41 41 adzes adzes in in

is is markedly markedly reduced reduced from from those those in in level level 1 1 and and 2. 2. There There are are only only

has has switched switched from from adzes adzes to to scrapers. scrapers. The The number number of of formal formal tools tools

As As already already mentioned, mentioned, the the emphasis emphasis in in the the formal formal tool tool category category

32 32 (5.7%) (5.7%) CCS, CCS, 14 14 (2.5%) (2.5%) quartzite quartzite and and 11 11 (1.9%) (1.9%) hornfels. hornfels.

constitutes constitutes 330 330 (59.3 % ) ) pieces. pieces. 169 169 (30.5%) (30.5%) pieces pieces are are silcrete, silcrete,

scrapers scrapers to to adzes. adzes. Quartz Quartz is is still still the the dominant dominant raw raw material material and and

one one notable notable exception, exception, which which is is the the increase increase in in proportion proportion of of

Level Level 3 3 reflects reflects the the general general character character of of levels levels 1 1 and and 2, 2, with with

pieces, pieces, which which is is 18.4% 18.4% of of the the entire entire a~semblage. a~semblage.

third third highest highest amount amount of of stone stone tools tools from from the the excavation, excavation, 556 556

material material component component of of the the artefact artefact classes. classes. Level Level 3 3 comprises comprises the the

tendencies tendencies within within th e e r a w w material material categories categories and and 10:2 10:2 the the raw raw

categories categories in in level level 3. 3. Fi g ure ure 10:1 10:1 illustrates illustrates the the utilization utilization

Table Table 4:3 4:3 depicts depicts the the stone stone tool tool classes classes and and raw raw material material

ASH ASH DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

- 41 41 -

the the adze adze class. class. There There are are 9 9 (90%) (90%) silcrete silcrete adzes adzes and and 1 1 (10%) (10%) in in

silcrete silcrete and and 1 1 (7.1%) (7.1%) in in CCS. CCS. Silcrete Silcrete overwhelmingly overwhelmingly dominates dominates

1 1 and and 2. 2. Of Of 14 14 scrapers, scrapers, 9 9 (64.2%) (64.2%) are are in in quartz, quartz, 4 4 (28.5%) (28.5%) in in

material. material. Quartz Quartz dominates dominates the the scraper scraper class, class, as as it it did did in in level level

Again Again there there is is a a definite definite relationship relationship between between tool tool type type and and raw raw

(1977) (1977) for for Andriesgrond Andriesgrond cave. cave.

the the cave. cave. It It is is merely merely a a suggestion suggestion previously previously proposed proposed by by Mazel Mazel

would would seem seem likely likely that that this this activity activity would would be be performed performed outside outside

the the practical practical implications implications of of scraping scraping fat fat from from animal animal skins, skins, it it

use-value use-value of of a a tool tool was was exhausted, exhausted, it it was was discarded. discarded. Considering Considering

discarded discarded tools tools in in the the 'cooking 'cooking area'. area'. After After the the limited limited

cave. cave. Alternatively, Alternatively, what what we we might might be be seeing, seeing, is is the the result result of of

tools tools may may possibly possibly reflect reflect activity activity related related zones zones within within the the

The The spatial spatial distribution distribution of of the the deposit deposit and and associated associated formal formal

Deacon Deacon H.J. H.J. and and Deacon Deacon J. J. 1980; 1980; Kannemeyer Kannemeyer 1896). 1896).

tools tools to to clean clean fat fat off off animal animal skins skins (Dunn (Dunn 1931; 1931; Gallagher Gallagher 1977; 1977;

Clark Clark 1958; 1958; Gooch Gooch 1881; 1881; Gould Gould 1977; 1977; White White 1966) 1966) and and scrapers scrapers as as

accounts accounts for for the the use use of of adzes adzes as as w9odworking w9odworking tools tools (Dunn (Dunn 1880; 1880;

with with more more than than 1000 1000 woodshavings. woodshavings. There There are are numerous numerous ethnographic ethnographic

the the total total assemblage assemblage came came from from level level 1 1 and and 2 2 and and are are associated associated

Adzes, Adzes, we we assume, assume, are are woodworking woodworking tools. tools. The The majority majority of of adzes adzes in in

cave cave becomes becomes clear. clear.

scrapers scrapers and and adzes, adzes, the the possible possible spatial spatial distribution distribution within within the the

- 42 42 -

Total Total 330 330 169 169 32 32 14 14 556 556 11 11

9 9 Chunks Chunks 2 1 0 0 1 2 0 0 12 12

Chips Chips 3 3 37 37 174 174 1 1 2 2 217 217

Bladelets Bladelets 7 7 0 0 12 12 2 2 0 0 21 21

Broken Broken Flakes Flakes 56 56 12 12 74 74 8 1 1 8 151 151

Flakes Flakes 38 38 6 5 2 2 5 6 24 24 75 75

Uil. Uil. 0 0 0 0 Grindston Grindston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hammerstone Hammerstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cores Cores 7 3 3 7 0 0 2 2 12 12 0 0

Pieces Pieces Esquilees Esquilees 5 0 0 0 0 5 1 6 6 1 0 0

Utilized Utilized Flakes Flakes 6 6 14 14 2 2 4 4 26 26 0 0

Drills Drills 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Awls Awls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Segments Segments 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Backed Backed Points Points 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1

MRP's MRP's 1 1 2 0 1 1 0 2 7 7 11 11

9 9 Adzes Adzes 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 10 10

9 9 Scrapers Scrapers 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 14 14

QUARTZ QUARTZ SILCRETE SILCRETE CCS CCS QUARTZITE QUARTZITE HORNFELS HORNFELS TOTAL TOTAL

CATEGORIES CATEGORIES IN IN ASH ASH DEPOSITS DEPOSITS

STONE STONE TABLE TABLE TOOL TOOL 4:3 4:3 CLASSES CLASSES AND AND RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL

QZ QZ !IFS !IFS

FT FT UT UT w w Iv Iv

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

l~ l~ I I

~ ~

FT FT = = FORMi\L FORMi\L TOOLS TOOLS

% % I I I I

50 50 UT= UT= UTILIZED UTILIZED

j j

60 60 W = = W \vl\S TE TE

KEY: KEY:

n=11 n=11

- ·· - A -- 70 70

8 0 0

90 90

l l

100 100 • • n=14 n=14

Q TZ TZ ccs ccs SIL SIL

w w UT UT FT FT Iv Iv UT UT FT FT UT UT w w FT FT

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

50 50

60 60 • • -

I I 70

n=32 n=32 80 80

n=168 n=168

90 90

n=330 n=330

100 100

CATEGORIES CATEGORIES MATERIAL MATERIAL IN IN AD AD

UTILIZATION UTILIZATION TENDENCIES TENDENCIES FIGURE FIGURE 10:1 10:1 WITHIN WITHIN RAW RAW

/ASTE /ASTE ' \ UTILIZED UTILIZED

ccs ccs ccs ccs SIL SIL HFS HFS QTZ QTZ Z Z 'I' Q SIL SIL QZ QZ [IFS [IFS

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

i i =32 =32 n o o s

60 60 lffl.'Rlnl lffl.'Rlnl

1 1

70 70 n=488 n=488

80 80

90 90

100 100

PIECES PIECES L L TOTA FORMAL FORMAL

ccs ccs SIL SIL QTZ QTZ QZ QZ HFS HFS CCS CCS SIL SIL QTZ QTZ HFS HFS

0 0

0 0 1 1

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

50 50

l l

60 60

56 56 n=5 =35 =35 n

70 70

80 80

90 90

100 100

AD AD IN IN CLASSES CLASSES

ARTEFACT ARTEFACT OF OF COMPONENTS COMPONENTS 10:2 10:2 FIGURE FIGURE MATERIAL MATERIAL RAW RAW

categories. categories. Figure Figure 11:1 11:1 illustrates illustrates the the utilization utilization tendencies tendencies

Table Table 4:4 4:4 depicts depicts the the stone stone tool tool classes classes and and raw raw material material

BASAL BASAL LEVEL LEVEL

preferred preferred in in quartz quartz and and adzes adzes in in silcrete. silcrete.

further further establishing establishing quartz quartz ascendency. ascendency. its its Scrapers Scrapers are are

this , , unit unit is is numerically numerically dominated dominated by by quartz quartz and and silcrete, silcrete, with with

except except that that scrapers scrapers dominate dominate the the formal formal tool tool class. class. Once Once again again

compare compare it it to to levels levels 1 1 and and 2, 2, a a similar similar pattern pattern is is reflected, reflected,

If If we we ignore ignore the the small small size size of of the the level level 3 3 assemblage assemblage and and

and and 2, 2, quartz quartz dominates dominates in in level level 3. 3.

and and 22 22 in in levels levels 1 1 and and 2 2 respectively. respectively. However, However, as as in in levels levels 1 1

(83.3%) (83.3%) in in quartz quartz and and 1 1 (16.6%)in (16.6%)in hornfels, hornfels, whereas whereas there there were were 15 15

esquilees esquilees as as opposed opposed to to level level 1 1 and and 2. 2. There There are are only only 6, 6, 5 5

An An interesting interesting feature feature in in level level 3, 3, is is the the small small number number of of pieces pieces

quartzite quartzite whereas whereas in in levels levels 1 1 and and 2 2 the the are are 2 2 and and 3 3 respectively. respectively.

quartz, quartz, 4 4 (125.3%) (125.3%) CCS CCS and and 2 2 (7.1%) (7.1%) hornfels. hornfels. None None are are made made in in

and and 2. 2. There There are are 26 26 utilized utilized flakes, flakes, 14 14 (53.8%) (53.8%) silcrete, silcrete, 6 6 (23%) (23%)

Utilized Utilized flakes flakes in in level level 3 3 reflect reflect th~ th~ same same pattern pattern as as in in level level 1 1

level level 3. 3.

CCS CCS and and 1 1 (9%) (9%) hornfels. hornfels. There There are are no no quartzite quartzite formal formal tools tools in in

There There are are 11 11 MRP's, MRP's, 7 7 (63.6%) (63.6%) silcrete, silcrete, 1 1 (9%) (9%) quartz, quartz, 2 2 (18%) (18%)

silcrete. silcrete. The The remaining remaining formal formal tools tools in in level level 3 3 are are negligible. negligible.

CCS. CCS. Scrapers Scrapers are are therefore therefore prefered prefered in in quartz quartz and and adzes adzes in in

43 43 -

in in the the total total assemblage. assemblage. There There are are no no CCS CCS formal formal tools tools in in level level

11 11 respectively. respectively. There There is is also also one one quartz quartz segment, segment, the the only only one one

totally totally absent, absent, whereas whereas in in levels levels 1,2 1,2 and and 3 3 there there were were 19,22 19,22 and and

and and one one hornfels. hornfels. An An interesting interesting observation, observation, is is that that MRP's MRP's are are

constitutes constitutes 18% 18% of of the the formal formal tool tool assemblage. assemblage. One One is is silcrete silcrete

Adzes Adzes are are almost almost absent absent in in level level 4. 4. There There are are only only 2, 2, which which

silcrete. silcrete.

silcrete silcrete dominates dominates in in level level 4. 4. Scrapers Scrapers are are now now preferred preferred in in

dominated dominated the the scraper scraper class class in in the the previous previous three three levels, levels,

quartz. quartz. The The raw raw material material scraper scraper pattern pattern is is reversed reversed where where quartz quartz

(62.5%) (62.5%) are are silcrete, silcrete, 2 2 (25%) (25%) quartzite quartzite and and only only 1 1 (12.5%) (12.5%)

inferiority inferiority of of adzes adzes (8-2). (8-2). Out Out of of 8 8 scrapers scrapers in in this this unit, unit, 5 5

inclination inclination scrapers scrapers towards towards and and concomitant concomitant numerical numerical

in in level level 4 4 reflects reflects that that in in level level 3. 3. There There is is a a definite definite

nearly nearly 75% 75% of of the the assemblage. assemblage. The The pattern pattern of of formal formal tool tool classes classes

30 30 (13.6%) (13.6%) and and hornfels hornfels 15 15 (6.8%). (6.8%). Quartz Quartz and and silcrete silcrete make make up up

196 196 (43.8%) (43.8%) pieces, pieces, silcrete silcrete 68 68 (31%), (31%), CCS CCS 10 10 (4.5%), (4.5%), quartzite quartzite

and and silcrete silcrete quantitavely quantitavely dominate dominate the the sample, sample, quartz quartz comprising comprising

particularly particularly abundant. abundant. As As in in the the p~evious p~evious three three levels, levels, quartz quartz

one one square square meter meter only only was was excavated, excavated, that that the the sample sample is is

7.2% 7.2% (219) (219) of of the the total total site site assemblage. assemblage. However, However, if if we we consider consider

The The sample sample from from level level 4 4 is is exceedingly exceedingly small. small. It It constitutes constitutes only only

material material component component of of the the artefact artefact classes. classes.

within within the the raw raw material material categories categories and and Figure Figure 11:2, 11:2, the the raw raw

- 44 44 -

Total Total 96 96 68 68 30 30 15 15 219 219 10 10

Chunks Chunks 1 1 4 1 1 4 0 6 6 0 0 0

Chips Chips 53 53 17 17 1 3 1 1 3 1 75 75

Bladelets Bladelets 0 0 4 4 4 4 8 8 0 0 0 0

Broken Broken Flakes Flakes 20 20 14 14 12 12 3 3 4 4 53 53

9 9 Flakes Flakes 16 16 5 5 2 2 12 12 44 44

UH.Grindstone UH.Grindstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Hammerstone Hammerstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 3 Cores Cores 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pieces Pieces 1 1 Esquilees Esquilees 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Utilized Utilized Flakes Flakes 8 2 1 1 2 8 5 5 2 2 18 18

Drills Drills 0 0 · 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o 0 0

Awls Awls 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Segments Segments 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Backed Backed Points Points 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MRP's MRP's 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 Adzes Adzes 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2

5 5 Scrapers Scrapers 1 1 2 2 0 0 8 8 0 0

QUARTZ QUARTZ SILCRETE SILCRETE CCS CCS QUARTZITE QUARTZITE HORNFELS HORNFELS TOTAL TOTAL

CATEGORIES CATEGORIES IN IN BASAL BASAL LEVELS LEVELS

STONE STONE TABLE TABLE TOOL TOOL 4:4 4:4 CLASSES CLASSES AND AND RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL

Q Z Z l! F S S

w w UT UT FT FT FT FT U T T \'i \'i

0 0

·f~ ·f~ ~,-·~,r.·,;··- ,I,;,:,~.\. ,I,;,:,~.\.

~ ~ .• .• [f.'f; l l :·,,··r':f•,,J,r, :·,,··r':f•,,J,r,

i}f~~/. i}f~~/. r r v v ';\ ';\

,.f;_.-•¥; ,.f;_.-•¥;

10 10

~?~:1~f~ ~?~:1~f~

·,*;#, ·,*;#,

.. ..

·:,_:'~$ ·:,_:'~$ j"\ j"\ .. ..

-';,- " -..··t\' . .

2 0 0

'Vi;Q',: 'Vi;Q',:

~,#: ~,#: .t_..,, .t_..,, • •

;.J\._,,~, ;.J\._,,~, .• .• ~,

.'.:. .'.:. ,~1fu;' ,~1fu;'

~:!~~;~;· ~:!~~;~;·

30 30

.::~~,t;'. .::~~,t;'. .'i)}i .'i)}i I I

I I 40

FT = = F O RM A L L TOOLS TOOLS

% %

UT= UT= UTILISED UTILISED 50 50

601 601

W W = = WA STE STE

K E Y : :

n = 1 5 5

l l IIIIURffl IIIIURffl

70 70

8 0 0

90 90

I I

n =30 =30

100 100

Q T Z Z c cs cs SIL SIL

w w U T T F T T w w UT UT FT FT w w UT UT

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

50 50

6 0 0

70 70

• • 80

n=68 n=68

n= 1 0 0 90 90

l l

100 100

n =9 2 2

MATERIAL MATERIAL CATEGORIES CATEGORIES IN IN BL BL

UTILIZATION UTILIZATION FIGURE FIGURE 11: 11: T E ND 1 1 EN CIES CIES WITHIN WITHIN RAW RAW

UTILI Z ED ED lvASTE lvASTE

ccs ccs QTZ QTZ SIL SIL QZ QZ c:cs c:cs I-IFS I-IFS Q TZ TZ SIL SIL QZ QZ HFS HFS

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

n=19 n=19

1 1 50 50

n=189 n=189

60 60

7 0 0

80 80

90 90

100 100

T OTAL OTAL PIECES PIECES FORMAL FORMAL

QTZ QTZ ccs ccs SIL SIL QZ QZ HFS HFS QTZ QTZ SIL SIL QZ QZ I-IFS I-IFS

0 0

10 10

20 20

30 30

40 40

% %

n=219 n=219 50 50 ......

601 601

n=11 n=11

70 70

80 80

90 90

100 100

CLASSES CLASSES IN IN BL BL

RAW RAW MATERIAL MATERIAL COMPONENTS COMPONENTS FIGURE FIGURE OF OF ARTEFACT ARTEFACT 11 : : 2 2

of of implements. implements. Adzes Adzes are are made made almost almost exclusively exclusively in in silcrete, silcrete,

particular particular stone stone types types were were preferred preferred for for making making specific specific types types

respectively. respectively. Detailed Detailed lithic lithic analysis analysis show show quite quite clearly clearly that that

other other half half made made up up of of silcrete, silcrete, CCS, CCS, quartzite quartzite and and hornfels hornfels

working working activity activity at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave involved involved the the use use of of quartz, quartz, the the

materials, materials, quite quite clearly clearly show show that that more more than than half half of of the the stone stone

Table Table 4:1-4:4 4:1-4:4 which which summarises summarises the the data data on on stone stone tools tools and and raw raw

other other three. three.

sample sample is is small, small, but but its its featues featues reveal reveal its its differences differences to to the the

non-complimentary non-complimentary nature nature of of level level 4 4 to to levels levels 1,2 1,2 and and 3. 3. The The

and and the the presence presence of of quartz quartz segment segment a a attest attest to to the the

quartzite quartzite convex convex and and 1 1 end end scraper. scraper. The The total total absence absence of of MRP's MRP's

quite quite different. different. Scrapers Scrapers are are much much larger, larger, including including 2 2 large large

deposit deposit (BSC) (BSC) confirms confirms it. it. In In addition, addition, the the lithic lithic assemblage assemblage is is

than than levels levels 1,2 1,2 and and 3. 3. The The date date ( ( PTA-3766) PTA-3766) + + 5430 5430 70 70 BP BP for for this this

Level Level 4 4 seems seems to to represent represent an an earlier earlier occupation occupation at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave

respectively. respectively.

in in level level 4, 4, whereas whereas in in levels levels 1,2 1,2 and and 3, 3, there there are are 15,22 15,22 and and 6 6

interestingly, interestingly, hornfels. hornfels. There There is is only only 1 1 quartz quartz piece piece esquilees esquilees

(11.1%) (11.1%) quartz, quartz, 2 2 (11.1%) (11.1%) CCS, CCS, 1 1 (5.5%) (5.5%) quartzite quartzite and and 5 5 (27.7%), (27.7%),

dominance. dominance. There There are are 18 18 utilized utilized flakes, flakes, 8 8 (44.4%) (44.4%) silcrete, silcrete, 2 2

In In the the utilized utilized flake flake class, class, silcrete silcrete continues continues to to establish establish its its

4. 4.

- 45 45 -

evidence evidence seems seems overwhelming overwhelming that that most most formal formal tools tools and and some some

have have described described hafted hafted tools tools from from ethnographic ethnographic contexts.The contexts.The

Zambia Zambia (Phillipson (Phillipson 1976). 1976). Clark Clark (J.D. (J.D. 1977) 1977) and and Gallagher Gallagher (1977) (1977)

1976a), 1976a), Plettenberg Plettenberg Bay Bay and and Knysna Knysna ( ( Walker Walker 1974) 1974) and and sites sites in in

(Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), Eland Eland Bay Bay Cave Cave (Parkington (Parkington

1921), 1921), Boomplaas Boomplaas (Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J. 1979), 1979), Andriesgrond, Andriesgrond, De De Hangen Hangen

Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom (Hewitt (Hewitt 1931; 1931; Deacon Deacon H.J. H.J. 1966), 1966), Wilton Wilton (Hewitt (Hewitt

adhering adhering to to formal formal has has tools tools also also been been described described from from

nine nine tools tools with with mastic mastic was was found found in in the the assemblage. assemblage. Mastic Mastic

of of the the formal formal retouched retouched tools tools and and some some utilized utilized flakes. flakes. Twenty Twenty

supported supported by by the the observation observation of of traces traces of of mastic mastic adhering adhering to to many many

some some utilized utilized flakes, flakes, were were presumably presumably hafted, hafted, a a conclusion conclusion

Possibly Possibly all all the the formal formal microlithic microlithic tools tools including including adzes adzes and and

also also a a preference preference tow a rds rds quartz. quartz.

quartz. quartz. Utilized Utilized flakes flakes are are dominated dominated by by silcrete, silcrete, but but display display

pieces pieces are are dominated dominated by by silcrete, silcrete, and and pieces pieces esquilees esquilees visibly visibly by by

bored bored stones stones are are made made from from quartzite. quartzite. Miscellaneous Miscellaneous retouched retouched

pieces pieces and and formal formal tools, tools, such such as as upper upper and and lower lower grindstones grindstones and and

(1971:12) (1971:12) made made this this sa m e e observation observation at at De De Hangen. Hangen. Heavy Heavy utilized utilized

made made exclusively exclusively in in quartz quartz (Fig (Fig 12:2). 12:2). Parkington Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel

chalcedony, chalcedony, quartz quartz and and hornfels hornfels (Fig (Fig 12:1) 12:1) Elongated Elongated scrapers scrapers are are

scrapers scrapers Convex Convex are are made made mainly mainly in in silcrete silcrete and and some some in in

characteristic characteristic faceted faceted platform platform of of Middle Middle Stone Stone Age Age type type flakes. flakes.

are are made made on on large large silcrete silcrete flakes, flakes, some some which which display display the the

probably probably related related to to its its durability durability and and sharpness sharpness of of edge. edge. They They

- 46 46 -

L ENGTH ENGTH - CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPERS SCRAPERS ( ( QT Z , SIL , CCS , HFS HFS

4 4 2 2 6 6 8 8 1 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 0 0 20 20 1 1 6 6 22 22 1 1 8 8 2 4 4 26 26 2 8 8 30 30

0 0

2 2

3 3

t:i.. t:i..

0:: 0::

g g 4 4

:::> :::>

w w

z z

d d 5 5

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

10 10

SCRAPER SCRAPER LENGTHS LENGTHS

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FIGURE FIGURE DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION 12:1 12:1 OF OF CONVEX CONVEX

L ENGTH ENGTH - ELONGA T ED ED SCRAPERS SCRAPERS ( ( QTZ QTZ

2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 1 2 2 14 14 1 6 6 1 0 0 1 8 8 20 20

0 0

2 2

3 3

.,.. .,..

0:: 0::

µ::J µ::J

4 4

0 0

CJ CJ

µ::J µ::J

z z

u u

5 5 >< ><

6 6

7 7

8 8

9 9

1 0 0 1

SCRAPER SCRAPER LENGTHS LENGTHS

FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION OF OF FIGURE FIGURE ELONGATED ELONGATED 12 : 2 2

------· --

pieces pieces were were found, found, one one from from SD, SD, two two from from BU BU and and one one from from AD. AD.

on on a a leather leather sling sling (Plate (Plate 4). 4). Four Four miscellaneous miscellaneous worked worked bone bone

decorative decorative purposes, purposes, either either on on clothing clothing or or strung strung around around the the neck neck

from from BU BU and and these these were were also also likely likely to to have have been been used used for for

elongated elongated polished polished bone bone tubes tubes from from the the long long bones bones of of birds birds came came

stitching stitching leather, leather, bags bags karosses, karosses, aprons aprons and and oter oter clothing. clothing. Three Three

other other forms forms of of decoration decoration (Plate (Plate 3). 3). Awls Awls were were also also used used for for

perforating perforating skins skins to to attach attach ostrich ostrich egg-shell egg-shell beads beads and and possibly possibly

points. points. One One bone bone awl awl came came from from BU, BU, which which was was presumably presumably used used for for

from from AD. AD. Bone Bone points points were were shaved shaved and and polished polished to to form form projectile projectile

These These included included four four bone bone points, points, one one from from SD, SD, two two from from BU BU and and one one

Twelve Twelve worked worked bone bone artefacts artefacts were were recovered recovered from from the the excavations. excavations.

WORKED WORKED BONE BONE

Cave. Cave.

non-lithic non-lithic cultural cultural material material from from De De Hangen Hangen and and Andriesgrond Andriesgrond

cultural cultural material material from from the the four four levels. levels. Table Table 5:2 5:2 illustrates illustrates the the

of of hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer society. society. Table Table 5:1 5:1 illustrates illustrates the the non-lithic non-lithic

to to understand understand more more about about the the people people ~ho ~ho made made them them and and the the nature nature

need need to to examine examine the the total total assemblage assemblage from from Renbaan Renbaan cave, cave, in in order order

integral integral part part of of the the total total asemblage asemblage from from the the excavation. excavation. Thus Thus we we

The The non-lithic non-lithic cultural cultural material material from from Renbaan Renbaan cave cave represents represents an an

B. B. NON-LITIIIC NON-LITIIIC CULTURAL CULTURAL MATERIAL MATERIAL

utilized utilized flakes flakes were were mounted, mounted, either either onto onto wood wood or or bone. bone.

- 47 47 -

Ochre Ochre

Potsherds Potsherds -

6 2 2 6 1 1 9 9

Leather Leather

- - - 1 1

1 1

Fibre Fibre

- string string - - - 1 1 1 1

Unfinished Unfinished ostrich ostrich eggshell eggshell beads beads 5 5 1 2 2 1 1 1 9 9

Ostrich Ostrich

eggshell eggshell beads beads 14 14 35 35 9 9 6 6 64 64

Ostrich Ostrich eggshell eggshell pieces pieces

26 26 35 35 22 22 17 17 100 100

Seed Seed

beads beads - - - 2 2

2 2

Misc. Misc.

worked worked

- 1 1 2 1 1 2

4 4

Tubes Tubes - - - 3 3

3 3

Awls Awls - - 1 1

1 1

Bone Bone points points

- 1 1 2 1 1 2

4 4

Donax Donax - scrapers scrapers - - 3 3

3 3

Nassa Nassa - 2 4 2 2 4 2

8 8

- Pendants Pendants

- 1 1 1 1

2 2

Bullia Bullia - -

1 1 1 1

Limpet Limpet

- - - 1 1

1 1

Donax Donax fragments fragments -

6 6 8 8 6 6 20 20

Scratched/ground Scratched/ground - mussel mussel 1 1 15 15 2 2 18 18

Marine Marine shell shell - black black mussel mussel fragments fragments

60 60 79 79 77 77 4 4 220 220

- Quiver Quiver - Fragments Fragments -

1 1 1 1

- Drill Drill bit bit - 3 3 3 3

Pegs Pegs - - - 1 1 1 1

Worked Worked wood wood (misc) (misc) - 1 5 1 1 5 1 7 7

Wood Wood shavings shavings - 136 136 924 924 31 31 1091 1091

SD SD BU BU AD AD BL BL TOTAL TOTAL

- RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE ALL ALL UNITS UNITS

TABLE TABLE 5:1 5:1 NON-LITI-IIC NON-LITI-IIC MATERIAL MATERIAL CULTURE CULTURE FROM FROM RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE

Marine Marine shell shell pieces pieces 0.1kg 0.1kg unknown unknown

Wooden Wooden pegs, pegs, discarded discarded lengths lengths 46 46 28 28

String String or or fibre fibre knots knots 15 15 6 6

Tortoise Tortoise carapace carapace bowl bowl fragments fragments 226 226 1 1 bowl bowl

Leather Leather 8 8

Reed Reed arrow arrow parts parts 1 1 4 4

Perforated Perforated reeds reeds 76 76 87 87

Digging Digging sticks sticks 2 2

Fire Fire sticks sticks 5 5 1 1

Ostrich Ostrich eggshell eggshell beads beads + + us us 300 300

Seed Seed beads beads 40 40 3 3

Pendants Pendants - worked worked marine marine shell shell 31 31 1 1

Woodshavings Woodshavings + + 400 400 1620 1620

Points Points - wood wood or or bone bone 8 8 5 5

Bone Bone awls awls 14 14 4 4

DE DE HANGEN HANGEN ANDRIESGROND ANDRIESGROND CAVE CAVE

AT AT DE DE HANGEN HANGEN AND AND ANDRIESGROND ANDRIESGROND CAVE. CAVE.

TABLE TABLE 5:2 5:2 NUMBERS NUMBERS OF OF ARTEFACTS ARTEFACTS MADE MADE FROM FROM ORGANIC ORGANIC RAW RAW MATERIALS MATERIALS

3: 3: point point PLATE PLATE bone bone awls, awls, Bone Bone

PLATE PLATE 4: 4: Bone Bone tubes tubes

dispersal dispersal (Villa (Villa 1982). 1982). M arine arine shell shell represents represents an an obvious obvious

So So few few shells shells from from BL BL is is more more likely likely the the result result of of vertical vertical

SD, SD, ninety ninety four four from from BU, BU, seventy seventy eight eight from from AD AD and and four four from from BL. BL.

fragments fragments were were recovered recovered from from the the excavations. excavations. Eleven Eleven came came from from

A A large large number number of of black black mussel mussel (choroymitilis (choroymitilis meridionalis) meridionalis)

SHELL SHELL

a a servicable servicable rim". rim".

plastron plastron and and the the jagged jagged sutures sutures were were ground ground and and smoothed smoothed to to form form

Hangen. Hangen. "The "The carapaces carapaces were were systematically systematically separated separated from from

been been described described by by Parkington Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel (1971:13) (1971:13) at at De De

of of BU BU (Plate (Plate 5). 5). The The manufacturing manufacturing process process of of tortoise tortoise bowl bowl has has

was was found found in in Iridacea Iridacea patch patch with with charcoal charcoal (IP), (IP), which which forms forms part part

bone bone pieces pieces were were recovered. recovered. One One complete complete tortoise tortoise carapace carapace bowl bowl

(Mazel (Mazel pers. pers. comm). comm). At At one one site, site, Nkupe Nkupe shelter, shelter, over over 400 400 worked worked

bone bone has has also also been been found found in in sites sites in in the the Tugela Tugela Basin Basin in in Natal Natal

and and Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984) in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape. Worked Worked

(Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington 1976a) 1976a)

Cave Cave (Grobbelaar (Grobbelaar and and Goodwin Goodwin 1952) 1952) as as well well as as from from De De Hangen Hangen

1963), 1963), Big Big Elephant Elephant shelter shelter in in Namibia Namibia (Wadley (Wadley 1977), 1977), Windhoek Windhoek

Scott's Scott's Cave Cave in in the the eastern eastern Cape Cape (Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J. and and Deacon Deacon J. J.

assemblages assemblages are are also also found found at at sites sites in in other other areas, areas, such such as as at at

and and the the other other three. three. Bone Bone implements implements and and utilized utilized bone bone

found, found, which which further further implies implies the the difference difference between between this this level level

and and have have slight slight polish in g g and and grooves. grooves. In In BL, BL, no no worked worked bone bone was was

One One is is clearly clearly a a broken broken bone bone point, point, the the other other three three are are broken broken

- 48 48 -

5: 5: PLATE PLATE Tortoise Tortoise carapace carapace bowl bowl

possibly possibly traded, traded, or or may may have have been been a a gift gift from from a a reciprocal reciprocal

either either collected collected at at the the coast coast and and brought brought back back to to the the site, site,

with with unequivocable unequivocable clarity. clarity. Turbo Turbo and and other other marine marine shell shell was was

were were in in prehistoric prehistoric times, times, so so their their distribution distribution cannot cannot be be made made

far. far. However However it it is is not not known known where where the the limits limits of of distribution distribution

(Kilburn (Kilburn and and Rippey Rippey 1982; 1982; Richards Richards 1981), 1981), record record it it as as being being that that

(Halkett (Halkett pers.comm). pers.comm). Furtermore, Furtermore, none none of of the the shell shell books, books,

coast coast is is known known only only to to extend extend as as far far north north as as Ysterfontein Ysterfontein

interesting interesting in in that that the the limits limits of of turbo turbo distribution distribution up up the the west west

lot lot of of care care was was taken taken in in their their manufacture. manufacture. The The pendants pendants are are

at at the the edges edges and and the the edge edge of of one one is is milled. milled. It It is is obvious obvious that that a a

broken broken one one from from BSV BSV (Plate (Plate 7). 7). They They have have been been ground ground and and polished polished

samaticus) samaticus) pendants pendants or or buttons buttons were were found, found, one one from from SD SD and and one one

four four from from BU BU and and two two from from AD. AD. Two Two beautifully beautifully made made Turbo Turbo (Turbo (Turbo

(Bullia (Bullia sp) sp) from from SD. SD. Two Two Nassa Nassa (Nassa (Nassa sp) sp) fragments fragments came came from from SD, SD,

whole whole limpet limpet (Patella (Patella granatina) granatina) came came from from BU BU and and one one Bullia Bullia

Three Three Donax Donax (Donax (Donax serra) serra) scrapers scrapers came came from from BU BU (Plate (Plate 6). 6). One One

fragments fragments were were found, found, eight eight from from BU, BU, six six from from AD AD and and six six from from BL. BL.

cache cache "for "for future future use" use" as as implements. implements. White White mussel mussel (Donax (Donax serra) serra)

at at De De Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), may may represent represent a a

such such as as spoons spoons or or pendants. pendants. Shells Shells wrapped wrapped in in a a large large leaf leaf found found

therefore therefore probably probably kept kept as as a a raw raw material material for for making making implements implements

reached reached Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, they they would would have have been been inedible. inedible. They They were were

and and their their low low kilojoule kilojoule content, content, as as well, well, that that by by the the time time they they

utilized utilized as as a a food food supply supply because because of of the the small small size size of of the the sample sample

contact contact with with the the coast, coast, but but it it is is unlikely unlikely that that they they were were

- 49 49 -

PLATE PLATE 6: 6: Donax Donax scrapers scrapers

CM CM l l I I 1 1 1 1

pendants pendants Shell Shell 7: 7: PLATE PLATE

and and contemporary contemporary ethnographic ethnographic accounts accounts support support this, this, Some Some rock rock

string string and and worn worn as as necklaces, necklaces, headbands headbands or or bracelets. bracelets. Historical Historical

example, example, sewn sewn onto onto leather leather garments, garments, or or strung strung onto onto leather leather or or

Beads Beads were were obviously obviously made made for for decoration decoration or or as as gifts. gifts. For For

discovered discovered from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, two two from from SD SD and and one one from from BP. BP.

photograph photograph S.A. S.A. Musuem Musuem 1791). 1791). Three Three seed seed beads beads were were also also

found found at at De De Hangen Hangen and and may may represent represent game game pieces pieces (Martens (Martens 1963, 1963,

throughout throughout the the layers. layers. Geometric Geometric designs designs of of light light striations striations was was

hundred hundred pieces pieces of of ostrich-eggshell ostrich-eggshell were were found found distributed distributed

nine nine from from AD AD and and six six from from BL. BL. Nine Nine unfinished unfinished beads beads and and one one

found found at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, fourteen fourteen from from SD, SD, thirty thirty five five from from BU, BU,

been been used used as as game game pieces. pieces. Numerous Numerous ostrich ostrich egg-shell egg-shell beads beads were were

for for storage. storage. Some Some pieces pieces with with enigmatic enigmatic designs designs may may also also have have

but but the the eggs eggs were were also also perforated perforated and and used used as as water water containers containers

Ostrich Ostrich egg-shell egg-shell was was an an important important raw raw material material to to make make beads, beads,

and and Feast Feast 1974). 1974).

in in a a midden midden at at Cape Cape St St Francis Francis on on the the south south coast coast (Thackery, (Thackery, F F

samaticus samaticus shell shell pendants pendants was was found found in in . association association with with a a skeleton skeleton

Parkington Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971). 1971). A A necklace necklace of of twenty twenty seven seven turbo turbo

mussel mussel buttons buttons and and pendants pendants were were also also recovered recovered from from De De Hangen Hangen ( (

were were highly highly valued valued by by the the inhabitants. inhabitants. Haliotus, Haliotus, turbo turbo and and black black

kilometers kilometers and and their their presence presence at at the the site site may may indicate indicate that that they they

distance distance from from Renbaan Renbaan cave cave to to Ysterfontein Ysterfontein is is more more than than 150 150

arrangement arrangement when when San San camps camps came came together together 1968,1982). 1968,1982). (Lee (Lee The The

- 50 50 -

from from SD, SD, 924 924 from from BU BU and and 31 31 from from AD. AD. No No wood wood implements implements or or

Besides Besides wood wood implements, implements, 1014 1014 woodshaving woodshaving were were collected, collected, 136 136

Africa. Africa.

1977) 1977) as as well well as as many many other other Later Later Stone Stone Age Age sites sites in in southern southern

Cave Cave (Grobbelaar (Grobbelaar and and Goodwin Goodwin 1952), 1952), Big Big Elephant Elephant Shelter Shelter (Wadley (Wadley

(Hewitt (Hewitt 1931, 1931, Deacon Deacon H.J. H.J. 1976), 1976), Spitzkop Spitzkop (Hewitt (Hewitt 1921), 1921), Windhoek Windhoek

Scott's Scott's Cave Cave (Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J. and and Deacon Deacon J. J. 1963), 1963), Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom

Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington 1976a) 1976a) and and Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984), 1984),

other other sites, sites, such such as as De De Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971),

fragment fragment came came from from BU. BU. Worked Worked wood wood implements implements have have been been found found at at

bits bits came came from from BU BU and and are are interpreted interpreted as as fire fire drills. drills. One One quiver quiver

pegs pegs for for stretching stretching out out skins skins to to clean clean and and prepare. prepare. Three Three drill drill

bows bows and and clothing. clothing. It It could could also also have have been been one one of of the the number number of of

into into a a crack crack in in the the cave cave wall wall and and used used to to hang hang bags, bags, quivers, quivers,

(Plate (Plate 8). 8). One One peg peg was was found found in in SD, SD, which which was was perhaps perhaps inserted inserted

notched, notched, including including one one shaved shaved and and polished polished wooden wooden point point from from BU BU

included included miscellaneous miscellaneous worked worked pieces pieces which which were were shaved shaved and and

A A number number of of wooden wooden implements implements were were found found at at Renbaan Renbaan cave. cave. These These

WORKED WORKED WOOD WOOD

consuming. consuming.

valued valued commodity commodity amongst amongst the the San. San. Manufacture Manufacture is is also also time time

legs legs of of figures. figures. Ostrich Ostrich egg-shell egg-shell seems seems to to have have been been a a highly highly

shows shows white white dots, dots, possibly possibly egg-shell egg-shell beads, beads, on on bags bags or or round round the the

art art in in the the Natal Natal Drakensberg Drakensberg and and even even the the southwestern southwestern Cape, Cape,

- 51 51 -

PLATE PLATE 8: 8: Wood Wood point point

Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom (Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J. 1976), 1976), Spitzkop Spitzkop Cave Cave (Hewitt (Hewitt 1921), 1921),

Thick, Thick,

twisted twisted string string fibre fibre was was found found at at sites sites such such as as

knotted, knotted, the the strands strands over over and and underlaying underlaying each each other other (Plate (Plate 9). 9).

of of grass grass or or rush, rush, was was found found in in SD. SD. It It is is tightly tightly and and intricately intricately

One One piece piece of of string, string, 9cm 9cm long long and and probably probably made made from from the the fibres fibres

FIBRE FIBRE

the the woodshavings. woodshavings.

constraints constraints have have limited limited a a detailed detailed analysis analysis and and comparison comparison of of

of of

the the implement. implement. None None were were found found at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. Time Time

recognized. recognized. There There are are undoubtedly undoubtedly the the debris debris from from final final smoothing smoothing

fluffy, fluffy, which which would would never never survive survive in in the the deposits, deposits, or or not not be be

the the bulk bulk of of the the experimental experimental woodshavings woodshavings were were tiny tiny and and very very

and and planing planing the the implement. implement. An An interesting interesting observation, observation, is is that that

the the implement implement and and secondary secondary wood wood shaving shaving the the result result of of shaping shaping

woodshavings. woodshavings. Primary Primary woodshavings woodshavings was was the the result result of of preparing preparing

marks marks and and small small coiled coiled woodshavings woodshavings can can be be called called secondary secondary

recognized. recognized. Primary Primary woodshavings woodshavings are are long long slivers, slivers, some some with with tear tear

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave woodshavings. woodshavings. Two Two kinds kinds of of woodshavings woodshavings are are

of of woodshavings woodshavings which which provided provided a a ~omparative ~omparative sample sample for for the the

retouched retouched edge edge of of a a hafted hafted 'adze' 'adze' produced produced a a substantial substantial amount amount

and and UCT UCT students students in in 1981 1981 to to test test the the effect effect of of woodshaving woodshaving on on the the

and and spears. spears. An An ethno-archaeological ethno-archaeological experiment experiment by by Johan Johan Binneman Binneman

debris debris from from shaving shaving and and shaping shaping digging digging sticks, sticks, bows, bows, pegs, pegs, clubs clubs

with with the the other other three three levels. levels. Woodshavings Woodshavings are are probably probably the the waste waste

woodshavings woodshavings came came from from BL, BL, again again suggesting suggesting its its non-association non-association

- 52 52 - 3:.LV1d

with with sinew sinew thread. thread. Worked Worked leather leather was was also also found found at at Scott's Scott's Cave Cave

from from De De Hangen Hangen consists consists of of four four seperate seperate panels panels stitched stitched together together

one one piece piece from from Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984). 1984). One One piece piece of of leather leather

Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971) 1971) five five pieces pieces at at Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington 1976a) 1976a) and and

were were preserved preserved in in the the De De Hangen Hangen deposit deposit (Parkington (Parkington and and

sewn sewn together together with with a a bone bone eye eye needle. needle. Eight Eight pieces pieces of of leather leather

awl awl was was probably probably used used to to perforate perforate holes holes in in it it and and then then possibly possibly

consists consists of of four four pieces pieces sewn sewn together together with with sinew sinew thread. thread. A A bone bone

One One large large piece piece of of sewn sewn leather leather was was found found in in SD SD (Plate (Plate 10). 10). It It

LEATHER LEATHER

acknowledged acknowledged by by archaeologists. archaeologists.

indicate indicate hunting hunting strategy strategy a a not not previously previously recognized recognized or or

comes comes from from Lesotho Lesotho (Manhire (Manhire pers.comm). pers.comm). Nets Nets may may therefore therefore

vague vague and and unsubstantiated unsubstantiated ethnographic ethnographic account account of of net net hunting hunting

et.al et.al 1984) 1984) and and the the Natal Natal Drakensberg Drakensberg (Vinnicombe (Vinnicombe 1976). 1976). A A rather rather

scenes scenes have have been been discovered discovered in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape (Manhire (Manhire

egg egg shell shell water water containers. containers. Rock Rock art art which which display display possible possible net net

painting painting (Paterson (Paterson 1789) 1789) and and may may have have been been used used to to carry carry ostrich ostrich

net net bag bag made made of of vegetable vegetable cordage . . is is illustrated illustrated in in a a rock rock

(Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J. and and Deacon Deacon J. J. 1963; 1963; Parkington Parkington 1976a). 1976a). A A possible possible

handles handles to to suspend suspend pots pots or or for for making making traps, traps, snares snares and and nets nets

1976a) 1976a) Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984) and and was was probably probably used used as as

Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington

H.J. H.J. and and Deacon Deacon J. J. 1963, 1963, Big Big Elephant Elephant Shelter Shelter (Wadley (Wadley 1977), 1977), De De

Windhoek Windhoek Cave Cave (Grobbelaar (Grobbelaar and and Goodwin Goodwin 1952), 1952), Scott's Scott's Cave Cave (Deacon (Deacon

- 53 53 - 3:.LV1d

Rudner Rudner (1968). (1968).

pottery pottery is is similar similar to to pottery pottery described described as as Cape Cape Coastal Coastal Midden Midden by by

thickness thickness etc. etc. It It is is quite quite likely likely though, though, that that the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave

it it had had lugs, lugs, how how large large it it was, was, if if it it had had a a nipple nipple bottom, bottom, rim rim

same same interesting interesting information information about about manufacture, manufacture, for for example, example, if if

impossible impossible to to describe. describe. It It would would have have potentially potentially revealed revealed the the

the the back back of of the the cave. cave. This This pot pot is is now now lost lost and and therefore therefore

illustration. illustration. One One almost almost complete complete pot pot was was found found by by a a Miller Miller at at Mr Mr

grit. grit. No No grass grass temper temper is is visible. visible. The The sherds sherds are are not not suitable suitable for for

possibly, possibly, storage storage of of water. water. The The matrix matrix of of the the sherd sherd is is sand sand and and

the the pot. pot. It It is is obv i ou s s that that pots pots were were used used for for cooking cooking or or

encrustations encrustations on on the the inner inner face face and and may may reveal reveal the the contents contents of of

sooty sooty layer layer from from pro l ong e d d use use in in fire. fire. Two Two of of the the sherds sherds have have

sherds sherds are are blackened blackened on on the the outside outside and and inside inside and and coated coated with with a a

possibly possibly the the result result o f f post-deposition post-deposition disturbance. disturbance. Most Most of of the the

came came from from SD, SD, two two from from BU BU and and one one from from BL. BL. The The sherd sherd from from BL BL is is

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave excavation. excavation. They They are are all all burnished burnished body-sherds. body-sherds. Six Six

Nine Nine undecorated, undecorated, ochre-stained ochre-stained potsherds potsherds were were recovered recovered from from the the

POTTERY POTTERY

Later Later Stone Stone Age Age sites. sites.

Goodwin Goodwin 19052), 19052), Big Big Elephant Elephant Shelter Shelter (Wadley (Wadley 1977) 1977) and and other other

1976), 1976), Spitzkop Spitzkop Cave Cave (H e witt witt 1921), 1921), Windhoek Windhoek Cave Cave (Grobbelaar (Grobbelaar and and

(Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J. and and Deacon Deacon J. J. 1963), 1963), Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom (Deacon (Deacon H.J. H.J.

- 54 54 -

An An overemphassis overemphassis of of smaller smaller animals animals is is therefore therefore possible. possible. Thus Thus

and and therefore therefore their their bones bones are are not not represented represented at at the the home home base. base.

meat meat from from large large animal animal hunted hunted may may have have been been cut cut up up on on the the spot spot

have have been been responsible responsible for for part part of of the the faunal faunal contribution. contribution. Also, Also,

by by the the latter. latter. One One leopard leopard is is identified identified and and this this individual individual may may

the the site site by by scavengers scavengers or or carnivores carnivores and and possibly possibly even even taken taken away away

It It is is also also very very likely likely that that some some of of the the bone bone was was introduced introduced in in

terrain. terrain.

the the animals animals hunted hunted or or snared snared on on a a large large scale scale in in the the mountain mountain

or or rock rock rabbit) rabbit) is is also also present present and and these these represent represent the the bulk bulk of of

probably probably collected collected by by all all memebers memebers of of the the family. family. Dassie Dassie (Hyrax (Hyrax

small small animals animals containing containing little little edible edible meat. meat. Tortoise Tortoise was was

majority majority of of the the exploited exploited food food sources sources was was tortoise, tortoise, which which were were

small, small, but but this this in in itself itself is is informative. informative. It It is is clear clear that that the the

undiagnostic undiagnostic features features were were identified. identified. The The sample sample is is noticeably noticeably

identify. identify. The The faunal faunal list list would would have have been been greater greater if if these these

assemblage assemblage is is charred charred and and fragmented fragmented and and therefore therefore impossible impossible to to

abundance, abundance, is is indicated indicated in in Table Table 6:1. 6:1. A A large large portion portion of of the the

of of number number individuals individuals (MNI) (MNI) which which illustrates illustrates the the relative relative

Chicago. Chicago. The The number number of of identified identified species species (NISP) (NISP) and and minimum minimum

Klein Klein from from the the Department Department of of Anthropology Anthropology at at the the University University of of

The The macro macro fauna fauna from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave have have been been identified identified by by Richard Richard

FAUNAL FAUNAL REMAINS REMAINS

FAUNA FAUNA AND AND FLORA FLORA

- 55 55 -

* *

Procavia Procavia

Mellivora Mellivora

Raphicerus Raphicerus

Herpestes Herpestes

Chersine Chersine Orycteropus Orycteropus

Lepus Lepus

Bovidae Bovidae Papio Papio

Panthera Panthera

Bathyergus Bathyergus

------

Hystrix Hystrix TABLE TABLE

(grysbok/steenbok) (grysbok/steenbok)

(gre

(porcupine) (porcupine)

For For

small small

large large

small/medium small/medium large/medium large/medium

y y

mongoose) mongoose)

tortoises tortoises

ursinus ursinus

sp. sp. 6:1 6:1

africaeaustralis africaeaustralis

angulata angulata

capensis capensis

pardus pardus

general general

pulverulentus pulverulentus

cap

(hare) (hare)

MINIMUM MINIMUM

suillus suillus

sp. sp.

afer afer

ensis ensis

(baboon) (baboon)

MNI MNI

(leopard) (leopard)

(aardvark) (aardvark)

(tortoise) (tortoise)

(rock (rock

NUMBER NUMBER

(ratel) (ratel)

(mole (mole

calculates calculates

hyrax) hyrax)

rat) rat)

OF OF

ANIMALS ANIMALS

from from -

- -

15/1 15/1

SD SD

3/1 3/1

2/1 2/1

?/5 ?/5

2/1 2/1

1/1 1/1

26/3 26/3

1/1/ 1/1/

humerus humerus

IN IN

43/2 43/2 6/1 6/1

4/1 4/1

2/1 2/1

6/1 6/1

35/4 35/4

BU BU

?/6 ?/6

1/1 1/1

4/2 4/2 1/1 1/1

2/1/ 2/1/

TIIE TIIE

only. only.

DEPOSIT DEPOSIT

- - -

- -

6/1 6/1 -

AD AD

16/3 16/3

?/2 ?/2

1/1 1/1

AT AT

- -

5/1 5/1 -

1/1 1/1

?/1 ?/1

RENBAA

BL BL

1/1 1/1

N N

6/1 6/1

?/-

- -

1/1 1/1

PI PI 1/1 1/1

CAVE. CAVE.

69/3 69/3

8/1 8/1

84/5 84/5

3/1 3/1

1/1 1/1

9/1 9/1

7/1 7/1

?/12 ?/12

ALL ALL 1/1 1/1

3/1 3/1 1/1 1/1

5/2 5/2

1/1 1/1

1/1 1/1 * *

recorded recorded the the diet diet of of the the inhabitants. inhabitants. Besides Besides the the bulbs bulbs of of

Stel, Stel,

on on hi s s travels travels into into the the interior interior (Waterhouse (Waterhouse 1932), 1932),

hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers is is recorded recorded by by various various travellers. travellers. Simon Simon van van der der

Ethnographic Ethnographic accounts accounts of of the the diet diet of of the the San San (or (or Souqua) Souqua)

of of the the bones bones attest attest to to this this relationship. relationship.

Cave Cave reflects reflects human human activity activity and and subsistence. subsistence. Cut Cut marks marks on on some some

assemblage assemblage (including (including the the fragmented fragmented bone), bone), represented represented at at Renban Renban

The The least least we we can can say say then, then, is is that that a a portion portion of of the the faunal faunal

assemblages. assemblages.

accumulation accumulation and and the the agencies agencies involved involved to to prehistoric prehistoric

accumulation, accumulation, and and also also to to compare compare modern modern processes processes of of bone bone

also also expressed, expressed, to to try try and and identify identify the the agencies agencies involved involved in in bone bone

basis basis ...... " " (Avery (Avery G, G, 1984:332). 1984:332). The The need need for for larger larger samples samples was was

faunal faunal assemblage assemblage will will lead lead to to a a more more reliable reliable interpretive interpretive

accumulation, accumulation, but but at at least least recognition recognition of of the the "complexity "complexity of of

difficult difficult to to identify identify all all the the multiple multiple agencies agencies in in bone bone

involved involved in in their their distribution. distribution. It It is is accepted accepted that that it it is is

problems problems of of bone bone accumulations accumulations and and the the multi-agent multi-agent processes processes

Archaeologists Archaeologists in in Gaborone, Gaborone, Botswana, Botswana, 1983, 1983, pointed pointed out out the the many many

A A workshop workshop on on Taphonmy Taphonmy at at the the Southern Southern African African Association Association of of

diet diet at at Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave.

representative representative of of the the total total animal animal consumption consumption of of the the prehistoric prehistoric

the the list list of of faunal faunal remains remains should should thus thus not not be be seen seen as as

- 56 56 -

corm corm casings, casings, bulbs bulbs and and seeds seeds represent represent food food debris. debris. An An

obvious obvious that that the the majority majority of of the the botanical botanical remains, remains, especially especially

detailed detailed discussion discussion is is presented presented here, here, but but it it seems seems fairly fairly

by by Christine Christine Liengme Liengme from from the the Archaeology Archaeology department department at at UCT. UCT. No No

the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave Deposits. Deposits. These These are are presently presently being being identified identified

Botanical Botanical material material was was recovered recovered in in substantial substantial quantities quantities from from

FLORA FLORA

Graham Graham Avery Avery from from the the South South African African Museum Museum (see (see Appendix Appendix I). I).

conditions. conditions. The The bird bird remains remains from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave was was identified identified by by

agencies agencies involved involved in in accumulation accumulation and and even even past past environmental environmental

Renbaan Renbaan cave cave micro-fauna, micro-fauna, as as well well as as other other sites, sites, to to assess assess the the

lizard. lizard. This This sample sample could could be be used used as as a a comparative comparative sample sample for for the the

animals, animals, and and body body parts, parts, possibly possibly mole, mole, shrew, shrew, rat, rat, birds birds and and

abundant abundant in in the the nests, nests, including including the the skulls skulls of of some some small small

the the site site and and a a nest nest immediately immediately obove obove the the cave. cave. Micro Micro fauna fauna was was

writer writer noticed noticed an an owl owl or or other other hunting hunting bird's bird's nest nest very very close close to to

are are presented presented in in Table Table 6:2. 6:2. On On a a fieldtrip fieldtrip to to Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, the the

Avery Avery from from the the South South African African Museum Museum in in Cape Cape Town Town and and the the results results

The The micro-fauna micro-fauna from from Renbaan Renbaan cave cave was was identified identified by by Margaret Margaret

parts parts of of the the diet diet at at the the expense expense of of the the others. others.

the the deposit. deposit. The The faunal faunal list list may may therefore therefore overemphasise overemphasise some some

diet. diet. Their Their remains remains would would not not easily easily survive survive or or be be represented represented in in

locusts, locusts, termites termites and and honey honey were were important important components components of of their their

tortoise, tortoise, flowers, flowers, dassie dassie and and other other animals, animals, caterpillars, caterpillars,

- 57 57 - TABLE

Myosorex ------Mystromys Crocidura Elephantulus Chlorotalpa Suncus Crocidura Chryochloris Mus Tat Dendromus RODENTIA Nycteris CHIROPTERA Gerbillurus Steatomys INSECTIVORA Graphius Praomys Cryptomys Aethomys TOT Otomys Otomys Rhabdomys Georychus Acomys Otomys

e A

L minutoides

6:2

varilla

afra subspinosus

unisulcatus irroratus saundersiae

N verreauxii

Thebaica

varius

namaquensis

ocularis IMUM

melanotis albicaudatus cyanea krebsii flavescens

hottentutus

pumilio

capensis

sclateri -

paeba

asiatica of

RENBAAN

Cape

- UMB

- edwardii

lesser

pygmy

- forest -

- E -

reddish-grey

gerbil - - - vlei - -

Krebs' common

- -

Cape - Verreaux's hairy Cape OF Saunders' spectacled striped bush

CAVE

grey

Sclater's giant - mouse Namaqua

Cape

dwarf

rat

common

white -

shrew

spiny Karoo molerat DIVIDUALS

Cape

slit

pygmy footed

fat

musk golden

field

shrew

MICROMAMMALIAN

molerat rock tailed

vlei

musk

mouse

mouse faced rock mouse

dormouse rat

golden

climbing

shrew

gerbil

mouse

mole

mouse

rat

shrew elephant

(

rat bat

mole

mouse

FAUNA

shrew

Levels:

113.00

Percentages:

86.73 13.27

11.50 41 16.10 14.16

21.24

o.oo o.oo o.oo 0.88 0.00 5.31 5.31 0.88 .0 0.00 0.00 6.19 1. 6.19 o.oo 1. 0.88 6.19 6.19 2.65 .8 0.85 0.88 5.31 2.65

2 1

236.00

82.63 16.59

12.

20.34

0.42 0.00 0.00 0.85 8.05 3.39 0.85 2.12 3.81 1.69 2.12 2.54 4.24 2.54 0.42 7.63 4.24 2.12 2.97

82.35 17.65

14.71 68.00 11. 13.24 13.24

-7.35

0.00 0.00 0.00 8.82 o.oo 8.8 0.00

4.41 4.41 0.00 1.47 2.94 1.47 0.00 1.47 2.94 0.00 1.47 1.47

89.25

10.75

13. 17.20 93.00

12.90

0.00

0.00 0.00 4.30 0.00 3.23 1.08 5.38

2.15 7.53 3.23 1.08 8.60 o.oo 3.23 1.08 1.08 2.15 7.53 1.08 3.23

432.00

510.00

Total MNI

76.00 34.00 18.00 13.00 80.00 87.00 61.00 25.00 20.00 34.00 12.00 28.00 34.00 10.00

21.00

7.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 4.00 7 2.00

1.00

6.00 2.00

.00

14.90 84.71

11.96 15.69 17.06

0.20 0.39 0.20 0.39 6.67 3.92 3.53 1.37 2.55 0.20 5.49 0.78 4.90 1.37 4.12 2.35 0.39 6.67

6.67 1.96

1.18

The The inhabitants inhabitants of of Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave were were undoubtedly undoubtedly gatherers gatherers and and

away away with with them them is is not not accepted. accepted.

time. time. The The possibility possibility that that the the inhabitants inhabitants took took the the grass grass bedding bedding

bedding bedding at at Renbaan Renbaan may may therefore therefore have have become become fragmented fragmented with with

BU BU (PTA-346) (PTA-346) and and at at the the Renbaan Renbaan + + Cave Cave 1150 1150 50 50 BU BU (PTA-3768). (PTA-3768). The The

I I

the the age age of of the the bedding. bedding. Bedding Bedding at at De De Hangen Hangen was was dated dated 390 390 45 45 + +

this this is is due due to to termite termite activity. activity. Fragmentation Fragmentation may may also also be be due due to to

was was very very loose loose and and fragmented fragmented and and it it is is tenuously tenuously suggested suggested that that

was was taken taken out out of of the the deposits deposits in in thick thick wads wads by by hand. hand. The The former former

other other hand hand is is totally totally different. different. It It is is typical typical grass grass bedding bedding and and

be be called called 'typical' 'typical' grass grass bedding. bedding. The The De De Hangen Hangen bedding bedding on on the the

woodshavings woodshavings and and fibres. fibres. There There is is in in fact fact very very little little of of what what can can

similar, similar, comprising comprising mostly mostly corm corm casings, casings, sticks, sticks, seeds, seeds,

Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave. Cave. The The Renbaan Renbaan and and Andriesgrond Andriesgrond bedding bedding is is

bedding bedding found found at at De De Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971) 1971) and and

The The grass grass bedding bedding is is interesting interesting in in that that it it can can be be compared compared with with

They They were were ground ground and and roasted roasted before before being being eaten. eaten.

probably probably collected collected with with the the aid aid of of the the (weighted) (weighted) digging digging stick. stick.

VP. VP. Corms, Corms, bulbs bulbs and and tubers tubers grow grow underground underground and and these these were were

and and bulb bulb casings casings are are most most numerous, numerous, especially especially in in the the BP, BP, IP IP and and

were were also also eaten eaten but but which which may may not not survive survive in in the the deposit. deposit. Corms Corms

interior interior confirm confirm this, this, including including roots, roots, berries, berries, fruits fruits which which

Ethnographic Ethnographic Hexaglotis Hexaglotis accounts accounts by by travellers travellers into into the the

interesting interesting observation observation is is that that the the corm corm casings casings are are dominated dominated by by

- 58 58 -

occasionally occasionally hunted. hunted.

bovids, bovids, caterpillars, caterpillars, termites termites and and honey. honey. Larger Larger birds birds were were

Plant Plant food food was was also also supplemented supplemented by by tortoise, tortoise,

the the relative relative importance importance of of plant plant food food in in the the diet diet of of the the San. San.

present present is is realised realised as as being being tenuous, tenuous, it it does does show show to to some some extent extent

association association between between the the prehistoric prehistoric past past and and the the ethnographic ethnographic

foods foods are are identified identified by by the the people people (Le~ (Le~ 1965:72). 1965:72). Although Although direct direct

constitutes constitutes at at least least 80% 80% of of their their diet diet and and over over 85 85 edible edible plant plant

and and gathering gathering people people living living in in Botswana Botswana today, today, plant plant food food

base base by by early early travellers travellers in in the the frontier. frontier. Among Among residual residual hunting hunting

flowers flowers (uintjies) (uintjies) and and corms corms was was identified identified as as an an important important food food

bulbs bulbs formed formed the the bulk bulk of of the the ditet. ditet. The The collection collection of of bulbs bulbs and and

hunters. hunters. Plant Plant food, food, particularly particularly underground underground corms, corms, roots roots and and

- 59 59 -

lengths lengths and and the the results results of of the the length length measurements measurements of of the the

results results of of the the adze adze lengths. lengths. Finally, Finally, the the results results of of the the scraper scraper

quartz quartz and and silcrete silcrete in in each each level. level. I I will will then then consider consider the the

I I will will first first outline outline the the results results of of the the untrimmed untrimmed flakes flakes in in

testing. testing.

it it possible possible to to subject subject the the data data to to statistical statistical hypothesis hypothesis

and and lack lack of of precise precise spatial spatial plotting plotting of of artefacts, artefacts, has has not not made made

observations. observations. Constraints Constraints of of time, time, the the smallness smallness of of the the sample sample

presented presented relative relative to to each each figure, figure, highlighting highlighting any any salient salient

and and modes modes are are tabulated tabulated in in Appendix Appendix VI. VI. The The discussion discussion is is

standard standard deviations. deviations. The The arithmetic arithmetic means, means, standard standard deviations deviations

Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagrams, diagrams, the the latter latter including including arithmetic arithmetic means means and and

are are presented presented graphically, graphically, in in the the form form of of bar-charts bar-charts and and modified modified

The The method method of of analysis analysis is is outlined outlined in in Appendix Appendix II. II. The The results results

reference reference for for future future comparative comparative analysis. analysis.

is is that that the the metrical metrical results results from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave will will serve serve as as a a

without without making making any any meaningfull meaningfull statements. statements. The The advantage advantage however, however,

effect effect then, then, one one can can only only describe describe and and compare compare the the results results

comparisons comparisons between between the the three three sites sites is is therefore therefore not not possible. possible. In In

Cave Cave De De Andriesgrond Andriesgrond lithic lithic Hangen Hangen assemblages assemblages and and and and

Unfortunately, Unfortunately, no no metrical metrical analysis analysis has has yet yet been been attempted attempted on on the the

ARTEFACTS ARTEFACTS FROM FROM RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE

RESULTS RESULTS OF OF THE THE METRICAL METRICAL ANALYSIS ANALYSIS OF OF STONE STONE

CHAPTER CHAPTER FIVE FIVE

- 60 60 -

Nearly Nearly all all the the bar-charts bar-charts skew skew to to the the left left in in terms terms of of their their

therefore therefore be be aware aware of of when when assessing assessing metrical metrical results. results.

limit, limit, or or at at least, least, influence influence the the results, results, and and which which we we might might

have have therefore therefore tried tried to to develop develop a a set set of of criteria criteria which which might might

statistical statistical distribution, distribution, especially especially if if the the sample sample is is small. small. I I

which which were were first first manufactured. manufactured. This This obviously obviously influences influences

of of stone stone tool tool manufacture manufacture and and discard discard and and not not the the actual actual tools tools

We, We, as as archaeologists, archaeologists, are are looking looking at at the the products products and and remnants remnants

this this function function better better than than writing. writing.

investigation investigation must must be be communicated. communicated. Graphs, Graphs, I I believe, believe, fulfill fulfill

be be somewhat somewhat confusing confusing at at times. times. To To have have effect, effect, the the results results of of an an

comparisons comparisons quicker quicker than than it it takes takes to to write. write. Writing Writing in in fact, fact, can can

critical critical observations. observations. The The mind mind can can assimilate assimilate graphs graphs and and make make

for for themselves themselves and and we we can can therefore therefore compare compare graphs graphs and and make make

The The value value of of graphic graphic representation representation however, however, is is that that they they speak speak

sample sample was was considered considered too too small small for for any any meaningful meaningful discussion. discussion.

of of some some of of the the results results of of the the analysis analysis are are represented, represented, the the

representations representations of of bar-charts bar-charts and and modified modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagrams diagrams

It It must must also also be be appreciated appreciated by by the the readers, readers, that that although although graphic graphic

possible possible differences differences and and similarities. similarities.

identified identified levels levels and and raw raw materials materials in in order order to to appreciate appreciate the the

adzes adzes and and scrapers scrapers were were metrically metrically analysed analysed according according to to the the

retouched retouched edge edge of of scrapers scrapers will will be be outlined. outlined. Untrimmed Untrimmed flakes, flakes,

- 61 61 -

range range of of measurements measurements is is between between 5mm 5mm and and 25mm. 25mm. The The most most

quartz quartz flakes flakes appear appear to to be be reasonably reasonably normally normally distributed. distributed. The The

format format is is applied applied throughout throughout the the chapter. chapter. The The length length of of the the

Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagrams diagrams in in Figure Figure 13:2 13:2 include include all all four four levels. levels. This This

illustrated illustrated in in bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figure Figure 13:1. 13:1. Modified Modified

The The results results of of the the untrimmed untrimmed quartz quartz flake flake lengths lengths in in SD SD is is

cannot cannot discuss discuss any any consistency consistency if if you you have have a a small small sample. sample.

Distribution Distribution is is influenced influenced by by the the smallness smallness of of the the sample. sample. One One

form form and and Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagrams diagrams for for comparative comparative purposes. purposes.

than than 15 15 are are ignored, ignored, but but are are graphically graphically illustrated illustrated in in bar-chart bar-chart

In In discussing discussing the the results results of of the the metrical metrical analysis, analysis, samples samples less less

dimension. dimension.

to to consider consider especially especially when when comparing comparing a a particular particular

retouch. retouch. The The width width is is more more constant. constant. This This is is important important

e) e) The The length length of of a a scraper scraper is is narrow narrow because because of of repeated repeated

type type of of raw raw material material available. available.

d) d) Retouch Retouch is is a a physical physical limitation limitation determined determined by by the the size size and and

c) c) Method Method of of manufacture. manufacture.

and and is is directly directly related related to to the the type type of of raw raw material material in in use. use.

b) b) Flaking Flaking properties. properties. The The degree degree of of workability workability is is important important

determines determines the the length length of of the the flake. flake.

a) a) The The physical physical limitations limitations of of the the raw raw material material (re: (re: size), size),

bution bution for for the the following following reasons: reasons:

distribution. distribution. One One would would logically logically expect expect this this type type of of distri

- 62 62 -

length length of of the the silcrete silcrete flakes flakes appear appear to to be be normally normally distributed. distributed.

Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas diagrams diagrams in in figure figure 13:7 13:7 include include all all four four levels. levels. The The

illustrated illustrated in in bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figure Figure 13:6. 13:6. Modified Modified

The The results results of of the the length length of of untrimmed untrimmed silcrete silcrete in in AD, AD, flakes flakes is is

is is from from 6mm 6mm to to 20mm, 20mm, peaking peaking between between 6mm 6mm and and 10mm. 10mm.

between between 6mm 6mm and and 25 25 mm. mm. The The most most frequently frequently encountered encountered flake flake size size

bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figurel3:5. Figurel3:5. The The range range of of measurements measurements is is

In In BL, BL, the the length length of of untrimmed untrimmed quartz quartz flakes flakes is is illustrated illustrated in in

skewed skewed to to the the left. left.

frequently frequently encountered encountered flake flake size size is is 6mm 6mm to to 20mrn. 20mrn. Length Length is is

between between 6mm 6mm and and 25mrn, 25mrn, peaking peaking between between 6mrn 6mrn and and 10mm. 10mm. The The most most

illustrated illustrated in in bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figure Figure 13:4. 13:4. The The range range is is

In In AD, AD, the the length length mesurements mesurements of of untrimmed untrimmed quartz quartz flakes flakes is is

is is skewed skewed to to the the left. left.

and and resembles resembles length length measurements measurements of of quartz quartz flakes flakes in in AD. AD. Lengths Lengths

most most frequently frequently encountered encountered flake flake size size is is between between 6mm 6mm and and 20 20 mm mm

distributed, distributed, the the range range of of measurement measurement between between 5mm 5mm and and 35mm. 35mm. The The

bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figure Figure 13:3. 13:3. Length Length appears appears to to be be normally normally

The The lengths lengths of of untrimmed untrimmed quartz quartz flakes flakes in in BU BU is is illustrated illustrated in in

to to the the left. left.

does does not not seem seem to to be be any any significant significant variability. variability. Length Length is is skewed skewed

frequently frequently encountered encountered flake flake size size is is between between 6mm 6mm and and 15 15 mm. mm. There There

- 63 63 -

rn,\ ! ! 1 :-r v~tr · ,~si;, ,~si;,

.:~o .:~o ::, .::. , , 0 0 ::'J ::'J :::, :::, 1 1 C) C) 1 1 : :i :i .3 ?i::.1 ?i::.1 ,~ ,~ 0 0

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FIGURE FIGURE 13:3 13:3 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION O F F QUARTZ QUARTZ FLAKE FLAKE LENGTIIS LENGTIIS

n111! n111! ini--'.'.'.: l: l: ·~· · ; ;

:s :s =~:::, =~:::, ::J ::J 0 0 1 1 D D 40 40 1 1 ~:i ~:i .:i .:i ..:.-~i::1 ..:.-~i::1 .3, : :, :,

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!- :- ~< ~< 1 1 ' ~::

J J I] I] .J .J ! ! 1 1 . . I I ::::: ::::: 1 1

FIGURE FIGURE 13:1 13:1 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION O F F QUARTZ QUARTZ FLAKE FLAKE LENGTIIS LENGTIIS

10 10 20 20 30 30 mm mm 40 40

SD SD

BU BU

...:I ...:I

w w

~ ~

...:I ...:I

{/) {/)

AD AD

BL BL

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 13:2 13:2 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAM DIAGRAM OF OF QUARTZ QUARTZ FLAKE FLAKE

rn\l\ rn\l\ i,r , ~'.t,·~~ ~. ~.

0 0 --· r--··-

~ ~

::J ::J ;~

. . 0 0 - -, -, , , 1 1 I I .:'i .:'i 5 5 (I (I :,;_ :,;_ ,_1 ,_1 l , , ..• ..•

1,,-r-11,_ 1,,-r-11,_

, , _ _

1 1 [ [

,c, ,c, , , ,_, ,_, J J • • •

i:::L_ i:::L_

------.------,---.:- l {:i:: {:i:: :'.;; :'.;; :'.:' :'.:'

f f {,: {,: : : . . : : . .

J ;:::1 ;:::1

r>/j r>/j

j j [:o [:o / / ['--1 ['--1 1 1

[\fJ [\fJ [}{i ??/1 ??/1

:2 :2 1 1

cf:: cf::

.3 .3 ,· · · _...... ,. _...... ,. f · · / / .. .. -· -· ,j ,j r r ...... _.. _...... j j

If, If, ;~:i::J ;~:i::J f.<}J f.<}J

l~'.''.'.] l~'.''.'.] I T T

:, :,

I) I)

C: C:

4 4 1) 1) ·· ·· I I

···• · · . .

<---<~ <---<~ .. .. - <:: <:: . .

J J 1

-~ · ·

~- ·· ·· .. .. ,· ,·

- ...... ,.-····_.,··· ' ' .:.-) .:.-)

r:: :::::::::i:::: : ::::1 ::::1 J J

t >:: : ::::::::: :l :l F- · ·

./ j j f · · · · ,/ ,/ I I

·-,·--·-- r ~ ~ .. .. ·· ·· · · . . . .

- ··- · .r - · ·-----·------······-····--·--·-----····-·--·-·-····---···-····· ·-----·------······-····--·--·-----····-·--·-·-····---···-····· ·-----·------··---- · · - ·· ---·-···--·- -·--· ----, ----, 7 7

··- ·-·· ·-·· ' '

·-· ·-·

. .

! L.- 1 1

. , .L_., .L_., . . .

[ [ .. .. ;; ;; . 1.) 1.)

c c l. _ I._ . . · · • • . .. ..

·... ·...

(-., (-., .. .. ( (

i::-1 i::-1 :':: :'::

I I I I 7 7

...... I I .. .. --.. --.. ··· 11 ·-+ ·-+ r··-- I I

FIGURE FIGURE 13:5 13:5 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION OF OF QUARTZ QUARTZ FLAKE FLAKE LENGTHS LENGTHS

r~ I I : ! ! l l ; ; r~:~ r~:~ ~ ;.;. ;.;. r r IT1; IT1;

5 5 0 0 1 0 0 I I

.:iC .:iC .:i::i .:i::i :i::'i :i::'i 4C• 4C• ~I ~I .~'i(• .~'i(•

I I

iJ{, iJ{, _ 1/?) 1/?)

~_ ~_ }\:d__i!f }\:d__i!f 0 0 J?/L--,----~---,---,--J J?/L--,----~---,---,--J

1 1 ·-

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I· I· ...... - ...... · ...... -· ..-· ...... ·· ·· .. .. --· ·· ·· .. .. 1, 1, _ _ ...... · · ...... ·· ·· .. .. ·· ·1 ·1 5 5 -

);>::: );>:::

ti:::):: ti:::):: : : 13 13 :I :I : :: : :~ : :::::iii::: ! ! . .

7 7

:1 :1

I~ I~ i - · -·--,--~1· -·--,--~1· ,. · _ . ;> ;>

C:i C:i

' ·-

,., ,., ......

- :} :}

( , ,

r r r

10 10 ......

'J 'J

i, i, 1 1 1

,_ , , 12 12 -··! -··!

1 .? , ,

1 . , : 1 . .

15 15 -

1".: i i

17 17

1 t; t;

· 19 19

l l : :- '.1: 1 1 -

····- --· ------··, ------··, 21 21 - ··---······- · ··-- · --··--·-····---······----·--·······-··-····· --··--·-····---······----·--·······-··-····· ......

1 1 L L ...... · ' ' ...... · -.:-:, -.:-:, I I I I 1 ._ ._ .. .. I I

• • , , , J J , , ...... ·· ·· .. .. · · •.. •.. · · ··- - ...... -

••• •••

••• ••• .:: .:: _ _ _

1 1 1

l I I l

I I ,-, ,-,

, - ··-·

· ·

--,· --,· , . . ! ! .·· , , LI LI .•. .•. ,~-:i ,~-:i -,::~- I I

I I , ·, ·, 1·- -, -, .. .. -.. -.. I I r ····- ~ ~

FIGURE FIGURE 13:4 13:4 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION O F F QUARTZ QUARTZ FLAKE FLAKE LENGTHS LENGTHS

rr,\\\ rr,\\\ l l r •!:!:: •!:!:: ~. ~. 1111,~': 1111,~':

~-=1 ~-=1

0 0

.:1 : :, :, · 1 1 ::'J ::'J · 1 0 0 ,;:;:::i ,;:;:::i

:: . . (:1 (:1

, .. .. ·10 ·10 -.1,: 1 1

J_L~J,;J__,L__vLL J_L~J,;J__,L__vLL

~ ~

--'---,------....u..,:...,.L --'---,------....u..,:...,.L -- o o

'"...:L '"...:L

.. .. r------....,....-

IIIJ IIIJ

: : ::1~I ::1~I ~ ? ?

r ~?~?l ~?~?l

( \:\? :1 :1 :: :: 770 770

><..-::

. • • :>:: : >:: ~:>:::: ~:>:::: > > .. .. ,::: ,::: · . . -i -i ' i: :i :i

r~ r~ .. .. - -- - . .

< <

. . v:: v:: .. ..

< · · ......

......

1,:, 1,:, ·-

i.r.- t t

1 :~ :~ rr · ·

-, -,

f, f,

14 14 - - ,-

--. --.

Hi Hi

1 1 i:.~ i:.~ -

::::i::1 ::::i::1 -

;~~ ;~~

24 24

:r-:r · 71 71

2,G 2,G -,------·--·-----"·-·---- ...... ______...... , , .. .. _,, _,, .. .. ______, _,_ ,_,, ,_,, ______.. .. _ __ _ _ ,, ,, ______------·------

t t ·. ·. · - ·· ·· · - I I

·-

~ ~

I I ' ·· -

. .

·- ·· ·· .I .I · . . . ·-

· · · ··-·

· · ·

. ,. ,.

· ·-- ·' ·'

r- I I

1 ·- 1 1 P P :'~~ :; :; • • ·~ ·~ .. .. : : I I ,.·-. ,.·-. 1 ·- , .: J J ...... ,.... ,....

(:J (:J . . I I - - .. .. ,-, ,-, ! ! I I 1 1

FIGURE FIGURE FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION 13:8 13:8 OF OF SILCRETE SILCRETE FLAKE FLAKE LENGTHS LENGTHS

, , 11111111v . ~ . t, -~ -~ .. . . :.; :.;

5 5

0 0 1 0 0

::20 ::20 ::j ::j 1 1 1:~:J 1:~:J .oio .oio .::i ::.= 1 1 . 3( 1 1

~~LL_f- LLt LLt _ _ _ ~ ~ -LL~ r_.: d_L_,;a d_L_,;a ______0 0 1 1 r r ...... { { ,.·· ,.·· r--.--

~~~.

: ::: ::::::::::::::: ::: ! ! , ::::: (:::: ::::: :::::: : ::::::? ::::::? :::: : :::] :::] ~: :: : ::: : :::: ...... : : ::::] ::::] : ::::::::~:: : : : :

l l

r,--- · - ~ ~ :::: ::::

- · · · .·

· · ,.- · ·

.....

. . - ..- J J \ \ . . . · · · , ·· ·· .. .. · · J J ,' ,' ...... ' '

1·:.>:?~I 1·:.>:?~I

:::::: :.

::::::

:::

: :::: ::::

:::::::<::::\: :::::::<::::\: (:: :<: : :.: : :: :! :!

.3 .3 -

'l 'l •' •' .. .. ' ' ...... ' · ·1 ·1 [ ·· ··

4 4

5 5

......

L L . .

~; ~;

::, ::,

r. 1 1

[ [

(I (I

:: :: ......

~ ~ [>:>:>: [>:>:>: 10 10

t t .. .. / / ,..· ,..· 11 11

! ! f::::::::i::::: : : :: : : 2 2 -

/ / ,:i ,:i ,.··1 ,.··1 1 1 ......

: : : : F;?U F;?U ------_ _ · 1 1

+ + E:~:. E:~:. [) [) . . . :5: :5: 1 1 I I c: c: e e n n , .· -(::1 -(::1 e e 1=--1 1=--1 k . . :=~:) :=~:)

FIGURE FIGURE 13:6 13:6 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION OF OF SILCRETE SILCRETE FLAKE FLAKE LENGTHS LENGTHS

10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 mm mm

SD SD

BU BU

...:i ...:i

ul ul

> >

'1l '1l

...:i ...:i

Cf) Cf)

AD AD

$ $

BL BL

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 13:7 13:7 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAM DIAGRAM OF OF SILCRETE SILCRETE FLAKE FLAKE - 64 -

The range of measurements is between 6mm and 35mm, The most frequently encountered flake size is from 6mm to 15mm, peaking between 11mm and 15mm. Length is skewed to the left.

The length of untrimmed silcrete flakes in BU is illustrated in bar-chart form in Figure 13:8. The range of measurements is between 6mm and 35mm. The most frequ~ntly encountered flake size is from 6mm to 15mm, peaking between 6mm and 10mm. Length is skewed to the left.

In AD, the length of untrimmed silcrete flakes is illustrated in bar-chart form in Figure 13:9. The range measurements is between

6mm and 35mm. The most frequently encountered flake size is from

6mm to 20mm, peaking from 11mm to 15mm.

In BL, the sample is to small for any meaningful statistical observation. In SD,BU and AD, the range of measurements are identical. The most frequently encountered flake size in SD and

BU is from 6mm to 15mm, and in AD, from 6mm to 20mm (Fig:13:10).

The results of the lengths of silcrete adzes in SD, is illustrated in bar-chart form in Figure 13:11. Modified

Dice-Leraas diagrams in Figure 13:12 includes all four levels.

Only silcrete lengths are discussed, as the other raw material samples are too small. In SD, the range of measurements is between 11mm and 40mm. The most frequently encountered flake size

t~t t~t : : : : ·,, ·,, n n r r ·ta ~ :-t :-t 1 1 ::!: ::!: ~:. ~:.

0 0 5 5

1 1 C• C• ::.1=: .3:: 1 1 i i " i i :::: , ,

:;:;~, :;:;~,

,]1-:1 ,]1-:1

~~ i 1K 1K

'.j '.j __ __

r ··- -·--r- -·---,--·-- -- T- _J _J

, · +~ +~ 0 0 · · .. ..

::::::: : :::::::::: _:: ::::: :::::

0.5 0.5

}:!}'.;! }:!}'.;! /:):)::: /:):)::: '.;'._{J '.;'._{J

1.5 1.5

,,_ ,,_

L. L.

{, {,

ff ff

:i :i :2 :2

.:, .:,

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::-~.5 ::-~.5 I , ,·· ,··

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.. .. ::::::·::::::: : ::: :: ::: :::

3 3

......

· · · ,· ,·

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- ~ ~ I I

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-:,; -:,; ,c· ,c· :: :: ::: : ::i:: :::::::::::: J J

,t ,t ]- /, /'.7-: 1 1

C C ,. ,. ~ :} :} . . t <. <. U U

.'3 .'3

:· : i:) i:)

, ,

, :~~·· :~~·· T T _ _ T T .:

:, :, , , , ,

1 1 l l -~ -·- · ; · · r ·· .,, .,,

1 1 ...... - -

r -· 1 1 -

I I · · - ··I·· ··I·· ......

FIGURE FIGURE 13:10 13:10 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION O F F SILCRETE SILCRETE FLAKE FLAKE L E NGTHS NGTHS

1il l l n n · ~:~ · ~: ~: '. ;;. ;;. - ~ ~ ~ j j IT IT

5 5

0 0

:~1:, :~1:, l 1 1 :=.:, :=.:, 1 1 .3~'.'.1 .3~'.'.1 . . .!: .!: ( 1 1 ~~, ~~, ,1 0 0 ,:'i f"• f"•

u u ,--- ~.L-r--'--J..-.- - -L--~--·r- - L-~ . ·r~il.~r ~J----r·--· - ·--,--

_ _ :::::::::::::::::::: : : : ·: :::::::: :: ::::::: :: : : · · : ::: : ::· : ::: :: ::. ::: : :1 :1 1 · :::: : . ::::::::.::::-:· ::::::::.::::-:· \ ·::::::::::::::. ::::: ::::: 1 ·-: :::: ::::·:: :: ::: : ::::. ::::.

r/ r/ / / / /

r r •' •' . • • • • ./ ./ r.•··~-- - •~ •~ t' t' r: ·-T- "l "l j j j j

j j

1 1 / / ., .· .· • • ./ ./

o o .' .' • • • • .' .' • •

::::: : : : : ::: :i:: :::: :::: ~: ::: f:: :_: ::: :: : ::: :: : :::: ·:::::: : : : ::: 1 1 [ [ .. .. : :: : _: ·:::::::: : :

l l . · · ...- ..,. ..,. ( (

...- ,.. ,..

I I j j ,.- · · .,... .,... .., ..,

r-·-'.:r-·:n r-·-'.:r-·:n ~ ~

· <· ·: : : . . . - . . <> ·: :: :: .. .. ,-:: , , ~ ~ ..-:i ..-:i (·:·:...::.: (·:·:...::.:

> ·<· ' ' .:: .:: ' ' ::>:::>:. : > > : :: :: .. .. -: .: > : > >

~1 ~1 /i:: /i::

{)} {)} f::}? f::}?

f f

4- .• .•

L. L.

(, (,

r'r r'r

4 4 · ' 1 1

[1 [1

r:: r::

/I /I r : : .. .. , : : .. .. ·· : .<,< , , <· 1 1 . · · ...... 1 1

I I .-·· .-·· ,.- . ,1 ,1 .. .. · ·

, , · · , , -t -t

f f ,..- ....- , ,

• • • I I

i.::

J J

p~771 p~771 ·: : : ...... -: ...-: ...... - - 1 1 r7·77r r7·77r fj fj

: : l l · ·

\\\J \\\J

I I

/\ _ _ [) [) . . . : ~~:::1 ~~:::1 \ \ ~: : J · l l f f

I I ••• ••• 1· · ·

C C ,--J ,--J 1 :J :J

< < (1 H H 1

FIGURE FIGURE 13:9 13:9 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION O F F SILCRETE SILCRETE FLAKE FLAKE LENGTHS LENGTHS

i i r~ r~ \ \ \ \ 1 1 i;. i;. -rie:t -rie:t 1 /Tl /Tl

.:so .:so • • 4C ;~o ;~o : 10 10 0 0 5() 5()

~-f~}l];& ~-f~}l];&

:~::; :~::; :

~\l_f-:-: -L--.-- () ()

2 2

---~ ---~ ;· -- ·-- ;· ----· ~ ---- r-;· ......

...... - 1 4 4

-•1 -•1 . . .. .

€.; €.;

a.3 a.3

t t ~ ~ 0 0 1

n n

- j j

1~ 1~ n n

C C -

0 0

14 14 ~ ~

• • 1.Ci 1.Ci

...... _ _

1 1

C, C,

· · · - .. .. · · , ,·· ,·· _.,·· _.,··

,, ,, __ __

......

. . .. · · ,,· ·· ·· , ··· ··· ,

:1 :1 :·::::: :: :: :: -:::::::::::::::: .. .. : :

, , : , ~

. . ::1 ::1 :: : :::: : : ::::<.:: :< : : r: :2:;~ :2:;~

1 1 ------:r,-;i------

· · ---·--r-· ------·---

- 24 24

J J ._ . . . . · · ·-~

...... ~· ~· - ·

·-· ·-· · ·

·-

.,. .,. ·-~· ·-~·

.,. .,. _ _

}-___ ' ' ·-

· · - J_ J_

+ + -·: -·: ( I I l\ l\

P. P. l. l. · · .. .. :'=- I I : : ::.~~ .I .I c;; c;; 7 7 1 1 . ( P P P P Tl Tl

LENGTHS LENGTHS ADZE ADZE SILCRETE SILCRETE OF OF DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY FREQUENCY 13:13 13:13 FIGURE FIGURE

.. .. i1T1>~tr-~ i1T1>~tr-~ ~ ~ n,I!! n,I!!

50 50 :50 :50 . 0 0 4

:20 :20 0 0 10 10

- ______--J --J ------, J ~. 1~~ _L~;.i . L,~y~~L ______T T --- -,------() ()

t t ; ;

:, :, ::: [}:: 1::::::{J 1::::::{J };:::;{1 };:::;{1 1

4 4

- :::'J :::'J

, , .. .. ,I=· ,I=·

.. ..

- .. ..

8 8

-- ~

l.. l..

'.l '.l

(, (,

\[' \['

~ ~

J J

- (.) (.) 1 1

r, r, ......

· · , -·· -·· ,

C C

......

1 1 1 1 ·· ·· ...... ··· ··· · ·· , -·_ -·_ -

Cr Cr

.. ..

.·· .·· , ,·· ,·· ··· ··· ·· ·· ,

. . .::~ .::~ 1 1 ......

1.3 1.3

- 14 14

15 15

16 16

7' 7' 1. 1.

\i::i \i::i '

l l

9 9 1 ---- ::.-:{ ::.-:{ : : · :- ~-:: ~-:: :: :: ::: ::: r:: r:: . . . . -- ......

. . :0::.() :0::.()

s: s: t t ·s ·s (: z z

i i

I I e e . .

D D ,j ,j

/\. /\.

i::~~ i::~~ -

: : : : f:_: :~ :~ ' : T T 1 1

LENGTHS LENGTHS ADZE ADZE SILCRETE SILCRETE OF OF DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION FREQUENCY FREQUENCY 13:11 13:11 FIGURE FIGURE

1 0 0 50 50 2 0 0 mm mm 40 40 30 30

SD SD

...:i ...:i

li1 li1

~ ~

BU BU ...:i ...:i

U) U)

AD AD

*sd *sd 7. 38 38 = =

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE A N D D STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAM DIAGRAM FIGURE FIGURE OF OF 13:12 13:12 SILCRETE SILCRETE ADZE ADZE

one one scraper. scraper.

measurement measurement is is identical identical to to BU. BU. In In BL, BL, the the sample sample only only includes includes

sample sample is is small, small, but but the the most most frequently frequently occurring occurring size size

from from 6mm 6mm to to 10mm. 10mm. Length Length is is skewed skewed to to the the left. left. In In SD SD and and AD, AD, the the

mm. mm. The The most most frequently frequently encountered encountered scraper scraper size size measurement measurement is is

represented represented in in BU. BU. The The range range of of measurement measurement is is between between 5mm 5mm and and 20 20

gauged gauged by by the the bar-chart bar-chart illustrations. illustrations. Twenty-seven Twenty-seven scrapers scrapers are are

sample sample in in SD, SD, AD AD and and BL BL is is too too small. small. However, However, comparisons comparisons can can be be

considered, considered, and and is is best best represented represented in in sample sample size size in in BU. BU. The The

diagrams diagrams in in Figure Figure 13:18 13:18 include include all all four four levels. levels. Only Only quartz quartz is is

bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figure Figure 13:15 13:15 -13:17. -13:17. Modified Modified Dice-Leraas Dice-Leraas

The The results results of of the the quartz quartz scraper scraper lengths lengths is is illustrated illustrated in in

cutting cutting edge edge to to shape shape wooden wooden implements. implements.

would would be be relatively relatively large, large, the the emphasis emphasis being being on on a a long, long, sharp sharp

(Fig:13:14). (Fig:13:14). One One would would logically logically assume assume that that adze adze flake flake lengths lengths

encountered encountered measurement measurement in in SD SD and and BU, BU, is is from from 21mm 21mm to to 30mm 30mm

observation, observation, and and in in BL BL it it is is unrepresented. unrepresented. The The most most frequently frequently

In In AD, AD, the the sample sample is is too too small small for for any any meaningful meaningful statistical statistical

is is from from 21 21 to to 30mm, 30mm, and and replicates replicates the the flake flake size size in in SD. SD.

between between 11mm 11mm and and 50mm. 50mm. The The most most frequently frequently encountered encountered flake flake size size

in in bar-chart bar-chart form form in in Figure Figure 13:13. 13:13. The The range range of of measurements measurements is is

The The results results of of the the length length of of silcrete silcrete adzes adzes in in BU BU is is illustrated illustrated

is is from from 11mm 11mm to to 30mm. 30mm.

- 65 65 -

) )

i i n1: n1: ! ! :» · '.~. '.~. •.,;, •.,;, I I rn'.:!:t rn'.:!:t

.:io .:io 10 10 40 40 ::"::(1 ::"::(1 ~:iO ~:iO f) f)

···-,--· -··- - ········· -·-·r--· ·- · - ··---· ··---· 1.. L..,_~r---- - · -~-T~.-.J -~-T~.-.J ~ , ______-- -~ ...... ------·--,---- 1 1 - l l

f, f, • • , , .· I, I, ...... · ] ] ,.· ,.· ,.- .. . . ,. ,. 1 1

[:/\'.<1 [:/\'.<1

??:J(~/: 1 1 [::( : \\:: \\::

f f - , ,

1 1

~ ~ - t: : ::; ::; {] {] ::;:{::::::: ::;:{:::::::

I I t·. t·. · · ...... _ _ .. .. ·j ·j

(:::::: :· :· :::::::::< 1 1

... . . , ,

L. L.

(, (,

ff ff

.31 .31 .. . . ·· ·· ...... · · ......

:, :,

1 1 f f .. .. . · · .· .· - ·· ··

1 1

if, if,

I I

r· r·

, , ...... · ·· ·· ...... · · ...... · · · ...... 1 1

0 0 l

·~// ·~// ::-, ::-,

I I t" t" ,. ,. I I .' .'

' :::./ : _ . . < < ...... : _ ::. ::. < 1 1

< 1 1

4 4 - ~ ~ :::: : :: ::

" " f//: f//: :: :: j j I I J J

j j ,: ,: :<,_:".. ,. · · ...... I I

f f

.' .' .. • • · · ,·'. ,·'. ,·· ,·· ,j ,j . . I I

· · . . ...- ...... ·:/ ·:/ . . . 'i 'i I I

- r --·------·------·-···-,-·.r · · ...... ' ' ·r-···· - · · ·-······--· ------fi fi - - -· ------····· 1 1

1 1

~ :-3 :-3 t:: l. l. .. ..

~ ~ .i . . ,,.u , , , , H , , ( ( __ __ . . , I I • . . _) _) ( ( .. . . :. :. . . ~:: l l ::~:

~ ~ . . c· c· .. .. -. -.

I I 1 1 i i . .

~ ~

_ _ ._ ._ ...... -· -· 11 11 I I •._ •._ . 1 1 1 _ _ - - .. .. - -

FIGURE FIGURE 13:14 13:14 FREQUENCY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION DISTRIBUTION OF OF SILCRETE SILCRETE ADZ E E LENGTHS LENGTHS

i, i, rni ll ll \~'.:ctr · , : : '.., ;. ;. 1 1

::.1 ::.1 0 0

1 1 .3 0 0 5 5 25 25 .:50 .:50 1 1 5 5 ::-~ ( ) )

~~~r'.~ ~~~r'.~

.--L : + . ,: : :::.Lt.L~/:.:..:L :::.Lt.L~/:.:..:L .. .. ::~L ::~L ...... c , , .. . . ,-- . .

t~c.i~::..~

.:.~ !. !. ______

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SCRAPER SCRAPER QUARTZ QUARTZ OF OF DIAGRAM DIAGRAM DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS MODIFIED MODIFIED 18 18 13: 13: FIGURE FIGURE

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In In 1977:411). 1977:411). (Gallagher (Gallagher possible" possible" not not is is scraping scraping for for angle angle

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test test to to (1978), (1978), Mazel Mazel by by developed developed method method a a closely closely followes followes This This

edge. edge. retouched retouched the the of of measurements measurements width width and and length length the the included included

these these and and scrapers scrapers on on measured measured were were attributes attributes Unconventional Unconventional

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BL BL

DEVIATION DEVIATION STANDARD STANDARD AND AND RANGE RANGE MEAN, MEAN, - LENGTHS LENGTHS

EDGE EDGE SCRAPER SCRAPER OF OF DIAGRAM DIAGRAM DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS MODIFIED MODIFIED 14:5 14:5 FIGURE FIGURE - 67 -

Modified Dice-Leraas diagrams pre illustrated in Figure 14:5 and

include all four levels. The study of the lengths of the

retouched edge reflects a remarkably tight clustering. The edge

lengths rarely exceeds 5mm, most frequently occurring at 3mm, which closely reflects Mazel's (1978) observation. The close

grouping of the samples is evident from both bar-chart and the

modified Dice-Leraas diagrams. Only .one artefact, in BL exceeds

5mm. It is possible, that edge lengths greater than 4mm, could be

that they were in a state of use when preparation of the skin was

completed, hence they would have been discarded before having

been completely re-sharpened.

It is tantalizing to speculate, that the high frequencies of

scrapers found in the mountain and in the Sandveld may be a

reflection of the limited funtional life and intentional discard

by the user.

(Parkington (Parkington and and 1971), 1971), Poggenpoel Poggenpoel Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave Cave (Parkington (Parkington

1921), 1921), (Hewitt (Hewitt (Deacon (Deacon Boomplaas Boomplaas H.J. H.J. 1979), 1979), De De Hangen Hangen

including including Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom 1931., 1931., (Hewitt (Hewitt 1976), 1976), Deacon Deacon H.J. H.J. Wilton Wilton

have have been been identified identified from from numerous numerous sites sites in in South South Africa, Africa,

display display mastic, mastic, or or traces traces of of mastic mastic remains. remains. Tools Tools with with mastic mastic

impressive impressive feature feature of of the the assemblage, assemblage, is is the the range range of of tools tools which which

small, small, displays displays some some interesting interesting features. features. By By far far the the most most

The The formal formal tool tool assemblage assemblage from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, although although relatively relatively

A - A PATTERNS PATTERNS IN IN STONE STONE

and and subsistence. subsistence.

of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape during during the the last last 2000 2000 years years - settlement settlement

Cave. Cave. In In effect, effect, the the economic economic base base of of the the Later Later Stone Stone Age Age people people

nature nature of of the the hunting hunting and and gathering gathering camp(s) camp(s) that that occupied occupied Renbaan Renbaan

Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. The The second second section section will will attempt attempt to to define define the the

describe describe three three interesting interesting features features of of the the lithic lithic assemblage assemblage from from

discussed discussed here. here. The The first first section section of of this this chapter, chapter, will will therefore therefore

analysed analysed and and compared compared in in previous previous chapters, chapters, other other features features are are

Cave Cave and and although although the the assemblage assemblage ha~ ha~ been been described, described, metrically metrically

indepth indepth analysis analysis of of the the stone stone artefact artefact assembalge assembalge from from Renbaan Renbaan

The The initial initial emphasis emphasis of of this this report report was was designed designed around around an an

This This final final chapter chapter takes takes the the form form of of two two parts. parts.

DISCUSSION DISCUSSION

CHAPTER CHAPTER SIX SIX

- 68 68 - - 69 - pers.comm.), Elands Bay Cave (Parkington 1976a), as well as sites in Plettenberg Bay and Knysna (Walker 1974). Clark

(J.D.1959:232-234) describes a small thumbnail scraper mounted in mastic from Melkhoutboom, as well as tools mounted in wood and bone handles from sites in the southwestern Cape . He also describes stone-tipped arrows mounted in resin in the end of wooden handles from ethnographic co~texts in the Cape (Clark,

J.D. 1977). Mounted stone tools are described by Goodwin and van

Riet Lowe (1929) in their pioneering work on the stone tool assemblages from southern Africa. X-ray photographs of two mounted stone implements from sites in South Africa are described by Hilary Deacon (1966). Phillipson (1976:215-218) describes stone tools with mastic adhering from Makwe and Kalemba, two

Stone Age sites in eastern Zambia, and Gallagher (1977) details the manufacture, use, re-sharpening and discard of mounted obsidian scrapers made by hide tanners in central Ethiopia, but these are hafted in wooden handles, without resin.

The feature is therefore widespread.

Walker (1974) built up a comprehensive sample of resins and compared these to mastic retained on pre-historic stone tools from sites in the southwestern and southern Cape. He concluded that the mastic/resin was composed of tree resin, possibly mixed with other vegetable materials as a binder. Unfortuntely he did not specify what these vegetable components were. Mastic from

mount mount (Deacon, (Deacon, J. J. 1982:557). 1982:557). The The hafting hafting of of adzes adzes at at the the end end of of a a

ends ends also also suggests suggests that that adzes adzes were were sometimes sometimes reversed reversed in in the the

than than at at right right angles angles to to the the working working edge. edge. Retouch Retouch on on opposing opposing

Adzes Adzes were were hafted hafted at at the the end end of of a a handle handle like like a a chisel, chisel, rather rather

microlithic microlithic tools tools and and may may reflect reflect greater greater work work efficiency. efficiency.

important important development development coinciding coinciding with with the the manufacture manufacture of of

The The use use of of mastic mastic to to mount mount tools tools onto onto handles handles may may have have been been an an

wood wood and and bone bone handles. handles.

range range of of tools tools suggests suggests that that most most stone stone tools tools were were hafted hafted onto onto

blades blades (see (see Appendix Appendix III). III). The The retention retention of of mastic mastic on on such such a a wide wide

retouched retouched pieces pieces (MRP's), (MRP's), a a backed backed point, point, utilized utilized flakes flakes and and

Basal Basal Units. Units. These These included included scrapers, scrapers, adzes, adzes, miscellaneous miscellaneous

Bedding Bedding Units, Units, three three from from the the Ash Ash Deposits Deposits and and three three from from the the

identified, identified, three three from from the the Surface Surface Deposits, Deposits, twenty twenty from from the the

At At Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, 29 29 tools tools which which display display mastic mastic have have been been

they they may may have have been been stored stored for for future future use. use.

the the southern southern Cape Cape and and Janette Janette Dea~on Dea~on (1982:221) (1982:221) suggests suggests that that

Lumps Lumps of of mastic mastic were were found found in in the the deposits deposits at at Boomplaas Boomplaas Cave Cave in in

eventually. eventually.

It It is is hoped hoped that that the the vegetable vegetable components components will will be be identified identified

(University (University of of Cape Cape Town), Town), but but the the results results are are not not yet yet available. available.

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave is is being being analysed analysed in in the the Chemistry Chemistry Department Department

- 70 70 -

mounting mounting technique technique of of small small convex convex scrapers scrapers (Table (Table 15:1). 15:1). Small Small

Deacon Deacon (1982:221) (1982:221) provides provides an an illustration illustration of of the the suggested suggested

scrapers scrapers seem seem to to be be end-mounted end-mounted like like adzes, adzes, or or hand-held. hand-held. Janette Janette

scrapers scrapers are are side side mounted" mounted" and and by by contrast, contrast, that that large, large, heavy heavy

1980:33), 1980:33), that that there there is is strong strong evidence evidence that that "small "small convex convex

describe describe the the mode mode of of hafting. hafting. They They argue argue (Deacon (Deacon and and Deacon Deacon

a a stone stone tool, tool, from from a a site site in in Plettenberg Plettenberg Bay, Bay, enables enables them them to to

(mounted (mounted in in resin) resin) and and a a handle handle and and resin resin intact intact but but which which lacks lacks

(1980). (1980). Deacon Deacon Comparisons Comparisons between between the the Boomplaas Boomplaas specimen specimen

Cave Cave in in the the southernn southernn Cape Cape is is described described by by Hilary Hilary and and Janette Janette

The The hafting hafting and and function function of of a a small small convex convex scraper scraper from from Boomplaas Boomplaas

and and used used as as woodworking woodworking tools. tools.

Australia, Australia, described described by by Clark Clark (J.D. (J.D. 1958) 1958) are are also also end end mounted mounted

handle handle to to shape shape digging digging sticks sticks and and pegs. pegs. Hafted Hafted adzes adzes from from

University University of of Cape Cape Town Town in in 1981 1981 used used adzes adzes hafted hafted at at the the end end of of a a

Ethno-archaeological Ethno-archaeological experiments experiments by by Binneman Binneman and and students students at at the the

probably probably out out break break of of mastic mastic the the and and the the handle. handle.

heavy heavy shaving shaving pressure pressure would would render render adzes adzes useless, useless, as as they they would would

Stone Stone Age Age adzes adzes ( ( Binneman Binneman 1984) 1984) • . . Side Side mounting mounting of of adzes adzes and and

easily easily identifiable identifiable diagnostic diagnostic feature feature and and typical typical of of the the Late Late

controlled controlled experimental experimental conditions conditions reveal reveal that that woodpolish woodpolish is is an an

and and clubs. clubs. Micro-wear Micro-wear studies studies and and comparisons comparisons of of polish polish under under

shaving, shaving, shaping shaping and and planing planing digging digging sticks, sticks, pegs, pegs, bows, bows, spears spears

(which (which were were side side mounted) mounted) and and were were used used for for heavier heavier work work like like

handle handle suggests suggests that that adzes adzes were were more more durable durable tools tools than than scrapers scrapers

- 71 71 -

I I _J _J

l l ! !

\ \ \ \

I I I I

I I l l

I I I I

I \ \ I

CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPER SCRAPER (REFERENCE: (REFERENCE: DEACON DEACON 1982) 1982)

SUGGESTED SUGGESTED MOUNTING MOUNTING TECHNIQUE TECHNIQUE FIGURE FIGURE OF OF 15:1 15:1 SMALL SMALL - 72 - mounted scrapers are linked primarily to the working of light skins from small bovids such as duiker and steenbok, fashioned for clothing, bags, quivers or aprons. Large scrapers were used for scraping heavier hides from large bovids such as hartebeest or eland, their hides used for sleeping mats and sandals (Deacon and Deacon 1980:35).

What is described above is a 'functional model' for hafted stone

tools. I suggest that the mode of hafting and function of mounted

tools described by Hilary and Janette Deacon (1980) and Deacon

(J. 1982), can be applied to the Renbaan Cave stone implements which display mastic.

Another quite remarkable feature of the Renbaan Cave lithic

assemblage, which relates to the function of the stone tools

described above, was the discovery of a small convex scraper,

which displays use-wear on the retouched edge to such an extent,

that the retouch is no longer visible. No other artefact which

displays use-wear to such a high degree has been found in the

southwestern Cape. The implement was sent to Johan Binneman at

the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, for micro-wear analysis.

The scraper is a typical microlithic Later Stone Age convex

scraper, 11.5 x 10.4 x 4.5mm, made from chert, with a prominent

rounded working edge (Appendix IV). The scraper came from square

C3in OSP (AD). It was examined under a special microscope fitted

edge edge working working round round The The IV). IV). Appendix Appendix in in plates plates (see (see conditions conditions

experimental experimental controlled controlled polish polish under under with with created created closely closely

compares compares scraper scraper the the on on present present polish polish The The hides. hides. scraping scraping

in in extensively extensively used used was was scraper scraper the the that that doubt doubt no no is is There There

actions. actions. lateral lateral also also but but

actions, actions, scraping scraping in in involved involved only only not not was was scraper scraper the the that that show show

edge edge working working rounded rounded the the on on present present striations striations IV).The IV).The Appendix Appendix

in in plates plates (see (see edge edge working working the the to to angles angles right right at at are are few few

a a only only while while edge, edge, working working the the to to parallel parallel mainly mainly are are striations striations

of of number number large large a a that that is is interesting, interesting, particularly particularly is is What What

tool. tool. the the of of edge edge rounded rounded the the on on visible visible clearly clearly are are Striations Striations

hafting. hafting. to to linked linked be be may may polish polish wood wood of of presence presence The The IV). IV).

Appendix Appendix in in plate plate (see (see surface surface ventral ventral scraper's scraper's the the of of middle middle

the the in in approximately approximately present, present, are are polish polish wood wood of of areas areas small small

that that is is observation observation interesting interesting An An hides. hides. fresh fresh process process to to used used

was was scraper scraper the the that that suggests suggests which which appearance appearance greasy greasy a a has has also also

polish polish The The IV). IV). Appendix Appendix in in plates plates (see (see pitted pitted is is and and look look uneven uneven

rough, rough, a a has has it it that that in in characteristics characteristics hide hide typical typical displays displays

polish polish The The surface. surface. dorsal dorsal and and ventral ventral the the both both on on edge edge scraper scraper

the the along along band band broad broad a a in in predominantly predominantly occurs occurs and and developed developed well well

is is which which hide-polish, hide-polish, a a of of consists consists scraper scraper the the on on micro-wear micro-wear The The

taken. taken.

were were Photomicrographs Photomicrographs 400x. 400x. to to SOx SOx from from ranging ranging magnifications magnifications

with with illuminations illuminations field field dark dark and and field field bright bright with with

- 73 73 -

silcrete silcrete tools tools on on older older flakes flakes and and Table Table 7:2, 7:2, the the number number and and

illustrates illustrates the the number number and and percentage percentage of of formal formal and and utilized utilized

of of Later Later Stone Stone Age Age type type tools tools made made on on MSA MSA flakes. flakes. Table Table 7:1 7:1

flakes flakes were were re-analysed re-analysed in in order order to to locate locate the the precise precise proportion proportion

Subsequently Subsequently all all silcrete silcrete adzes, adzes, scrapers, scrapers, MRP's MRP's and and utilized utilized

lesser lesser a a extent, extent, miscellaneous miscellaneous retouched retouched pieces pieces (MRP's). (MRP's).

that that is, is, a a faceted faceted platform. platform. ~hese ~hese included included mainly mainly adzes, adzes, and and to to

the the 'typical' 'typical' characteristics characteristics of of Middle Middle Stone Stone Age Age (MSA) (MSA) flakes, flakes,

assemblage, assemblage, it it was was noted noted that that some some of of the the formal formal tools tools displayed displayed

During During the the preliminary preliminary analysis analysis of of the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave lithic lithic

irrefutably irrefutably reveal reveal the the functional functional aspects aspects of of hafted hafted stone stone tools. tools.

experimental experimental conditions, conditions, as as well well as as ethnographic ethnographic observations, observations,

Micro-wear Micro-wear studies, studies, comparisons comparisons with with polish polish created created under under

rubbing rubbing against against the the sides. sides.

result result from from the the scraper scraper being being carried carried around around in in a a skin skin bag bag and and

high high degree degree of of polish polish on on this this particular particular scraper scraper , , may may possibly possibly

and and was was discarded. discarded. Binneman Binneman (pers.comm.) (pers.comm.) has has suggested suggested that that the the

in in the the Ash Ash Deposit Deposit may may also also suggest suggest that that it it was was no no longer longer usable usable

degree degree of of polish, polish, visible visible even even to to the the naked naked eye eye and and its its presence presence

scrapers scrapers were were side side hafted hafted and and used used to to process process hides. hides. The The higher higher

observations observations by by Deacon Deacon and and Deacon Deacon (1980), (1980), that that small small convex convex

scraper scraper was was hafted, hafted, probably probably side-hafted. side-hafted. This This supports supports the the

presence presence of of wood wood polish polish and and traces traces of of mastic mastic suggests suggests that that the the

suggests suggests that that it it was was used used at at a a high high angle, angle, about about 45°. 45°. The The

- 74 74 -

0 0 8 8 0 0 Utilized Utilized

0 0 0 0 0 0 MRP's MRP's

20 20 1 1 5 5 Scrapers Scrapers

0 0 1 1 BL BL Adzes Adzes 0 0

0 0 0 0 14 14 Utilized Utilized

0 0 0 0 7 7 MRP's MRP's

0 0 4 0 0 4 Scrapers Scrapers

55.6 55.6 9 9 5 5 Adzes Adzes AD AD

14.3 14.3 2 2 14 14 Utilized Utilized

25 25 3 3 12 12 MRP'S MRP'S

0 0 3 0 0 3 Scrapers Scrapers

52.8 52.8 19 19 36 36 BU BU Adzes Adzes

0 0 0 0 Utilized Utilized 11 11

23 23 3 3 MRP's MRP's 13 13

9 9 0 0 0 0 Scrapers Scrapers

61.1 61.1 22 22 36 36 Adzes Adzes SD SD

FLAKES FLAKES FLAKES FLAKES OLDER OLDER EXAMINED EXAMINED

OLDER OLDER ON ON % % ON ON TYPE TYPE NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER TOOL TOOL · · LEVELS LEVELS

LEVEL LEVEL EACH EACH IN IN FLAKES FLAKES OLDER OLDER ON ON TOOLS TOOLS SILCRETE SILCRETE

UTILIZED UTILIZED AND AND FORMAL FORMAL OF OF PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE AND AND NUMBER NUMBER 7:2 7:2 TABLE TABLE

4.3 4.3 2 2 47 47 Utilized Utilized

18.8 18.8 6 6 32 32 MRP's MRP's

4.8 4.8 1 1 21 21 Scrapers Scrapers

54.8 54.8 45 45 82 82 Adzes Adzes

FLAKES FLAKES OLDER OLDER FLAKES FLAKES ON ON OLDER OLDER % % ON ON NO. NO. TOTAL TOTAL TYPE TYPE

FLAKES FLAKES OLDER OLDER ON ON TOOLS TOOLS SILCRETE SILCRETE

UTILIZED UTILIZED AND AND FORMAL FORMAL OF OF PERCENTAGE PERCENTAGE AND AND NUMBER NUMBER 7:1 7:1 TABLE TABLE

(n=9). (n=9). In In the the Basal Basal Units Units none none were were found. found. Over Over 50% 50% of of all all the the

the the Bedding Bedding Units, Units, 52.8% 52.8% (n=31) (n=31) and and in in the the Ash Ash Deposits Deposits 55.6% 55.6%

level level is is as as follows: follows: In In the the Suface Suface Deposits, Deposits, 61.1% 61.1% (n=36), (n=36), in in

The The percentage percentage of of silcrete silcrete adzes adzes made made on on 'older' 'older' flakes flakes by by each each

working working wood. wood.

mnufacture, mnufacture, the the emphasis emphasis being being on on a a sharp sharp cutting cutting edge edge for for

suggests suggests that that large large MSA MSA flakes flakes were were reserved reserved mainly mainly for for adze adze

gathering gathering people's people's response response to to available available raw raw material. material. It It

patination patination damage. damage. Th is is raises raises questions questions about about hunting hunting and and

assemblage, assemblage, (54.8%) (54.8%) 45 45 displayed displayed faceted faceted platforms platforms and/or and/or

Out Out of of a a total total of of 82 82 silcrete silcrete adzes adzes from from the the Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave

stone stone tools tools (Parkington (Parkington 1980). 1980).

information information not not previously previously recognized recognized be be researchers researchers working working on on

are are quite quite profound profound as as they they reveal reveal other other forms forms of of behavioural behavioural

occupation occupation of of Renbaan Renbaan Cave.The Cave.The implication implication of of these these observations observations

patinated patinated or or shows shows signs signs of of having having been been struck struck prior prior to to the the

discussion, discussion, an an 'older 'older flake' flake' is is defined defined as as a a flake flake which which is is

re-use re-use by by Later Later Stone Stone Age Age people. people. For For purposes purposes of of the the following following

suggesting suggesting that that the the flakes flakes were were older older than than their their subsequent subsequent

patination patination which which had had been been broken broken through through by by secondary secondary retouch, retouch,

The The majority majority of of adzes adzes and and some some of of the the MRP's MRP's also also showed showed

in in each each level. level.

percentage percentage of of formal formal and and utilized utilized silcrete silcrete tools tools on on older older flakes flakes

- 75 75 -

are are adzes adzes the the of of surface surface bulbar bulbar the the that that is is here, here, point point important important

The The dulled. dulled. and and patinated patinated became became flake flake the the of of surface surface the the

when when is is re-use re-use and and discard discard between between period period The The adzes. adzes. as as flakes flakes

older older of of re-use re-use subsequent subsequent and and discard, discard, and and use use manufacture, manufacture,

the the producing producing between between the the retouch, retouch, adze adze and and flake flake the the

striking striking between between gap gap chronological chronological a a demonstrate demonstrate therefore therefore can can We We

discarded. discarded.

and and used used people, people, Age Age Stone Stone Middle Middle by by cores cores large large off off struck struck were were

hand, hand, other other the the on on flakes flakes MSA MSA people. people. Age Age Stone Stone Later Later by by cores cores

from from struck struck were were scrapers scrapers for for used used flakes flakes silcrete silcrete the the of of most) most)

(or (or all all that that suggests suggests BP. BP. tentatively tentatively This This from from came came and and flake flake

' '

type type MSA MSA an an on on made made was was pers pers ra sc silcrete silcrete of of (out (out 21) 21) one one Only Only

materials. materials. raw raw preferred preferred of of availability availability the the and and patterns patterns

settlement settlement changing changing with with accordance accordance in in time time through through changed changed

argue argue will will I I which which relationship relationship a a materials, materials, raw raw and and people people

the the between between relationship relationship a a locate locate observations observations These These scrapers. scrapers.

for for quartz quartz and and manufacture manufacture adze adze for for reserved reserved were were flakes flakes (MSA) (MSA)

silcrete silcrete Large Large tools. tools. stone stone · making making for for material material raw raw particular particular

a a select select to to makers makers tool tool the the of of part part the the on on preferrence preferrence conscious conscious

a a been been have have to to seems seems There There scrapers. scrapers. elongated elongated the the especially especially

quartz, quartz, predominantly predominantly are are hand hand other other the the on on Scrapers Scrapers flakes. flakes.

MSA MSA on on adzes adzes making making toward toward hunters hunters and and gatherers gatherers Cave Cave Renbaan Renbaan

the the of of part part the the on on tendency tendency definite definite be be to to seems seems thus thus There There

flakes. flakes. MSA MSA on on made made are are levels levels three three first first the the in in adzes adzes silcrete silcrete

- 76 76 - - 77 - not similarly dull as the retouch is. I must emphasise also, that the flakes may not be coming from MSA sites, or even MSA flakes, but they are definitely older and this is trhe crucial point.

The utilized category was difficult to evaluate as scarring was small, but of note was the large number of flakes which looked

MSA'ish and could even have utilization damage similar to those earlier manufacturing periods. Re-analysis of all utilized flakes show that only 2 (out of 110) definitively displayed a facetted platform. These two pieces came from the Surface

Deposits and are both in silcrete. However, if we look at the number of silcrete utilized flakes made on MSA flakes, the result is more revealing. Two out of 47 represents 4.3 %. Eleven

utilized flakes were MSA looking, large, chunky and patinated.

Six out of 53 (11.3%) MRP's displayed typical MSA

characteristics. All are in silcrete. Three came from the Surface

Deposits and three from the Bedding Units. Six out of 32 silcrete

MRP's represent 18.8% of the assemblage.

The untrimmed silcrete flakes were not re-analysed, but it is

felt that very few displayed MSA type character~stics. Only three

silcrete flakes exceed 33mm in length. It is felt that the

majority of the silcrete flakes were struck from smaller cores by

Later Stone Age people.

need need not not have have located located them them from from a a primary primary source. source. The The source source of of

sites, sites, realizing realizing that that these these flakes flakes were were available available and and therefore therefore

has has yet yet bee bee located. located. Hunter-gatherers Hunter-gatherers may may have have 'excavated' 'excavated' MSA MSA

elsewhere. elsewhere. No No information information on on MSA MSA or or early early sites sites in in the the mountains mountains

MSA MSA flakes flakes found found on on sites sites in in the the mountains, mountains, or or located located on on sites sites

It It is is suggested suggested that that Later Later Stone Stone Age Age people people were were re-using re-using roost roost

such such as as backed backed points, points, drills drills and and awls. awls.

manufacturing manufacturing small small convex convex scrapers scrapers and and other other roicrolithic roicrolithic tools tools

found, found, suggesting suggesting that that they they may may have have been been used used mainly mainly for for

assemblage assemblage from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave, Cave, only only twelve twelve silcrete silcrete cores cores were were

Cores Cores are are the the primary primary source source of of flaked flaked tools. tools. Out Out of of the the total total

the the other other hand, hand, might might all all have have been been used used 'as 'as found'. found'.

were were struck struck off off small small cores cores by by Later Later Stone Stone Age Age people. people. Adzes Adzes on on

patina. patina. However, However, it it is is felt felt that that most most silcrete silcrete convex convex scrapers scrapers

flakes flakes struck struck from from MSA MSA pieces pieces thereby thereby losing losing any any characteristic characteristic

Silcrete Silcrete convex convex scrapers scrapers are are small small and and could could have have been been made made on on

made made of of quartz quartz which which is is abundant abundant in in the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains. mountains.

evaluating . . their their originating originating flakes · as as they they are are roost roost frequently frequently

a a specific specific purpose. purpose. Scrapers Scrapers however however present present difficulties difficulties in in

potential potential use use of of MSA MSA or or 'older' 'older' flakes flakes to to make make tools tools required required for for

sites.Later sites.Later Stone Stone Age Age hunter-gatherers hunter-gatherers thus thus recognized recognized the the

as as they they were were already already available available on on MSA MSA or or earlier earlier Later Later Stone Stone Age Age

located located a a primary primary source source of of silcrete silcrete to to manufacture manufacture some some tools, tools,

We We may may therefore therefore suggest suggest that that Later Later Stone Stone Age Age people people needn't needn't have have

- 78 78 -

scheduled scheduled gatherers gatherers and and hunters hunters before before whereas whereas defined, defined, strictly strictly

now now were were boundaries boundaries Territorial Territorial abandoned. abandoned. now now were were Sandveld Sandveld

the the in in quarries quarries exploitable exploitable Previously Previously response. response. one one was was adzes, adzes,

especially especially tools, tools, make make to to flakes flakes MSA MSA of of re-use re-use the the and and re-defined re-defined

therefore therefore were were Strategies Strategies bovids. bovids. small small and and (shellfish) (shellfish) food, food,

plant plant underground underground of of exploitation exploitation their their intensifying intensifying resources, resources,

subsistence subsistence attractive attractive less less to to response response their their re-organize re-organize to to had had

gatherers gatherers and and hunters hunters competition, competition, and and conflict conflict of of result result a a As As

centre. centre. the the towards towards

concentration concentration ash ash main main a a and and cave cave the the of of back back the the around around bedding bedding

of of arc arc an an levels, levels, upper upper the the in in adzes adzes by by dominated dominated assemblage assemblage

tool tool formal formal a a is, is, that that features, features, similar similar display display sites sites mountain mountain

belt belt fold fold Cape Cape the the of of al al 1984:121). 1984:121). Many Many et et (Buchannan (Buchannan BP BP

2000 2000 after after kopjes kopjes Sandveld Sandveld the the in in and and coast coast the the at at numbers numbers site site

in in increase increase dramatic dramatic a a is is There There sites. sites. hollow hollow deflation deflation their their

from from elsewhere elsewhere sites sites living living secure secure and and sheltered sheltered more more locate locate

to to group group former former the the forcing forcing occured, occured, have have may may situations situations conflict conflict

and and resources, resources, for for pastoralists pastoralists and and gatherers gatherers and and hunters hunters

between between competition competition was was 1984), 1984), there there that that al al et et , , 1984. 1984. Manhire Manhire

al al et et (Buchannan (Buchannan argued argued is is It It stock. stock. domestic domestic them them with with bringing bringing

Cape, Cape, southwestern southwestern the the entered entered pastoralists pastoralists BP BP years years 2000 2000 Roughly Roughly

exchanged). exchanged). (or (or traded traded even even possibly possibly or or Sandveld, Sandveld,

the the in in rafts rafts the the in in located located been been have have indeed indeed may may tools tools stone stone

microlithic microlithic other other and and scrapers scrapers convex convex small small make make to to silcrete silcrete

- 79 79 -

at at Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave) Cave) at at post post 2000 2000 BP BP reflect reflect a a response response to to raw raw

scrapers scrapers (at (at Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave and and De De Hangen, Hangen, but but increasingly increasingly absent absent

frequencies frequencies are are late. late. The The manufacture manufacture of of quartz quartz elongated elongated

scrapers scrapers overwhelmingly overwhelmingly dominate dominate silcrete silcrete scrapers. scrapers. And And high high adze adze

scrapers scrapers by by at at least least 2:1 2:1 (Manhire (Manhire 1984). 1984). In In the the mountains, mountains, quartz quartz

assemblages. assemblages. In In the the Sandveld, Sandveld, silcrete silcrete scrapers scrapers dominate dominate quartz quartz

longer longer occured. occured. These These responses responses may may be be seen seen in in the the stone stone tool tool

but but were were now now of of necessity, necessity, especially especially if if seasonal seasonal migration migration no no

materials materials and and food food developed, developed, which which were were before before less less attractive, attractive,

had had to to respond respond to to new new opportunities. opportunities. New New responses responses to to raw raw

severed severed and and the the San San were were forced forced into into isolated isolated sites sites and and therefore therefore

At At 2000 2000 BP BP these these network network links links and and exchange exchange relationships relationships were were

territorial territorial boundaries. boundaries.

pastoralism. pastoralism. In In other other words, words, a a kinship kinship system system with with loose loose

of of movement movement probably probably existed existed before before the the introduction introduction of of

quasi-economic quasi-economic system system based based on on reciprocity, reciprocity, sharing sharing and and freedom freedom

of of positive positive interaction interaction and and mutual mutual economic economic benefit. benefit. Therefore Therefore a a

between between camps, camps, that that they they were were involved involved in in exchange exchange relationships relationships

might might then then assume assume that that they they were were maintaining maintaining network network relations relations

seasonally seasonally across across the the landscape landscape between between 4000 4000 and and 2000 2000 BP. BP. We We

If If it it is is given given that that San San hunters hunters and and gatherers gatherers were were moving moving

in in the the mountains mountains and and the the Sandveld Sandveld kopjes. kopjes.

moved moved seasonally seasonally across across the the landscape. landscape. They They now now lived lived permanently permanently

their their settlement settlement patterns patterns in in response response to to available available resources resources and and

- 80 80 -

manufacture manufacture was was also also flexible, flexible, responding responding to to particular particular

1982). 1982). Behaviour Behaviour is is flexible flexible and and I I believe believe that that stone stone tool tool

variables variables (Lee (Lee 1965., 1965., Lee Lee and and Devore Devore 1968., 1968., Leacock Leacock and and Lee Lee

the the hunter-gatherer hunter-gatherer camp(s), camp(s), responding responding to to many many environmental environmental

fixed fixed and and there there is is no no sequence, sequence, especially especially if if you you are are a a member member of of

Stone Stone Age Age hunter hunter and and gatherers gatherers to to stone stone tools. tools. Behaviour Behaviour is is not not

The The above above observation observation locates locates a a behavioural behavioural response response by by Later Later

flake flake was was retouched retouched for for a a particular particular purpose. purpose.

made made formal formal tools tools by by going going through through a a strictly strictly defined defined sequence. sequence. A A

and and I I argue argue that that Later Later Stone Stone Age Age stone stone tool tool makers makers need need not not have have

the the hierachieal hierachieal classification classification developed developed by by Janette Janette Deacon Deacon (1982) (1982)

formal formal tool tool (Deacon, (Deacon, J. J. 1982). 1982). The The MSA MSA flake flake observation observation tests tests

sequence', sequence', from from unworked unworked nodules nodules of of raw raw material material to to finished finished

raises raises the the questions questions about about the the credibility credibility of of a a 'reduction 'reduction

the the emphasis emphasis being being on on a a sharp sharp cutting cutting edge. edge. This This observation observation also also

and and all all the the available available MSA MSA flakes flakes were were reserved reserved for for making making adzes, adzes,

The The working working edge edge is is the the most most critical critical variable variable in in larger larger tools tools

relations relations and and exchange exchange networks networks between between San San camps camps through through time. time.

developed developed be be in in will will the the future future and and demonstrate demonstrate changing changing

introduction introduction of of pastoralist. pastoralist. It It is is hoped hoped that that these these suggestions suggestions

mountains mountains may may indicate indicate a a chronological chronological sequence, sequence, reflecting reflecting the the

Silcrete Silcrete scrapers scrapers in in the the Sandveld Sandveld and and quartz quartz scrapers scrapers in in the the

material material not not previously previously selected. selected.

- 81 81 - - 82 - opportunities (which may not be consistent). The availability of raw materials is one opportunity that would invoke a response.

Some raw materials may be available in only small quantities, so manufacturers would have to be careful in flaking them, for example, silcrete, CCS and hornfels. Other raw materials however, may be available in larger quantities but less attractive, so you could flake them more, thus producing a greater amount of waste, for example quartz. In this respect one would also need to look at the physical properties of the different raw materials. For example, quartz is more brittle and shatters easily. A mesh of interaction therefore seems plausible.

A hierachieal system is closed and does not allow for interaction. The above reflects behavioural responses by hunters and gatherers to preferred and less preferred raw materials.

Overall, the silcrete formal and utilized tools from Renbaan Cave

do look coarser than those which would commonly be associated

with the Sandveld deflation hollow tools made in silcrete and

some of the Olifants River Valley sites. Untrimmed silcrete

flakes are very similar at all these sites.

This analysis has located some interesting features about the

Renbaan Cave lithic assemblage. There seems to be a definite

preference for adzes to be made on MSA flakes, the determining

factor being the need for a sharp cutting edge to make wooden

tools, such as digging sticks, pegs, clubs, bows and spears. MSA

enquiry. enquiry. of of avenues avenues new new possible possible

offers offers and and Cape Cape southwestern southwestern the the in in research research archaeological archaeological

contemporary contemporary of of context context the the in in Cave Cave Renbaan Renbaan situates situates section section This This

SUBSISTENCE SUBSISTENCE AND AND SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT - B B

them. them.

within within contained contained is is information information much much how how shows shows and and studies studies tool tool

stone stone in in prospect prospect new new exciting exciting an an is is It It analysis. analysis. this this through through

located located been been has has information information behavioural behavioural important important that that felt felt is is

It It Holocene. Holocene. late late the the during during strategies strategies settlement settlement nd nd subsistence subsistence

changing changing gatherers' gatherers' and and ters ters n hu Age Age Stone Stone Later Later understanding understanding

for for implications implications important important are are those those 'positive', 'positive', are are results results

the the If If observations. observations. these these test test to to essential essential is is assemblage assemblage

1971), 1971), lithic lithic Poggenpoel Poggenpoel and and (Parkington (Parkington Cave Cave Andriesgrond Andriesgrond and and

Hangen Hangen De De the the of of re-examination re-examination a a that that saying, saying, without without goes goes It It

time. time. through through organization organization social social and and

production production of of relations relations changing changing deonstrate deonstrate to to able able be be eventually eventually

might might We We pastoralism. pastoralism. of of introduct1on introduct1on the the to to response response possible possible

a a as as well well as as availability, availability, material material raw raw to to responses responses changing changing

gatherers' gatherers' and and hunters hunters Age Age Stone Stone Later Later undersdtanding undersdtanding for for

critical critical are are observations observations e e thes of of implications implications behavioural behavioural The The

were. were. adzes adzes as as extent extent the the to to not not but but flakes, flakes,

utilized utilized and and MRP's MRP's make make to to selected selected been been have have to to seem seem also also flakes flakes

- 83 83 - - 84 -

From excavated archaeological material and historical and ethnographic accounts, we can confidently assume that the prehistoric inhabitants of the southwestern Cape, the San (or

Soaqua), were gatherers, hunters, fishers and collectors.

Gathering and hunting groups have always been analysed within an ecological framework that is they are people who live directly off the land. They are hot food producers. Their

economic and social organization can be seen as the direct

product of their interaction with their environment - Mode of

production based on hunting and gathering. We have to see those

societies as the product of their environment and all aspects

which govern their lives determined by it. Although ecological

studies do provide important insights into the hunting and

gathering way of life, it is becoming increasingly evident that

they yield only a partial understanding of the gathering and

hunting economy and social organization. An ecological model is

useful in revealing aspects of the environment which prehistoric

people would directly respond to. But they only ask and answer

questions about the ecology and not about the people and how they

lived."Only part of the behaviour of gatherer-hunters can be

accounted for by even the most fine-grained ecological analysis"

(Leacock and Lee 1982:61).

Settlement and subsistence at Renbaan Cave (in the Olifants River

Valley) is seen as one segment of the wider picture of

prehistoric people-environment relations during the last 2000

pastoralism. pastoralism.

changes changes may may be be seen seen in in relation relation to to the the introduction introduction of of

organization organization through through time. time. For For the the last last 2000 2000 years, years, some some of of these these

to to assess assess the the changing changing relations relations of of productions productions and and social social

environmental environmental circumstances. circumstances. We We need need to to build build alternative alternative models models

equilibrium". equilibrium". These These patterns patterns however, however, only only reflect reflect changing changing

populations populations and and resources resources in in what what might might be be termed termed "dynamic "dynamic

through through time. time. In In other other words, words, an an evolving evolving relationship relationship between between

settlement settlement and and subsistence subsistence patterns patterns were were continually continually changing changing

emerging emerging patterns patterns in in the the Sandveld Sandveld and and at at the the coast) coast) suggest suggest that that

Archaeological Archaeological analysis analysis of of the the associated associated data data (including (including the the

settlement settlement and and subsistence subsistence strategies strategies in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape.

shell shell middens, middens, are are all all directed directed towards towards understanding understanding changing changing

surface surface scatters scatters of of artefacts artefacts on on open open sites sites and and grassy grassy swards swards and and

food food plant plant monitoring monitoring programmes, programmes, the the detailed detailed plotting plotting of of

(Parkington (Parkington 1976a), 1976a), the the systematic systematic recording recording of of rock rock art art sites, sites,

and and Andriesgrond Andriesgrond Cave, Cave, Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984) and and Diepkloof Diepkloof

years. years. Excavations Excavations at at De De Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971) 1971)

- 85 85 - - 86 -

In essence, the archaeological content and context of Renbaan

Cave is fairly explicit a small, isolated cave site with a shallow deposit, a formal tool assemblage rich in adzes in the upper levels associated with numerous woodshavings, pottery, a subsistence base dominated by underground plant foods, an arc of bedding lining the back of the cave and an ash deposit towards the centre and rock art.

This emerging pattern is widespread. De Hangen (Parkington and

Poggenpoel 1971) and Andriesgrond Cave demonstrate the same features, except that at Renbaan Cave and De Hangen, the majority of quartz scrapers are elongated, whereas at Andriesgrond, silcrete convex scrapers dominate and quartz elongated scrapers are noticeably absent. This pattern is as yet unexplained (but is not the concern of this project).

Diepkloof (Parkington 1976a) in the Sandveld and Tortoise Cave

(Robey 1984) only 5km inland from the coast contain the same features, as do numerous small isolated cave sites dotted around the Sandveld kopjes (Manhire 1984). All are dominated by adzes in the upper levels and on the talus slope, contain pottery, and share the same occupation debris. In contrast, Manhire's (1984) deflation hollow sites in the Sandveld are dominated by scrapers and backed pieces and contain little pottery.

We can therefore confidently demonstrate similar settlement and

hunters. hunters. Manhire Manhire et et (1983) (1983) al al were were not not temporally temporally explicit explicit and and

patterns patterns of of aggregation aggregation and and dispersal dispersal of of San San gatherers gatherers and and

scenes scenes and and depictions depictions of of large large groups groups they they suggest, suggest, represent represent

settlement settlement patterns patterns and and social social issues. issues. The The distribution distribution of of cave cave

identified identified types types of of paintings paintings which which they they argue, argue, relate relate to to

selected selected rock rock paintings paintings in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape and and have have

Manhire Manhire et et al al (1983) (1983) have have studied studied the the spatial spatial distribution distribution of of

is is generated. generated. We We can can only only deal deal with with what what is is available available now. now.

hypothesis hypothesis must must be be seen seen as as purely purely speculative, speculative, untill untill more more data data

one one way way of of testing testing this. this. It It is is emphasised emphasised however, however, that that this this

living living in in the the Cape Cape fold fold belt belt mountains. mountains. Rock Rock art art studies studies may may be be

majority majority of of the the San San in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape at at this this time, time, were were

may may therefore therefore have have changed changed too. too. It It is is hypothesised hypothesised that that the the

need need not not have have changed, changed, merely merely its its emphasis. emphasis. The The status status of of women women

snaring snaring and and trapping trapping small small mobile mobile game. game. The The Mode Mode of of Production Production

on on gathering gathering before before plant plant foods, foods, collecting collecting shellfish, shellfish, and and

occupying occupying small, small, isolated isolated cave cave sites, sites, with with greater greater emphasis emphasis than than

After After 2000 2000 BP, BP, small small camps camps of of gatherers gatherers and and hunters hunters were were

represent represent a a response response to to the the introduction introduction of of pastoralism. pastoralism.

development. development. Taken Taken together, together, it it is is argued argued that that these these patterns patterns

levels levels all all post post date date 2000 2000 BP BP and and therefore therefore indicate indicate a a late late

are are chronologically chronologically linked. linked. The The adze adze rich, rich, plant-food plant-food and and pottery pottery

in in the the mountains mountains and and in in the the Sandveld. Sandveld. In In addition, addition, these these sites sites

subsistence subsistence patterns patterns across across space, space, between between the the small small cave cave sites sites

- 87 87 -

Remains Remains of of string string nets nets and and knotted knotted pieces pieces of of twine twine have have been been

numerous numerous archaeological archaeological context context dating dating to to the the late late Holocene. Holocene.

historical historical ethnography. ethnography. Pieces Pieces of of netting netting have have been been found found in in

hunting hunting strategy strategy (and (and technology) technology) not not found found in in the the local local

1981a,1983). 1981a,1983). Net Net scenes scenes are are important important in in that that they they include include a a

interpretation interpretation can can be be contained contained in in the the art art (Lewis-Williams (Lewis-Williams

demonstrate demonstrate that that a a literal literal (functional), (functional), as as well well as as 'symbolic' 'symbolic'

'net 'net scenes' scenes' of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape, Cape, Manhire Manhire (1984 (1984 et et al) al)

(Manhire (Manhire et et al al 1984:1). 1984:1). Through Through their their interpretation interpretation of of the the

of of archaeological archaeological remains remains left left by by the the painters painters themselves" themselves"

and and interpretation interpretation should should be be intergrated intergrated with with that that of of other other kinds kinds

essentially essentially part part of of the the archaeological archaeological record record and and their their analysis analysis

information information inherent inherent in in the the rock rock art. art. "Painted "Painted images images are are

Manhire, Manhire, Parkington Parkington and and Yates Yates (1984 (1984 in in prep.) prep.) locate locate other other

and and seasonal seasonal movements. movements.

role role that that rock rock art art can can play play in in elucidating elucidating settlement settlement patterns patterns

Mazel Mazel (1983) (1983) and and Manhire Manhire ( ( et et al al 1983) 1983) thus thus show show the the valuable valuable

in in the the mountains, mountains, but but again again the the time time dimension dimension was was not not explicit. explicit.

and and rheebuck, rheebuck, Mazel Mazel (1983) (1983) argues, argues, emphasise emphasise a a summer summer occupation occupation

have have seasonal seasonal behavioural behavioural changes. changes. Paintings Paintings of of these these two two animals animals

the the Drakensberg Drakensberg and and the the midlands. midlands. Rheebuck Rheebuck do do not not migrate migrate but but

blue blue crane crane represent represent the the seasonal seasonal movements movements of of animals animals between between

with with settlement settlement patterns, patterns, and and suggests suggests that that painting painting of of eland eland and and

BP BP period. period. Similarly Similarly in in Natal, Natal, Mazel Mazel (1983) (1983) is is also also concerned concerned

I I will will therefore therefore assume assume that that they they are are refering refering to to the the post post 2000 2000

- 88 88 -

reinforced reinforced relations relations of of production production between between and and within within San San camps. camps.

gatherer gatherer groups groups during during periods periods of of stress, stress, and and how how these these roles roles

art art played played in in the the economic economic and and social social relationships relationships of of San San hunter hunter

Lewis-Williams Lewis-Williams (1982) (1982) considers considers the the role role that that medicine medicine people people and and

concentrated concentrated in in the the mountains. mountains.

paintings paintings which which reflect reflect trance trance (Golson (Golson 1983,1984) 1983,1984) are are

figures), figures), 'cave 'cave scenes'. scenes'. paintings paintings of of conflict, conflict, net net scenes scenes and and

by by the the emergence emergence of of pastoralism. pastoralism. Large Large group group scenes scenes (of (of up up to to 25 25

the the mosaic mosaic of of 'explicit' 'explicit' images images may may reflect reflect stress stress brought brought about about

conflict. conflict. Similarly, Similarly, in in the the mountains mountains of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape, Cape,

1981a,b,1982), 1981a,b,1982), is is reflected reflected in in the the art art as as a a result result of of this this

and and stress stress which which led led to to trancing trancing and and nosebleeding nosebleeding (Lewis-Williams (Lewis-Williams

colonialists colonialists and and Bantu Bantu speaking speaking people. people. His His theory theory of of violence violence

reflects reflects a a response response to to conflict conflict caused caused by by contact contact with with white white

explicit explicit San San rock rock art art in in the the Drakensberg, Drakensberg, is is recent recent in in age, age, and and

Lewis-Williams Lewis-Williams (1981a) (1981a) suggests suggests that that the the majority majority of of the the more more

rocky rocky terrain. terrain.

reflect reflect a a hunting hunting strategy strategy confined confined to to small small mountain mountain kloofs kloofs and and

of of netting netting found found in in archaeological archaeological deposits deposits post post dating dating 2000 2000 BP BP

(Wadley (Wadley 1977). 1977). I I suggest suggest that that paintings paintings of of net net scenes scenes and and pieces pieces

1976a), 1976a), Tortose Tortose Cave Cave (Robey (Robey 1984) 1984) and and Big Big Elephant Elephant Shelter Shelter

Hangen Hangen (Parkington (Parkington and and Poggenpoel Poggenpoel 1971), 1971), Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington

(Deacon (Deacon 1970), 1970), Windhoek Windhoek Cave Cave (Grobbelaar (Grobbelaar and and Goodwin Goodwin 1952), 1952), De De

found found at at Scotts Scotts Cave Cave (Deacon (Deacon and and Deacon Deacon 1963), 1963), Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom

- 89 89 -

1984) 1984) and and Diepkloof Diepkloof (Parkington (Parkington 1976a)(which 1976a)(which is is a a fairly fairly large large

mountain mountain and and Sandveld Sandveld kopje kopje sites. sites. Only Only Tortoise Tortoise Cave Cave (Robey (Robey

and and clearly clearly understanding understanding the the temporal temporal relationship relationship of of the the small small

One One way way of of testing testing this this provocative provocative hypothesis, hypothesis, is is by by excavations excavations

settlement settlement - "residual "residual hunter-gatherers" hunter-gatherers" (Parkington (Parkington 1983:10). 1983:10).

dispersal dispersal during during seasons seasons of of scarce scarce resources, resources, or or even even permanent permanent

sites sites in in the the Sanveld Sanveld kopjes, kopjes, is is that that they they reflect reflect periods periods of of

development. development. An An explanation explanation to to indicate indicate those those isolated isolated small small cave cave

assemblages assemblages and and small small cave cave sites, sites, and and therefore therefore include include a a late late

paintings paintings are are in in the the mountain mountain kloofs, kloofs, as as are are the the adze adze rich rich

thus thus reflects reflects group group unity unity and and cohesion cohesion • • The The majority majority of of rock rock

rock rock art art may may alleviate alleviate restrictions restrictions on on movement. movement. The The rock rock art art

last last 2000 2000 years. years. Strain Strain on on exchange exchange networks networks reflected reflected in in the the

stress stress brought brought about about by by changing changing settlement settlement patterns patterns during during the the

art art images images and and the the occupation occupation of of small small cave cave sites, sites, which which reflects reflects

We We can can therefore therefore demonstrate demonstrate a a tenuous tenuous link link between between selected selected rock rock

archaeological archaeological record. record.

(indirectly) (indirectly) settlement, settlement, the the reflected reflected permanent permanent in in or or

strategies strategies and and settlement settlement patterns patterns during during periods periods of of aggregation aggregation

changing changing social social relations relations of of production production and and alternative alternative hunting hunting

southwestern southwestern Cape Cape may may be be contained contained within within an an explanation explanation of of

represented represented in in the the art. art. I I suggest suggest then, then, that that the the paintings paintings in in the the

economic economic and and social social system, system, expressions expressions which which he he argues, argues, are are

He He identifies identifies a a link link between between the the cognitive cognitive system system and and the the

- 90 90 - • •

to to different different segments segments of of the the community community or or to to different different

3. 3. Is Is there there evidence evidence for for the the re-allocation re-allocation of of specific specific tasks tasks

in in the the archaeological archaeological record? record?

reflected reflected in in the the technological technological and and organizational organizational changes changes

2. 2. What What changes changes in in the the social social relations relations of of production production are are

this this have have affected affected the the relative relative status status of of men men and and women? women?

1. 1. If If there there was was a a shift shift fom fom hunting hunting to to gathering, gathering, how how would would

Parkington Parkington suggests: suggests:

1983). 1983). Once Once we we understand understand this, this, we we can can ask ask the the questions questions which which

life life a a late late development development in in the the archaeological archaeological record? record? (Parkington (Parkington

fusion fusion and and the the role role of of rock rock painting painting in in social social and and economic economic

sticks, sticks, the the institutions institutions of of food food sharing sharing and and periodic periodic fission fission and and

Are Are the the use use of of mastic, mastic, poison, poison, nets, nets, snares, snares, bows bows and and digging digging

and and a a faunal faunal assemblage assemblage dominated dominated by by small small browsers. browsers.

(cultural) (cultural) sequence, sequence, bedding bedding and and ash ash deposits, deposits, plant plant food food remains remains

cave cave sites. sites. It It is is hypothesised hypothesised that that they they contain contain a a shallow shallow

demonstrate demonstrate the the spatial spatial and and temporal temporal relationship relationship of of these these small small

least least two two of of Manhire's Manhire's (1984) (1984) Sandveld Sandveld kopje kopje sites sites in in order order to to

dimensions dimensions of of stone stone tools. tools. It It is is essential essential that that we we excavate excavate at at

to to consider consider the the articulation articulation of of time time and and space space and and the the formal formal

'space' 'space' once once we we understand understand the the 'time' 'time' dimension. dimension. We We in in fact fact need need

We We need need dates dates and and lots lots of of them. them. We We can can only only begin begin to to understand understand

framework framework is is critical critical for for reliable reliable archaeological archaeological reconstruction. reconstruction.

shelter) shelter) in in the the Sandveld Sandveld have have been been excavated. excavated. The The temporal temporal

- 91 91 -

imagination. imagination.

Archaeological Archaeological reconstruction reconstruction requires requires positive positive act act of of a a

cannot cannot hope hope to to understand understand 'space' 'space' and and prehistoric prehistoric behaviour. behaviour.

understand understand Time Time and and Space. Space. Without Without understanding understanding 'time', 'time', we we

composition composition of of accumulating accumulating deposits, deposits, only only then then can can we we begin begin to to

to to understand understand in in order order sequence sequence the the temporal, temporal, sequential sequential

Cape, Cape, we we must must establish establish an an explicit explicit regional regional culture-history culture-history

into into events"(Parkington events"(Parkington 1984b:14 1984b:14 in in prep.). prep.). In In the the southwestern southwestern

> >

as as pegs pegs onto onto which which to to hang hang sequences, sequences, we we can can hope hope to to turn turn dates dates

reflected reflected in in variable variable volumes volumes of of accumulated accumulated debris, debris, rather rather than than

"Clearly "Clearly if if dates dates are are used used to to track track the the changing changing site site choices choices as as

distinctions distinctions between between gatherer-hunters gatherer-hunters and and herders? herders?

6. 6. What What are are the the possibilities possibilities of of the the emergence emergence of of class class

And And if if so: so:

introduction introduction and and emergence emergence of of pastoralism? pastoralism?

the the

5. 5. Is Is the the occupation occupation of of small small cave cave sites sites a a direct direct response response to to

in in stone stone tool tool assemblages? assemblages?

4. 4. Can Can we we locate locate changing changing modes modes and and relations relations of of production production

To To this this I I would would add: add:

locations locations in in the the movement movement schedule? schedule?

- 92 92 -

fashion fashion adzes. adzes. A A tentative tentative associaton associaton between between adzes, adzes, small small

of of Middle Middle Stone Stone Age Age or or 'older' 'older' flakes, flakes, which which were were re-used re-used to to

analysis analysis of of the the stone stone artefact artefact assemblage, assemblage, particularly particularly the the use use

Important Important behavioural behavioural information information has has also also been been located located in in the the

incursion. incursion.

and and restrictions restrictions of of movement movement as as a a result result of of herder herder population population

reflect reflect trance, trance, conflict conflict and and large large group group scenes scenes reflect reflect stress stress

fold fold belt belt mountains mountains and and that that rock rock art, art, particularly particularly images images which which

in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape at at this this time, time, were were living living in in the the Cape Cape

years years ago. ago. It It is is felt felt that that the the majority majority of of gatherers gatherers and and hunters hunters

reflects reflects a a response response to to the the introduction introduction of of pastoralism pastoralism about about 2000 2000

main main ash ash deposit, deposit, plant plant food food and and shellfish shellfish remains remains are are late, late, and and

small small cave cave sites sites with with high high adze adze frequencies, frequencies, pottery, pottery, bedding, bedding,

A A hypothesis hypothesis has has been been articulated, articulated, which which tests tests the the model, model, that that

found found in in other other small small cave/shelter cave/shelter sites sites in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape.

Renbaan Renbaan cave cave exhibits exhibits the the patterns patterns of of subsistance subsistance and and settlement settlement

research research in in the the southwestern southwestern Cape. Cape.

Renbaan Renbaan Cave Cave in in the the context context of of contemporary contemporary Later Later Stone Stone Age Age

the the material material culture. culture. The The encompassing encompassing objective objective is is to to situate situate

the the stone stone artefacts artefacts assemblage, assemblage, but but was was broadened broadened to to include include all all

was was initially initially intended intended to to concentrate concentrate on on an an indepth indepth analysis analysis of of

interpretation interpretation of of the the excavation excavation of of Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave. The The emphasis emphasis

This This project project has has been been concerned concerned with with both both the the description description and and

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

- 93 93 -

to to an an end, end, and and that that end end is is the the study study of of people people and and society. society.

and and material material cultures cultures are are important, important, they they must must be be used used as as a a means means

is is called called for. for. Although Although the the study study of of stones, stones, shell, shell, bone, bone, plant plant

gathering gathering and and hunting hunting society. society. A A consideration consideration of of social social theory theory

alternative alternative models models which which describe describe the the nature nature of of prehistoric prehistoric

archaeological archaeological reconstruction, reconstruction, and and we we must must therefore therefore develop develop

an an ecological ecological approach approach is is valuable, valuable, but but has has limitations limitations in in

group group organization organization in in gatherer-hunter gatherer-hunter society. society. It It is is argued argued that that

economic economic strategies, strategies, changing changing social social relations relations of of production production and and

Taken Taken together, together, there there is is a a need need to to develop develop models models which which locate locate

cave/shelter cave/shelter sites sites and and rock rock art, art, is is suggested. suggested.

- 94 94 - REFERENCES

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therefore therefore relevant relevant to to that that aspect. aspect. The The larger larger species species may may well well

deposits deposits by by agencies agencies other other than than human human activity activity and and are are not not

assumed assumed that that remains remains of of small small birds birds were were introduced introduced to to the the

utilize utilize rock rock shelters shelters for for breeding. breeding. In In view view of of the the above above it it is is

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and and fall fall within within the the size size range range readily readily taken taken by by Tyto Tyto alba alba Barn Barn

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site, site, were were identified. identified. With With the the exception exception of of Francolinus Francolinus

Twenty Twenty one one taxa, taxa, all all of of which which could could occur occur in in the the region region of of the the

arrived arrived at at from from the the present present sample. sample.

point point is is not not a a significant significant factor, factor, however, however, in in the the numbers numbers

therefore, therefore, if if greater greater accuracy accuracy could could be be achieved. achieved. The The latter latter

elements. elements. Counts Counts of of individuals individuals per per species species could could change change

fragmentation fragmentation and and the the diagnostic diagnostic qualities qualities of of different different skeletal skeletal

Identification Identification was was limited limited by by this this factor factor as as well well as as sample sample size, size,

Olifants Olifants River River area area and and some some bones bones have have not not been been included. included.

does does not not represent represent all all of of the the species species which which could could occur occur in in the the

should should be be noted, noted, however however , , that that available available comparative comparative material material

Species Species were were identified identified with with the the aid aid of of comparative comparative specimens. specimens. It It

RENBAAN RENBAAN SHELTER, SHELTER, OLIFANTS OLIFANTS RIVER RIVER VALLEY, VALLEY, SOUTII SOUTII WESTERN WESTERN CAPE. CAPE.

REPORT REPORT ON ON AVIAN AVIAN REMAINS REMAINS FROM FROM LATE LATE STONE STONE AGE AGE ACCUMULATIONS ACCUMULATIONS AT AT THE THE

APPENDIX APPENDIX I I

Grey Grey Ashy Ashy Soil Soil

Grey-Brown Grey-Brown Sand Sand

Orange Orange Speckled Speckled

3) 3) ASH ASH DEPOSITS DEPOSITS (AD) (AD) includes: includes:

Vegetation Vegetation Patch Patch

Pit Pit below below Bedding Bedding Patch Patch 5 5

Iridaceae Iridaceae Patch Patch with with Charcoal Charcoal and and Bottom Bottom of of Iridaceae Iridaceae Patch Patch

Hearth Hearth in in Brown Brown Sand Sand

Brown Brown Sand Sand with with Fragmented Fragmented Bedding Bedding

Fragmented Fragmented Bedding Bedding

Brown Brown Sand Sand with with Vegetation Vegetation

Bedding Bedding Patches Patches 1 1 to to 7 7

2) 2) BEDDING BEDDING UNITS UNITS (BU) (BU) includes includes

Brown Brown Sand Sand

Hearth Hearth in in Coarse Coarse Brown Brown Sand Sand

Hearth Hearth Above Above Coarse Coarse Brown Brown Sand Sand

Coarse Coarse Brown Brown Sand Sand

Surface Surface Cleanings Cleanings

1) 1) SURFACE SURFACE DEPOSITS DEPOSITS (SD) (SD) includes: includes:

the the following following minor minor units. units.

The The main main excavated excavated units units used used in in Table Table 1 1 have have been been lumped lumped from from

any any human human activity activity reflected reflected at at Renbaan, Renbaan,

contributed contributed bones. bones. Birds Birds were, were, however, however, clearly clearly unimportant unimportant in in

could could have have used used the the shelter shelter from from time time to to time time and and Corvus Corvus alba alba

have have been been taken taken by by people people although although other other mammalian mammalian predators predators and and

5) 5) PIT PIT INFALL INFALL (PI) (PI) - Disturbed Disturbed

Mottled Mottled Brown Brown Sand Sand

Brown Brown Sand Sand with with Charcoal Charcoal

4) 4) BASAL BASAL LAYER LAYER (BL) (BL) includes: includes:

Grey Grey Ash Ash

Grey Grey Ash Ash with with Vegetation Vegetation TABLE 1

SPECIES AND MINIMUM NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS IDENTIFIED FROM THE RENBAAN SAMPLE

SPECIES SD BU AD BL PI ALL

Francolinus Africanus Greywing Francolin 0 0 1 0 0 1 Eupodotis afra Black Korhaan 0 1 0 0 0 1 Colius colius Whitebacked Mousebird 1 0 0 1 0 2 Colius sp. Mousebird 0 2(1) 0 0 (1) 3 Alaudidae Gen.et sp. indet. Lark 1 0 0 0 1 2 Hirundo fuligula African Rock Martin 1 1 0 0 1 3 Corvus albus Pied Crow 0 1 0 0 0 1 Pycnonotus capensis Cape Bulbul 1 0 1 1 0 3 Cermomela sp. Chat 0 0 0 2 0 2 Cossypha caffra Cape Robin 0 0 0 ?l 0 1 Erythropygia coryphaeus Karoo Shrub Robin 0 0 1 0 0 1 Turdidae Ge.et sp.indet.Chat/Robin 1 1 1 0 0 3 Prinia sp Prinia 0 1 0 0 0 1 Musiapidae Gen.et sp.indet.Flycatchers 1 ?l 0 0 0 2 Macronyx capensis Orangethroated Long claw 1 0 0 0 0 1 Onychognathus morio Redwing Starling 0 (1) 0 0 0 1 Passer melanurus Cape Sparrow 0 1 0 0 0 1 Ploceus capensis Cape Weaver 0 1 0 0 0 1 Ploceus sp. Weaver 0 0 0 1 0 1 Euplectes capensis Yellowrumped fils~p 0 1 0 0 0 1 Ploceidae gen.et sp. indet 0 0 1 0 0 1 Serinus flaviventris Yellow Canary 0 0 0 1 0 1 Serinus sp. Canary 0 1 0 0 0 1 Serinus albogularis Whitethroated Seedeater 1 0 0 0 0 1 Emberiza capensis Cape Bunting 0 1 0 1 0 2 TOTAL 8 14 5 8 3 38 *() Number of juvenile individuals in the total

this this in in Implicit Implicit edge. edge. (retouched) (retouched) working working the the of of position position the the

to to relates relates closely closely which which morphology, morphology, on on based based types, types, into into divided divided

are are Scrapers Scrapers Town. Town. Cape Cape of of University University the the at at done done work work the the

of of tradition tradition the the in in classification classification of of system system a a use use to to preferred preferred

have have I I Rather, Rather, attributes. attributes. mm mm on on based based types types large large and and medium medium

small, small, into into scrapers scrapers of of division division arbitrary arbitrary this this with with disagree disagree

I I 1982:543). 1982:543). "(Deacon "(Deacon ...... preferred preferred is is classification classification size size A A size. size.

of of basis basis the the on on or or piece, piece, the the of of axis axis long long the the and and percussion percussion

of of bulb bulb the the to to relation relation in in edge edge working working the the of of position position

the the on on either either recognized recognized been been have have scrapers scrapers of of "Sub-classes "Sub-classes

1983. 1983. Botswana Botswana Gaborone, Gaborone, in in

Archaeologists Archaeologists for for Association Association African African Southern Southern the the at at workshop workshop

tool tool stone stone the the to to made made is is case case this this in in Reference Reference country. country.

the the in in researchers researchers Age Age Stone Stone all all for for model model standardized standardized future future a a

as as serve serve then then could could It It explicit. explicit. more more made made and and refined refined developed, developed,

be be should should system system classification classification (1982) (1982) Deacon's Deacon's possible. possible. become become

comparisons comparisons inter-assemblage inter-assemblage that that used used are are methods methods analytical analytical

similar similar when when only only is is It It method. method. same same the the closely closely follows follows (1984) (1984)

Manhire Manhire recognised. recognised. also also is is system system classification classification (1978) (1978) Mazel's Mazel's

thesis. thesis. Phd Phd her her for for 1982 1982 in in refined refined and and 1969 1969 in in Deacon Deacon Janette Janette

by by developed developed system system the the follows follows Cave Cave Renbaan Renbaan of of assemblage assemblage

tool tool stone stone the the of of classification classification and and analysis analysis metrical metrical The The

ORIENTATION ORIENTATION

DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS AND AND ANALYSIS ANALYSIS METRICAL METRICAL

II II APPENDIX APPENDIX distinction is that scrapers (and other tool types) reflect functional attributes, not cultural (or stylistic) attributes. In the Renbaan Cave analysis, scrapers are divided into two main types: convex scrapers and elongated scrapers. Two side scrapers and one large quartzite end-scraper were identified. It also became clear in the process of analysis, that each type of scraper is made preferentially in some raw material.

My definition of chips and chunks also differs from that proposed by Janette Deacon (1982). She defines chips as pieces less than

10mm and chunks greater than 10mm. Within the chip class, flakes less than 10mm are included. This arbitrary division excludes bulb of percussion on 'chips' less than 10mm, which surely is identified as a flake, of which a number are represented in the

Renbaan Cave Sample. Flakes of less than 10mm have also been identified by Manhire (1984). Jacobsen (1984:318) believes that

"local circumstances" should dictate how one classifies waste in certain categories. I have therefore defined a chip as a piece of broken flake or discarded piece, where the bulb of percussion is absent. Chunks are pieces of non-flake origin greater than 10mm.

One or two small negative flake scars may be visible.

The role of raw material also receives emphasis in this report.

AIM

The aim of this Appendix then, is to present definitions of artefact classes, types and sub-types, and raw material. Only those artefacts which were recovered from Renbaan Cave are defined.

METHOD

The method of analysis is based on the definitions below.

Artefacts were divided into classes with types and sub-types. The morphology and position and exten~ of working edge were the attributes which formed the basis of the definitions. Over 3000 stone artefacts were examined, measured and weighed.

Maximum length and width measurements were recorded on adzes, scrapers, utilized flakes and untrimmed flakes, with the metrical analysis devised by Deacon (J.1982). Convex scrapers and elongated scrapers were kept separate for the purpose of this analysis. Not all are graphically represented in the results as the sample was considered too small. Broken tools were not measured, although they were counted and weiged. The total assemblage was weighed on a triple beam balance. The weight of the raw material debitage closely reflected the dominant raw material in the assemblage. Unconventional attributes were also measured and these involved the length and width measurements of . the retouched edge of scrapers. This follows closely a method developed by Mazel (1978) to test the clustering of the length of the retouched edge. The reasons for Mazel's (1978) measurements was to explain the almost bizarre proliferation of scrapers in

Sandveld deflation hollow sites. Mazel's (1978) objective was to test a hypothesis that scrapers were continually retouched until

also also were were edge edge retouched retouched the the of of measurements measurements width width and and Length Length

flakes. flakes. as as way way same same the the exactly exactly in in measured measured were were flakes flakes Utilized Utilized

box. box. the the of of dimensions dimensions the the by by determined determined

were were measurements measurements width width and and Length Length bottom. bottom. the the at at centred centred

percussion) percussion) of of bulb bulb (and (and platform platform striking striking the the with with 'box', 'box',

the the of of edge edge the the to to close close as as up, up, surface surface dorsal dorsal placed placed were were Flakes Flakes

width width the the to to angles angles right right at at dimension dimension

the the width width and and dimension dimension maximum maximum the the was was rectangle. rectangle. Length Length

enclosing enclosing an an in in up, up, measured measured surfaces surfaces were were dorsal dorsal Adzes Adzes

box box surrounding surrounding the the

of of dimensions dimensions the the by by determined determined was was width width and and length length The The paper. paper.

graph graph of of piece piece on on rectangle rectangle a. a. a a of of mid-point mid-point top top the the in in centred centred

edge edge working working the the with with up, up, surface surface dorsal dorsal placed placed were were Scrapers Scrapers

below. below. outlined outlined briefly briefly are are methods methods metrical metrical The The

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT

scrapers. scrapers. Sandveld Sandveld (1978) (1978)

Mazel's Mazel's of of results results the the reflected reflected closely closely which which Cave, Cave, Renbaan Renbaan

at at scrapers scrapers of of edge edge retouched retouched the the of of length length the the on on noticeable noticeable

was was clustering clustering tight tight remarkably remarkably A A (1977). (1977). Gallagher Gallagher by by study study

ethno-archaeological ethno-archaeological an an on on based based is is analysis analysis This This discarded. discarded.

then then were were they they and and diminished diminished was was use-value use-value their their point point a a such such

Heigr,1 Heigr,1

Width Width I I

J J

U) __ ,,--'-'-,..L,_ ,,--'-'-,..L,_ - '--

...... ,

/ / , ' '

, , '

\ \

./ ./

J J

\ \

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h h L.eng1 L.eng1 ' I I '

1 1 f- \ \ \ \

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( ( \ \ i i

\ \

/ /

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FLAKES FLAKES UNTRIMMED UNTRIMMED OF OF MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT

1 1 FIGURE FIGURE

t h h

W i dth dth He1gh 1 1 of of p i ec e e

L___ _ r____J r____J

iO iO

Lir:::J Lir:::J

Lengfh Lengfh

retouch retouch

He i ght ght of of

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF OF SCRAPERS SCRAPERS

FIGURE FIGURE 3 3

, ., .,

p i ece ece · ·

W i dth dth _. q~) q~) Height Height of of

L L

H ei ght ght r e of of t ~ ~ · - ' '

I I

He i ght ght of of ret o u l · · l ch ch J

I I . .

-- . . I I -

Le ngth ngth

•• •• l l "l "l

MEASUREMENT MEASUREMENT OF OF ADZES ADZES

FIGURE FIGURE 2 2

from from struck struck is is working working the the Usually Usually only. only. surface surface one one on on retouch retouch

secondary secondary regular regular display display They They edge. edge. working working retouched retouched convex convex

a a by by characterized characterized are are and and flakes flakes on on made made usually usually are are Scrapers Scrapers

Scrapers Scrapers a) a)

1982:15). 1982:15). J, J, (Deacon, (Deacon, scale" scale" measureable measureable a a on on behaviour behaviour

patterned patterned and and design design technical technical represent represent that that pieces pieces retouched retouched

formally formally only only is is "it "it sample. sample. Cave Cave Renbaan Renbaan the the in in represented represented

are are which which those those only only include include here here defined defined tools tools formal formal The The

TOOLS TOOLS FORMAL FORMAL A. A.

damage. damage. utilization utilization

or or retouch retouch deliberate deliberate without without pieces pieces all all includes includes Waste Waste retouch. retouch.

secondary secondary from from distinct distinct utilization utilization of of signs signs show show pieces pieces Utilized Utilized

(MRP's). (MRP's).

pieces pieces retouch retouch These These miscellaneous miscellaneous form. form. are are standardised standardised

a a to to conform conform not not does does which which retouch retouch secondary secondary with with pieces pieces

as as well well as as retouch, retouch, secondary secondary by by form form standardized standardized to to modified modified

deliberately deliberately been been have have which which pieces pieces are are tools tools Formal Formal waste. waste.

and and utilized utilized formal, formal, defined; defined; are are classes classes artefact artefact main main Three Three

CLASSES CLASSES ARTEFACT ARTEFACT

materials. materials. raw raw and and

types, types, and and classes classes artefact artefact the the describes describes briefly briefly section section This This

MATERIALS MATERIALS RAW RAW AND AND CLASSES CLASSES ARTEFACT ARTEFACT OF OF DEFINITIONS DEFINITIONS measured measured the ventral and appears on the dorsal surface.The angle of the retouched edge is not consistent and varies between 30° and 90°.

The angle of retouch might reflect the degree of use, or the process of production. Scrapers were selected for detailed metrical analysis in order to ascertain the change in morphology through time. Scrapers are made in all raw materials. Scrapers are illustrated in Appendix III.

b) Adzes

Adzes are made on flakes. They have one or more straight or slightly concave working edge. The retouched edge is steeper than that of scrapers and characterised by step flaking. Adzes often display a small conchoidal flake scar on the ventral surface opposite the working edge. They are larger than scrapers, the mean length ranging between 25mm and 40 mm. Adzes, unlike scrapers, show less variability in size through time.

Technically, adzes may be part utilized, part formal in terms of the above classificatory remarks. They are however, included in formal tools because of the patterned discard form encountered.

Adzes are found in all raw materials but visibly dominated by silcrete. Some are made on MSA flakes which have a facetted platform. Adzes are illustrated in Appendix III

c) Miscellaneous Retouched Pieces (MRP's)

These are pieces which display secondary retouch, but do not

conform to any standardized shape. They are formally retouched and therefore appear in the formal tool class category. At

Renbaan Cave, three MRP's display mastic tracings which suggest that they were also hafted.

MRP's occur in all raw materials but are dominated by silcrete.

They form a relatively large proportion of the formal tool assemblage. MRP's are illustrated in Appendix III.

d) Backed Pieces

These tool exhibit a characteristically regular, abrupt retouch along one or more edges. It is possible that these tools were hafted, the backing facilitating the hafting. Three types of

backed tools have been identified.

i. SEGMENTS

These tools are arc-shaped in form and display abrupt backed

retouched along the arc and have a straight, sharp cord. Only one

quartz segment is identified from the basal units.

ii. BACKED POINTS

These are triangular tools which display abrupt backing along one

straight margin and taper to a point. The other margin is a

straight cutting edge. The butt is also blunted with retouch. Two

backed points are identified at Renbaan Cave, one in quartz rock

crystal from SC and one in silcrete from OSP.

ordinary ordinary everyday everyday tools tools of of a a woman's woman's life", life", and and also also suggests suggests

(1947:12) (1947:12) ackowledges ackowledges that that the the bored bored stone stone was was "one "one of of the the

accepted accepted use use but but offers offers no no alternative alternative explanation. explanation. Goodwin Goodwin

digging digging sticks sticks and and goes goes to to great great lengths lengths to to critisize critisize its its

explicit explicit evidence evidence for for the the use use of of the the bored bored stone stone as as a a weight weight for for

questioned. questioned. Cyril Cyril Hromnik(1984:1) Hromnik(1984:1) suggests suggests that that there there is is no no

surface. surface. Recently, Recently, the the functional functional use use of of the the bored bored stone stone has has been been

digging digging sticks. sticks. Only Only one one bored bored stone stone was was recovered recovered from from the the

the the mountains mountains of of the the southwestern southwestern Cape Cape show show women women with with weighted weighted

on on digging digging sticks sticks to to procure procure underground underground plant plant foods. foods. Rock Rock art art in in

been been perforated perforated at at both both ends. ends. Bored Bored stones stones were were used used as as weights weights

These These are are large large spherical spherical stones, stones, usually usually of of quartzite quartzite which which have have

e) e) Bored Bored Stone Stone (or (or !Kwe) !Kwe)

Stone Stone Age Age sites sites (Deacon, (Deacon, 1982:565). 1982:565). J, J,

identified identified from from BP. BP. Awls Awls are are known known from from Earlier, Earlier, Middle Middle and and Later Later

The The rest rest of of the the flake flake in in unretouched. unretouched. One One s i lcrete lcrete awl awl is is

retouched retouched and and shaped shaped on on both both sides sides to to form form an an elongated elongated point. point.

Awls Awls are are made made on on flakes flakes and and a a portion portion of of the the piece piece has has been been

e) e) Awl Awl

Stone Stone Age Age sites sites J. J. (Deacon, (Deacon, 1982:566). 1982:566).

borer borer was was identified. identified. Borers Borers are are not not known known from from Earlier Earlier or or Middle Middle

perhaps perhaps used used for for making making ostrich ostrich egg-shell egg-shell beads. beads. One One hornfels hornfels

polished polished tip. tip. They They are are made made on on small small bladelet bladelet flakes flakes and and were were

These These are are tools tools which which have have abrupt abrupt retouch retouch on on two two sides sides with with a a

iii. iii. BORER BORER (OR (OR DRILL) DRILL)

III. III.

Appendix Appendix in in illustrated illustrated are are flakes flakes Utilized Utilized SC. SC. from from identified identified

was was mastic mastic displaying displaying and and tip tip the the on on retouch retouch miscellaneous miscellaneous

slight slight with with flake/blade flake/blade A A utilized utilized hafted. hafted. were were some some

that that suggests suggests which which tracings, tracings, mastic mastic display display flakes flakes utilized utilized Two Two

materials. materials. raw raw all all in in occur occur They They mono-funtional. mono-funtional. are are which which

adzes adzes and and scrapers scrapers unlike unlike reasons, reasons, of of variety variety a a for for utilized utilized

been been have have could could They They gatherers. gatherers. and and hunters hunters of of tool-kit tool-kit stone stone

the the in in flakes flakes utilized utilized of of importance importance the the re-question re-question to to have have

might might We We damage. damage. utilization utilization of of patterns patterns exhibit exhibit Cave Cave Boomplaas Boomplaas

and and Melkhoutboom Melkhoutboom from from flakes' flakes' 'untrimmed 'untrimmed of of 70% 70% approximately approximately

that that studies studies micro-wear micro-wear with with has has shown shown (1984) (1984) Binneman Binneman

eye. eye. naked naked the the to to visible visible always always not not is is Utilization Utilization retouch. retouch.

patterned patterned formal formal from from distinguished distinguished easily easily are are They They edge. edge. cutting cutting

the the along along removed removed scars scars flake flake small small of of series series a a of of form form the the

in in is is damage damage visible visible The The utilisation. utilisation. deliberate deliberate by by caused caused damage damage

of of patterns patterns display display They They . . tool cutting cutting a a as as served served presumably presumably

which which edge edge sharp sharp a a with with fragments fragments flake flake or or flakes flakes are are These These

Flakes Flakes Utilized Utilized a. a.

PIECES PIECES UTILIZED UTILIZED B. B.

unjustified. unjustified. therefore therefore is is stone stone bored bored the the

of of use use the the of of questioning questioning (1984) (1984) Hromnick's Hromnick's 1785:306). 1785:306). (Sparrman (Sparrman

sticks sticks digging digging for for weight weight a a as as stone stone bored bored the the define define explicitly explicitly

accounts accounts historical historical However, However, significance". significance". phallic phallic "secondary "secondary a a

words, words, his his in in or or connotation, connotation, socio-sexual socio-sexual some some have have may may it it that that

centre. centre. Lower Lower grindstones grindstones often often exhibit exhibit smoothing smoothing on on both both

display display smoothing smoothing on on one one side, side, often often with with small small pitting pitting in in the the

smoothing smoothing on on one one or or more more surfaces. surfaces. Upper Upper grindstones grindstones normally normally

grindstones grindstones were were recorded. recorded. They They are are all all in in quartzite quartzite and and display display

Three Three complete complete upper upper grindstones grindstones and and pieces pieces of of upper upper and and lower lower

c, c, Grindstones Grindstones

are are visibly visibly dominated dominated by by quartz. quartz.

Pieces Pieces esquilees esquilees appear appear in in silcrete, silcrete, quartz, quartz, hornvels hornvels and and CCS CCS but but

result result of of the the process process of of bi-polar bi-polar flaking. flaking.

small small flakes flakes - blunted blunted and and battered battered at at opposing opposing ends ends as as the the final final

cores" cores" and and describes describes them them as as waste waste products products in in the the manufacture manufacture of of

the the residue residue of of bi-polar bi-polar flaking. flaking. White White (1968) (1968) calls calls them them "scalar "scalar

(1967:103) (1967:103) who who call call them them "fabricators" "fabricators" and and believes believes that that they they are are

suggestion. suggestion. Pieces Pieces esquilees esquilees are are also also recognised recognised by by Vanderwal Vanderwal

Replication Replication studies studies by by Yates Yates (pers. (pers. comm,) comm,) adds adds support support to to this this

suggests suggests that that they they are are the the end end product product of of bi-polar bi-polar flaking. flaking.

found found substantial substantial in in association association with with pieces pieces esquilees esquilees and and

(Yates (Yates 1984), 1984), found found that that quartz quartz bi-polar bi-polar and and rice-grain rice-grain cores cores are are

core. core. A A recent recent re-assessment re-assessment of of the the De De Hangen Hangen lithic lithic assemblage assemblage

be be the the result result of of final final attempts attempts to to remove remove more more bladeletts bladeletts from from a a

opposing opposing end. end. Deacon Deacon 1969) 1969) (J. (J. tentatively tentatively suggests suggests that that they they may may

or or splintering splintering along along the the striking striking platform platform as as well well as as at at the the

These These are are triangular triangular or or square-shaped square-shaped pieces pieces which which have have crushing crushing

b, b, Pieces Pieces Esquilees Esquilees

are are cores cores of of types types Three Three tools. tools. formal formal core-type core-type recognise recognise

does does 1982:543) 1982:543) Deacon Deacon (J. (J. although although class, class, waste waste the the in in included included

are are Cores Cores tools. tools. into into make make to to selected selected and and detached detached are are flakes flakes

all all which which from from nodule nodule original original the the is is It It definition. definition. arbitrary arbitrary

an an is is more' more' or or 'three 'three of of use use The The body. body. its its from from flakes flakes more) more) or or

(three (three of of off off striking striking systematic systematic the the by by formed formed pieces pieces are are Cores Cores

CORES CORES b. b.

materials. materials. raw raw all all in in appears appears Waste Waste

blades. blades. small small as as conceived conceived

are are and and 20mm 20mm than than less less are are Bladelets Bladelets parallel. parallel. les les or or more more are are

sides sides their their Also, Also, more. more. or or width width the the twice twice length length the the with with but but

flakes, flakes, are are Blades Blades retouch. retouch. secondary secondary or or damage damage utilization utilization of of

sign sign no no display display Flakes Flakes visible. visible. be be may may scars scars flake flake negative negative small small

two two or or One One 10mm. 10mm. of of dimension dimension minimum minimum a a with with origin origin non-flake non-flake

of of pieces pieces are are Chuncs Chuncs percussion. percussion. of of bulb bulb no no with with debitage, debitage, flake flake

represents represents which which piece piece any any as as defined defined are are Chips Chips manufacture. manufacture.

artefact artefact of of debitage debitage non-utilized non-utilized and and unretouched unretouched all all include include and and

sites sites all all of of pieces pieces of of number number largest largest the the far far by by accounts accounts Waste Waste

cores. cores. and and bladelets bladelets

blades, blades, flakes, flakes, chunks, chunks, chips, chips, types types six six include include classes classes Waste Waste

WASTE WASTE C. C.

site. site. the the at at surface surface the the on on still still are are grindstones grindstones

lower lower large large Two Two grinding. grinding. deliberate deliberate of of result result a a as as surfaces surfaces

quartz quartz and and (TMS) (TMS) Sandstone Sandstone Mountain Mountain Table Table the the in in veins veins of of form form

the the in in found found is is and and area area research research the the in in common common fairly fairly is is Quartz Quartz

QUARTZ QUARTZ

quartzite. quartzite.

(CCS), (CCS), and and hornfels hornfels silicate silicate crypto-crystyaline crypto-crystyaline silcrete, silcrete,

quartz, quartz, recognized: recognized: been been have have materials materials raw raw different different Five Five

MATERIAL MATERIAL RAW RAW

cores. cores. bladelet bladelet flat flat these these calls calls 1982:521) 1982:521) (J. (J. Deacon Deacon

quartz. quartz. in in made made exclusively exclusively almost almost are are and and shape shape in in cylindrical cylindrical

are are They They cores. cores. bipolar bipolar of of sub-type sub-type a a are are cores cores Rice-grain Rice-grain

CORES CORES RICE-GRAIN RICE-GRAIN iii. iii.

hornfels. hornfels.

and and CCS CCS fine-grained fine-grained in in occur occur also also but but quartz, quartz, of of usually usually

are are They They cores. cores. irregular irregular from from those those than than thinner thinner much much are are

scars scars flake flake The The ends. ends. opposite opposite at at splintering splintering display display cores cores These These

CORES CORES BIPOLAR BIPOLAR ii. ii.

silcrete. silcrete.

by by dominated dominated are are They They fashion. fashion. random random in in but but struck, struck, been been

have have flakes flakes more more or or three three which which from from cores cores are are cores cores Irregular Irregular

CORES CORES IRREGULAR IRREGULAR i. i. recognised. recognised. pebbles which erodes out of the sandstone. Three types of quartz are present in the assemblage: milky vein quartz which is formed by hydrothermal solution or lateral secretion; smokey quartz, when vein quartz is subjected to radiation and quartz crystals which grow in cavities and fractures and; quartz crystals which are produced by hydrothermal solution. Milky vein quartz is of poor quality, brittle and fibrous and difficult to work. It accounts for most of the waste. It is also interesting to note that when vein quartz in fractures forms through successive layers of deposition, it is called chalcedony and agate (Lomberg pers.cornrn).

SILCRETE

'Silcrete' is the common (archaeological) name of a complex fine-grained siliceous sedimentary rock and it is one of the most common raw materials occurring in stone tool assemblages from all sites in the southwestern cape. 'Silcrete' occurs in rafts in the

Sandveld. It is fine-grained and fractures conchoidally and it is therefore an ideal raw material for making stone tools. No local source has yet been located. It is quite possible that 'silcrete' is still available in the Sandveld today, but due to the limited geological training of archaeologists, it has not been recognized by them.

CRYPI'O-CRYSTALLINE SILICATE (CCS)

Crypto-crystalline Silicate (CCS) include the various chalcedonies, such as agate, jasper and chert. They are extremely

flakes. flakes. larger larger and and stones stones bored bored grindstones, grindstones,

like like pieces pieces utilized utilized heavy heavy large, large, mainly mainly tools, tools, formal formal some some in in

represented represented is is it it but but manufacture, manufacture, tool tool mirco-lithic mirco-lithic to to conducive conducive

not not is is nature nature course-grained course-grained Its Its mountains. mountains. belt belt fold fold Cape Cape the the

in in abundant abundant is is It It quartz. quartz. of of grains grains original original the the between between spaces spaces

the the into into permeates permeates Sandstone Sandstone the the in in present present is is which which Silica Silica

sandstone. sandstone. quartz quartz from from formed formed rock rock metamorphic metamorphic is is Quartzite Quartzite

QUARTZITE QUARTZITE

manufacture. manufacture. tool tool stone stone for for ideal ideal thus thus and and fine-grained fine-grained

also also is is It It basin. basin. Doorn/Tangua Doorn/Tangua the the drain drain which which rivers rivers

the the of of most most from from form form pebble pebble in in available available is is and and action action river river by by

facilitated facilitated is is distribution distribution Its Its south. south. the the to to series series Malmesbury Malmesbury

the the of of region region the the in in and and Valley Valley River River Olifants Olifants the the of of east east the the

to to restricted restricted is is availability availability Its Its Cape. Cape. southwestern southwestern the the in in sites sites

most most at at unrepresented unrepresented fairly fairly is is Hornfels Hornfels shale. shale. metamorphised metamorphised

a a also also is is It It shales. shales. Karoo Karoo the the into into dykes dykes and and sills sills dolerite dolerite

of of intrusion intrusion by by formed formed is is which which rock rock flinty flinty black, black, a a is is Hornfels Hornfels

HORNFELS HORNFELS

1MS. 1MS. the the in in conglomerates) conglomerates)

basal basal (or (or ccs ccs tillites tillites rare rare the the in in available available is is Some Some

Series. Series.

Dwyka Dwyka the the of of tillites tillites through through erodes erodes which which River River Doorn Doorn the the

of of basin basin drainage drainage the the in in particularly particularly Valley, Valley, River River Olifants Olifants the the

of of side side eastern eastern the the to to found found are are materials materials raw raw These These manufacture. manufacture.

tool tool stone stone for for ideal ideal are are and and conchoidally conchoidally fracture fracture grained, grained, fine fine

TOOLS TOOLS UTILIZED UTILIZED

AND AND FORMAL FORMAL SELECTED SELECTED OF OF ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS

III III APPENDIX APPENDIX

t t I I J J CM CM

o o 1 2 2 1

(iii) (iii) BPI BPI silcr e t e e (iii) (iii)

· ~ ~

.- - .~~;,f · ·

~ · . . -... -... • • ,,., ,,., i>t'fq;, i>t'fq;, .. ..

; ;

~: ~: · . .

~ ~ ...... tt · · · ~ - .· .· . .

r · · · -"'1.1 -"'1.1 • • • , ,-

·'}.. ~ ~ • • '• t:"11.. t:"11.. - --- • • ., . .

' ' ~ « « I I •' •' ·::· ·::· • · ·

...... ~ ~

. t: t: ·.· ·.· . . .

· · . • • I{· I{· ··~· · "' · ·

} }

. . -: -:

(ii)BSV (ii)BSV silcret e e (ii) (ii)

.: • •

· ., ··' ··'

' , ,

,.. ,..

......

•· · . .

.. ..

· · . : :

•'

:, :,

...... - . .

, , ,, ,, ·i· ·i· ·.: ·.: . • • ~: ~:

· .;~~~~~-

:.:/ : : '°'J .' .' t". t".

~~ · · . .

.. ..

. .

· ' '

, . . , . . . . : : .,. .,. "t: "t: . .

'· '· ··::·~·.;~ . .

.. .. "'. "'.

...... , ,

. .

' ' . .

. . . ·.·t··: ·.·t··: . .

.. . .

. .

, , -~,.. -~,.. ;, ;, . . .

:. :.

· . . -t-:.. . .

· - \,,~: -

. .

:,; ~ '-· '-· : : . .

.. .. , ,

(i) (i) SC SC silcrete silcrete (i) (i)

LJ LJ MASTIC MASTIC TRACING TRACING

::iiJ ::iiJ ENCRUSTED ENCRUSTED MASTIC MASTIC

FIGURE FIGURE lA lA ADZES ADZES --

l l l l CM CM

silcrete silcrete GAS GAS (iii) (iii)

(iii) (iii) 0 0 2 2 1 1

~ ~

' ' -fl!. ·,. .. ..

. . . .

...... ' '

silcrete silcrete BP4 BP4 (ii) (ii) (ii) (ii)

silcrete silcrete BPI BPI (i) (i) (i) (i)

D D TRACING TRACING MASTIC MASTIC

ADZES ADZES 1B 1B FIGURE FIGURE CTI) CTI) MASTIC MASTIC ENCRUSTED ENCRUSTED

! ! ! ! ! ! (iv) (iv) CM CM BSV BSV (iv) (iv) silcrete silcrete

0 1 2 2 1 0

BP2 BP2 (iii) (iii) silcrete silcrete (iii) (iii)

GS GS (ii) (ii) silcrete silcrete (ii) (ii)

BSC BSC (i) (i) silcrete silcrete (i) (i)

D D MASTIC MASTIC TRACING TRACING

D D ENCRUSTED ENCRUSTED MASTIC MASTIC

FIGURE FIGURE - 2 SCRAPERS SCRAPERS

I I

I I CM CM 0 0 ; ;

2 2

B B BP2 BP2 CCS CCS (i) (i) (i) (i)

(iii) (iii) BP6 BP6 (iii) (iii) silcrete silcrete

(ii) (ii) BSV BSV silcrete silcrete (ii) (ii)

~ ~

A A (i) (i) BSV BSV silcrete silcrete (i) (i)

D D MASTIC MASTIC TRACING TRACING

1rn~ 1rn~ ENCRUSTED ENCRUSTED MAsnc MAsnc B B - Utilized Utilized

FIGURE FIGURE 3 A A 3 - MRP's MRP's

the the scraper. scraper. 200X 200X the the scraper. scraper. 200X 200X

ventral ventral on on the the aspect aspect ventral ventral of of aspect aspect of of

Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. 2. 2. Hide Hide 3. 3. Small Small polish polish patch patch on on the the of of wood wood polish polish

Fig. Fig. 1. 1. Convex Convex scraper scraper from from Renbaan Renbaan Cave. Cave.

t» t»

L£J L£J

. . o:: o::

...: ...:

~ ~

- Mineral Mineral . . and and Organic Organic deposit deposit ' ~ ~ ! !

A A CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPER SCRAPER

PHOTOMICROGRAPHS PHOTOMICROGRAPHS APPENDIX APPENDIX IV IV OF OF USE-WEAR USE-WEAR ON ON

200X. 200X. use. use. minutes minutes 20 20

after after polish polish hide hide Experimental Experimental 5. 5. Fig. Fig.

200X 200X scraper. scraper. the the of of edge edge

ing ing k wor the the along along polish polish Hide Hide 4. 4. Fig. Fig. • PL a ~J)l...tea ·xos ·a6pa 6u~)I...IOM papuno...1 a4'.). uo suoqe~...t'.l-S

GRAND GRAND TOTAL TOTAL 246 246 99.89 99.89

SUB-TOTAL SUB-TOTAL FOR FOR HORNFELS HORNFELS 9 9 99.99 99.99 3.63 3.63

Backed Backed Points Points 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00

Drills Drills 1 1 11.11 11.11 0.40 0.40

Segments Segments 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Awls Awls 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

MRP's MRP's 3 3 33.33 33.33 1.21 1.21

Scrapers Scrapers 1 1 11.11 11.11 0.40 0.40

Adzes Adzes 4 4 44.44 44.44 1.62 1.62

HORNVELS HORNVELS TOOLS TOOLS HORNVELS HORNVELS % % TOTAL TOTAL % % f f

SUB-TOTAL SUB-TOTAL FOR FOR QUARTZITE QUARTZITE 5 5 100.0 100.0 2.02 2.02

Backed Backed Points Points 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00

Drills Drills 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Segments Segments 0 0 0.0. 0.0. 0.00 0.00

Awls Awls 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00

MRP's MRP's 2 2 40.0 40.0 0.81 0.81

Scrapers Scrapers 2 2 40.0 40.0 0.81 0.81

Adzes Adzes 1 1 20.0 20.0 0.40 0.40

QUARTZITE QUARTZITE TOOLS TOOLS QUARTZITE QUARTZITE % % f f TOTAL TOTAL % %

SUB-TOTAL SUB-TOTAL FOR FOR CCS CCS 16 16 100.0 100.0 6.49 6.49

Backed Backed Points Points 0.0 0.0 0 0 0.00 0.00

Drills Drills o.o o.o 0 0 0.00 0.00

Segments Segments 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00

Awls Awls 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00

MRP's MRP's 8 8 50.0 50.0 3.25 3.25

Scrapers Scrapers 2 2 12.5 12.5 0.81 0.81

Adzes Adzes 6 6 37.5 37.5 2.43 2.43

CCS CCS TOOLS TOOLS ccs ccs % % TOTAL TOTAL % % f f

SUB-TOTAL SUB-TOTAL FOR FOR SILCRETE SILCRETE 99.98 99.98 136 136 55.26 55.26

Backed Backed Points Points 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0

Drills Drills 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Segments Segments 0 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Awls Awls 0.73 0.73 1 1 0.40 0.40

MRP's MRP's 32 32 23.52 23.52 13.00 13.00

Scrapers Scrapers 21 21 15.44 15.44 8.53 8.53

Adzes Adzes 60.29 60.29 82 82 33.33 33.33

SILCRETE SILCRETE TOOLS TOOLS SILCRETE SILCRETE % % TOTAL TOTAL % % f f

SUB-TOTAL SUB-TOTAL FOR FOR QUARTZ QUARTZ 80 80 100.00 100.00 32.49 32.49

Backed Backed Points Points 1 1 1.25 1.25 0.40 0.40

Drills Drills 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00

Segments Segments 1.25 1.25 1 1 0.40 0.40

Awls Awls 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 0.00

MRP's MRP's 10.00 10.00 8 8 3.25 3.25

Scrapers Scrapers 83.75 83.75 67 67 27.23 27.23

Adzes Adzes 3 3 3.75 3.75 1.21 1.21

QUART'l QUART'l TOOLS TOOLS QUARTZ QUARTZ % % TOTAL TOTAL % % f f

FORMAL FORMAL TOOL TOOL INVENTORY INVENTORY FROM FROM RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE MRP's

Total Segment

Adzes Utilized Scrapers Drills Awls Uil. Backed Bored Outilles

Total Hammerstone --

Chips Flakes Chunks

Total

Broken Cores Bladelets

* Grand

UTILIZED

FORMAL

WASTE

Grindstone

Stone

Total+%

Points

Flakes

Frequency

Flakes

Ecaillees

TOOLS

PIECES

APPENDIX

1035 1183

134

566

229

32 19

35 54

0 0

1 1

34.02

44.32

19.58

99.98 62.74

99.99

29.41

12.94

54.68 22.12

99.97

1.03 1.03

1.96 5.88

3.38

5.21

1.64

% V

0 0

RENBAAN

1049

104

160

887

353

264

41 f

58 22

0 0

1 0

CAVE

40.38

36.53

99.98

21.15

58.62

37.93

99.99

18.03

39.79

99.97

29.76

0.96

3.44

5.07

5.86

1.46

0 0

LITHIC

488 151

555 217

10 14

26 32

12 12

0 0 0

0 0

INVENTORY

31.42 28.57 40.00

81.25 99.99

18.75

30.94

44.46 15.36

99.96

2.45 2.45

4.3 100

0 0

189

219

0 0

0 0 0

2 f

1 0 0

72.

99.99 18.18

94.73

99.99

23.28

39.68 28.04

99.98

9.09

5.26

4.23

3.17

1.58

0 0 0

0 0

1211

3006 2599

110

247

413

160

109 697

124

FREQUENCY

96 53

1 1 1 1 1

TOTAL

99.995

39.27 37.65

21.05

99.97

68.75

46.59 15.89

99.98

26.81

0.40

0.40 0.40 0.40

0.63

3.12

4.19

4.77 27

ASSEMBLAGE

TOTAL

86.46

99.99

8.21

5.32

* *

MODE MODE NOT NOT DETERMINED DETERMINED BECAUSE BECAUSE SAMPLE SAMPLE TOO TOO SMALL SMALL

BL BL 9-35 9-35 12 12 16.6 16.6 9.35 9.35

11 11

* *

AD AD 5 5 12-40 12-40 22.2 22.2 11.18 11.18

BU BU 11 11 7-22 7-22

14 14 4.31 4.31 13 13

* *

SD SD 6 6 11-30 11-30 19.5 19.5 6.94 6.94

QUARTZITE QUARTZITE

* *

BL BL 5 5 9-15 9-15 11.4 11.4 2.30 2.30

* *

AD AD 10-16 10-16 2 2 13 13

4.24 4.24

* *

BU BU 2 2 13-19 13-19 16 16 4.24 4.24

* *

SD SD 10-22 10-22 14.5 14.5 4 4 5.44 5.44

HORNFELS HORNFELS

* *

BL BL 5-21 5-21 2 2 11.39 11.39 13 13

AD AD 6 6 7-21 7-21 14 14 4.89 4.89

15 15

* *

BU BU 9-19 9-19 6 6 13.66 13.66 3.66 3.66

* *

SD SD 5-18 5-18 14 14 12.11 12.11 3. 3. 77 77

ccs ccs

* *

BL BL 9 9 7-17 7-17 12 12 4.35 4.35

AD AD 6-31 6-31 24 24 14.78 14.78 6.66 6.66 12 12

BU BU 7-32 7-32 55 55 13.85 13.85 6.18 6.18 14 14

SD SD 6-33 6-33 36 36 14.38 14.38 6.59 6.59 12 12

SILCRETE SILCRETE

BL BL 6-25 6-25 16 16 12.78 12.78 9 9 5.02 5.02

6-23 6-23 AD AD 38 38 11.39 11.39 4.85 4.85 6 6

BU BU 5-32 5-32 12.89 12.89 84 84 4.83 4.83 11 11

SD SD 85 85 5-24 5-24 12.1 12.1 4.35 4.35 10 10

QUARTZ QUARTZ

Levels Levels f f mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

Range Range Mean Mean Standard Standard Deviation Deviation Mode Mode

Length Length Statistics: Statistics: Untrimmed Untrimmed Flakes Flakes

SUMMARY SUMMARY OF OF RENBAAN RENBAAN CAVE CAVE STATISTICS STATISTICS

APPENDIX APPENDIX VI VI

BL BL

* *

6-9 6-9 7.33 7.33 3 3 AD AD 1.52 1.52

BU BU 5-19 5-19 19 19 7.68 7.68 2.51 2.51 8 8

9 9 5-9 5-9 SD SD 6.88 6.88 1.26 1.26 6 6

Levels Levels f f mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

Range Range Mean Mean Standard Standard Deviation Deviation Mode Mode

Length Length Statistics: Statistics: Elongated Elongated Scrapers Scrapers

* *

BL BL 10-60 10-60 7 7 31 31 21.4 21.4

10-20 10-20 13.33 13.33 10 10 AD AD 3.09 3.09 11 11

BU BU 6-12 6-12 10.8 10.8 11 11 2.08 2.08 12 12

9-25 9-25 12 12 SD SD 13.4 . . 4.6 4.6 12 12

Levels Levels f f mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm

Mean Mean Range Range Standard Standard Deviation Deviation Mode Mode

Length Length Statistics Statistics : : Convex Convex Scrapers Scrapers

* *

BL BL 2 2 58-60 58-60 59 59 1.4 1.4

AD AD

BU BU

SD SD

QUARTZITE QUARTZITE

BL BL

AD AD

BU BU

2 2 30-33 30-33

32 32 2.1 2.1

1~ 1~

* * SD SD - 1 1 16 16 16 16

HORNFELS HORNFELS

BL BL

- AD AD 1 1 11 11 11 11 * *

BU BU

* * SD SD --- 1 1 11 11 11 11

ccs ccs

* * BL BL 12-37 12-37 4 4 22.3 22.3 12 12

* * AD AD 1-15 1-15 4 4 12.5 12.5 2.08 2.08

* *

BU BU --- 1 1 10 10 10 10

SD SD 9-25 9-25 5 5 13.6 13.6 * * 6.5 6.5

SILCRETE SILCRETE

* *

BL BL --- 1 1 10 10 10 10

* *

AD AD 8 8 6-20 6-20 11.8 11.8 4.7 4.7

, , BU BU 29 29 5-17 5-17 8.4 8.4 2.7 2.7 8 8

SD SD 5-19 5-19 11 11 8.8 8.8 4.06 4.06 6 6

QUARTZ QUARTZ

Levels Levels f f mm mm mm mm mm mm

mm mm

Range Range Mean Mean Standard Standard Deviation Deviation Mode Mode

. . Length Length Statistics Statistics Scrapers Scrapers and and raw raw materials materials . . Length Statistics . Adzes

Range Mean Standard Deviation Mode Levels f mm mm mm mm

SD 39 15-39 24.9 6.1 23 BU 42 13.45 26.5 6.7 23 AD 10 16-36 23 7.8 * BL 1 31 31 - *

Length Statistics : Adzes and Raw Materials

Range Mean Standard Deviation Mode Levels f mm mm mm mm

SILCRETE SD 36 16.39 25.1 6.34 23 BU 36 13-45 26.5 6.58 23 AD 9 16-36 21.8 2.38 * BL

QUARTZ 1 21 21 - * BU 2 15-18 16.5 2.12 * AD BL ccs SD 3 15-22 18.66 3.51 * BU 2 18-29 23.5 7. 77 * AD 1 33 33 - * BL

HORNFELS SD 2 22-24 23 1.41 * BU 1 34 34 - * AD BL 1 31 31 - * QUARTZITE SD 1 23 23 - 1~ BU AD BL

1.6 1.6 2-7 2-7 4 4 4.28 4.28 7 7 BL BL

3 3 2.69 2.69 0.85 0.85 1-4 1-4 13 13 AD AD

3 3 2-5 2-5 2.7 2.7 0.74 0.74 30 30 BU BU

3 3 0.7 0.7 2-5 2-5 2.94 2.94 19 19 SD SD

mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm f f Levels Levels

Mode Mode Mean Mean Deviation Deviation Range Range Standard Standard

Scrapers Scrapers : : of of edge edge Retouched Retouched Statistics Statistics Length Length

1 0 0 1 20 20 30 30 40 40 mm mm

SD SD

BU BU

....:i ....:i

w w

[; [;

....:i ....:i

C/l C/l

~~~~~~4--~~~~~~~~~~~*s AD AD 11.1 d d 8 8 = =

BL BL *sd *sd 9.35 9.35 = =

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 1: 1: 1 1 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS OF OF QUARTZITE QUARTZITE FLAKE FLAKE

10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 mm mm

SD SD

-$-

BU BU

...:J ...:J

>I-1 >I-1

g; g;

...:J ...:J

U) U)

AD AD

BL BL

*sd *sd = = 11.31 11.31

MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 1:2 1:2 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS OF OF CCS CCS FLAKE FLAKE LENGTHS LENGTHS -

10 10 20 20 30 30 mm mm 40 40

*sd *sd 5 . 44 44 = = SD SD

*sd *sd + 4.24 4.24 sd sd

a a

standard standard deviation deviation

BU BU

....:i ....:i

lil lil

> >

lil lil

....:i ....:i Cl) Cl)

*sda *sda +

AD AD 4.24 4.24

nL nL

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 1:3 1:3 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS OF OF HORNFELS HORNFELS FLAKE FLAKE

10 10 2 0 0 40 40 30 30 mm mm

*sd *sd ~~-4~~~~~~~ ~~-4~~~~~~~ 6 . 5 5 = = SD SD

$ $ ...:I

r,::i r,::i

~ ~

AD AD

...:I ...:I

U) U)

B L L * sd sd 12 12 = =

SCRAPER SCRAPER LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATIO N N

MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS FIGURE FIGURE OF OF 1:4 1:4 SILCRETE SILCRETE

10 10

2 0 0 30 30 40 40 mm mm 50 50

SD SD

....:i ....:i

µ.l µ.l

g; g;

BU BU

....:i ....:i

(/) (/)

= = ------* s d d 7. 7. 8 0 0 AD AD

MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 1:5 1:5 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS OF OF ADZE ADZE LENGTHS LENGTHS -

10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 60mm 60mm

SD SD

-$ -$

BU BU

..:I ..:I

lil lil

> >

w w

..:I ..:I (./) (./)

AD AD

*sd *sd 21.4 21.4 = =

BL BL

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 1:6 1:6 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS OF OF CONVEX CONVEX SCRAPER SCRAPER

1 4 4 DEC DEC 198'1 198'1

10 10 mm mm 20 20

SD SD

....:i ....:i

w w

BU BU

g; g;

....:i ....:i CJ) CJ)

t t

• s a a = = A D D

1. 1. 52 52

LENGTHS LENGTHS - MEAN, MEAN, RANGE RANGE AND AND STANDARD STANDARD DEVIATION DEVIATION

FIGURE FIGURE 1:7 1:7 MODIFIED MODIFIED DICE-LERAAS DICE-LERAAS DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS OF OF ELONGATED ELONGATED SCRAPER SCRAPER