Summer ’s Recently Internships Security Released Japan in Japan Posture Publications

TSUSHIN REISCh AUER EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES HARVARD UNIVERSITY REp ORTS

Did you know...

• RI funded or facilitated the travel to Japan of 76 Harvard College students, from 29 concentrations, in 2006-07 and Summer 2007.

• Of them, 32 held Summer Internships in fields from finance to baking, from brain science to . On a 5-point scale, the interns gave their overall summer

VOLUME 12 NUMBER 1 FALL 2007 VOLUME 12 NUMBER 1 FALL experience in Japan a 4.7.

• Of the undergrads who went to Japan, 47% were concentrators in math, the sciences, engineering, or economics. Of these, 5 conducted laboratory research at RIKEN Brain Science Institute.

• 18 students launched Harvard Summer School/Japan at Waseda University. Harvard students gave the program raves and rated their home stay experience a 4.6. The 2007 Harvard Summer School Program on an excursion to Kamakura. Photo: Beier Ko ‘09, Anthropology

• Last year RI gave 55 awards to Harvard graduate students for dissertation Field Trips an Integral Part of completion, summer language study, research in Japan, conference travel and Harvard Summer School in Tokyo classroom study tours. It also supported student-organized conferences and As Mikael Adolphson, Associate Professor, Harvard Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, dissertation writers groups. guided his group of 18 undergraduates around the Edo Tokyo Museum earlier this summer, he was pleased to overhear two students planning a second pass through the exhibit of (-period funerary clay figures) to determine whether they were pre- or post-400 artifacts. Recalling that moment, he observed that • Harvard has 34 Japanese studies faculty, making it one of the largest Japanese although he had taught about the Kofun age for over ten years, “I had never witnessed such excitement over clay figurines. What was most impressive was that the students were not even aware of the level of knowledge studies centers in the world. There are they had obtained or that they were performing an on-the-spot analysis that most Japanese would have over 70 courses on Japan or with major been unable to do.” content on Japan. The 2007 Harvard Summer School/Japan (HSSJ) Program (June 18 to July 20) took students to a wide • RI funds 6 professorships. variety of sites outside the classroom in Tokyo and elsewhere. Not only did students become deeply immersed in Japanese culture and history, they earned Harvard credit for two courses, one of them a Core course, for • Last year RI organized and/or supported their effort. Based at Waseda University, the newly-launched program gave students an additional way to over 75 seminars, collaborative study experience Japan: a home stay for the entire 5-week period. projects, workshops, conferences, After making their way to campus each day via Tokyo’s state-of-the-art public transportation system, the symposia, films and research projects. students took two courses: “Constructing the ,” a Core course taught by Adolphson; and “Tokyo: Exploring Urban Ethnography,” offered by Waseda anthropologist Stephen Nussbaum. Twelve HSS students • RI has 177 scholars and experts on and 6 Waseda undergraduates were enrolled in the courses. Both instructors made extensive use of field trips. Japan in the greater New England Waseda students acted as cultural guides on the excursions, and both Japanese and Americans benefited community as RI Associates in Research. from the chance to get to know each other better outside the classroom. continued on page 3 REISCh AUER 2 REp ORTS

Dear Friends,

The start of the academic year brings a busy summer to a close. Last academic year, the Reischauer Institute mounted a full-scale effort to give Harvard College students an opportunity to experience Japan. Over Summer 2007, some 55 Harvard undergraduates traveled to Tokyo, Okayama, Okinawa, and elsewhere in Japan to conduct research, hold internships, study Japanese, and take courses in Harvard Summer School/Japan, launched this past June on the campus of Waseda University. Harvard students could be found baking in the kitchen of the Grand Hyatt in Tokyo; conducting laboratory research at RIKEN, a leading mind-brain-behavior institute; helping candidates in this summer’s House of Councillors electoral campaign; teaching in a summer English camp for high school students; looking for solutions to regional environmental problems; and

Photo: Martha Stewart digitizing images for an animated film production company. Their living arrangements varied widely. Harvard Summer School students had homestays; typically, interns lived in company dorms. What stands out in the evaluations that the students filled out at the end of their stay is the great variety among their experiences, but also their high level of satisfaction with their time in Japan.

When we combine these Harvard Summer 2007 students with other undergraduates who traveled to Japan over academic year 2006-07 for study abroad, to take part in exchanges, and for other purposes, over 75 Harvard College students experienced Japan this past year. Facilitating the travel of so many students has required a major commitment of Reischauer Institute energies and resources, and I am grateful to the Institute’s faculty and staff, Harvard alums, and the Institute’s many friends in Japan for creating these opportunities and for making the initiative such a success.

In addition to this effort, the Institute continues to carry on a dynamic program of activities to advance research on Japan and train the next generation of scholars on Japan. From Fall 2006 through Summer 2007, the Institute gave nearly 60 awards to Harvard graduate students to support their research and professional development. Last year, the Institute organized and sponsored over 75 From the Director the Director From seminars, colloquia, workshops, collaborative research ventures, and other activities relating to Japan. We look forward to continued activities in the year ahead. EDWIN O. REISCHAUER INSTITUTE OF JAPANESE STUDIES SUSAN J. PHARR, DIRECTOR

Center for Government & International Studies South Building Harvard University 1730 Cambridge Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 P 617.495.3220 F 617.496.8083 Upcoming Exhibition [email protected] www.fas.harvard.edu/~rijs “A Good Type:” Tourism and Science in Early Japanese Photographs

October 25, 2007 – April 30, 2008 Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University

The Peabody Museum with the Reischauer A lecture series on topics highlighted by the Institute of Japanese Studies presents exqui- exhibition will take place on select Thursdays site images from the museum’s photographic at 5:30 p.m. at the Geological Lecture Hall. archives of over 1,300 Japanese prints from the On November 29, Elizabeth Edwards of era (1868-1912). While the subjects of University of the Arts, London, will speak the photographs – hand-tinted scenes of cherry on “Trade Routes: Collecting Photographs, blossoms, -clad , and samurai Making Anthropology.” Eleanor M. Hight of warriors – ostensibly defined them as tourist the University of New Hampshire will present images, they have also been valued as “type “Reality and Illusion: Japanese Photographs photographs” for anthropological research. for the Foreign Market” on February 21, 2008, and on April 10, Deborah Poole of Johns At the opening reception on October 25 Hopkins University will deliver the final (5-7 p.m.), Visiting Curator David R. Odo will lecture of the series. introduce the exhibition in a gallery talk. Further information is available at www.peabody.harvard.edu. 3

2007-08 New Faculty Reischauer Institute The Reischauer Institute welcomes one new faculty member in Japanese Studies. Visiting Scholars Ian Jared Miller (History Department) holds a Ph.D. from Columbia University (2005), where he also spent a year as a postdoctoral fellow at the Weatherhead Kenneth Grossberg Waseda University East Asian Institute. He is a historian of modern Japan and his research is primarily Research project: Evolution of customer concerned with imperialism and the cultural dimensions of scientific, medical and service in Japan and the U.S. environmental change. His dissertation was titled, “The Nature of the Beast: The Ueno Zoological Gardens and Imperial Modernity in Japan, 1882-1982.” He was Inayama previously Assistant Professor of History at Arizona State University. Meiji Gakuin University Research project: Organizational Process of Japanese Innovation

Purnendra Jain 2007-08 Reischauer Institute University of Adelaide Research project: Japan’s Foreign Policy Graduate Student AssociatesrOptions in an Era of and India Rising

Raja Adal Regan Murphy Shoichi Kidana History Religion Waseda University Art Education in Egyptian and and Kokugaku during Research project: Intellectual Property Law Japanese Government Schools, the 1870-1950 Tadashi Kobayashi Jiyeoun Song Gakushuin University Mikael Bauer Government EALC Research project: Painting during Labor Market Deregulation in the Edo Period Japanese and Chinese Buddhism Japan and and Japanese Pre-modern History Kristin Williams Akiko Nakajima Heather Blair EALC Fukuoka University Religion Children’s Literature of the Research project: Technical Progress Peak of Gold: Place and Religion Edo Period and Income Transfer in Japan, 1951-2000 in Heian Japan

Isao Okada Hyojin Kim Mainichi Newspaper Anthropology Research project: Sports Administration Kyomachiya and the Changing in the U.S. Nature of Kyoto’s Regional Identity

Eiko Siniawer Williams College Research project: The Violent Politics Field Trips an Integral Part of of Modern Japan, 1860-1960

Harvard Summer School in Tokyo Tamon Suzuki (continued) Tokyo University For many students, the study trips to Tsukiji Fish Market, Saizenji Temple, Kamakura, and Nikko Research project: Japan’s Wartime Diplomacy and Postwar Politics were among the high points of their time in Japan. They even chanced upon a wedding ceremony in Nikko, an unexpected bonus. Sumiko Takaoka For most of the Harvard students, taking part in HSSJ gave them their first exposure to Japan. Seikei University The program was designed by the Reischauer Institute, in cooperation with HSS, to introduce Japan Research project: The Economic Role of through an intellectually challenging, culturally rich experience. All the students enrolled in an Alternative Dispute Resolution Systems optional, non-credit “survival Japanese” language course to help them cope with daily life in Tokyo. in Japan and the U.S. An account from Seth Herbst (’08, English & American Literature and Language/Music) of an encounter with a Japanese reporter on a train from Ise to Tokyo reflects the students’ enthusiasm for Hae-Lee Yun their experience in Japan. Upon learning that the journalist was working on a supplement on higher Independent Scholar education, Herbst soon found himself in a discussion with her, “first about Harvard and American Research project: Japanese and Korean higher education – and then about the samurai! We discussed Japanese history and the samurai Fishing Industry ideology/image for much of the way. It was a very exciting reminder that the image of the samurai – and its attendant images, like the ! – remain highly relevant (even to the press!) today.” The program will be offered in the summer of 2008. r REISCh AUER 4 REp ORTS

2007-08 Reischauer Institute Postdoctoral Fellows

Hwansoo Kim, Ph.D. at this point in history by comparing their texts and His dissertation, entitled “Aesthetics for Justice: Harvard University, 2007 practices with those developed simultaneously and Proletarian Literature in Japan and Colonial Korea,” independently by natural history scholars of Europe. explores the Japanese and Korean literary works, Dr. Hwansoo Kim received his Ph.D. in the Study of authors, and institutions that comprised the prole- Religion from Harvard University in 2007, his M.T.S. tarian cultural movement of the late 1920s and early from Harvard University Divinity School in 2002, Matthew Marr, Ph.D. 1930s. He examines popular literary genres and his B.A. from Dongguk University in Seoul, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007 as well as revolutionary works of social criticism. Korea in 1996. Dr. Matthew Marr received his Ph.D. in Sociology Dr. Kim’s dissertation, “Towards a New History from the University of California, Los Angeles, in June Gavin Whitelaw, Ph.D. of Japanese and Korean Buddhist Relations (1877- 2007, his M.A. in Sociology with a focus on Urban 1912),” explores the distinctive relationship between Sociology from Howard University in 1997, and his Yale University, 2007 Japanese and Korean Buddhism. He offers a complex B.A. in Government and Japanese, with a minor in Dr. Gavin Whitelaw received his B.A. from Wesleyan analysis of the dynamic interaction between the two East Asian Studies from the University of Notre University in Russian and Soviet Studies in 1993, Buddhisms, marked by both collaboration and contes- Dame in 1993. followed by his A.M. in Regional Studies – East Asia tation, convergence and divergence, as they were at Harvard University in 2001. At Yale University, he Dr. Marr’s dissertation, “Better Must Come: Escaping driven by the contemporary transformations earned his M. Phil. (2004) and Ph.D. (2007), both in Homelessness in Two Global Cities – Los Angeles of state, religion, and culture. Sociocultural Anthropology. and Tokyo,” examines the persistence of mass urban homelessness in leading cities of the global economy, Dr. Whitelaw’s dissertation, “Convenience Stores in Federico Marcon, Ph.D. and he lays out the experiences and outcomes of the Contemporary Japan: An Ethnography of Modern Columbia University, 2007 efforts to exit homelessness by people in Tokyo and Service, Local Familiarity, and Global Transformation,” Los Angeles. He examines how forces at multiple reveals the creative, local diversity in this apparently Dr. Federico Marcon, began studying Japanese levels of analysis, from global to the individual, impact standardized store format. Further, he focuses on the language and culture at the Università Ca’ Foscari the homeless condition. convenience store as the epitome of how the service di Venezia in Italy, graduating in 1998. In 2001 he sector of late modern economies is “a motor for and commenced his graduate studies at Columbia a mirror of economic and social change.” University, where he earned his M.A. and, in May Samuel Perry, Ph.D. 2007, his Ph.D. in the History – East Asia program. University of Chicago, 2007 Dr. Marcon’s dissertation, “The Names of Nature: Dr. Samuel Perry specializes in Japanese and Korean The Development of Natural History in Japan, modern literatures, and he is a joint post-doctoral 1600-1900,” reconstructs the establishment of fellow of the Reischauer Institute and the Korea honzogaku, or natural history, as a flourishing field Institute. He completed his B.A. in East Asian Studies of professional study and practice in the social at Brown University, and earned both his M.A. (2000) and cultural context of Tokugawa Japan. He and his Ph.D. (2007) in East Asian Languages and examines the fervor of honzogaku specialists Civilizations from the University of Chicago.

Yukio Lippit co-curated “Awakenings: Zen Figure Painting in Medieval Japan,” an exhibition marking the centennial FACULTY anniversary of the Japan Society of New York. He coauthored the catalogue and organized an international symposium in conjunction NEWS with the exhibition. Susan J. Pharr has been appointed to the This past spring, Mikael Adolphson published Japan-United States Friendship Commission. The Teeth and Claws of the Buddha: Monastic Warriors and Sohei in Japanese History (Hawaii, J. Mark Ramseyer and Yoshiro Miwa 2007). With Stacie Matsumoto and Edward received the 2007 Masahiro Ohira Memorial Kamens, he coedited Heian Japan, Centers and Prize for The Fable of the Keiretsu Peripheries (Hawaii, 2007). Andrew Gordon is completing a book (Chicago, 2006). on Daisuke Matsuzaka’s first year with the Mary C. Brinton completed a book-writing Boston Red Sox, to be published in Karen Thornber won two grant from the Center for Global Partnership Japanese by Asahi Shinsho. very distinguished awards for “Out of School, Out of Work: Youth, this year - the 2007 Charles Jobs, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan.” Wesley Jacobsen is completing his final year Bernheimer Prize for the best as President of the Association of Teachers of dissertation in North John Doyle spent last year in Kyoto and Japanese. In Summer 2007, he presented lec- America in the field of Berlin researching ultracold molecules and tures in Hakodate and in Canberra, Australia. Comparative Literature, atoms. At Harvard he has launched the and the International Japan-U.S. Undergraduate Research Adam Kern published from the Convention of Asia Scholars Book Prize Experience Program (JUREP), with the Floating World: Comicbook Culture and the for the Best Dissertation in Asian Studies goal of placing Harvard College physics Kibyoshi of Edo Japan (Harvard East Asian in the world (2005-2007). Her dissertation majors in Japanese labs. Monographs, 2006). examines the intertwining of the Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Taiwanese early twentieth-century literary worlds. 5 Summer Internships in Japan 2007

“What would your dream internship look like? How can we help you realize that dream?” Harvard College students interested in going to Japan were presented with these questions last fall at information sessions organized by the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies. When the summer started, 32 Harvard summer interns departed for Japan to undertake a variety of internship opportunities. Harvard had never sent so many summer interns to Japan in a single year. Nineteen students did summer internships in 1990 and 1992, but the number of interns declined steadily “When the summer started, following the bursting of Japan’s bubble economy. 32 Harvard Summer Interns departed for Japan In an effort to revitalize the Harvard Japan Summer Internship Program and make it more appealing to students, the Program, the Program on U.S.-Japan Relations, and to undertake a variety of the Reischauer Institute collaborated to restructure the program. Two types of internships were internship opportunities. offered for the summer of 2007: 1) the “standard” internship, in which the Harvard side contacted Harvard had never sent potential hosts, secured commitments to accept students over the summer, and then placed students so many summer interns based on stated interests and skills; and 2) the “student-organized” internship, in which students in a single year.” secured their own positions for the summer and then applied to the Reischauer Institute for funding support. The second option is the “dream internship” component of the program. The diversity of “student-organized” internships suggests that Harvard undergradu- ates have interesting dreams. The following internships offer a glimpse of student interests in Japan: • Eike Exner (Literature, 2008) interned in the German East Asiatic Society (in Tokyo) to learn more about German-Japanese relations; • Edward Jou (Applied Math, 2008) interned in the kitchens of the Grand Hyatt Hotel to pursue his passion for baking; • Keyman Dennie Kim (Biology, 2007) interned at Muryokoin Temple in Wakayama to deepen his knowledge of Buddhism; • David Rice (VES, 2010) interned at Manuera, a small digital animation firm to learn more about film production; • Christina Ward (EAS, 2009) interned at JETRO, where she pursued her interest

Photo: Dimitar Milenkov ’09, Economics Palmer Rampell ‘10, James Alexander ‘10, and Dimitar Milenkov ‘09 in fashion and trade by working on a major international fashion show in Tokyo. These internships reflect some of the aspects of Japan that draw the attention of Harvard students these days. Of course, not all students know precisely what they want to do in Japan. Students with less narrowly defined interests were placed in a variety of internships. Banks and financial services firms are still popular internship options, and policy research institutes were also hot destinations this summer. Reflecting Japan’s pop culture influence, students also interned at a major music recording company, a global animation studio, and a large purveyor of processed seafood products.

Living arrangements varied. Some students stayed in company housing, while others lived in apartments provided by their host organization. A few students lived in single-sex student dormitories throughout metropolitan Tokyo. All the interns cited excellent accommodations as a reason they enjoyed their summer internship experience.

Photo: Edward Jou '08, Applied Math Edward Jou ‘08 Making sure that 32 internships (most in Tokyo) went smoothly was not feasible from the RI offices in Cambridge, so the Reischauer Institute hired Jeffrey Kurashige (College ’00; Ph.D. candidate, EALC) to serve as an intern coordinator in Tokyo. Jeff’s knowledge of Harvard, excellent language skills, and previous work experience at Lehman Brothers in Tokyo made him a great fit for the job. He met arriving interns at the airport, made sure they were settled in their housing and work arrangements, and was on call in case of emergencies. Most important, Jeff organized regular seminars and social outings for the interns throughout the sum- mer. Students gathered regularly to hear and meet policy makers, academics, and business people in Tokyo. They also went out for dinner, attended summer festi- vals, and climbed Mt. Fuji together. Jeff connected the Harvard interns with students at Waseda University to provide an additional social network.

The Reischauer Institute looks forward to coordinating the Harvard Japan Summer Internship Program in 2008. r Photo: Dimitar Milenkov ’09, Economics Dimitar Milenkov ‘09 (center) 5 UNDERGRADUATE JAPAN EXPERIENCE 2006-07

Academic Year Summer 2007 Language Keyman Dennie Kim ’07 Tiffany Finch ’09 Biology, Muryokoin Temple, Wakayama History, HCAP Colleen Carlston ’08 Ning Ai ’09 Biology, Kyoto, JLP Yamamuro Trust Economics, Princeton in Ishikawa Michael Kohen ’09 Hayley Fink ’08 Program Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Earth Planetary Sciences, HCAP Margaret Klein ’08 Global Environmental Strategies EAS, Sophia, Fall 2006 Shinn Chen ’09 Anqi Huang ’07 Economics, Hokkaido Intl. Program Jimmy Li ’09 Computer Science, Kawamura May Luo ’08 Neurobiology, RIKEN EAS/Economics, Sophia, Spring 2007 May Luo ’08 Yao Huang ’08 EAS/Economics, Sophia Dimitar Milenkov ’09 Economics, HCAP Nitipat Pholchai ’07 Economics, JLP Chugoku Bank Engineering Sciences, Kyoto, Fall 2006 Jiachen Sun ’09 Marcus Janke ’08 Economics/EAS, Princeton in Yohsuke Miyamoto ’09 EAS, HCAP Ishikawa Program Regina Bediako ’08 Physics, Univ. of Tokyo Physics Lab EAS, Sophia, Spring 2007 Stephen Wolff ’08 Adam Jasienski ’08 David Mou ’08 History of Art Architecture, HCAP Mathematics, Hokkaido Intl. Program Keone Nakoa ’08 Neurobiology, RIKEN Economics, Sophia, Spring 2007 Allison Hsiang ’08 Takuya Kitagawa ’08 Palmer Rampell ’10 Physics/Mathematics, HCAP Chemistry, Freeman Foundation Undecided, JLP Okayama Hokkaido Intl. Program Summer 2007 Science Univ. Nadira Lalji ’09 Study/Research Grants Government, HCAP David Rice ’10 Sakura Christmas ’08 Summer 2007 Internship Visual and Environmental Studies, Ivy Lee ’09 Manual of Errors Artists, Inc. History, RI Rosovsky Grant Economics, HCAP James Alexander ’10 (Manuera) Japanese Colonial Policy towards Social Studies, JLP Nakashima Russian Refugees and Indigenous Propeller John Selig ’09 Lin Ting Li ’08 Peoples in Manchuria (1900-1945) Social Studies, HCAP EAS, Waseda Univ. Jihoon Paul Baek ’08 Estelle Eonnet ’08 Psychology, BMG Japan Hasan Siddiqi ’09 Madeline Lissner ’09 Visual and Environmental Economics, HCAP Studies/Anthropology, HSS Japan Neurobiology, RIKEN David Biery ’09 Matt Naunheim ’07 Philip Hafferty ’08 Economics/Applied Mathematics, Rachel Staum ’09 Research Institute for Economy, History of Science, Kawamura EAS, Kanazawa Education Ctr. EAS, RI Summer Travel/Research Grant Trade, and Industry The Cause and Effect of Modern Laura Northrop ’09 Citizen Protests of American Military Alice Thieu ’09 Stephanie Brinton ’10 Social Studies, HCAP Bases in Okinawa EAS, Nikko Citigroup, Ltd., Tokyo Undecided, Showa Women’s Univ. Seth Herbst ’08 Sara Trowbridge ’09 Tracy Nowski ’07 Debbie Chiang ’09 Women and Gender Studies, English and American Lit. and Neurobiology, RIKEN Language/Music, HSS Japan EAS, Toei Animation Kawamura Mathieu Desruisseaux ’07 Timothy Turner ’09 Hai Pham ’09 Beier Ko ’09 Economics, Maruha Group, Inc. Anthropology, HSS Japan Government, Deutsche Bank Group Economics, HCAP Daniel Disario ’08 Christina Ward ’09 Barbara Sabat ’07 Wright Hunter McDonald ’08 EAS, Japan External Trade English, Temple Univ., Tokyo Government, HCAP EAS, RI Summer Travel/Research Grant Organization Japan’s “Livedoor Shock” of 2006: Nancy Xu Yang ’09 Proper Penalization or Backlash Jennifer Esch ’09 Sarah Weisberg ’08 Molecular Cellular Biology, RIKEN EAS, JASC against Market Capitalism Linguistics, Univ. of Tokyo Sakai Research Lab Quynh Trang Nguyen ’10 Eike Exner ’08 Undecided, HSS Japan Literature, German East Asiatic Society Liang Yin ’09 Computer Science, Jyukankyo Daniel Oshima ’10 Kyle Hecht ’10 Research Institute Undecided, HSS Japan Economics/Visual and Environmental Studies, JLP Tokyo Gas Betty Zhang ’10 Manuel Rincon-Cruz ’09 EAS/Economics, Showa Women’s Univ. Key Bartholomew Horn ’07 Philosophy, HSS Japan EALC: East Asian Languages & Civilizations Physics/Mathematics, Univ. of Tokyo EAS: Tsering Sherpa ’10 Physics Lab East Asian Studies Study Travel GSD: Graduate School of Design Undecided, HSS Japan Marcus Janke ’08 Kousha Bautista-Saeyan ’08 HAA: History of Art & Architecture EAS, Democratic Party of Japan Cameron Spickert ’10 Social Studies, HCAP HCAP: Harvard College in Asia Program Undecided, HSS Japan HSS: Harvard Summer School Andrew Jing ’08 In-Kyung Chae ’09 Government/EAS, Shinsei Bank, Ltd. JASC: Japan-America Student Conference Katerina Stavreva ’10 History, HCAP JLP: Japanese Language Program, Harvard Economics, HSS Japan Edward Jou ’08 Sandra Di Capua ’07 Kawamura: Foundation Travel Study Applied Mathematics, Grand Hyatt Romance Languages and Literatures, RIKEN: RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Japan Hotel, Tokyo Kawamura RSEA: Regional Studies - East Asia 2006-07 GRADUATE RESEARCH AND TRAINING 7

Academic Year Regan Murphy Andrea Murray Mujeeb Khan Dissertation Completion/ Religion Anthropology RSEA Supplementary Changing Intellectual Climate IUC Yokohama Japanese Studies Conference at Research Grants of the Edo Period Princeton University, May 2007 Jeremy Yellen Fabian Drixler Yongwook Ryu History Hwansoo Kim History Government Harvard Summer School Beijing Religion Demographic Discourses in Japan, Survey of the Japanese Political Elites American Academy of Religion 1650-1900 Alan Yeung Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, November 2006 Jonathon Schlesinger HAA Hwansoo Kim EALC Princeton in Ishikawa Program Jeffrey Kurashige Religion Manchuria’s Inner Asian Frontier, EALC Japanese and Korean Buddhism 1760-1911 during the Colonial Period, 1910-1945 Japanese Ministry of Education, Tokyo, Jiyeoun Song Dissertation Production June 2007 Hyojin Kim Government Grants Yongwook Ryu Anthropology Politics of Labor Adjustment in Japan Rustin Gates and Korea Government Revitalization Movements of EALC Traditional Kyoto-Style Townhouses Japanese Studies Association in Uchida Yasuya and Japanese Foreign and changes of Kyoto’s Regional Fumitaka Wakamatsu Southeast Asia, National University Policy, 1865–1936 of Singapore, October 2006 Identity Anthropology Scientific Whaling in Japan Phillip Lipscy Hoi-eun Kim Glynne Walley History Government EALC German Physicians in Meiji Japan Policy Area Effects on International Association for Asian Studies Annual Summer 2007 Language and Japanese Medical Students in Organizations Meeting, Boston, March 2007 Study Grants Imperial Germany, 1868-1914 Alan Yeung Fumitaka Wakamatsu Alex Bueno Liang Luo Anthropology HAA GSD EALC Scientific Whaling in Japan: Ecology, 33rd Annual Cleveland Art History Princeton in Ishikawa Program Tian Han (1898-1968) and the Science, and Nationalism Symposium, March 2007 Cultural Politics of Performance in Modern China Sukhee Lee Ellie Choi EALC EALC Izumi Nakayama Study Travel Naganuma School, Tokyo Elites and the State in 12th-14th EALC Century Ningbo Graduate School of Design Nathan Hill Menstruation Leave in Modern Japan Study Tour to Japan, Matthew Mosca Sanskrit and Indian Studies March 22-30 Middlebury EALC Kosuke Bando ’08 Qing Dynasty Perspectives on the Conference Travel Grants Sarah Kashani Thomas DelSordo ’07 Expansion of British India Heather Blair Anthropology Ping-Sh Han ’08 Religion Sogang Univ. Academy of Religion Annual Meeting, Mohammed Hossain ’07 Summer 2007 Martin Kroher Washington, DC, November 2006 Yunseok Kang ’08 Travel/Research Grants EALC Amy Catalinac Yusun Kwon ’08 Princeton in Ishikawa Program Ethan Bushelle Government Powei Lai ’07 RSEA Konrad Lawson Hawaii International Conference Ka Ying Betty Ng ’08 Buddhist Discourse on Language on the Social Sciences, May 2007 History Saran Oki ’08 Christopher Callahan Seoul National Univ. Ellie Choi Narin Paranulaksa ’08 Religion EALC Ren-Yuan Li Hyong Kyun Rah ’08 Narrative, Ritual and Material Practice Gakushuin University, Tokyo, in Medieval Shin Buddhism EALC January 2007 Naomi Sakamoto ’08 Hokkaido Intl. Program Gia Wolff ’08 Amy Catalinac Rustin Gates Government Di Yin Lu EALC Japan’s 1994 Electoral Reforms History New York Conference on Asian Harvard Summer School Studies at St. Lawrence University, William Fleming October 2006 EALC Eun Mi Mun Rangaku-Gesaku Circles of the late Sociology 18th Century IUC Yokohama

From Fall 2006 through Summer 2007 the Reischauer Institute funded or facilitated the travel of 76 Harvard College students from 29 concentrations. The Reischauer Institute also gave 55 awards to Harvard graduate students in support of numerous aspects of their research and training. REISCh AUER 8 REp ORTS “Explaining Recent Changes in Japan’s Security Posture: A Role for Nationalism?”

BY AMY L. CATALINAC, it was confronted by a growing Soviet threat, perceptions of a weakening Ph.D. candidate, Department of U.S. commitment, and its own rapid economic development is puzzling. Government and Graduate Student Eventually, Japanese policymakers did decide that their strategy was due Associate, Weatherhead Center for an overhaul. In the post-Cold War period, faced with a new and unpre- for International Affairs, dictable threat environment, Japanese policymakers have begun to relax Harvard University. and renegotiate some of these constraints. They have allowed the SDF to be sent overseas as part of peacekeeping operations, to provide logistic apan’s security policy continues to represent an anomaly for support for the U.S. in its war against terror, and to administer humanitarian students of international relations. During the Cold War the puzzle reconstruction assistance in Iraq. They have renewed their commitment to was Japan’s extreme dependence on the United States for its the U.S.-Japan alliance, publicly conceding that it is, in fact, an alliance. J national security and its decision to forgo the acquisition of They have decided to cooperate with the U.S. in developing ballistic missile military capabilities appropriate to its status as a growing great power. defense technology and have signaled their intention to amend their paci- Embracing a constitution that was drafted under thev direction of the Allied fist Constitution. But in other areas – namely, defense spending – Japan’s Occupation, conservative policymakers constructed a “grand strategy” suit- defense policy has remained unchanged. The new puzzle is not only why ed to both the constraints posed by Article Nine – in which Japan forever Japanese policymakers have taken so long to make these changes, but also renounced war and the maintenance of any kind of armed force – and the why change in some areas but not others? unstable international situation in which Japan found itself. The Yoshida My current research focuses on trying to understand how rising nationalism Doctrine, as it came to be called, recommended that Japan concentrate on in post-Cold War Japan could be causing some of these changes. I postu- securing overseas markets and resources for economic development, avoid late that both the content and level of “nationalism” – and I have not yet overt involvement in international politics, and eschew the development chosen an appropriate Japanese word for this – have undergone major of an autonomous military capability. Instead, Japan was to rely almost changes in recent years. During the Cold War, the Japanese government completely on the provision of security provided them by the 1951 concentrated on economic growth and downplayed issues of nationhood. U.S.-Japan Security Treaty. Politicians were extremely wary of using the words “nation” or “national This strategy bred a strong aversion to the use of force that came to interest” in public debates. While the nihonjinron literature of the 1980s exercise an unusually powerful constraint on the development of Japan’s showed that a form of cultural nationalism was alive and well, it was national security policy. Short of providing bases for American troops decidedly de-linked to politics and stemmed from a genuine eagerness to stationed in Japan, Japanese policymakers spent most of the Cold War relate to the world and establish an understanding of Japan in it. studiously avoiding any and all military contributions to the alliance. Nowadays, however, nationalism in Japan is different. It has become less While they did decide in 1954 that Japan could have a Self Defense Force positive and confident, and more xenophobic. Society has seen the rise (SDF), they used the same legislation to ban the possibility of overseas of right-wing intellectual associations such as the “Liberal View of History dispatch, participation in collective security operations, and its acquisition Study Group,” which seek to advance a “correct” view of history that of offensive and power-projection capabilities. They developed a military exonerates Japan from war responsibility. The popularity of manga pub- doctrine called “exclusively defensive self defense” (senshu boei), which lished by these organizations (like Kobayashi Yoshinori’s “On War”) has prohibited the SDF from taking action to prevent the materialization of been astounding. This has started to be reflected at the official level. The threats and authorized it to act only in the event of an unprovoked act of late 1990s and early 2000s have seen the ruling Liberal Democratic Party aggression against Japan. Successive conservative administrations added pass legislation to reinstate the and Hinomaru as Japan’s offi- to these restrictions: in 1967 the Sato Cabinet banned all arms exports cial national anthem and flag, respectively; authorize textbooks that and the transfer of technology that could be used for military purposes, whitewash Japan’s wartime behavior; engage in high-profile visits to and adopted the three non-nuclear principles, which rejected Japan’s right Yasukuni Shrine, which enshrines twelve class-A war criminals; construct to maintain, introduce, or develop nuclear weapons. A decade later, the the Showa Hall, a museum that Japan’s neighbors believe glorifies Miki Cabinet declared that Japan would never spend more than one Japan’s role in World War Two; revise the Fundamental Law on Education percent of its GDP on defense. to require that “patriotism” be a goal of , and, most Given the situation in which Japanese decision makers found themselves importantly, initiate steps to revise Japan’s pacifist Constitution. at the end of the Second World War, the choice of this strategy may not While it might be intuitive that nationalism of this kind would influence sound particularly puzzling. It may sound rather reasonable. By giving up the formation of government policies, the role of “nationalism” in some degree of autonomy vis-à-vis its alliance partner, Japan was able to international relations has been vastly under-theorized. “Nationalism” as reap many benefits, the biggest of which were decades of extraordinarily a political force in contemporary Japan has similarly been under-studied. high levels of economic growth and a (largely) successful reintegration I contend that it matters, and is part of the solution to my puzzle. r into the international community. In spite of these benefits, however, the fact that Japan was still clinging to these restrictions in the 1980s, when 9