Assessment of the Influence of Anthropogenic Factors on Elements of the Ecological Network in Vojvodina (Serbia) Using the Leopold Matrix

Arch. Biol. Sci., Belgrade, 67(4), 1209-1217, 2015 DOI:10.2298/ABS150303097K

ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS ON ELEMENTS OF THE ECOLOGICAL NETWORK IN VOJVODINA (SERBIA) USING THE LEOPOLD MATRIX

Vesna Kicošev1,*, Jovan Romelić2, Anđelka Belić3, Ivo Marinić4 and Biljana Panjković1

1 Institute for Nature Conservation of Vojvodina Province, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia 2 Department of Geography, Tourism and Hotel Management, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia 3 Department of Water Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia 4 Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract: Salt steppes and marshes represent the most valuable ecosystems in the world, providing numerous ecosystem services that are extremely vulnerable to anthropogenic influences. These types of habitat in the territory of Serbia are most dominant in Banat and a significant portion of them is under protection or in the process of becoming protected. The section surrounding the protected areas of Slano Kopovo Special Nature Reserve, Rusanda Nature Park and Okanj Bara Special Nature Reserve with the non-building area of Novi Bečej, Kumane, Melenci, Elemir and Taraš cadastral municipalities, has been chosen for the analysis. The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of specific anthropogenic factors on the elements of an ecological network using the analytical method that can generate the required results in a manner suitable for presentation to various stakeholders. To achieve this aim, the Leopold matrix model, used for assessing anthropogenic influence on the environment, has been chosen. The specificity of this issue of protecting and preserving elements of an ecological network resulted in the need to isolate and evaluate the factors affecting the preservation of habitats and functionality of ecosystems, unlike the concept of Leopold matrix, which treats all factors as equally important in the process of evaluation. Evaluation results indicate significant effects of historical, perennial manner of using the area and other resources in the non-building area.

Key words: Banat; protected areas; Pannonian salt steppes and salt marshes; endangering factors; Leopold matrix

Received: March 3, 2015; Revised: March 19, 2015; Accepted: April 2, 2015

Introduction (EEA, 2010), when the impact on ecosystems is made by conversion, degradation and the change in spatial The preservation of biodiversity and protection of connection (Leibowitz et al., 2000), resulting in frag- ecosystems is a prerequisite for maintaining the func- mentation (Kristensen, 2003), water regime changes tionality of the biosphere and its structural elements (Kicošev and Sabadoš, 2007). The loss of any element (Athanas et al., 2006), climatic conditions’ deteriora- or disruption of natural processes have irreparable tion (Armstrong-Brown et al., 1995), soil erosion (Ev- consequences for the functionality of ecosystems ans, 1996) and compression (Schrader and Lingnau, and lead to the decline in biodiversity (Kicošev and 1997), the spreading of dangerous substances through Sabadoš, 2008), affecting the flexibility and overall ecosystems, and the increase in nutrient content (eu- resilience of ecosystems (Balmford et al, 2008). One trophication) (Butchart et al, 2005). The edge effects of significant causes of changes in ecosystems are may affect an area of several hundred meters (Zhu et changes in the purpose or the manner of land use al., 2002; Beckerman et al., 2008), which, along with

1209 1210 Kicošev et al. the cumulative ecological effects related to the differ- key impacts and accompanying changes in ecosys- ent ways of land use (Godefroid and Koedam, 2004), tems in a manner comprehensible to all participants causes changes in the composition and structure of may be helpful in the decision-making process. The ecological communities (Forman and Deblinger, aim of this paper was to assess the influence of certain 2000), and in vulnerable habitat types, resulting in anthropogenic factors on elements of the ecological the destruction of portions of habitats (Coffin, 2007). network in order to decide on the most important In regions such as Vojvodina, with significantly al- activities for obtaining a satisfactory quality of the tered natural features (EEA, 2002), a great pressure environment and ecosystem functionality. The pos- is put on the functionality of ecosystems, and their sibility of using an analytical model, which may both resistance to other influences is reduced (EEA, 2012). be effective in achieving the goal and easy to process According to the data from the Regional Spatial in order to present the data, is presented in this paper. Plan of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, about 76% of the territory is covered by arable agricultural Materials and Methods land and the share of building area is about 12%, re- vealing intensive land use (Sabadoš, 2009), continuing The remaining fragments of natural habitats in the from the previous period (Marinić, 1997). The natu- territory of Vojvodina are included in the protected ral vegetation of the steppe and forest areas is almost areas and represent a part of the national ecological entirely destroyed and once vast wetlands have been network. Pannonian types of salt habitats (Pannonian reduced (Sabadoš, 2009), mostly by drainage, chan- salt steppes and salt marshes) represent significant el- neling of rivers, and the building of embankments ements of the national ecological network. and dams (Bošnjak, 2011). Intensive arable farming and a reduction in mixed livestock and arable farms Features of the analyzed types of habitat have led to a uniform landscape (Nassauer and West- macott, 1987) and the disappearance or great vulner- Salt steppes and marshes are among the most valuable ability of the remaining wild relatives of farm animals ecosystems in the world, providing numerous eco- (Rischkowsky et al., 2007), thus contributing to the system services, but their habitats are highly vulner- decline in biodiversity (Meeus, 1993). The protection of the remaining entireties that are more or less eli- able to anthropogenic influences (Gedan et al., 2009). gible for (i) the preservation of rare and endangered Wetlands contribute to the regulation of microcli- organisms, (ii) sustainability of biodiversity and (iii) mate conditions (Bullock and Acreman, 2003) and performance of ecosystem services is realized by the they have the capacity to remove toxic substances, establishment of an ecological network of protected heavy metals and excessive organic matter from wa- areas. The inclusion of elements of the ecological ter and sediments (Simpson et al., 1983). Numerous network in sustainable development involves the use research studies (for example, Rudolph and Dick- of ecosystem services in accordance with the capac- son, 1990; Bodie, 2001) confirmed the presence of ity of the area while maintaining the functionality of great biodiversity in the habitats bordering wetlands. ecosystems and the quality of the environment. In Natural habitats near crops significantly influence the order to resolve this issue, it is necessary to evaluate abundance of species of pollinators (Steffan-Dewen- the effects of construction and activities (Kicošev et ter, 2003), their number (Heard et al., 2007) and al., 2014b), and to have the knowledge of the vulner- the composition of communities, with the survival ability of ecosystems to different influences from the of pollinator communities depending on the size of surroundings (Kicošev et al., 2014a). The successful the fragments (Steffan-Dewenter et al., 2002). Saline implementation of the given activities depends on the habitats that have been used for pasture for centuries active cooperation of local users and other stakehold- represent significant reservoirs and sinks of green- ers (Kicošev et al., 2011). A clear presentation of the house gases, since the carbon dioxide absorbed by The Leopold matrix in nature protection 1211 the vegetation binds to the soil substrate (ЕА, 2007 until today, the impact on the environment has been in: DEFRA, 2009). The landscape and vegetation fea- intensifying, resulting in temporary or permanent tures of these habitats are the result of a specific water consequences for the natural values of this area. Due regime and extreme living conditions (semi-arid cli- to the large wetland areas (Fig. 1) and frequent wars in mate, increased content of mineral salts, rotation of this territory, until the 18th century Banat was sparsely wet and dry periods) in which saline habitat vegeta- populated area and regarded as neglected in the agrar- tion survives (Dajić, 1996). ian sense. Farming intensified in the 18th century during the systematic colonization of Banat (Grošin, The Pannonian salt steppes and salt marshes (EU- 2009) and greater effects on natural habitats are linked NIS Hаbitat Classification: Е6.21), once one of the to the period up to the beginning of the 19th century, dominant types of primeval vegetation of Vojvodina, when significant changes in the landscape features of were valued (under code: 1530) as priority habitats for the analyzed area occurred after the regulation of the protection in the neighboring countries of the Euro- Tisza and extensive drainage which followed (Cerović, pean Union (Directive on Habitats - Directive 92/43/ 1984), and following changes in the purpose of the EEC Annex I). These habitat types are most domi- marsh land (mostly its conversion into arable land), nant in Banat, and a significant part of them is under pressure on the saline habitats (ploughing, afforesta- protection or undergoing the protection procedure. tion) and expansion of the building area, road network The territory of central Banat in the surroundings of and so on.. The late 19th and beginning of the 20th the protected areas of Slano Kopovo Special Nature century have been characterized by the emergence Reserve (SNR), Rusanda Nature Park (NP) and Okanj of different influences on the functionality of ecosys- Bara Special Nature Reserve (SNR) covering the non- tems, such as the expansion of industrial complexes building area of Novi Bečej, Kumane, Melenci, Elemir and infrastructure (Petrović, 2010), with increased ex- and Taraš cadastral municipalities has been selected ploitation of resources and emission of pollutants into for the analysis (Fig.1). the environment. Intensive land use for agricultural production was enabled by the first heavy machin- Description of the manner of utilization of the ery for land tillage and fertilizers (Grubić, 2010). The area surrounding the habitats agrarian reforms after the wars were followed by a se- ries of futile attempts at “purposeful utilization” of the Ever since the Neolithic period and the emergence salty soil (Cerović, 1984) and the use of pesticides was of first dwellings in this area (Marinković, 2010) up another contribution to the continuation of intensive crop production. Crop production was followed by intensive livestock farming in settlements, starting from 1959 in Melenci. Intensive fish farming was started in 1965, after turning the salinized lake “Ostrovo” (a segment of paleomeander between Slano Kopovo and Rusanda) into a eutrophic freshwater body. The remaining three salinized lakes that compose protected areas preserved some of their original features owing to the mainly traditional use of the area by the local population, as well as the sustainable use of the healing peloid, used since the 1600s (Cerović, 1984) to date (Kicošev, 2012). Fig. 1. Graphic representation of the area on a map of the first Constant pressure on elements of an ecological military survey of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1769-1772.); Google Maps (2014). Source: http://mapire.eu/en/; Google Earth network by heterogeneous socio-economic factors (on the right). (mostly ending in numerous conflicting aims regard- 1212 Kicošev et al. ing the use of the area) require the application of cer- factors was carried out by considering the dominant tain models in decision making about the possibilities ways of land use in building and non-building areas of sustainable development and priority activities for and key activities that in time have influenced the preserving the functionality of ecosystems and the change of habitat conditions, content and transfer of quality of ecosystem services. According to the data pollutants and the status of species. Changes in habi- obtained after the field research, it is possible to assess tat conditions most significantly causing the loss of the overall effects on ecosystems. However, it is dif- saline habitats include fragmentation, change in soil ficult to quantify the amount of negative impacts on composition and structure, changes in water regime habitats, animal and plant populations, since the eco- and microclimate factors. The content and transfer of logical effects of full-scale change in a landscape be- different types of pollutants in the environment was come evident only after several decades (EEA, 2011). emphasized as a separate type of impact on habitats according to their behavior in the biosphere and the Use of the Leopold Matrix in decision-making character of the effect on the wildlife.

The choice of a decision-making model faces the Assessment of the impact of endangering factors challenge of adequate presentation of dynamic, spatial, distributive and non-linear natural processes An assessment of the impact of endangering factors (Hwang and Masud, 1979), with numerous complex was conducted by evaluating intensity and duration. questions for which decision-makers cannot provide Intensity of impact was classified into five categories precise and comprehensive answers. In the situation (small, lower-medium, higher-medium, significant where a holistic approach is required, it is advisable to and great), and impact duration (years) into five lev- use the simplest available model that can generate the els (0-25, 26-50, 51-75, 76-100). Evaluation of the in- requested result. A simple model has the advantage of tensity and duration was carried out by scoring (1-5), providing a simple explanation of its results (Kubiak and the manner in which the influence exerted its af- et al., 2008). fect was marked by shading the section of the field representing direct (dark) or indirect impact (light). In order to resolve the issue of anthropogenic in- If the effect of a certain impact is considered to be ir- fluences on the central Banat ecological network area, relevant, fields do not contain written values (-) and an a -priori decision-making concept was used, based are not shaded. Fields in the table are divided into two on the prior evaluation of criteria according to which sections, one showing the values for impact intensity decisions are made (Deb, 2010). The choice of opera- and the other showing duration of the impact. In im- tional approach is based on the application of a sim- pact duration evaluation, an increase in the value of a ple, empirical model with graphic representation of point indicated the increase in the time during which data in a table. The basic structure of a table is formed the habitat had been exposed to a particular impact. according to the model of the Leopold matrix (Leo- The shortest period was 0-25 years and the longest pold et al., 1971), which is to support the decision- more than 100 years. In impact intensity evaluation, making process during the drafting of environment an increase in the point value indicates the increase in assessment studies (Puczkó and Rátz; Josimovic et al., the negative effect resulting from the deterioration of 2014), while treating all elements in the landscape as the status of natural landscape features. Gradation of equally important in the evaluation procedure. The impact (small, lower-medium, higher-medium, signif- specificity of the problem of protecting and preserv- icant, great) was carried out by applying approximate ing elements of the ecological network resulted in values of spatial, qualitative and quantitative change the need for isolation and special evaluation of those indicators. Consideration of spatial indicators (ap- elements that affect the preservation of habitats and proximate reduction of the area covered by wetlands functionality of ecosystems. Identification of these and other natural habitats due to the increase in areas The Leopold matrix in nature protection 1213

-1 modified by human influences) had a key role in eval- R(y)=Σ(iy+ty)v*nv (1), uating the fragmentation level, change in water regime R(p)=Σ(i +t ) *n -1(2), and intensity of land use. Consideration of qualitative p p k k and quantitative indicators (in terms of types of sub- where R(y) = resultant related to the aggregate value stances and assumed quantity) is significant for the of the impact source; R(p) = resultant related to the nutrient-impact evaluation which occurs as eutro- aggregate value of the impact consequences; I = in- phication, impact of heavy metals, hydrocarbons and tensity value of the single impact source (y) or con- other dangerous substances, greenhouse gases (GHG) sequence (p); t =duration value of the single impact and other substances whose emission from different source (y) or consequence (p); Σ(i+t)v = the sum of all sources has an impact on global changes in the bio- values given within a single row/specific source; Σ(i+t) sphere. Each of the given factors influences the state k = the sum of all values given within a single column/ of species to a smaller or greater extent. specific consequence; nv = number of fields with evaluated source within a single row; n = number of fields The results shown in the charts depict the esti- k with evaluated consequence within a single column. mated intensity of the impact source and the consequences of impact. The resultants of the total value of the source/consequence of the impact were compared RESULTS to the reference values for intensity of low (3.33), medium (6.66) or high level (9.99). These values were In Table 1, values for the impact on natural habitats obtained by applying the following formulas devel- from the non-building area are shown. The high level oped for the purpose of this research: of impact originates from the manner of land use and

Table 1: Impacts on natural habitats from the non-building area. 1214 Kicošev et al.

Fig. 2. Sources of impacts of endangering factors from the non- Fig. 3. Consequences of impacts of endangering factors from the building area on natural habitats non-building area on natural habitats management of water regimes, with significant effects transfer of pollutants are largely caused by intensive on the extent of fragmentation, basic composition animal husbandry and ploughing of natural vegeta- and structure of soil, as well as the transfer of pollut- tion strips and clusters. ants through all spheres of the environment. Also, the The resultants representing aggregate values for diminishing diversity and vegetation coverage occur- the consequences of impacts indicate a significant ring as an effect of human activities were registered endangerment of natural habitats and functionality as a significant cause of change in habitat conditions of ecosystems (Fig. 3). All considered consequences due to an altered transfer of matter through the envi- enter the scope of medium and high intensity level, ronment. Out of the total number of single impacts the most prominent being the fragmentation/loss of (117), the share of those recognized to be immediate habitats, endangerment/loss of species and eutrophi- was 59%, indirect 36%, and only 8% were considered cation. In this case, eutrophication was considered a irrelevant. The largest percent of immediate impacts consequence of an increase in the content of nutri- was registered as the result of removal of different ents, but it can also be viewed, along with other con- natural vegetation types. sequences (e.g. altered water regime, changed compo- The resultants representing aggregate values for sition and structure of soil) as an indirect cause of the the sources of impacts show that activities originat- loss of oligotrophic halophyte communities. ing from the non-building section of the area (Fig. 2) have intensive impact on natural habitats and func- Discussion tionality of ecosystems. Of the total number of impact sources (13), 5 (38%) enter the area of high intensity The research on the section surrounding the protected level, 2 (15%) are on the border between medium and areas of Slano Kopovo SNR, Rusanda NP and Okanj high intensity level and none of them is registered Bara SNR indicates that the influences originating as an impact of low intensity level. Such a situation from the non-building area are mostly diffuse and re- is certainly the result of the long duration period of lated to activities in the areas of agriculture and water most of these sources of impact. Moreover, the diffuse management. The greatest values were obtained for character of impact sources, direct focus of activities activities known to represent significant endangering on natural habitats and vulnerability of ecosystems factors for the preservation of biodiversity and surviv- had a great role in this. Very high values of the in- al of natural habitats (especially saline habitats). The fluences of drainage, use of machinery, etc. indicate most evident changes in the habitat related to changes changes in habitat conditions and the content and in the water regime occurred because of flood defense The Leopold matrix in nature protection 1215 and drainage activities. Inclusion of saline habitats into and emission of products into the atmosphere, and intensive drainage put their basic values under threat. by implementing adequate solid-waste management, The ploughing of saline habitats in the past, which etc. However, a reduction/mitigation of the impact of is also present nowadays, releases enormous amounts emissions from diffuse sources (such as agricultural of carbon dioxide sequestrating in the soil for centu- land) requires the use of biological methods for the re- ries. Saline habitat communities that survive in semi- generation of environmental elements and the return arid climates with low organic-matter-content soils to primarily traditional ways of using arable land and are especially threatened by conventional agriculture pastures, which have a positive role in the preservation methods. The loss of natural habitats and expansion of biodiversity and ecosystem functionality. of areas with single crops and inappropriate use of agricultural chemicals result in the decline of the quality This paper presents the possibilities of using the of ecosystem services of water purification, dissolution Leopold matrix to assess the impact of certain anthro- of waste material and transfer of dissolution products pogenic factors generally adversely affecting habitats through ecosystems, etc. and species. Application of Leopold matrix tailored to meet the requirements of nature protection is par- Years of experience in nature protection have ticularly important for more efficient communication shown that the preservation of habitats and other el- with land users, which contributes to the improve- ements of an ecological network mostly depend on ment of management of protected areas and other successful cooperation with the local users of land elements of ecological network. This model should and other stakeholders. Preparatory activities for the be further developed for the evaluation of impacts negotiation phase in the decision-making process originating from artificial sources, such as noise, vi- demand an objective and reasonable evaluation of brations, light and other impacts to which some spe- factors significantly affecting the state of the environ- cies are extremely sensitive. ment, functionality of ecosystems, survival of species and preservation of their habitats’ integrity. Objectiv- Authors’ contributions: AB: Analysis of data regarding ity of evaluation depends on the availability of key the impact of agriculture and water management on the data and requires a holistic approach. The intelligi- environment. BP: Analysis of data regarding the purpose bility of the analytical process to the general public of the area within the ecological network in Vojvodina. IM: and transparency in presenting the evaluation results Adjustment of the purpose of the Leopold matrix to the depend on the choice of model. Using a simple model specific requirements of the nature protection. JR: Analy- that can generate the required results and is not com- sis of data regarding the geographical factors and human plicated in presentation wins a greater confidence and history. VK: Analysis of the needs and possibilities of using models for assessment of influence of anthropogenic enables better communication with other participants factors on elements of ecological network, making of the in the decision-making process. However, it is neces- paper structure, drawing conclusions. sary to bear in mind that the quality of analysis of available data in simple models greatly depends on Conflict of interest disclosure: Conflicts of interest have the experience of analysts. not been identified. Evaluation results indicate the significant effects of historical, long-standing ways of using the land and other resources in the non-building area. A solution to REFERENCES the problem of pollutant emissions from settlements Armstrong-Brown, S., Rounsevell, M. D. and P. Bullock (1995). and separate industrial complexes on the building Soils and greenhouse gasses: management for mitigation. land can be largely achieved by completing the sew- Chem. Ind. 21, 647-650. 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