2014, Vol. 18(4): 233–244 Steciana doi:10.12657/steciana.018.025 www.up.poznan.pl/steciana ISSN 1689-653X

CHANGES IN SHARE OF TRISETUM SIBIRICUM IN GUTOWO MEADOWS (URSZULEWO PLAIN) IN 2000–2013

Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski

D. Gawenda-Kempczyńska, T. Załuski, Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland, e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

(Received: January 9, 2014. Accepted: November 13, 2014)

Abstract. This paper presents results of abundance field research, distribution and habitat and phytocoe- notic preferences of Trisetum sibiricum on the Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain, NE Poland), in a locality outside the continuous range of distribution. The species grown in wet, not used meadows, in places over- flooded by beavers, partially afforested. The research was carried out in 2013 and the results were compared with analogical data from 2000–2002. Currently a higher abundance of species (circa 1600 tufts), a larger area of the locality (circa 2.5 ha), larger phytosociological spectrum and a larger share of hygrophilous species in species composition of the examined phytocoenoses was revealed. In 2013 a share of Trisetum sibiricum was noted in 12 communities from seven classes (Phragmitetea australis, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae, Bidentetea tripartiti, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Artemisietea vulgaris, Alnetea glutinosae and Querco-Fagetea), and in 2000–2002 – only in seven plant communities from three classes (Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae, Mo­ linio-Arrhenatheretea and Artemisietea vulgaris). Formerly the species was listed mainly in phytocoenoses of Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei and currently most often in phytocoenoses of Junco-Molinietum.

Key words: population resources, dynamic tendencies, meadow vegetation, phytocoenotic preferences, moisture changes, Ellenberg’s indicator values, afforestation of meadows, Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park

INTRODUCTION of T. sibiricum it is brownish and of T. flavescens – gold- en. Lower glume’s awn of T. sibiricum is longer (5–10 Siberian oat grass Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. ( mm), with whitish hairs basally, it is not nodally bent. family) is a hardly known taxon, not listed in Poland Whereas glume’s awn of T. flavescens is shorter (4.5– until the second half of 20th century (Chrtek 1968, –6.5 mm), nodally bent without basal hairs. Spikelets of Sokołowski 1981, 1988, Ceynowa-Giełdon 1988, Frey T. sibiricum are golden brown and shiny and of T. fla­ 1992). vescens golden yellow, green, rarely with purple shine Trisetum sibiricum is a loosely tufted grass with (Frey 1992, Rutkowski 1998, Finot et al. 2005). Spe- culms up to 100 cm. The panicle reaches 20 cm and cies prefer different habitats. Trisetum sibiricum occur its branches are slightly ascending. Spikelets are 5.2– mainly on fen mires (including spring fens), in sedges –8.5 cm long with 2–3(4) florets.Trisetum sibiricum may and rushes, on wet meadows, in tall herbs and less be a species mistakenly taken for a golden oat grass often in bog forests and in bushes. Whereas T. fla­ T. flavescens. Both species differs in width and color of vescens grows on fresh meadows where it may be sown blades, pubescence of sheaths, length and bending of (Sokołowski 1981, 1988, Ceynowa-Giełdon 1988, Frey lower glume’s awn, color of spikelets and occupied 1992, Frey et al. 2001, Gawenda & Załuski 2001). habitats. The blade of T. sibiricum is 3–8 mm wide, its Area of distribution of T. sibiricum encompass- lower sheaths are lanate and upper are glabrous. The es mainly Asia and eastern part of Europe (Hultén blade of T. flavescens, in turn, is narrower (2–5 mm) & Fries 1986, Frey 1992). Along north-eastern Poland and its lower sheaths are glabrous or very shortly, ret- runs the western range limit of this species. Locality rorse-pilose. The observations of the authors point out in the Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain mesore- the difference in blade colour during fruiting; in case gion) is situated outside the area of species’ contig- 234 Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski

Fig. 1. Location of Trisetum sibiricum locality 1 – forests, 2 – surface waters, 3 – towns and main roads, 4 – railways, 5 – boundary of Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park, 6 – locality of Trisetum sibiricum uous range. It is located within the Górzno-Lidzbark cum in two research periods: in 2000–2002 and in Landscape Park. It lies in the Gutowo Meadows com- 2013. The comparison of the results from both peri- plex – meliorated fen mires by the Brynica river, on ods allowed to determine dynamic tendencies of the the south of Gutowo (Fig. 1). Yet in the middle of species. the last century an occurrence of relict species was noted, such as: Betula humilis, Empetrum nigrum, Pedi­ MATERIAL AND METHODS cularis sceptrum-carolinum, Sweertia perennis and Tofiel­ dia calyculata (Czubiński 1948). Locality of T. sibiricum in the Gutowo Meadows Trisetum sibiricum is a rare species of lower risk was found in 2000 (Gawenda & Załuski 2001). In category (LR), described in Polish red data book of 2000–2002 an approximate area of occurrence was (Frey et al. 2001). As a rare species (R) it is defined, its abundance was estimated and phytoso- mentioned in the red list of plants in Poland but only ciological documentation was collected (Gawenda in the 1992 edition (Zarzycki & Szeląg 1992). The & Załuski 2001, Załuski & Gawenda 2003). In 2013 species in the Kujawy-Pomorze voivodeship (Rut- the research was repeated. A detailed documentation kowski 1997) has a vulnerable category (V) and in of the locality was performed including pointing out Western Pomerania (Żukowski & Jackowiak 1995) – places of its occurrence by using GPS receiver. A phy- it has an indeterminate category (I). The species is tosociological documentation of plant communities placed on lists of threatened species in Estonia, Lith- with share of T. sibiricum was made anew. uania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus and Russia (Ingelög For each period of the research maps of distribu- et al. 1993, Tret’âkov 2006, Gudžinskas 2007). tion of T. sibiricum were drawn (ArcGIS application), The aim of the study is to compare the abundance, where abundance of the species was marked. Using distribution and habitat preferences of Trisetum sibiri­ TURBOVEG application a phytosociological table Changes in share of Trisetum sibiricum in Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain) in 2000–2013 235 was generated for data collected in 2013. Phytosocio- pies wet places. Quantitative share of T. sibiricum in logical belongingness of the examined phytocoenoses plant communities of Phragmitetea australis is small. was determined and diagnostic value of the species Subsequent group of plant communities where was adopted mainly after Matuszkiewicz (2001), and T. sibiricum occurs, comprises associations of partially after Ratyńska et al. (2010). Nomenclature Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae class (Table 1, relevés of species is given according to Mirek 5–8). The first is the Caricetum appropinquatae asso- et al. (2002) and nomenclature of mosses according ciation, characterised by a distinct hummock-hollow to Ochyra et al. (2003). structure. The second association is Calamagrost­ Data collected in 2013 were compared with the ieum neglectae with dominance of stoloniferous grass results from 2000–2002. On a basis of phytosocio- Calamagrostis stricta. Phytocoenoses of both associa- logical relevés’ analysis the share of socio-ecological tions occur in wet areas not used for a long time. groups in flora accompanying T. sibiricum was de- Quantitative share of T. sibiricum is larger here rather fined and compared. Moreover, for selected species than in the previous group. a setout was made for mean cover values calculated The examined species grows also in a specific, from the sum of their mean degree of cover in the complex plant community developed near beaver respective period of time. dam constructions where substrate is wet and bog- In order to characterise the habitat conditions gy. Mosaic system is comprised of small phytocoe- of the examined species, mean values (arithme- noses of Bidentetum cernui (Bidentetea tripartiti class) tic mean) of Ellenberg’s indicators were calculated with phytocoenoses of plant community with domi- (comp. Dzwonko 2008). They were worked out from nance of Epilobium roseum (Table 1, relevé 9). The lay- phytosociological relevés for both periods of obser- er of herbs is low and relatively dense. The share of vation. These calculations were based on numbers of T. sibiricum is small. Ellenberg’s indicator values for vascular plants (Jäger Trisetum sibiricum most frequently grows in phyto- 2011). coenoses of plant associations of Molinio-Arrhenathere­ tea class (Table 1, relevés 10–18), that is Junco-Moli­ RESULTS

The abundance of T. sibiricum in 2000 amounted to circa 130 individuals (tufts) dispersed in an area of circa 2 ha. In 2013 the area of the locality was es- timated at 2.5 ha and species resources at 1600 tufts, concentrated mainly in one area of a diversified den- sity of individuals (Fig. 2). The geographic coordi- nates of the centre of the locality are: N 53°13’32.7’’, E 19°40’43.3’’. The basic documentation includes 21 phytosoci- ological relevés performed in 2013 with a presence of T. sibiricum. They represent 12 phytosociological units (Table 1). Trisetum sibiricum occurs quite often in rush plant communities of Phragmitetea australis class – in a plant community with Phragmites australis, in phyto- coenoses of Caricetum acutiformis association and in a plant community with Equisetum fluviatile (Table 1, relevés 1–4). The first plant community has a transi- tional character (in dynamic and floristic sense) be- tween meadow communities of Molinietalia order and reeds and therefore it was not assigned as Phragmite­ tum australis. It is characterised by a abundant share of meadow species with dominance of tall individuals of Phragmites australis. It occupies habitats wet only in area not used, usually near ditches. Also phytocoeno- sis of Caricetum acutiformis has a transitional charac- ter, an association revealed in moderately wet area by a ditch. Its species composition comprises also quite Fig. 2. Distribution and population resources of Trisetum a large share of tall herb species of Artemisietea vulgar­ sibiricum in Gutowo Meadows in 2000–2002 and in 2013 1 – approx. 130 individuals, 2 – approx. 20 individuals, 3 – approx. is class. While plant community with quite Equisetum 60 individuals, 4 – approx. 80–100 individuals, 5 – approx. 180 fluviatile, also with numerous meadow species occu- individuals, 6 – approx. 1100 individuals 236 Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski ...... 5 1 1 1 + 21 19 06 08 80 80 30 95 38 2013 Cirsietum - Cirsietum ...... – 8 2 1 1 1 + + 20 05 08 20 80 30 25 22 2013 , 9 – complex Angelico ...... – – 1 + 19 20 06 08 20 95 11 <5 2013 ...... – 3 1 3 18 05 08 24 33 <5 <5 100 2013 , 16–18 – 16–18 , ...... – – 2 5 3 17 05 08 25 25 100 2013 Alnetum - ...... – – 1 5 1 3 + + 16 10 07 25 33 Calamagrostietum neglectae Calamagrostietum 100 2013 Fraxino ...... – 3 2 1 15 18 06 08 50 30 23 <5 100 , 7–8 – 2013 ...... 5 2 1 3 1 + 14 17 06 08 48 55 10 90 33 2013 ...... – 1 1 1 4 1 1 + 13 15 06 08 24 10 38 <5 100 2013 ...... – – 2 + 12 14 05 08 25 25 <5 100 2013 /developmental stadia of stadia /developmental Caricetum appropinquatae ...... – – 9 2 1 2 1 1 + + + + 11 05 08 28 30 <5 100 2013 ...... – – – 5 5 1 1 1 - Molinietum + – state of art in 2013 10 05 08 25 16 100 2013 Junco ...... – – 9 5 1 2 1 1 + + 11 05 08 25 24 100 2013 community, 5–6 – community, ...... – – – 8 1 4 2 + 12 05 08 25 17 100 , 14–15 – 14–15 , 2013 Alnetum - Trisetum sibiricum Trisetum ...... – – 7 4 1 + 10 05 08 25 22 <5 100 2013 Fraxino - Molinietum ...... – – 6 7 2 1 5 1 1 + 05 08 21 30 <5 100 2013 Equisetum fluviatile Junco ...... – – , 4 – 5 6 1 5 1 1 1 05 08 20 25 <5 100 2013 ...... – – 4 1 1 1 4 + + 13 05 08 25 95 22 community, 21 – community, <5 2013 ...... – – 3 1 4 1 + 21 06 08 30 90 18 <5 2013 community, 10–13 – 10–13 community, Salix repens Salix repens Caricetum acutiformis ...... – 2 5 5 1 5 1 + 16 06 08 24 26 100 2013 ...... – – – 1 4 2 1 2 4 1 + + 05 08 24 23 100 2013 Epilobium roseum Epilobium roseum / community, 3 – community, community, 20 – community, ] 2 Urtica dioica Molinion caeruleae Bidentetea tripartiti Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae

Bidentetum cernui Phragmitetea australis Phytosociological documentation of plant communities with share , 19 – Phragmites australis IV. ChCl. IV. Molinia caerulea Succisa pratensis Viola × rupechtiana Viola III. ChCl. Bidens cernua Bidens tripartita Calamagrostis stricta Calamagrostis Carex appropinquata Carex dioica Valeriana II. ChCl. Epilobium palustre Rumex aquaticus Rumex latifolia Typha Galium palustre rostrata Carex Phragmites australis Successive number of relevé Number of relevé in the field Date Area of relevé [m layer cover [%] Tree Shrub layer cover [%] Herb layer cover [%] Moss layer cover [%] Number of species I. ChCl. Equisetum fluviatile acutiformis Carex Table 1. Table 1–2 – of system oleracei Changes in share of Trisetum sibiricum in Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain) in 2000–2013 237 ...... 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 + + + + + ...... 1 3 ...... 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 + + + + + + ...... 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 + + ...... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 + + + + + + + ...... 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 + + + + ...... 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 + + + + + ...... 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 3 + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 2 + + + ...... 2 2 1 1 2 + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 + + ...... 1 1 1 2 2 + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 2 + + + + + + + + ...... 1 1 2 2 2 3 + + + ...... 2 2 + + + ...... 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 + + + ...... 1 2 2 1 1 + + + + + + + Calthion palustris

. Molinio-Arrhenatheretea

Molinietalia caeruleae

Agrostis stolonifera Agrostis Cerastium holosteoides Ranunculus repens Ranunculus Heracleum sibiricum cracca Vicia Ranunculus acris Ranunculus acetosa Rumex pubescens Avenula Poa trivialis Poa pratensis Poa VII. ChCl. rubra Festuca Holcus lanatus chamaedrys Veronica Campanula patula Lysimachia vulgaris Lysimachia Hypericum tetrapterum Filipendula ulmaria Filipendula Veronica longifolia Veronica salicaria Lythrum Cirsium palustre Cirsium Crepis paludosa Crepis VI. ChCl. Lotus uliginosus officinalis Valeriana Angelica sylvestris Galium uliginosum flos - cuculi Lychnis Cirsium oleraceum Cirsium Geum rivale bistorta Polygonum cespitosa Carex V. ChCl., DAll V. Ophioglossum vulgatum 238 Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski ...... 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 + + + + + ...... 1 5 + ...... 1 2 3 5 1 + + ...... 1 1 1 1 + + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 1 2 + + + ...... 1 1 1 + + ...... 1 3 2 1 1 + + + ...... 1 1 4 2 1 2 + + + + ...... 1 3 1 1 1 1 + + ...... 2 1 1 1 1 ...... 2 1 + ...... 2 1 + ...... 1 1 3 1 2 1 + ...... 1 1 + ...... 2 1 1 1 1 ...... 1 + + + + + ...... 1 + + + + ...... 1 1 1 1 2 + ...... 1 1 2 2 2 + ...... 1 1 1 + + + ...... 1 + + + c b Alnetea glutinosae b c a c a b c b c Artemisietea vulgaris

Rhamno-Prunetea Querco-Fagetea

XII. Others sibiricum Trisetum erecta Potentilla Populus tremula tremula Populus odoratum Anthoxanthum XI. ChCl. tremula Populus Impatiens noli - tangere Plagiomnium undulatum Alnus incana X. ChCl. Alnus incana Alnus incana Salix cinerea Salix cinerea Salix cinerea Lycopus europaeus Lycopus Salix repens Salix repens Solanum dulcamara Alnus glutinosa Alnus glutinosa IX. ChCl., DCl. Alnus glutinosa Eupatorium cannabinum Sonchus arvensis Epilobium hirsutum Galeopsis bifida Epilobium roseum Epilobium parviflorum Galium aparine crispus Carduus VIII. ChCl. Urtica dioica Anthriscus sylvestris Galeopsis speciosa Changes in share of Trisetum sibiricum in Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain) in 2000–2013 239

nietum and Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei. Phytocoenoses

...... 1 1 + of the first of the associations mentioned above occur on meadows not used and of different moisture level: 13(+); ...... 1 2 2 from wet habitats to moderately wet. They are charac- Potentilla Potentilla 21(+); terised by a large share of Molinia caerulea and a highly ...... variable species richness. Some of the phytocoenoses, 13(+); Scirpus sylvaticus with a smaller share of higrophilous species refer to Selino-Molinietum association. Quantitative share of ...... 1 + + + T. sibiricum in phytocoenoses of Junco-Molinietum is 16(1); usually large. In 2000–2002 phytocoenoses of the dis- Myosoton aquaticum ......

Brachythecium mildeanum cussed association occupied a greater area than they do currently but have been partially afforested. In ...... 1 + ; Plantago lanceolata 21(1); places with planted black alder at that time a plant community of Junco-Molinietum, form with Alnus gluti­ c 18(+); 7(+) Myosotis palustris ...... nosa characterised by a large share of Phragmites austra­ lis and a small share of T. sibiricum was distinguished. Angelico-Cirsietum olera­

11(1); In contrast, phytocoenoses of ...... 1 1 1 cei associations develop on rarely used meadows. They

Betula pendula have a relatively large share of Cirsium oleraceum, Poly­ Moehringia trinervia ...... 2 1 + + + + gonum bistorta, Filipendula ulmaria and Carex acutiformis ; Knautia arvensis

3(1); and a small of T. sibiricum. 6(1); ...... 1 + + Caltha palustris In 2013 the examined species was sporadically 12(+) 17(1). V. noted in floristically poor non-forest plant commu- ...... 1 1

+ nities of other classes (Table 1, relevés 19–20). It is

7(+); Table 2. Plant communities with share of Trisetum sibiricum Linaria vulgaris ...... in 2000–2002 and in 2013

Athyrium filix - femina Athyrium Number of relevés

; Festuca pratensis ; Festuca Plant communities ...... 1 1

21(+); 2000–2002 2013 XII. Cl. Phragmitetea australis 18(+) ...... Thalictrum aquilegifolium 1. Phragmites australis community – 2 Polygonum hydropiper Polygonum

b 21(1); 2. Caricetum acutiformis – 1 ...... III. +

20(+); 3. Equisetum fluviatilecommunity – 1

Lapsana communis Cl. Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae 9(1); ...... + + + + 4. Caricetum appropinquatae 1 2 Dactylis glomerata 6(+);

Sambucus nigra 5. Calamagrostietum neglectae – 2 ...... + + + Cl. Bidentetea tripartitae 12(+); 6. complex system of Bidentetum cernui/ ...... Plagiothecium ruthei – 1 1 b 14(1); Epilobium roseum community Cl. Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Humulus lupulus ...... Scutellaria galericulata Junco-Molinietum 14(+); 7. 1 4 8. Junco-Molinietum/developmental – 2 3(+); 3(+); ...... 1 1 1 stadia of Fraxino-Alnetum + Achillea millefolium Achillea 9. Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei 4 3 VII. Rhamnus catharticus ...... 10. Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei, form 3 – with Alnus glutinosa XI. 11. Geum rivale community 1 – 11(1); Oxyrrhynchium hians Cl. Artemisietea vulgaris 12. Anthriscetum sylvestris 1 – Geranium robertianum c 21(+); Scrophularia umbrosa umbrosa Scrophularia 7(+); 13. Urtica dioica community 1 1 VIII.

c Cl. Alnetea glutinosae 14. Salix repens community – 1 Equisetum palustre

21(+); Cl. Querco-Fagetea VI. 15. Fraxino-Alnetum – 1 Acer pseudoplatanus Acer Leptobryum pyriforme Leptodictyum humile Plagiomnium elatum Brachythecium rutabulum Amblystegium serpens Plagiomnium ellipticum Plagiomnium cuspidatum Cardamine amara Cardamine Rubus idaeus Rubus Galium album Chrysosplenium alternifolium angustifolia Poa Galium verum Total 12 21 Sporadic species: I. 16(1); anserina X. epigeios Calamagrostis 240 Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski the Urtica dioica plant community of Artemisietea vul­ (Fig. 3) reveals fairly distinct differences. A decrease garis class, occurring in mucky peat on the edge of the of characteristic species number from Scheuchzerio­ - ash-alder forest as well as in Salix repens plant com- -Caricetea nigrae and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea classes munity of Alnetea glutinosae class, forming phytocoe- was noted. A distinct increase of tall herb species noses on not used, overgrowing, marshy meadows. from Artemisietea vulgaris was reported and a less Trisetum sibiricum is also present not abundantly distinct – of species of moist and wet habitats from in forest phytocoenoses of Querco-Fagetea class, rep- Phragmitetea australis, Alnetea glutinosae and Querco-Fa­ resenting ash-alder forest Fraxino-Alnetum (Table 1, getea classes as well as from Molinion caeruleae and relevé 21). Phytocoenoses with share of oat grass are Calthion palustris alliances. Moreover, in 2013 a pres- characterised by domination of Alnus glutinosa, they ence of species from groups previously not observed occur on a moderately wet organic substrate. – from Bidentetea tripartiti and Rhamno-Prunetea class- Documentation comparison of two research pe- es was noted. riods indicates an enlargement of phytosociological Transformations in occurrence conditions of spectrum of T. sibiricum (Table 2). In 2000–2002 the T. sibiricum in 2000–2002 and in 2013 is shown in examined taxon in seven plant communities from Table 3, where mean cover values of selected species three classes were reported: Phragmitetea australis, Mo­ were compared. Therein mainly species of which linio-Arrhenatheretea and Artemisietea vulgaris (Załuski quantitative share (mean percentual cover) has & Gawenda 2003). In 2013 it was revealed in 12 significantly decreased or increased in phytosocio- plant communities from seven classes: Phragmitetea logical material, which indirectly suggests changes australis, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae, Bidentetea tri­ of habitat conditions of T. sibiricum in both periods partiti, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Artemisietea vulgaris, of time. In 2013 a distinctly larger share in exam- Alnetea glutinosae and Querco-Fagetea. In both research ined phytocoenoses had some of the species from periods T. sibiricum was noted in plant communities Phragmitetea class (especially Phragmites australis), from Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class. In 2000–2002 the Molinion alliance (Moli­nia caerulea), Molinietalia or- species was related mainly with Angelico-Cirsietum ole­ der (e.g. Valeriana officinalis and Angelica sylvestris), racei association, including form with Alnus glutinosa Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class (especially Poa trivia­ (young, planted black alder). In 2013 the species was lis), Artemisietea vulgaris class (i.a. Galeopsis speciosa), focused mainly in phytocoenoses of Junco-Molinietum Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae class (especially Calama­ and Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei and in phytocoenoses grostis stricta) and Alnetea glutinosae class (Alnus gluti­ with transitional character between Junco-Molinietum nosa in layer a, Salix repens). Whereas a smaller share and developmental stadia of Fraxino-Alnetum. in phytocoenoses with T. sibiricum revealed species A comparison of species from respective so- from Calthion alliance (especially Cirsium oleraceum), cio-ecological groups in both periods of the research Molinietalia order (Lotus uliginosus), Molinio-Arrhen­

25 23 22

20 20 18 17

15 12 12

10 10 9 8 8 Number of species 7

5 5 5 5 4 33 3 2 11 0 0 0

Others

Querto-Fagetea Calthion palustris Molinion caeruleae Alnetea glutinosae Rhamno-Prunetea hragmitetea australis Bidentetea triparititi Artemisietea vulgaris P Molinietalia caeruleae Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Scheuchze-Caricetea nigrae

2000–2002 2013

Fig. 3. Number of species in socio-ecological groups in flora that accompaniesTrisetum sibiricum in 2000–2002 and in 2013 Changes in share of Trisetum sibiricum in Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain) in 2000–2013 241

Table 3. Medium cover values of selected species in socio– Artemisietea vulgaris –ecological groups in Trisetum sibiricum flora that accom- panies Trisetum sibiricum in 2000–2002 and in 2013 Urtica dioica 14.39 7.05 Anthriscus sylvestris 9.79 2.04 Period 2000–2002 2013 Galium aparine 3.15 2.87 Number of relevés 12 21 Galeopsis speciosa 1.47 3.34 Phragmitetea australis Epilobium parviflorum 0.23 0.97 Carex acutiformis 5.00 8.81 Eupatorium cannabinum – 0.83 Equisetum fluviatile 0.85 5.00 Alnetea glutinosae Phragmites australis 0.21 9.88 Alnus glutinosa b 7.71 1.07 Scheuchzerio–Caricetea nigrae Alnus glutinosa c 0.43 0.13 Viola palustris 0.43 0.01 Alnus glutinosa a – 5.95 Carex appropinquata 6.47 9.64 Salix repens c – 4.17 Calamagrostis stricta – 5.95 Salix cinerea c – 1.79 Epilobium palustre 0.25 0.52 Others Valeriana dioica – 0.61 Trisetum sibiricum 10.22 4.31 Bidentetea tripartiti Plagiomnium ellipticum 7.94 0.36 Bidens cernua – 0.95 Galium verum 0.64 0.01 Molinion caeruleae Anthoxanthum odoratum 0.64 0.02 Galium album 1.67 0.12 Molinia caerulea 10.64 14.05 Leptodictyum humile 0.03 0.01 Calthion palustris Brachythecium rutabulum 0.88 1.45 Cirsium oleraceum 21.46 9.89 Plagiomnium cuspidatum 0.26 0.73 Geum rivale 17.29 16.90 Chrysosplenium alternifolium 0.01 0.24 Polygonum bistorta 4.18 1.94 Grey color – higher mean cover value. Carex cespitosa 1.25 2.50 Molinietalia caeruleae atheretea class (especially Holcus lanatus and Festuca Lotus uliginosus 7.29 2.04 rubra), Artemisietea vulgaris class (i.a. Urtica dioica and Valeriana officinalis 1.08 2.87 Anthriscus sylvestris) and Alnetea glutinosae class (Al­ nus glutinosa in layer b). The result of a set out is Angelica sylvestris 0.87 3.22 a decrease of share of T. sibiricum, which should be Veronica longifolia 0.21 0.96 interpreted as an effect of species records with lower Filipendula ulmaria 0.01 1.43 qualitative values in 2013. The differences in habitat conditions of T. sibiri­ Lythrum salicaria – 0.36 cum in both research periods are displayed through Molinio–Arrhenatheretea a comparison of mean Ellenberg indicators’ values Holcus lanatus 10.83 3.94 (Fig. 4). A higher humidity of the habitats in 2013 Festuca rubra 7.93 0.49 (F – 7.91) in relation to years 200–2002 (F – 7.19) has been revealed. The following indicators obtained Plantago lanceolata 1.48 0.01 slightly higher values: continentality (K), light (L) Veronica chamaedrys 1.07 0.28 and reaction (R). Only the indicator of nitrogen (N) Ranunculus acris 0.65 0.14 in 2000–2002 had a higher value (N – 5.27) and low- Rumex acetosa 0.65 0.03 er in 2013 (N – 4.89). Avenula pubescens 0.86 0.37 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Festuca arundinacea 0.43 0.01 Poa pratensis 0.25 0.13 Research carried out revealed a distinct increase Poa trivialis 0.84 9.41 of population resources of T. sibiricum on the Gutowo Meadows from approx. 130 tufts in 2000–2002 up Vicia cracca 0.43 2.02 to 1600 tufts in 2013. The majority of the localities Galium mollugo 0.43 – known in Poland of the examined species are not so Briza media 0.42 – abundant. Usually few to several dozen tufts are not- Euphrasia rostkoviana 0.22 – ed (Ceynowa-Giełdon 1988, Sokołowski 1988). Less often the population abundance is estimated to sev- 242 Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski

9

7.91 8 7.19 6.77 6.88 6.85 7 6.66

6 5.47 5.27 5.20 4.89 5

3.90 4 3.70 rg’s indicator value

3 Ellenbe

2

1

0 FRNL TK

2000–2002 2013

Fig. 4. Medium values of Ellenberg's indicators for relevés in 2000–2002 and in 2013 F – moisture indicator, R – reaction indicator, N – fertility indicator, L – light indicator, T – temperature indicator, K – continentality indicator eral hundred tufts which occur in localities from the in these areas may be indirectly presumed through Białowieża National Park (Sokołowski 1995). a current listing in young alder forests with a small Trisetum sibiricum is a species preferring wet hab- number of tufts of the examined species, significant- itats (Frey et al. 2001, Zarzycki et al. 2002). Hence, ly less than in adjacent meadows. There is no car- the observed increase of abundance of T. sibiricum is tographic documentation from 2000–2002 for aggre- due to moisture increase of the habitats comparing gations of T. sibiricum. It should be underlined that with the previous research period, confirmed by an the examined species was listed until the coverage increase of moisture indicator value (Fig. 4). The of alder’s young individuals was not exceeding 50% moisture growth occurred mainly due to an activity (Załuski & Gawenda 2003). of Eurasian beaver Castor fiber, as well as an effect The publications revealing phytocoenotic prefer- of gradual overgrowing of ditches confirmed by the ences of T. sibiricum in Poland are scarce. Therefore, authors’ own observation. Another confirmation of phytosociological documentation from the Gutowo moisture increase is a different species share spec- Meadows (Załuski & Gawenda 2003, current au- trum in plant communities in 2013, showing a larger thors’ materials) in a significant way contributes to number of higrophilous phytocoenoses from Phrag­ expansion of the knowledge in this subject. Against mitetea australis and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea nigrae class- the current data from publications (Sokołowski 1981, es (Table 2). 1988, Ceynowa-Giełdon 1988) on Gutowo Meadows The increase of abundance of the examined spe- a presence of T. sibiricum in nine, new plant communi- cies may be also related to the lack of use of mead- ties were shown: community with Phragmites austra­ ows. A large area of meadows has not been not lis, Caricetum acutiformis, community with Equisetum mown for at least 20 years and a part of meadows fluviatile, Calamagrostietum neglectae, Bidentetum cernui/ previously used was afforested by alder a dozen or so community with Epilobium roseum, Anthriscetum sylves­ years ago. A distinct increase of species abundance tris, community with Urtica dioica, community with was revealed in places not mown for a long time. Salix repens and Fraxino-Alnetum. Lack of use of meadows is found as a factor favour- In both research periods the discussed species ing spreading of Trisetum sibiricum (Ceynowa-Giełdon was noted mainly in meadow plant communities of 1988, Sokołowski 1988, Frey et al. 2001), which in- Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class (Table 2). Nevertheless dicates the dynamic tendency specifics of the species. in 2000–2002 the species occurred more often in Moreover, an impoverishment of the resources phytocoenoses of Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei, where- of T. sibiricum was observed in places where a dozen as currently – in phytocoenoses of Junco-Molinietum or so years ago black alder Alnus glutinosa had been association. In 2013 a share of T. sibiricum was also planted. It is due to i.a. a fact that in 2000–2002 a noted in transitional meadow-forest plant communi- community of Angelico-Cirsietum oleracei form with Al­ ties (Junco-Molinietum/developmental stadia of Fraxi­ nus glutinosa was noted and in 2013 this syntaxon was no-Alnetum), where Molinia caerulea reveals a tenden- not listed (Table 2). A disappearance of T. sibiricum cy to spread similarly as in the Tuchola surrounding Changes in share of Trisetum sibiricum in Gutowo Meadows (Urszulewo Plain) in 2000–2013 243 area (Ceynowa-Giełdon 1988). Intensive spreading brzyńskim. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica of M. caerulea occurs mainly on not mown meadows Polonica 8: 288–290. (Michalska-Hejduk 2007) and it is often a result of Gudžinskas Z. (2007): Sibrinë visie. Trisetum sibiricum a ecrease of habitats’ trophy, previously occupied by Rupr. In: V. Rašomavičius (ed.). Lietuvos rau- wet thistle meadows (Kącki 2007). In the examined donoji knyga. Lututė, Kaunas: 605. area it is confirmed by a decrease of the trophic indi- Hultén E., Fries M. (1986): Atlas of North Europe- cator, noted in 2013 in comparison with the anterior an vascular plants. North of the Tropic of Cancer. period of time (Fig. 4). I-III. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein. Obvious increase of abundance of T. sibiricum in Ingelög T., Andersson R., Tjernberg M., eds (1993): Gutowo Meadows as well as habitat and phytocoe- Red data book of the Baltic Region. Pt. 1. Lists of notic changes observed in this area, indicate that the threatened vascular plants and vertebrate. Swed- examined species has currently favourable conditions ish Threatened Species Unit, Uppsala, Institute of for persistency and further growth. Cease of use and Biology, Riga. substrate moisture growth favour the existence of Jäger E.J. ed. (2011): Rothmaler – Exkursionsflora the examined species (comp. Ceynowa-Giełdon 1988, von Deutschland. Gefäßpflanzen: Grundband. Sokołowski 1988, Frey et al. 2001). Nevertheless, in Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg. order to preserve the population resources of T. sibiri­ Kącki Z. (2007): Comprehensive syntaxonomy of cum in conditions of lowering of water table and in- Molinion meadows in suothwestern Poland. Acta itiation of brushwood and forest vegetation growth Botanica Silesiaca Monographiae 2: 1–136. a periodical mowing will certainly be necessary. Matuszkiewicz W. (2001): Przewodnik do oznaczania zbiorowisk roślinnych Polski. Vademecum geobo- REFERENCES tanicum. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, Warszawa. Michalska-Hejduk D. (2007): Zmiany w składzie ter Braak C.J.F., Šmilauer P. (2002): CANOCO refer- gatunkowym łąk trzęślicowych Molinietum caeru­ ence manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s leae Kampinoskiego Parku Narodowego w latach guide: software for canonical community ordina- 1994–2004. Studia Naturae 54 (1): 159–172. tion (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power. Ithaca, Mirek Z., Piękoś-Mirkowa H., Zając A., Zając M. New York. (2002): Flowering plants and pteridophytes of Ceynowa-Giełdon M. (1988): Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. Poland. A checklist. Biodiversity of Poland. Vol. 1. w Obrowie koło Tucholi (woj. bydgoskie). Acta Uni- W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of versitatis Nicolai Copernici, Biologia 29: 79–83. Sciences, Kraków. Chrtek J. (1968): Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. eine neue Ochyra R., Żarnowiec J., Bednarek-Ochyra H. Art für das Gebiet Polens. Fragmenta Floristica et (2003): Census catalogue of Polish mosses. Bio- Geobotanica 14: 405–406. diversity of Poland. Vol. 3. W. Szafer Institute of Czubiński Z. (1948): Stosunki florystyczne południo­ ­ Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków. wo-wschod­niej części Pojezierza Brodnickiego. Ratyńska H., Wojterska M., Brzeg A., Kołacz M. Prace Komisji Biologicznej Poznańskiego Towa- (2010): Multimedialna encyklopedia zbiorowisk rzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk 11, 3: 1–65. roślinnych Polski. Ver. 1.1. NFOSiGW, UKW, Dzwonko Z. (2008): Przewodnik do badań fitosocjo- IETI, Bydgoszcz. logicznych. Vademecum geobotanicum. Sorus, Rutkowski L. (1997): Rośliny naczyniowe – Tracheo­ Poznań–Kraków. phyta. In: L. Rutkowski (ed.). Czerwona lista roś­ Finot V.L., Peterson P.M., Soreng R.J., Zuloaga F.O. lin i zwierząt ginących i zagrożonych w regionie (2005): A revision of Trisetum and Graphephorum kujawsko-pomorskim. Acta Universitatis Nicolai (Poaceae: : Aveninae) in North America Copernici, Biologia 53, suplement: 5–20. north of México. Sida 21: 1419–1454. Rutkowski L. (1998): Klucz do oznaczania roślin na- Frey L. (1992): , karyology and distribu- czyniowych Polski niżowej. Wyd. Nauk. PWN, tion of the selected genera of tribe Aveneae (Poa­ Warszawa. ceae) in Poland: II. Trisetum. Fragmenta Floristica Sokołowski A.W. (1981): Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. na et Geobotanica 37(2): 443–475. terenie północno-wschodniej Polski. Fragmenta Frey L., Załuski T., Gawenda D. (2001): Trisetum sibi­ Floristica et Geobotanica 27: 381–384. ricum Rupr. In: R. Kazimierczakowa, K. Zarzycki Sokołowski A.W. (1988): Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. In: (eds). Polska czerwona księga roślin. Paprotniki A. Jasiewicz (ed.). Materiały do poznania gatun- i rośliny kwiatowe. Instytut Botaniki im. W. Sza- ków rzadkich i zagrożonych Polski. Cz. 1. Frag- fera PAN, Instytut Ochrony Przyrody PAN, Kra- menta Floristica et Geobotanica 33: 496–501. ków: 455–457. Sokołowski A.W. (1995): Flora roślin naczyniowych Gawenda D., Załuski T. (2001): Stanowisko Trisetum Puszczy Białowieskiej. Zespół Wydawniczy Biało- sibiricum (Poaceae) na Pojezierzu Chełmińsko-Do- wieskiego Parku Narodowego, Białowieża. 244 Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska, Tomasz Załuski

Tret’âkov D.I. (2006): Trisetinnik sibirskij. Tryščacin- roślin zagrożonych w Polsce. Instytut Botaniki im. nik sibirski. Trisetum sibiricum Rupr. In: G.P. Paš­ W. Szafera PAN, Kraków: 87–98. kov, L.V. Kalenda, V.N. Logvin, A.M. Petrikov Zarzycki K., Trzcińska-Tacik H., Różański W., Szeląg (eds). Krasnaâ kniga Respubliki Belarus’. Ras- Z., Wołek J., Korzeniak U. (2002): Ecological in- teniâ. Belaruskaâ Encyklapedyâ imeni Petrusâ dicator values of vascular plants of Poland. Bio- Brovki, Minsk: 287. diversity of Poland. Vol. 2. W. Szafer Institute of Załuski T., Gawenda D. (2003): Trisetum sibiricum oc- Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków. currence in plant communities in Gutowskie Łąki Żukowski W., Jackowiak B. (1995): Lista roślin na- meadows area (the Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape czyniowych ginących i zagrożonych na Pomorzu Park). In: L. Frey (ed.). Problems of grass biology. Zachodnim i w Wielkopolsce. In: W. Żukowski, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of B. Jackowiak (eds). Ginące i zagrożone rośliny na- Sciences, Kraków: 455–460. czyniowe Pomorza Zachodniego i Wielkopolski. Zarzycki K., Szeląg Z. (1992): Czerwona lista roś­ Prace Zakładu Taksonomii Roślin UAM w Pozna- lin naczyniowych zagrożonych w Polsce. In: K. niu 3: 9–92. Zarzycki, W. Wojewoda, Z. Heinrich (eds). Lista