Environmental Impact Assessment Study for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR THE PROPOSED GREENFIELD AIRPORT AT HOLONGI, ITANAGAR, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

FINAL EIA REPORT

Environment Consultant : Project Proponent :

Vimta Labs Limited Approved Consultant 142, IDA, Phase-II, Cherlapally, Airports Authority of India Hyderabad–500 051, www.vimta.com Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, (NABL/ISO 17025 Certified Laboratory, New Delhi Recognized by MoEF, New Delhi)

November, 2018

Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state in the North Eastern region of India and is without any airport. So far Naharlagun, which is about 15 km from Itanagar, is connected by helicopter service. The state capital of Itanagar is, therefore, neither connected to other states by air and nor by rail. For better connectivity and overall development of the state, the Government of Arunachal Pradesh has decided to place the state capital i.e. Itanagar on the country’s map in respect of airports by constructing a new airport at Itanagar.

The project will be taken through government grant on socio-economic consideration and AAI is the implementing agency.

1.1 Location Details and Environmental Setting

 The airport reference point is latitude: 26058’12 N” and longitude: 93039’53” E;

 Average elevation of the site is about 104 m above MSL;

 No ecologically sensitive zones like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries exist within 10 km radius area. Drupong reserve forest exist within the study area;

 The nearest railway station is Gohpur RS in Assam located at about 8.4 km and National Highway (NH-52) is at a distance of 8.8 km from the airport boundary; and

 Kokila and Holongi rivers are passing adjacent to the airport boundary in the E and SW direction respectively.

The study area map showing 10 km radius from the project boundary is given in Figure-1.

1.2 Project Description

About 424.281 ha (1048.4 acres) of land is allotted for the proposed project which will be required for the ultimate development. In addition to construction of airport, the project will also include provision for residential & commercial activities such as AAI colony, hotel, convention center etc.

Salient features of the proposed project is given in Table-1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

FIGURE-1 STUDY AREA MAP

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

TABLE-1 PROPOSED FACILITIES

Sr. No. Particulars Details 1 Type of Airport 3C 2 Aircraft A-320 type of aircrafts 3 Terminal Building Area-4,100 sq m, 200 PHP 4 Runway 2300 m X 45 m 08/26 degree magnetic (with RESA) 5 Link Taxiway 290 m x 23 m x 2 nos (One for entry and one for exit) 6 Technical Block 1450 sq m 7 Apron 13320 sq m 8 Fire Station 1330 sq m of Category-V 9 Car Parking 4000 Sq m (100-150 cars) 10 DVOR & NDB Building 200 Sq m 11 Water Requirement 90 KLD 12 Power Requirement 1.0 MW

1.2.1 Resources Requirement

 Water Requirement The total water requirement would be 50-75 KLD for construction phase and 90 KLD for operation phase which will be met from Kokila stream at around 8 km as suggested by State Government. Water treatment plant of about 104 KLD capacity is proposed to be set up for the airport.

 Power Requirement

It is estimated that about 0.1 MW power would be required during construction phase and about 1.0 MW (1000 KW) during operation phase. The entire power requirement will be met by constructing of independent 33 KV line upto airport. Stand by source of 250 KVA DG set is also proposed (2 Nos, only 1 will be operational at a time during power failure).

1.3 Baseline Environmental Status

1.3.1 Soil Characteristics

The soil samples were tested at eight locations during post-monsoon and partly winter season covering various land uses. It has been observed that the pH of the soil in the study area ranged from 4.5 to 6.3. The electrical conductivity was observed to be in the range of 14.8 µmhos/cm to 118.6 µmhos/cm. The nitrogen values range between 14.3-119.5 kg/ha. The phosphorus values range between 2.8 to 692.6 kg/ha. The potassium values range between 28.0 – 217.1 kg/ha. The soils from the study area indicate medium fertility due to their NPK content.

1.3.2 Climatology and Meteorology

The recorded temperature at site during study period ranges between 5.8oC to 15.9oC and relative humidity ranges in between 55% to 78%. Predominant winds from N and NE directions were observed during the study period. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

1.3.3 Ambient Air Quality

To establish the baseline status of the ambient air quality in the study area, the air quality was monitored at eight locations. PM2.5 and PM10 are observed to vary 3 3 3 3 from 6.1 g/m to 13.4 g/m and 15.2 g/m to 28.8 g/m respectively. SO2 and NOx are observed to vary from 8.2 g/m3 to 12.8 g/m3 and 9.0 g/m3 to 13.8 g/m3 respectively.

1.3.4 Water Quality

The baseline water quality status in the region is established by collecting water samples from twelve locations.

 Surface Water Quality

The analysis results indicate that the pH values in the range of 7.2 to 7.7. The TDS was observed in the range of 187.8 mg/l to 252 mg/l. The chlorides and sulphates were found to be in the range of 2.8 to 5.7 mg/l and 23.2 to 32.2 mg/l respectively. The calcium & magnesium were found to be in the range of 24.0 to 28.8 mg/l and 3.9 to 7.8 mg/l respectively.

The surface water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.

 Ground Water Quality

The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 6.5 to 7.4. Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 32.0 to 148.0 mg/l. Chlorides were found to be in the range of 2.8 mg/l to 28.4 mg/l. Sulphates were found to be in the range of 4.2 mg/l to 47.1 mg/l. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be ranging in between 52.5 to 323.8 mg/l.

The ground water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.

1.3.5 Noise Level Survey

The noise monitoring has been conducted at ten locations in the study area. Day time, night time noise levels were found to be varying from 39.2 dB(A) to 51.5 dB(A) and 33.6 dB(A) to 42.9 dB(A) respectively in the study area. The noise levels in general found within the acceptable levels as per standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board.

1.3.6 Ecological Studies

The study comprises of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam border area within the Holongi 10 km study area.

There are few rare and threatened fauna in the study area in the confines of the Holongi 10 km study area and in the eco-region of Gohpur reserves forests of Assam in the study area, as listed in the Indian Wildlife (Protection), Act, 1972.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

Presence of quite few Scheduled-I species recorded in the study area, including migratory Himalayan Griffon Vulture, and there are no rare and threatened plant species in the study area as per the Botanical Survey of India records.

Apparently there is no presence of Ramsar Sites and Important Bird Areas within the 10 km study area, nor were threatened plants recorded in the study area as per the records of the Botanical Survey of India.

1.3.7 Demography and Socio-Economic Profile

The information on socio-economic aspects of the study area has been compiled from secondary sources, which mainly include census data of 2011.

The total population of the study area is about 94,726 and the sex ratio is 976. In the study area about 33.39 % population belong to Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 5.18 % Scheduled Castes (SC) indicating that about 38.57 % of the population in the study area belongs to socially weaker sections. About 73.05 % of people are literates. The study area contains about 61.36 % of main workers, 38.64 % of marginal workers and 55.17 % of non-workers.

1.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts And Mitigation Measures

The potential environmental impacts due to the proposed project have been assessed in detail. These include impact on air quality, noise, water quality, solid waste, ecology and socio economics, etc. The modelling and analysis of the data indicate that the predicted impacts are minimal and are within the prescribed norms and standards. Comprehensive mitigation measures have been incorporated in the environmental management plan to ensure that the environmental quality is protected and enhanced. These have been summarised in Table-2.

TABLE-2 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

Discipline Potential Mitigative Measures Remarks Impacts/Issues economics unskilled labour proposed to be deployed. for the Rehabilitation & Hence no significant Resettlement package of impact is envisaged. Chakma refugees. Operation Phase Air Quality Increase in CO, HC and Methods of abatement The resultant concentrations NOx levels in the suggested in the EIA after superimposing on the ambient air report will be employed maximum ground level for the air pollution concentrations indicate that control at the source the resultant levels would be level. well within the prescribed standards. Water Quality Risk of contamination of Adequate treatment The wastewater after ground or surface water facilities will be provided treatment will be reused to so that the treated maximum possible extent. effluents conform to the Hence, no significant impact is regulatory standards. envisaged because of the project. Noise Increase in noise levels A noise management Noise modeling results indicate program will be that the noise levels after developed and implementation of the project implemented. will be within the prescribed standards. Solid Waste Food waste/ Medical - Solid Waste will be disposed Waste/Oily Waste etc off as per norms Terrestrial Interaction of wildlife Greenbelt will be As emissions will be within Ecology and aircraft operation developed limits, no active injury to the vegetation is envisaged

Socio- Strain on resources and Local people will be Positive social changes are Economics infrastructure facilities preferred for about 50% anticipated which leads to of jobs. regional development

1.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme

A comprehensive monitoring program of environmental quality parameters is suggested underneath.

 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

The ground level concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOX and other parameters as per NAAQs 2009 in the ambient air shall be monitored at regular intervals. Any abnormal rise shall be investigated to identify the causes and appropriate action shall be initiated. Green cover shall be developed for minimising dust propagation.

 DG Stack Monitoring

The emissions from all the DG stacks shall be monitored regularly. The exit gas temperature, velocity and pollutant concentrations shall be measured. Any unacceptable deviation from the design values shall be thoroughly examined and appropriate action shall be taken. Air blowers shall be checked for any drop in exit gas velocity.

 Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Data Analysis

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

To ensure a strict control over the water consumption, flow meters will be installed for all major inlets. In addition, periodic water audits shall be conducted to explore further possibilities for water conservation.

Methods prescribed in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater" prepared and published jointly by American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA) is recommended.

 Noise Levels

Noise levels in the work zone environment shall be monitored. The frequency shall be once in a month in the work zone. Similarly, ambient noise levels near habitations shall also be monitored once in three months. Audiometric tests should be conducted periodically for the employees working close to the high noise sources.

1.6 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan

Airport emergency planning is the process of preparing an airport to cope with an emergency occurring at the airport or in its vicinity. The objective of airport emergency planning is to minimize the effects of an emergency, particularly in respect of saving lives and maintaining aircraft operations. The airport emergency plan sets forth the procedures for coordinating the response of different airport agencies (or services) and those agencies in the surrounding community that could be of assistance in responding to the emergency.

The DMP plan should be prepared in accordance with the Civil Aviation requirement laid down by the Director General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), the National Disaster Management Act, 2005, the National Building Code as well as various code provisions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Airport Service Manual, Part-7.

1.7 Project Benefits

The proposed project will lead to direct and indirect benefits to the overall socio- economic status of the region also. During construction phase, there will be opportunities for local skilled and unskilled workers to be employed in the various construction related activities like material handling, operation of construction machinery, actual construction, painting, installation of plant machinery, etc.

At the same time, local small contractors, vehicle owners, machinery owners will get substantial amount of business for providing their services. The construction activity and influx of visitors will also open up opportunities for setting up establishments like lodging, telephone, kiosks, small shops etc. in the vicinity of the airport. These may be considered indirect benefits due to the setting up of the project in the area.

Apart from the temporary employment during construction phase, the setting up of the unit will also open up good employment opportunities, especially for the skilled workers. The setting up of the project will further improve this status of unemployment and provide opportunities to the unemployed population.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-7 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Executive Summary

1.8 Environment Management Plan

Environment management will be headed by a manager and will constitute environmental engineer, safety officer and ecologist/horticulturist. The manager (Env) will be responsible for environment management activities in the proposed project. Basically, this department will supervise the monitoring of environmental pollution levels viz. source emission monitoring, ambient air quality, water and effluent quality, noise level either departmentally or by appointing external agencies wherever necessary. It is proposed to invest about Rs. 58.38 Crores towards pollution control measures.

1.9 Conclusions

It is essential to have an airport at Itanagar, being the capital of Arunachal Pradesh as well as for development of this area. An air link would not only lead to greater connectivity and ease of accessibility, but also foster economic activities by encouraging international commerce and tourism.

After completion of airport, Itanagar will be well connected to other cities of eastern sector and other states and will increase the tourist flow in this region. It would not only increase accessibility to other areas but also help in future development of the state.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-8 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Table of Contents

Table of Contents ______Chapter Title Page ______

Table of Contents TC-1 List of Figures TC-IV List of Tables TC-V

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background C1-1 1.2 Purpose of the Report C1-1 1.3 Identification of Project & Project Proponent C1-2 1.4 Details of Environmental Setting C1-3 1.5 Scope of the Study C1-4 1.6 Methodology of the Study C1-8

2.0 Project Description

2.1 Need of the Project C2-1 2.2 Location of the Project C2-1 2.3 Proposed Facilities and Infrastructure C2-3 2.4 Project Description C2-4 2.5 Resource Requirement C2-10

3.0 Description of the Environment

3.1 Geology and Hydrogeology C3-1 3.2 Land use Studies C3-8 3.3 Soil Characteristics C3-15 3.4 Meteorology C3-19 3.5 Ambient Air Quality C3-26 3.6 Water Quality C3-32 3.7 Noise Level Survey C3-38 3.8 Ecology and Biodiversity C3-42 3.9 Demography and Socio-Economics C3-56

4.0 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.1 Introduction C4-1 4.2 Identification of Environmental Impacts C4-1 4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase C4-2 4.4 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase C4-10 4.5 Socio – Economic Development C4-28

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-I Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Table of Contents

Table of Contents (Contd…) ______Chapter Title Page ______

5.0 Analysis of Alternatives

5.1 No Development Option C5-1 5.2 Analysis of Alternative Sites C5-1

6.0 Environmental Monitoring Programme

6.1 Introduction C6-1 6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure C6-1 6.3 Monitoring Schedule C6-1 6.4 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data C6-6 6.5 Infrastructure for Monitoring of Environmental Protection Measures C6-6

7.0 Additional Studies

7.1 Public Consultation C7-1 7.2 Risk Assessment C7-9 7.3 Hazard Identification C7-9 7.4 Disaster Management Plan C7-12 7.5 Role and Responsibility in Handling Emergencies C7-17 7.6 Operation and Management Control C7-18 7.7 Mock Drills and Exercises C7-20 7.8 Compliance to ECBC-2017 C7-20

8.0 Project Benefits

8.1 Benefits to the Infrastructure C8-1 8.2 Benefits to the Socio-Economic Status C8-1 8.3 Corporate Social Responsibility C8-2 8.4 Corporate Environment Responsibility C8-2 8.5 Conclusion C8-2

9.0 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis C9-1

10.0 Environment Management Plan

10.1 Management Plan for Construction Phase C10-1 10.2 Management Plan for Operation Phase C10-1 10.3 Institutional Arrangements for Environment Protection and Conservation C10-5 10.4 Cost Provision for Environment Management C10-5

11.0 Summary and Conclusions

11.1 Location Details and Environmental Setting C11-1

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-II Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Table of Contents

Table of Contents (Contd…) ______Chapter Title Page ______

11.2 Project Description C11-1 11.3 Baseline Environmental Status C11-2 11.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures C11-4 11.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme C11-5 11.6 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan C11-6 11.7 Project Benefits C11-6 11.8 Environment Management Plan C11-6 11.9 Conclusions C11-7

12.0 Disclosure of Consultants

List of Annexures

Annexure-I TOR Letter and Its Compliance AI-1 Annexure-II Methodology Adopted for sampling and Analysis AII-1 Annexure-III Applicable Environmental Standards AIII-1 Annexure-IVa Land Acquisition Letter AIVa-1 Annexure-IVb Water Allocation AIVb-1 Annexure-Va Addendum Report Ava-1 Annexure-Vb Ambient Air Quality Levels (October-2018) AVb-1 Annexure-VI Flood Plain Mapping Letterr- WRD AVI-1 Annexure-VII NOC letter-WRD AVII-1 Annexure-VIII Landuse Pattern AVIII-1 Annexure-IX AAQ levels (October-2015- December 2015) AIX-1 Annexure-X Demography Details AX-1 Annexure-XI Public Hearing Proceedings AXI-1 Annexure-XII CSR Responsibilities AXII-1

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-III Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Table of Contents

List of Figures ______Figure Title Page ______

1.1 Index Map showing the Project site C1-5 1.2 Study Area Map of the Project (10 KM Radius) C1-6 1.3 Study Area Map (Google Imagery) C1-7 2.1 Google Imagery Showing the Airport Layout C2-2 2.2 Master Plan C2-6 2.3 Terminal Building Design C2-9 2.4 Airport Building and Rehabilitation Area C2-11 3.1.1 Flood Plan of Kokila and Holongi River C3-4 3.1.2 Hydrogeological Map of Papum Pare District, Arunachal Pradesh C3-6 3.2.1 Satellite Imagery C3-13 3.2.2 Land use based on Satellite Imagery C3-14 3.3.1 Soil Sampling Locations C3-17 3.4.1(A) IMD Itanagar-Annual Windrose C3-22 3.4.1(B) IMD Itanagar-Annual Windrose C3-23 3.4.2 Site Specific Windrose (1st October to 31st December 2015) C3-25 3.5.1 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations C3-28 3.6.1 Water Sampling Locations C3-33 3.7.1 Noise Monitoring Locations C3-41 3.8.1 Map of Ecological Sampling Locations C3-46 4.1 Contour Map C4-3 4.2 Drainage Scheme C4-5 4.3 Isopleths Showing Incremental Concentration for SO2 C4-13 4.4 Isopleths Showing Incremental Concentration for NOx C4-14 4.5 Isopleths Showing Incremental Concentration for CO C4-15 4.6 Isopleths Showing Incremental Concentration for HC C4-16 4.7 Day Time Noise Levels C4-22 7.1a Public Hearing Notification (Arunachal Front) C7-3 7.1b Public Hearing Notification (Arunachal Times) C7-4 7.1c Public Hearing Notification (Indian Express- Kolkata Edition) C7-5 7.2 Public Hearing Photographs C7-6 10.1 Organization Structure of Environment Management C10-6

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-IV Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Tables Title Page

1.1 Environmental Setting around the Airport Complex C1-3 1.2 Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring C1-8 2.1 Traffic Forecast C2-1 2.2 Salient Features of the Project C2-4 2.3 Terminal Building Breakup Area C2-10 2.4 Estimated Type of Waste Generation and Management C2-12 2.5 Construction Materials C2-13 3.1.1 The Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Papum Pare District as on 31.03.2011 C3-8 3.2.1 Land Use Pattern in the Study Area C3-9 3.2.2 Land Use/Land Cover Classification System C3-10 3.2.3 Landuse Breakup of 10 KM Radius Area–Based on IRS-P6 data C3-12 3.3.1 Analytical Techniques for Soil Analysis C3-15 3.3.2 Details of Soil Sampling Locations C3-16 3.3.3 Soil Analysis Results C3-16 3.3.4 Standard Soil Classification C3-18 3.4.1 Sensitivity of Meteorology Monitoring Equipment C3-20 3.4.2 Climatological Data Station:IMD, Itanagar (2003-2013) C3-20 3.4.3 Summary of Wind Pattern - IMD Itanagar C3-21 3.4.4 Summary of the Meteorological Data Generated at Site C3-24 3.4.5 Summary of Wind Pattern – IMD Itanagar C3-24 3.5.1 Techniques used for Ambient Air quality Monitoring C3-26 3.5.2 Air Quality Sampling Locations C3-27 3.5.3 Summary of Ambient Air Quality Results C3-29 3.6.1 Details of Water Sampling Locations C3-34 3.6.2 Surface Water Quality C3-34 3.6.3a Ground Water Quality C3-36 3.6.3b Ground Water Quality C3-36 3.7.1 Details of Noise Monitoring Locations C3-39 3.7.2 Noise Levels in the Study Area C3-39 3.7.3 Ambient Noise Standards C3-40 3.8.1 Reserve Forests in the Study Area C3-45 3.8.2 Details of Terrestrial Ecological Sampling Locations C3-47 3.8.3 List of Flora recorded in the Core Area C3-47 3.8.4 List of Fauna recorded in the Core Area C3-48 3.8.5 List of Flora recorded in the Buffer Zone Area C3-48 3.8.6 Fauna Listed in the Buffer Zone C3-50 3.8.7 Details of Aquatic Sampling Locations C3-54 3.8.8 List of observed Phytoplankton and Zooplankton C3-55 3.8.9 Fishes of the Study Area C3-55 3.9.1 Distribution of Population C3-57 3.9.2 Distribution of Population by Social Structure C3-58 3.9.3 Distribution of Literate and Literacy Rates C3-58 3.9.4 Occupational Structure C3-59 3.9.5 Drinking Water Facility of the study area C3-60 3.9.6 Lighting Facility of the study area C3-60 VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-V Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Table of Contents

List of Tables (Contd…)

Tables Title Page

4.1 Impact Identification Matrix C4-1 4.2 Probable HFL of Rivers C4-2 4.3 Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment C4-8 4.4 LTO Emission Factor C4-11 4.5 Details of Stack Emissions C4-11 4.6 Predicted 24 Hourly Short Term Incremental Concentrations (Air Craft Operations & DG Sets) C4-12 4.7 Resultant Concentrations due to Incremental GLC’s (Air Craft Operations & DG Sets) C4-17 4.8 Vehicular Emissions Rates for Various Types of Vehicles C4-18 4.9 Hourly Predicted Results for CO and NOx C4-19 4.10 Recommendations on Capacity – IRC C4-19 4.11 Noise Levels and Area of Influence During the Ultimate Phase C4-21 4.12 Wastewater Quality before and after Treatment C4-24 4.13 Species for Plantation C4-25 5.1 Comparison of Alternative Sites C5-2 6.1 Environmental Monitoring during Project Construction Stage C6-2 6.2 Environmental Monitoring during Operational Phase C6-4 7.1 Public Hearing Proceedings and Response along with Action Plan C7-7 7.2 Properties of Fuels to be used at the Airport C7-10 7.3 Lighting Component- LPD levels C7-23 7.4 Electrical Power Component C7-23 10.1 Proposed Mitigation Measures to be implemented during Construction Phase C10-2 10.2 Proposed Mitigation Measures to be implemented during Operation Phase C10-3 10.3 Cost Towards Environmental Protection Measures C10-5 11.1 Proposed Facilities C11-1 11.2 Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures C11-4

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad TC-VI Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Airports play a significant role in globalization, connecting cities and countries. Airports are a major part of a country’s infrastructure and foster economic activities by encouraging international commerce and tourism and generating employment.

Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state in the North Eastern region of India and is without any airport. So far Naharlagun, which is about 15 km from Itanagar, is connected by helicopter service. The state capital of Itanagar is neither connected to other states by air nor by rail. For better connectivity and overall development of the state, the Government of Arunachal Pradesh has decided to place the state capital i.e. Itanagar on the country’s map in respect of airports by constructing a new airport at Itanagar.

The project will be taken-up through government grant on socio-economic consideration and M/s. Airport Authority of India (AAI) is the implementing agency.

1.2 Purpose of the Report

As per Environmental Impact Assessment Notification dated 14th September, 2006 and 01.12.2009, the proposed project falls under category ‘A’ under project type 7(a) and requires Environmental Clearance (EC) to be obtained from Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) before the commencement of ground activity.

Vimta Labs Limited, Hyderabad, has been assigned to undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) study and preparation of Environment Management Plan (EMP) for various environmental components, which may be affected due to the impacts arising out of the proposed project.

In line with the said Notification, TOR application was filed on 11th August 2014, accordingly, scoping-meeting was held in MoEF&CC on 25th August 2014, 6th January 2015 and 31st July 2015 for determining the Terms of Reference (TOR) for the preparation of EIA/EMP report for the proposed project. Based on the TOR conditions stipulated by MoEF&CC vide letter No. F.No. 10-20/2014-IA-III dated 21st October 2015, this EIA/EMP report has been prepared.

TOR extension was sought with proposal no IA/MIS/AR/23946/2014 dated 19.09.2018 with covering letter AAI / APD / ITANAGAR / 2018 / EIA / 2035-37 dated 12.09.2018 and inline with OM No J-11013/41/-IA-II(I)2006(Part) dated 29.08.2017 the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change has extended TOR dated 21.10.2015 for a period of one year, upto 20.10.2019. Copies of TOR and its compliance is given in Annexure-I.

The EIA report has been prepared based on the approved TOR along with executive summary in local dialect and English and was made available to the public for the purpose of public hearing. Public hearing for the proposed project

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

was conducted by Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB), Arunachal Pradesh on 30th October 2018 under the supervision of District Collector, who presided over the Public hearing meeting, as per the Environment Impact Assessment Notification dated 14th September 2006. Based on the proceedings of the public hearing, the EIA report has been upgraded and submitted for the Environmental Clearance to the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi.

1.3 Identification of Project and Project Proponent

1.3.1 Project Proponent

Airports Authority of India (AAI) was constituted by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April 1995. Currently, it manages a total of 125 Airports, which include 11 International Airports, 08 Customs Airports, 81 Domestic Airports and 25 Civil Enclaves at Defence Airfields.

AAI also provides Air Traffic Management Services (ATMS) over entire Indian Air Space and adjoining oceanic areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure safety of aircraft operations.

1.3.2 About the Project

The proposed project is a green field airport project which involves operation of ATR type of aircraft in Phase-I of the development and for subsequent operations of bigger aircraft like A-321 in phase-II, based on the growth of the air traffic. Capacity of the terminal building is 200 passengers during peak hour.

Proposed project entails the following facilities:

• New runway; • New terminal building; • Apron; • Taxiway; • Ramp area (for parking of ground equipments); • Runway strip (RESA); • Blast pads, turn pads & RESA at both runway ends; • Control tower cum technical block; • Drainage system; • Fire station; • Boundary wall; • Electric stand and other facilities; • Car park for 150 cars and construction of associated approach road; • DVOR DME; • Ground lighting facilities Viz. runway edge lights, PAPI at both ends (of runway), threshold lights, runway end lights, approach lights; • Signal square area; • Wind sock; • Parallel taxi track; • Runway for operation of A-320 type of aircraft; • Basic strip; • Hotel/convention center; VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

• Residential accommodation for AAI staff; • Four lane approach- access road to the airport site; • Bulk power supply including shifting of High power transmission lines and other services; • Bulk water supply to the airport site; • Acquisition of land including rehabilitation and resettlement package; • Bridge on Holongi river, diversion of nalah and river training works. • Rehabilitation of 156 displaced Chakma families; • Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP); and • Development of cargo complex and hanger.

1.4 Details of Environmental Setting

The proposed greenfield airport and 10 km radius surrounding area is covered in the Survey of India toposheet No’s 83 E/12, 83 E/16, 83 F/19 and 83 F/13. The environmental setting around the airport is given in Table-1.1. The location map and 10 km radius study area map are given in Figure-1.1 and Figure-1.2 respectively. Google imagery showing the project location is shown in Figure- 1.3.

TABLE-1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AROUND THE AIRPORT COMPLEX

Sr. No. Particulars Details 1 Coordinates of airport Latitude: 26058’12 N” (Reference point) Longitude: 93039’53” E (Reference point) 2 General Elevation above MSL 104 m 3 Nearest Highways NH-52A (8.0 km, W) NH-52 (8.8 km, S) 4 Nearest Railway Station Railway Station: Gohpur railway station (8.4 km, SSW) 5 Nearest other airports Jorhat Airport in Assam (60 km, SE) Naharlagun Helipad (15 km) 6 Nearest Village/Town Kokila village (0.7 km, E) 7 Ecologically sensitive zones Nil within 10 km radius 8 Forest areas in 10 km radius Drupong RF (0.5 km, N) 9 Notified Historical/ Nil within 10 km radius Archaeological/ Tourist Places 10 Defence and other related Nil within 10 km radius Establishments 11 Major Water Bodies Kokila River (within site boundary, E) Holongi River (adjacent, SW) Telephone nala (within the project site) 12 Industries Nil within 10 km radius 13 Interstate Boundary Arunachal Pradesh and Assam (Adjacent S) 14 Areas occupied by sensitive As per 2011 census, Papum pare district has man made land uses 1. Primary Schools (per 10,000 populations)- 7 km 2. Primary Health Centers (per 10,000)-0.4 3. % of village having potable water supply to totally villages-69.65% Note: All distances mentioned above are aerial distances from airport Boundary

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

1.5 Scope of the Study

With a view to assess the environmental impacts due to the proposed, AAI has retained the services of M/s. Vimta Labs Ltd, Hyderabad to prepare EIA Report for various environmental components including air, noise, water, land and biological components and to prepare an EMP for mitigating adverse impacts.

The EIA report is prepared based on the TOR conditions issued by MoEF&CC and one season baseline environmental monitoring carried out in the study area of 10 km radius. Modelling exercises have been carried out to predict and evaluate impacts due to proposed project. Mitigation measures have been proposed on the basis of impact evaluation. The scope of the study broadly includes:

 Generating field sampling results of environmental attributes to establish the baseline environmental status;  Collate and compile secondary data including socio-economic data from published literature / Government publications;  Estimate pollution loads that would be generated by the proposed project;  Predict incremental levels of pollutants in the study area due to the proposed project;  Evaluate the predicted impacts on the various environmental attributes by using scientifically developed and widely accepted Environmental Impact Assessment modelling methodologies;  Prepare an EIA report, complying to all the TOR conditions issued by MoEF&CC;  Prepare an Environment Management Plan (EMP) to mitigate the predicted impacts;  To identify critical environmental attributes required to be monitored and suggest Post Project Monitoring Plan; and  To carry out Risk Assessment and prepare suitable Disaster Management Plan.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

Proposed Green Field Airport Site at Holongi

FIGURE-1.1 INDEX MAP SHOWING THE PROJECT SITE

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

FIGURE-1.2 STUDY AREA MAP OF THE PROJECT (10 KM RADIUS)

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

FIGURE-1.3 GOOGLE IMAGERY

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-7 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

1.6 Methodology of the Study

Reconnaissance survey was conducted and sampling locations were identified on the basis of:

 Predominant wind directions in the study area as recorded by India Meteorological Department (IMD);  Existing topography, location of surface water bodies like ponds, canals and rivers;  Location of villages/towns/sensitive areas; and  Areas which represent baseline conditions.

The field observations are used to:

 Evaluate the environmental impacts through modeling techniques;  Identify extent of negative impacts on community/natural resources; and  Identify mitigation measures and monitoring requirements.

The study also provides framework and institutional strengthening for implementing the mitigation measures. Field studies have been conducted during post-monsoon season and partly winter season (October 2015 to December, 2015) and additional monitoring is being conducted for post-monsoon season and partly winter season (October 2018 to December, 2018) to determine existing conditions of various environmental attributes. The monitoring details and scope of work are outlined in Table-1.2. The details of method of sampling and analysis adopted are given in Annexure-II. The applicable Environmental Standards are given in Annexure-III.

TABLE-1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING

Sr. Attributes Sampling Parameters Frequency No. Locations 1 Meteorology 1 Wind speed, direction, One hourly temperature, relative recording of wind humidity, rainfall speed, wind direction, temperature (1 season) 2 Ambient Air Quality 8 As per NAAQS 2009 24 hourly sample, twice a week. CO and O3-8- hourly samples 3 Water Quality 12 (GW 8 As per IS: 10500 Once during + SW 4) parameters study period 4 Soil Quality 8 pH, Conductivity, Once during Texture, N, K, P, Organic study period Matter, SAR, Organic carbon, Cl, Na, Ca, SO4, Fe, Hg 5 Noise Levels 10 Lday, Lnight, Ldn, Leq Once during the study period

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-8 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-1 Introduction

Sr. Attributes Sampling Parameters Frequency No. Locations (24-hourly monitoring) 6 Ecology (Terrestrial 5 Identification of species Once during and Aquatic) diversity study period 7 Land use Based on satellite imagery, census data and ground truthing 8 Demography Based on data collected from secondary sources like Census of India-2011 9 Geology & Hydro Based on Secondary Data geology 10 Environmental Impacts on various environmental attributes including air, Impact Assessment water, soil, noise, land use. Based on various environmental modeling techniques and descriptive checklists 11 Environment EMP for various parameters including post project Management Plan monitoring. Descriptive checklists for EMP and Post Project Monitoring 12 Risk assessment Identify areas where disaster can occur by fires and and Disaster explosions and release of toxic substances. Risk assessment Management Plan and modeling, development of Disaster Management Plan for both onsite and offsite emergencies

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-9 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

This chapter provides salient features of the proposed project including the facilities and utilities required for A-320 operations.

2.1 Need of the Project

Today, India is the ninth largest aviation market in the world and at the current rate of growth, it is expected that the country would be the third largest after the United States and China in 2020.

Arunachal Pradesh is the largest state in the North Eastern region. Itanagar being the capital city, is still not connected to other states by air or by rail. Only a helicopter service is available from Naharlagun, which is about 15 km from Itanagar. Hence, for better connectivity and overall development of the state, an air link in the state capital i.e. Itanagar, would increase the ease of accessibility.

Traffic forecast for the proposed airport from 2018-19 to 2030-31 is given in Table-2.1. TABLE-2.1 TRAFFIC FORECAST

Year Total Passengers 2018-19 40,990 2019-20 45,089 2020-21 49,598 2021-22 54,558 2022-23 60,014 2023-24 63,615 2024-25 67,432 2025-26 71,478 2026-27 75,766 2027-28 80,312 2028-29 85,131 2029-30 90,239 2030-31 95,653 Source: Detailed Project Report

2.2 Location of the Project

The proposed airport site is located in Holongi which is about 15 km south of Itanagar in Papumpare district. The general location, specific location and project boundary along with the maps have been given under Section-1.4. The project site layout showing the topographical features of the study area is shown in Figure-1.2 of Chapter-1. Google imagery showing the airport layout is shown in Figure-2.1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

FIGURE-2.1 GOOGLE IMAGERY SHOWING THE AIRPORT LAYOUT

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

2.2.1 Connectivity

The proposed site at Holongi is located approximately at a distance of 20 km in South West of NH‐52 A. The proposed site measuring 430.98 ha approximately is mainly a plain land and lies between two rivers i.e. Kokila and Holongi. The site lies in the foothills of Drupong reserve forest. It’s size is approx 3.0 km in length and 1.30 km width, adjacent to NH‐52A near Holongi check post.

2.3 Proposed Facilities and Infrastructure

The proposed capacity of terminal building is 200 passengers during peak hour (100 PHP outward + 100 PHP inward). Proposed project entails the following facilities:

• New runway; • New terminal building; • Apron; • Taxiway; • Ramp area (for parking of ground equipments); • Runway strip (RESA); • Blast pads, turn pads & RESA at both runway ends; • Control tower cum technical block; • Drainage system; • Fire station; • Boundary wall; • Electric stand and other facilities; • Car park for 150 cars and construction of associated approach road; • DVOR DME; • Ground lighting facilities Viz. runway edge lights, PAPI at both ends (of runway), Threshold lights, runway end lights, approach lights; • Signal square area; • Wind sock; • Parallel taxi track; • Runway for operation of A-320 type of aircraft; • Basic strip; • Hotel/convention center; • Residential accommodation for AAI staff; • Four lane approach- access road to the airport site; • Bulk power supply including shifting of High power transmission lines and other services; • Bulk water supply to the airport site; • Acquisition of land including rehabilitation and resettlement package; • Bridge on Holongi river, diversion of nalah and river training works; • Rehabilitation of 156 displaced Chakma families; • Construction of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP); and • Development of cargo complex and hanger.

Salient features of the proposed green field airport project is given in Table-2.2.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

TABLE-2.2 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

2.4 Project Description

The aerodrome is to be planned for operation of A‐320 type aircraft. The project site measuring about 948.55 acres is proposed for developing new airport. For planning of the aerodrome, following parameters are proposed:

Phase- I:

a) New runway of dimension 2300 m x 45 m for A-320 operations; b) New terminal building of area 4100 sq m for 100 PHP arriving and 100 PHP departing passengers, at a time, with provision of further modular expansion; c) Parking stand (apron), measuring 111 m x 108 m, with link taxiway of 18 m width, for two aircrafts of A-320 type; d) Construction of ramp area of dimension 20 m x 50 m for parking of ground equipment; e) Development of runway strip (with RESA of 90 m x 90 m, at both the ends); f) Provision of blast pads, turn pads and RESA at both runway ends; g) Construction of control tower‐cum‐technical block; h) Development of drainage system; i) Construction of fire station category V; j) Construction of boundary wall of 2.9 m height around the acquired land along with perimeter road; k) Provision of electric sub‐station and other facilities; l) Construction of car park for 150 cars and associated approach road; m) Installation of DVOR DME; n) Installation of ground lighting facilities viz. runway edge lights, PAPI at both ends (of runway), threshold lights, runway end lights; o) Construction of signal square area and wind sock; p) Sewage treatment plant; and q) Site development – earthworks, slope protection, river training etc. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

Phase II: DEVELOPMENT AS PER ULTIMATE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

a) Construction of parallel taxi track; b) Extension of runway; c) Development of basic strip; d) Construction of additional parking bays / apron; e) Construction of additional car parking space; f) Development of additional land / site area; g) Construction/ expansion of terminal Building; and h) Cargo complex and hangar.

Master plan showing the salient features is shown in Figure-2.2.

2.4.1 Aerodrome Category

The airport will be developed for A-320 type aircraft, aerodrome reference code (aerodrome category) of the proposed airport will be 3C.

2.4.2 Aerodrome Elevation

The elevation of the site proposed for the airport at runway 08 beginning and at runway 26 beginning is starting from 104.00 m above mean sea level (AMSL) as per site profile.

2.4.3 Runway Orientation

The most suitable orientation of runway as per preliminary study, with least obstacles, has been considered as 080 degree/260 degree (Magnetic). Runway 28 beginning co-ordinates (WGS-84) – 26.58005.89” N, 93.39017.83”E. Thus runway designation of 08/26, meets operational requirement.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

FIGURE-2.2 MASTER PLAN

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

2.4.4 Runway Configuration

The length of runway is proposed as 2300 m with width as 45 m. Though, single approach lighting system is proposed at runway 28, CAT-I approach lighting system proposed at runway 08. The length of the runway for proposed airport is 2800 X 45 m in the ultimate development phase.

2.4.5 Runway Strip

The runway strip of width 150 m has been considered on both sides from the centerline of runway.

2.4.6 Taxiway

It is proposed to construct link taxiway, one for entry & other for exit of aircraft to apron of approximately length of 290 m each.

2.4.7 Apron

The apron of dimension 111 m x 108 m is considered to park two A-320 type aircraft, with power-in power-out configuration. Additional parking bays of apron area will be increased in phase-II construction.

2.4.8 Approach Lighting System

Approach lighting system has been proposed at runway 26, and Cat-I approach lighting system has been proposed at runway 08. The runway 26 will be used for landing as well as departure.

2.4.9 Isolated Aircraft Parking Position

Provision of isolated aircraft parking stand is required as a standard. It is proposed to provide the said stand, at extended portion of the proposed part parallel taxiway, towards runway 08, as shown on the Master Plan.

2.4.10 GSD Equipment Parking Area

GSD parking area is proposed close to the apron, as shown in the Master Plan.

2.4.11 ATC Control Tower-cum-Technical Block

ATC control tower cum technical block is proposed at the location, shown on the Master Plan. At this location, control tower will have unobstructed clear view of the movement area and aircraft on final approach to land, on both sides of runway.

2.4.12 Fire Station

Aerodrome category for rescue and fire fighting are decided to be category V, as follows:

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-7 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

i. Water level (in CFT) of 4,500 liters for protein foam or 5,400 liters for Aqua Film Forming Foam (AFFF); and ii. Dry Chemical Power (DCP) of 180 kg.

It is proposed to provide 1 CFT of water capacity 6000 / 7000 liters. Besides CFT, it is also proposed to provide atleast one ambulance. Fire station is also proposed close to technical block.

2.4.13 PAPI

PAPI is proposed on port (left) side of either runway.

2.4.14 DVOR

DVOR location is shown in the Master Plan, where VOR radials transmission will not be interfered, by any obstacle.

2.4.15 Aeronautical Ground Light (AGL)

2.4.15.1 Runway

Beside runway edge lights, threshold lights and runway end lights, it is proposed to provide approach lights for both ends of runway. With provision of DVOR, both runways shall be capable of instrument approach. Simple approach lights upto 420 m from threshold are proposed for both runway.

2.4.15.2 Apron

Apron Flood Light is also proposed for the main apron.

2.4.16 Passenger Terminal & Car Park

A new passenger terminal building of 4,100 sq.m is proposed, to accommodate 100 arriving and 100 departing passengers, at a time. The proposed car park will be worked out as per the capacity. However, initial provision for about 150 car parkings is made. The elevation and section for the proposed terminal building are shown in Figure-2.3.

2.4.17 Roads

City side internal road network and connecting roads, two lanes, to National Highway are proposed.

2.4.18 Operational Area Perimeter Wall and Perimeter Road

Operational area perimeter wall, with anti‐scaling device, with total height of 2.9 m is proposed. Also inner perimeter road of 3 m width, all along the perimeter is proposed for inspection and patrolling by security personnel. Fencing or wall for airport land can be provided separately as an anti-encroachment measure.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-8 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

FIGURE-2.3 TERMINAL BUILDING DESIGN

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-9 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

2.5 Resource Requirement

2.5.1 Land Requirement

About 424.281 ha (1048.4 acres) of land is allotted for the proposed project (including the land area for the project affected families) which will be required for the ultimate development.

The land identified for the proposed airport is a plain land, partly vacant and single crop agricultural land. The land will be acquired by the State Government.

In addition to construction of airport, the project will also include provision for residential & commercial activities such as AAI colony, hotel, convention center etc.

Another site 4 km in the north east direction of site measuring 99.85 acres has been earmarked for the Rehabilitation & Resettlement package of Chakma refugees. The copy of letter showing the cost for acquisition of land, compensation for standing assets, shifting of utility etc. from Office of the Secretary Land Management AP Civil Secretariat, Itanagar is enclosed as Annexure-IV(A).

The breakup for the terminal building is given in Table-2.3. The layout showing the airport boundary and the resettlement and rehabilitation area is shown in Figure-2.4.

TABLE-2.3 TERMINAL BUILDING BREAK-UP AREA

Sr. No. Particulars Area (sq.m) 1 Visitor’s lounge 180 2 Airport manager 30 3 Concessionaires 80 4 Airline counters 50 5 Hotel reservation 50 6 Departure hall 770 7 Offices 100 8 Arrival hall 1000 9 VIP room 80 10 Security hold 470 11 Toilets 200 12 Other Areas 1090 Grand Total 4100

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-10 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

FIGURE-2.4 AIRPORT BOUNDARY AND REHABILITATION AREA

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-11 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

2.5.2 Power Requirement

It is estimated that about 0.1 MW power would be required during construction phase and about 1.0 MW (1000 KW) during operation phase. The entire power requirement will be met by constructing independent 33 KV line upto airport. Stand by source of 250 KVA DG set is also proposed (2 Nos, only 1 will be operational at a time during power failure).

Bulk power supply would be provided at 11 KV voltage level by installation of 2 x 1.6 MVA, 33/11 KV sub-station through independent 33 KV feeder line. The airport is supported to have un-interrupted and reliable power supply, hence, a standby power transformer will be provided. The substation will have well equipped switch gear and protection system. The metering would be done at 33 kV voltage level. New distribution transformers will be provided:

 150 kVa-1 No;  100 kVa-1 No;  63 kVa-3 No; and  25 kVa-1 No.

2.5.3 Water Requirement

The total water requirement would be 50-75 KLD for construction phase and 90 KLD for operation phase which will be met from Kokila stream at around 8 km as suggested by State Government. A copy of confirmation letter on supply of required water for green field Airport, Hologi from Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh Secretariat Public Health Engineering & Water Supply Department, Itanagar is enclosed as Annexure-IV(B). Water treatment plant of about 104 KLD capacity is proposed to be set up for the airport. The necessary permission from State Government will be obtained.

The water requirement for the R&R colony will be met from the Lankujan stream. It is proposed to setup water treatment plant of 0.25 MLD capacity.

2.5.4 Waste Generation

The type of waste quantity, treatment and disposal are given in Table-2.3.

TABLE-2.3 ESTIMATED TYPE OF WASTE GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT

Sr. No Particulars Type/Quantity Treatment & Disposal During Construction Phase 1 All kinds of ___ Construction waste such as soil/construction or soil, brick waste, etc. will be demolition waste used for leveling at the site. Stock pile in open area proposed to be developed as a part of landscaping area. 2 Municipal Waste  Kitchen waste Collection and handling of

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-12 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-2 Project Description

Sr. No Particulars Type/Quantity Treatment & Disposal (domestic and  Metal scrap and domestic solid waste would commercial waste) empty metal drums of be done in line with non hazardous provisions of the Solid materials Waste Management Rules  Paper and wood scrap (2016). 3 Hazardous waste (as per  Containers containing Shall be disposed as per the hazardous waste paint residue mainly Hazardous Waste management rules) during construction Management and Handling phase Rules 2003 (as amended).  Waste oil to be generated from DG sets During Operation Phase 1 Domestic Waste 120 kg/day, organic in Will be handed over to local nature authority for disposal as per standards practice. 2 Waste from Aircraft 5 kg/day during non Will be segregated in monsoon season biodegradable and non- 25 kg/day during biodegradable and disposed monsoon season as per standard practice. 3 Wastewater Treatment 18 kg/day, organic Used as manure for Plant horticulture 4 Domestic Wastewater 36 m3/day Will be treated in STP and treated water will be used in flushing of toilets and for irrigation purposes within the project premises 5 Used oil from the DG _ Will be given to authorized sets recyclers. However, the DG sets will be used only in emergency

2.5.5 Construction Materials

The construction materials and source for the proposed project is given in Table- 2.4. TABLE-2.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Sr. No Materials Source 1 Stone aggregate Locally from river 2 Sand Locally from river 3 Cement From Local vendors 4 Structural Steel From local vendors/ Reputed manufacturers 5 Bricks From Borghang (Assam)‐ less than 100 km from project site 6 Bitumen IOCL Guwahati/ Other OMC

It is expected that the use of these materials during construction will result in negligible adverse effects on renewable resources supply as the materials will be procured locally from reputed suppliers/manufactures.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-13 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The study area covers 10 km radius around the Holongi Airport boundary. The existing environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline environmental conditions, which are described with respect to climate, hydrogeological aspects, atmospheric conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, land use and socio-economic profiles of people.

This report incorporates the baseline data monitored for three months from 1st October 2015 to 31st December 2015, representing post monsoon season and part of winter season of 2015 and Post monsoon. Additional monitoring is being conducted for post-monsoon season and partly winter season (October 2018 to December, 2018) to determine existing conditions of various environmental attributes. The Addendum monitoring report for the month of October 2018 is attached as Annexure-V. The ambient air quality has been monitored as per new AAQM standards (November 2009). Secondary data was collected from various Government and Semi-Government organizations.

3.1 Geology and Hydrogeology

3.1.1 Geomorphology

Papum Pare district is characterized by low to high relief hills and corrugated landform. The general trend of ridges is NE-SW and the Siwalik Hills form hogback topography. The height of the hilly terrain increases from south to north ranging from about 300 to 2700 m above MSL. General altitude in major part of the district ranges from 1000 to 2000 m above MSL. Various geomorphic features in the district can broadly be grouped into following six geomorphic units.

High Relief Structural Hills: Altitude ranges from 1000 to 2000 m.

Structural Hills: These structural hills are found further east in Sagalee-Doimukh section where Lower Gondwana rocks are exposed. Gondwana rocks also observed along Kimin-Ziro road section to give rise their characteristics geomorphic signature.

Low Relief Structural Hills: These hills show deep valleys and gullies with gently sloping land developed due to stream or river erosion. Height restricted to 1200 m.

Dissected and Highly Dissected Hills: This unit occurs in the central and southeastern part of the district. The hill ranges vary between 300 to 700 m and locally to 1000 m.

Intermontane Valleys: The broad valley between Naharlagun and Nirjuli represents this unit filled with Quaternary sediments.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

Piedmont: It occurs as nearly flat to gently sloping surface sloping southwards, covering a large area towards the foothills. Area around Harmuti, Banderdewa, Holangi represnts this unit and mostly occupied by Quaternary sediments.

Alluvial Plain: It occurs along the wide flood plain areas of Pachin and Dikrong rivers. It represents various sub-features, viz., palaeochannel, swampy/marshy land, river terraces, flood plains, point bar, channel bar, and river channel.

3.1.2 Soils

The soil developed in each physiographic unit has their distinct morphological and other related properties. It indicates a good soil-landform relationship in this region. The soils in the valley areas are sandy loamy in texture with high acidic content. The pH values ranges between 4.5 to 7.2 and also rich in organic matter 0.21 to 1.9 %.

3.1.3 Drainage System

The drainage density is high and the pattern is generally sub-dendritic to sub- parallel. Each geomorphic unit has its own drainage pattern.

The district is a part of Brahmaputra river basin. The main rivers of the district are Dikrang, Pachin, Panyar, Pare, Kimin and Kud. The Dikrang, a perennial river is a fifth order stream with a total catchment area of about 2000 sq. km. of which about 1100 sq. km. lies in the Himalayan terrain. The length of the master channel in the alluvial terrain is about 48 km. The South–Westerly flowing Dikrang river meets the eastern flowing Pachin Nala at south of Doimukh and then it flows a meandering easterly course upto the locality west in Harmutti T.G. and then southerly up to Banderdewa and finally it flows southerly along a meandering course to meet Subansiri river at Bedeti.

3.1.3.1 Hydrogeological Design and Drainage Studies of the Project Site

Different areas have been considered for the drainage studies for Itanagar Airport

 Drainage of area between proposed Runway;  Drainage of the area from hill side;  Drainage of Apron area;  Drainage of Proposed link Taxiway;  Channelization of Telephone Nalla;  Overall drainage scheme of complete airport;  River training works for channeling the Kokila Stream;  Construction of bridge over Kokila & Holongi Rivers.

Catchment Area

Topographical study has been done for whole area and then catchment area has been determined for different stretches of the area, considering the slope of the taxiways, apron and the adjoining areas.

The study entailed analysis of hydrological and hydraulic data. Specifically, the following tasks were undertaken:

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

 The examination of the profiles of runway, taxiways, and apron to determine the exact location and slope of the drains.  It has been decided to construct an open drain to take the discharge from the hill side along the entire length of the area. Drains have been proposed on both sides of the road towards the northern side of the site. The discharge from the hill side has been proposed to be collected in these two drains which run along the entire length of the site. These drains have been further channelized in such a way that it is connected to Holongi stream on the western side and Kokila stream on the eastern side. This channelization has been done based on detailed slope analysis of the site towards western and eastern sides respectively.  It is proposed that the telephone nalla passing through the entire width of the Airport site may be channelized in such a way that it becomes a part of the overall drainage scheme of the site and RCC Hume pipes may be proposed over it so that the flow of the nalla remains unaltered. Diversion scheme shall be planned accordingly.  Drains have been proposed on both sides of the runway to ensure smooth operation of the same.  It is proposed to construct bridge over Kokila and Holongi rivers for assess to Category I and simple approach lights, Airport Operational Compound Wall and the operational road.  It is also proposed to construct bridge over Holongi river as the entry proposed to the Airport site is over Holongi river.

Inference from Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation Central Water Commission:

 From detailed hydrological analysis and simulation of maximum water surface profile in the event of 100 year flood it has been found that the flood water of Kokila and Holongi rivers near proposed Greenfield Airport Site will remain confined within their banks. Hence, the proposed airport area is not the part of Kokila and Hollongi river flood plain even in the case of 100 yr return period flood.

The map showing the flood plain of Kokila and Hollongi river is given in Figure- 3.1.1. The copy of letter from Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh office of Executive Engineer Water Resources Division, Itanagar have provided the hydrological, flood plain details which are in favour of proposed Holongi site for the construction of the Airport. The copy of Letter vide WRDI/Scheme-03/2010-11/ dated 3rd September 2014 is given in Annexure-VI. The site has been certified by Water resources Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh by giving NOC vide Letter No. WRD/4/140/2004-05/ dated 30.09.2014 for construction of Green field Airport at Holongi, Itanagar in Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh and the copy of letter is enclosed as Annexure-VII.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

FIGURE-3.1.1 FLOOD PLAIN OF KOKILA AND HOLLONGI RIVER

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3.1.4 Geology

Geologically, Papum Pare is underlain mostly by Siwalik group of rocks in the central, southern and southwestern parts being separated from narrow and elongated (east-west to northeast-southwest) tract of Gondwanas in the north by Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) fault that follows the trend of Gondwana sedimentaries. The Siwalik range trends NE-SW, except in the Banderdewa area, where it is ESE-WNW. The western and northern parts of the district are occupied by metamorphics like gneiss, schist, phyllite, quartzite etc. The valleys are characterized by Quarternary alluvium and terrace deposits (boulders, gravel, pebble, sand, silt and clay. They are locally folded, jointed and fractured. The foothills are composed of Older Alluvium (piedmont deposits) underlain by sandstone, shales and boulders/pebbles of Siwalik formation. The foothill piedmont zone occurring on the south of Siwalik hills have contact with the Brahmaputra flood plain. The entire older metamorphic formation of Paleozoic is overthrusted over the Younger Tertiary Siwaliks and demarcated the lower boundary of the Gondwana Group.

3.1.5 Hydrogeology

The hydrogeological studies to understand the local geology, geomorphic features, drainage network, aquifer characteristics and yield of water. Accordingly, various components controlling the hydrogeological regime. The Hydrogeology map of the Papum Pare district is given in Figure-3.1.2.

 Occurrence of Ground Water

Ground water systems are a result of the complex combination of different lithological and structural types within an area that together constitute an aquifer within which ground water accumulates and moves. Rather than describing individual lithologies and their tendencies to form aquifers or otherwise, it is useful to describe the ground water as one continuous across various lithological types (Kulkarni and Deolankar, 1995).

Ground water is available in all geological formations in the district depend in upon their primary and secondary porosities. Hydrogeologically Papum Pare district can be divided into three distinct categories viz., (1) Consolidated formation (2) Semi-consolidated formation and (3) Unconsolidated formation.

Consolidated Formation: Hard and compact metamorphic rocks of Precambrian to Upper Paleozoic ages occupy northern part of Papum Pare district. It comprises rocks of Ziro and Bomdila Groups and hard compact sandstones of Gondwana Group. The southern boundary of consolidated formation is marked by the Main Boundary Fault (Thrust). The units occupy more than 50% of the total area of Papum Pare district and are confined to the central and northern parts of the district. Ground water emerges out in the form of springs along the fractures at lower points. The movement and storage of ground water is restricted to the limited areas and as a result, the springs dry up during lean period. Discharge of springs ranges from 0.10 to more than 90 lps during post monsoon period.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

Map Unit Geomorphic Litho stratigraphic Lithology Ground Water Prospect unit Unit FP6 Flood Plain Alluvium and Primarily loose sediments like Good prospect, dug wells with terraces (Recent) gravel up to pebble size, sand, silt yield of more than 40- with occasional clay 60m3/day, deep tube wells with PP6 Piedmont Plain Alluvium (Recent) Fan deposits consisting of yield of 15-45m3/day. boulder, pebble, cobble, granule, sand and minor silt/clay IV6 Intermontane Valley fill with little Granule, pebble, sand with little Good prospect, dug wells with Valley alluvium clay. yield 40-50m3/day, shallow tube wells with more than 20m3/hr. yield. Moderate prospect large dia dug wells and hand pumps feasible. SH5A Dissected & Kimin Formation Alternations of soft friable Good prospect, large dia dug Highly sandstone, thin lenses/beds of silt wells tapping the weathered Dissected and clay, and gravelly zone with yield more than Structural Hills (conglomerate) beds. 15m3/day, deep tube wells with SH5B Subansiri Formation Salt and pepper appearance, soft, 10-30m3/day yield possible. massive sandstone with minor shale and clay. Sandstones often contain calcareous concretions, and disseminated pebbles and/or pebbly layers. SH5C Low Relief Dafla Formation Grey micaceous sandstone with Structural Hills intercalated shale and silty clay beds. Sandstone is moderately hard and compact. SH4 Structural Hills Lower Gondwana Dark grey to black shales, slates, Very poor prospect, large dia (Lower Permian) sandstone and siltstone with coaly dug wells feasible in weathered material, pyritous slates, phyllites, zone, spring development to be sandstone and grey shales emphasized. DMH High Relief Bomdila Group, Mica schists, chlorite schist, Structural Hills mainly schists phyllite, quartzites (Precambrian) FIGURE-3.1.2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF PAPUM PARE DISTRICT, ARUNACHAL PRADESH

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

Semi-consolidated Formation: The central and southern foothill zones constitute rocks of sedimentary origin and are generally semi-consolidated in nature. The Siwalik group of Tertiary age comprises loosely cemented boulders, sandstones and occasional clay bands and is exposed on the southern side of the Main Boundary Fault. The development of springs is limited and surface runoff is less compared to that in the consolidated formation. Discharge of springs ranges from 0.43 to 2 lps during pre-monsoon period and from 0.02 to 2.4 lps during post- monsoon period. But, most of the springs become dry during dry season because of low water holding capacity of the highly permeable fractured/jointed formation. Generally, depth to water level in the semi-consolidated formation ranges from 1-5 m bgl. Central Ground Water Board has constructed a few deep tube wells in Kimin–Lekhi–Balijan section upto a depth of 80 to 120 m. Yield of the wells very from 10 to 30 m3/hr for a drawdown of 9 to 15 m. Large diameter dug wells of 5 to 8 m depth in the bouldery formation or in the weathered sandstone beds are expected to yield good discharge of around 15m3/day.

Unconsolidated Formation: Unconsolidated alluvial sediments are found in the foothill belt (Bhabars) and the intermontane valleys. Even though thickness of the alluvial cover is less it has good prospect for ground water development by shallow ground water structures.

Unconsolidated sediments are found in Dikrang river valley. The depth to water level in the valley is in general 2-4 m bgl in pre-monsoon period and 2-5 m bgl in post-monsoon period.

Seasonal fluctuation of water level in shallow aquifers as observed in dug wells is within 2 m. Yield test suggests the feasibility of 6-7 m deep dug wells in the valley with yield prospect of 42-63 m3/day for 3-5 hours of pumping in a day. CGWB constructed seven deep tube wells in Banderdewa, Karsingsa, Nirjuli, Emchi, Lekhi and Naharlagun. Except the tube wells in Lekhi all other tube wells were constructed in loose sediments in the valley. Tube wells of 60-70 m depth are expected to yield 15-35 m3/hr for a drawdown of 6-18 m. Tube wells in Doimukh and Nirjuli area are found to be in artesian (flowing) condition.

3.1.6 Ground Water Resources

 Ground Water Recharge

The main source of ground water recharge is by the rainfall by direct percolation to the zone of saturation. A significant part of the rainfall is lost as runoff from area while a limited percentage of rainfall therefore reaches zone of saturation and becomes the part of ground water storage after meeting the evaporation and evapo- transpiration losses. There is also ground water recharge from the return flow of irrigation water from dug wells and tube wells operated by the cultivators and from canals.

The dynamic groundwater resources of Papum Pare District has been estimated jointly by CGWB and SWID. Govt of Arunachal Pradesh, following the norms laid down by GEC-1997 methodology and projected as on 31.03.2011. The ground water resources of the district is given in Table-3.1.1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-7 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

TABLE-3.1.1 THE DYNAMIC GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF PAPUM PARE DISTRICT AS ON 31.03.2011

Sr. Particulars Quantity No (HAM) 1 Total Annual Replenishable Ground Water Resources 13368 2 Natural Discharge during Non-Monsoon Period 1337 3 Net Annual Ground Water Availability 12031 4 Total Annual Ground Water Draft 114 5 Projected demand for Domestic and Industrial uses upto 73 2025 6 Net Ground Water Availability for Future Irrigation use 11900 7 Stage of Ground Water Development (%) 0.94339 (“SAFE”) Source: Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India-July 2014

3.2 Land Use Studies

Studies on land use aspects of eco-system play important roles for identifying sensitive issues, if any, and taking appropriate actions for maintaining the ecological balance in the development of the region.

3.2.1 Objectives The objectives of land use studies are:  To determine the present land use pattern;  To analyze the impacts on land use due to project activities in the study area; and  To give recommendations for optimizing the future land use pattern vis-a-vis growth of plant activities in the study area and its associated impacts.

3.2.2 Methodology For the study of land use, literature review of various secondary sources such as District Census Handbooks, regional maps regarding topography, zoning settlement, industry, forest etc., were taken. The data was collected from various sources like District Census Handbook, Revenue records, state and central government offices and Survey of India (SOI) Topo-sheets and also through primary field surveys.

3.2.3 Land use Based on Secondary Data Based on the census report, 10 km radial distance around this airport boundary has been considered in the study. These areas were studied in detail to get the idea of land use pattern in the study area. The land use census data 2011 is presented in Table-3.2.1. The village wise land use data is presented in Annexure-VIII.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-8 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

TABLE-3.2.1 LAND USE PATTERN IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr. Particulars of Land use 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km (%) No (in Hectares) 1 Forest Area 336 5.7 31 372.7 1.82 2 Land under Cultivation a) Irrigation Land 9 86.81 0 95.81 0.47 b) Un Irrigated Land 197 3183.48 6869.93 10250.41 50.15 c) Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. Area 45 1132.61 1327 2504.61 12.25 3 Land not Available for Cultivation a)Area under Non-Agricultural Uses 94 1215.17 1523 2832.17 13.86 b)Barren & Un-cultivable Land Area 22 88.28 163.43 273.71 1.34 c)Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Land Area 10 51.25 530.43 591.68 2.89 4 Culturable Waste Land Area 49.07 595.01 1985.49 2629.57 12.87 5 Urban Area 0 165 723 888 4.34 Total Geographical Area 762.07 6523.31 13153.08 20438.46 100.0 Source: Census of India –2011

 Forest

The revenue forest land under the study area consists 372.7 ha (1.82 %) of the total geographic area.

 Land under Cultivation

Altogether 12850.83 ha cultivable land (irrigated, un-irrigated and Land Under miscellaneous tree crops etc.) was observed in the study area. The irrigated land admeasures to about 95.81 ha in the study area which works out to be 0.47 % of total study area. The un-irrigated land admeasures about 10250.41 ha and works out to about 50.15 % of the total study area. Land under miscellaneous tree crops area admeasures to about 2504.61 ha and works out 12.25% of the total study area.

 Land not available for Cultivation

The land not available for cultivation is 6723 ha (18.09%) of the total study area, which includes area of land with scrub, land without scrub, permanent pastures, quarry, mining area, rocky/ stony and barren area.

 Cultivable Waste

This land includes that land, which was cultivated sometime back and left vacant during the past 5 years in succession. Such lands may either be fallows or covered with shrubs, which are not put to any use. Lands under thatching grass, bamboo bushes, other grooves useful for fuel etc., and all grazing lands and village common lands are also included in this category. The study area comprises about 12.87% cultivable wastelands.

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 Urban Area

The extent of urban area, which includes residential as well as industrial land, is not provided in the census data. The Urban area is calculated based on the urban area mapping in administrative atlas maps of census India. The urban area under the study area approximately consists 888 ha (4.34%) of the total geographic area.

3.2.4 Land use Based on Satellite Imagery

Remote sensing satellite imageries were collected and interpreted for the 10 km radius study area for analyzing the land use pattern of the study area. Based on the satellite data land use/ land cover maps have been prepared.

3.2.4.1 Land use/Land Cover Classification System

The land use / land cover maps were prepared based on the classification system of national standards. For explanation for each of the land use category the details as given in Table-3.2.2 were considered.

TABLE-3.2.2 LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Sr. No. Level-1 Level-2 1 Built-up Land Town/cities Villages Institution/Industry/Godown etc Plotted Area/Layout 2 Agriculture Land Crop Land Plantations Fallow 3 Forest Evergreen/Semi evergreen Deciduous Forest Plantation 4 Wastelands Rocky/Stony Waste Waste Land with /without scrubs Saline/sandy & Marshy/swampy 5 Water Bodies River/Stream Lake/Reservoir/Tanks 6 Others Orchard/Other Plantation Shifting cultivation Salt Pans, Snow covered/Glacial Barren/Vacant Land

3.2.4.2 Data Requirements

IRS-P6 Geo-Coded FCC on LISS-III imageries were acquired for 24th November 2015 for the 10 km radius study area and were used for the mapping and interpretation. Besides, other collateral data as available in the form of maps, charts, census records, other reports and especially topographical survey of India maps were also used. In addition to this, ground truth survey was also conducted to verify and confirm the ground features.

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3.2.4.3 Data Sourcing and Pre-Field Interpretation of Satellite Data

The methodology adopted for preparation of land use/ land cover thematic map is monoscopic visual interpretation of geocoded scenes of IRS-P6 satellite LISS-III and field observations are taken. The various steps involved in the study are preparatory field work, field survey and post field work.

 Pre-Field Interpretation

The False Color Composite (FCC) of IRS-P6 satellite data was used for pre-field interpretation work. Taking the help of topo-sheets, geology, geomorphology and by using the image elements the features are identified and the boundaries delineated roughly. Each feature is identified on image by their image elements like tone, texture, colour, shape, size, pattern and association. A tentative legend in terms of land cover and land use, physiography and erosion was formulated. The sample areas for field check are selected covering all the physiographic, land use/land cover feature cum image characteristics.

 Ground Truth Collection

Both topo-sheets and imagery were taken for field verification and a transverse plan using existing road network was made to cover as many representative sample areas as possible to observe the broad land use features and to adjust the sample areas according to field conditions. Detailed field observations and investigations were carried out and noted the land use features on the imagery.

 Post Field Work

The base maps of the study area were prepared, with the help of Survey of India Topo-sheets. Preliminary interpreted land use and the land cover features boundaries from IRS-P6 False Colour Composite were modified in light of field information and the final thematic details were transferred onto the base maps. The final interpreted and classified thematic map was catrographed. The cartographic map was colored with standard colour coding and detailed description of feature with standard symbols. All the classes noted and marked by the standard legend on the map.

3.2.4.4 Output of Land Use Interpretation

The final output would be the land use/land cover map numerals were given different colour code for each category as shown in map. Area estimation of all features of Land use/Land cover categories was noted.

3.2.4.5 Observations on Land Use

The following are the main interpreted land use/land cover classes of the study area and their respective areas are given in hectares in Table-3.2.3. The thematic map and land use pattern within 10 km radius based on IRS-P6 for 24th November 2015 are shown in Figure-3.2.1 and Figure-3.2.2 respectively.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-11 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

TABLE-3.2.3 LANDUSE BREAKUP OF 10 KM RADIUS AREA - BASED ON IRS-P6 DATA

Land Use Area Area Level-I Level-II (Hectares) (%) Built-up Settlements 5245 15.07 Land Industry/Institutional Land 50 0.14 Forest Dense Mixed Jungle 13608 39.10 Agricultural Tea Garden 520 1.49 Land Other Plantation 98 0.28 Irrigated/ Double Crop 448 1.29 Other Agriculture Land/ Single crop 11918 34.25 Fallow Land 342 0.98 Waste Land with/without Scrub/ Jungle 1203 3.46 Land Rocky/Stony/Barren Land 32 0.09 Grass Land 101 0.29 Water Stream/River/Canal 1188 3.41 Body Reservoir/Tank/Pond 47 0.13 Total 34,800 100

 Forest

The dense mixed jungle land within the study area consists 13,608 ha (39.10 %) of the total geographic area.

 Agricultural Land

Altogether 12,366 ha land (irrigated and un-irrigated) was observed in the study area. The irrigated land admeasures to about 448 ha in the study area which works out to be 1.29 % of total study area. The other agricultural land/single crop land admeasures about 11,918 ha and works out to about 34.25 % of the total study area. Tea garden is about 520 ha of study area.

 Waste Land

This land includes land with or without scrub, rocky and quarry/ mining land are also included in this category. The study area comprises about 1,336 ha wasteland.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-12 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

FIGURE-3.2.1 SATELLITE IMAGERY VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-13 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

FIGURE-3.2.2 LAND USE BASED ON SATELLITE IMAGERY

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3.3 Soil Characteristics

It is essential to determine the potential of soil in the area and identify the current impacts of existing airport on soil quality and also predict impacts, which may arise due to the proposed of Holongi Airport. Accordingly, a study of assessment of the baseline soil quality has been carried out at 8 locations covering in and around the airport boundary.

3.3.1 Data Generation

For studying soil profile of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess the existing soil conditions in and around the project area representing various land use conditions. The physical, chemical and heavy metal concentrations were determined.

The present study of the soil profile establishes the baseline characteristics and this will help in future in identifying the incremental concentrations if any, due to the proposed activities. The sampling locations have been identified with the following objectives:

 To determine the baseline soil characteristics of the study area;  To determine the impact of industrialization on soil characteristics; and  To determine the impact on soils more importantly from agricultural productivity point of view.

At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30 cm, 60 cm and 90 cm below the surface and are homogenized. This is in line with IS: 2720 and Methods of Soil Analysis, Part-1, 2nd edition, 1986 of (American Society for Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America). The homogenized samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The samples have been analyzed as per the established scientific methods for physico- chemical parameters. The heavy metals have been analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Inductive Coupled Plasma (ICP) analyzer. The methodology adopted for each parameter is described in Table- 3.3.1. TABLE-3.3.1 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL ANALYSIS

Parameter Method (ASTM Number) Grain size distribution Sieve analysis (D 422 – 63) Textural classification Chart developed by Public Roads Administration Bulk density Sand replacement, core cutter Sodium Absorption Ratio Flame colorimetric (D 1428-82) pH pH meter (D 1293-84) Electrical Conductivity Conductivity meter (D 1125-82) Nitrogen Kjeldahl distillation (D 3590-84) Phosphorus Molybdenum blue, colorimetric (D 515-82) Potassium Flame photometric (D 1428-82) Copper AAS (D 1688-84) Iron AAS (D 1068-84) Zinc AAS (D 1691-84) Boron Surcumin, colorimetric (D 3082-79) Chlorides Argentometric (D 512-81 Rev 85)

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-15 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

The details of the sampling locations are given in Table-3.3.2 and are shown in Figure-3.3.1. The analysis results of soil sampling locations representing concentration of micro and macro nutrients are presented in Table-3.3.3 and the standard classification is given in Table-3.3.4.

TABLE-3.3.2 DETAILS OF SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Location Distance from Project Direction wrt Project Boundary (km) S1 Project Site - - S2 Kokila village 0.7 E S3 Shantipur village 7.2 SE S4 Dakshin Sonapur 2.0 S S5 Simoluguri village 5.8 SSE S6 Purana Gogara 3.4 SSW S7 Kharabi Basti 0.4 W S8 Rajgarh 8.1 NE

TABLE-3.3.3 SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS

Sr. Parameter UOM S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 No. 1 pH (1:5 aq.extract) - 5.8 6.3 5.2 5.9 5.9 5.7 4.5 5.3 2 Conductivity(1:5 µS/cm 26.3 20.7 53.5 19.67 22.9 14.8 118.6 15.7 aq.extract) 3 Texture Sand Sandy Clay Sand Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy clay clay clay clay clay 4 Sand % 54 42 31 52 46 42 47 45 5 Silt % 25 26 25 24 19 20 17 21 6 Clay % 21 32 44 24 35 38 36 34 7 Bulk density g/cc 1.23 1.15 0.93 1.19 1.08 1.01 1.14 1.12 8 Exchangeable calcium as mg/kg 400.1 400.1 1679.9 396.9 398.8 300.3 300.3 99.3 Ca 9 Exchangeable Magnesium mg/kg 60.7 121.4 179.9 180.6 302.5 182.2 182.2 60.2 as Mg 10 Exchangeable Sodium as mg/kg 7.0 12.9 59.2 6.4 9.4 10.6 27.4 6.5 Na 11 Sodium Absorption Ratio - 0.09 0.14 0.37 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.31 0.13 12 Available Nitrogen as N kg/ha 15.5 36.4 43.5 14.3 51.0 48.8 62.1 119.5 13 Available Phosphorus as P kg/ha 4.2 692.6 12.8 150.2 2.8 4.3 575.4 90.0 14 Available potassium as K kg/ha 116.1 217.1 45.6 61.4 28.0 32.4 82.4 20.7 15 Organic Carbon % 0.13 0.33 0.48 0.12 0.49 0.50 0.56 1.10 16 Organic Matter % 0.22 0.56 0.83 0.21 0.84 0.86 0.97 1.9 17 Water soluble chlorides as mg/kg 70.8 35.0 105.8 35.4 70.7 35.3 176.7 35.4 Cl 18 Water soluble sulphates mg/kg 19.2 1.3 45.3 9.0 40.3 3.8 28.1 16.7 as SO4 19 Aluminium as Al % 0.78 0.64 1.17 0.78 1.36 0.68 0.91 1.7 20 Iron as Fe % 1.25 0.81 1.47 1.17 1.68 0.83 1.13 1.7 21 Manganese as Mn mg/kg 448.1 233.2 336.4 483.7 334.5 98.9 305.2 135.3 22 Boron as B mg/kg 22.4 33.3 19.1 20.1 19.7 19.8 17.2 17.4 23 Zinc as Zn mg/kg 35.5 86.2 45.8 52.4 53.1 49.5 91.6 48.3

Method of testing: As per SSSA/Soil Analysis by M.L.Jackson/USEPA

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-16 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

FIGURE-3.3.1 SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-17 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

TABLE-3.3.4 STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION

Sr. No Soil Test Classification 1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51- 5.50 Very strongly acidic 5.51-6.0 moderately acidic 6.01-6.50 slightly acidic 6.51-7.30 Neutral 7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline 2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity (ppm) Upto 1.00 Average (1 ppm =640 µmho/cm) 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination 2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to salts) 3 Organic Carbon (%) Upto 0.2: very less 0.21-0.4: less 0.41-0.5 medium, 0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient 0.81-1.00: sufficient >1.0 more than sufficient 4 Nitrogen (kg/ha) Upto 50 very less 51-100 less 101-150 good 151-300 Better >300 sufficient 5 Phosphorus (kg/ha) Upto 15 very less 16-30 less 31-50 medium, 51-65 on an average sufficient 66-80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient 6 potassium (kg/ha) 0 -120 very less 120-180 less 181-240 medium 241-300 average 301-360 better >360 more than sufficient Source: Handbook of Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi

3.3.2 Baseline Soil Status

 It has been observed that the pH of the soil in the study area ranged from 4.5-6.3;  The electrical conductivity was observed to be in the range of 14.8 - 118.6 µmhos/cm;  The nitrogen values range between 14.3 - 119.5 kg/ha;  The phosphorus values range between 2.8 - 692.6 kg/ha;  The potassium values range between 28.0 – 217.1 kg/ha;  The chlorides were found to be in the range of 35.0 – 176.7 mg/kg of soil.

3.3.3 Observation and Comparison with ICAR Soil Classification

It has been observed that the texture of soil is mostly sandy clay in the study area. The common color of the soil ranged from light brown. The soil from the study area indicate that medium fertility due to their NPK content.

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Essential elements which determines the fertility of the soil:

 pH: The soil is very strongly acidic to slightly acidic in nature;  Nitrogen: The nitrogen content in the study area falls in very less to good category;  Phosphorus: The phosphorus content in the study area falls in very less to more than sufficient category; and  Potassium: The potassium content in the study area falls in very less to average category.

3.4 Meteorology

The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input prediction models for air quality dispersion. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.

The year may broadly be divided into four seasons:

 Winter season : December to February  Pre-monsoon season : March to May  Monsoon season : June to September  Post-monsoon season : October to November

3.4.1 Methodology

The methodology adopted for monitoring the surface meteorological conditions observations is as per the standard norms laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards (IS : 8829) and India Meteorological Department (IMD). On-site monitoring was undertaken for various meteorological variables in order to generate the site-specific data. Data was collected every hour continuously from 1st October 2015 to 31st December 2015.

3.4.1.1 Methodology of Data Generation

A Central Monitoring Station (CMS) equipped with continuous monitoring equipment was installed on top of a building at a height of 6 m above ground level to record wind speed, direction, relative humidity and temperature. The meteorological monitoring station was located in such a way that it is free from any obstructions and as per the guidelines specified under IS: 8829. Cloud cover was recorded by visual observation. Rainfall was monitored by using rain gauge.

The continuous recording meteorological instrument of Dynalab, Pune (Model No. WDL 1002) has been used for recording the met data. The sensitivity of the equipment is as given in Table-3.4.1.

Secondary information on meteorological conditions has been collected from the nearest IMD station at Itanagar. The available meteorological data of IMD, Itanagar station has been collected and analyzed.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-19 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

TABLE-3.4.1 SENSITIVITY OF METEOROLOGY MONITORING EQUIPMENT

Sr. No. Sensor Sensitivity 1 Wind speed Sensor ± 0.02 m/s 2 Wind direction Sensor ± 3 degrees 3 Temperature Sensor ± 0.2oC

3.4.2 Presentation of Data

3.4.2.1 Meteorological Data Recorded at IMD, Itanagar

The meteorological data is collected from IMD - Itanagar, which is the nearest IMD station to the project site. The data collected from IMD includes Wind data, Temperature data, Visibility data, Rainfall data and Snow fall data. The monthly maximum, minimum and average values are collected for all the parameters except wind speed and direction. All these parameters are recorded twice a day viz at 0830 and 1730 hours. The collected data is tabulated in Table-3.4.2.

3.4.2.2 Meteorological Data Generated at site

The meteorological parameters are recorded on hourly basis during the study period from 1st October 2015 to 31st December 2015 and the parameters recorded at site include wind speed, wind direction (from 0 to 360 degrees), temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall.

3.4.3 Analysis of the Data Recorded at IMD – Itanagar

1] Temperature

The winter season starts from December and continues till the end of February. January is the coolest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 26.20C and the mean daily minimum temperature at 6.80C. Both the night and day temperatures increase rapidly during the onset of the pre-monsoon season from March to May. During pre-monsoon season, the mean maximum temperature was observed to be 36.00C in a month of May whereas the mean minimum temperature at 11.20C in a month of March. The mean maximum temperature in the monsoon season was observed to be 38.00C in the month of July and August whereas the mean minimum temperature was observed to be 19.00C in the month of September. During post-monsoon season, the mean maximum temperature was observed to be 35.60C in the month of October whereas the mean minimum temperature at 10.50C in the month of November. The monthly variations of temperature are presented in Table-3.4.2.

TABLE-3.4.2 CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA STATION: IMD, ITANAGAR (2003-2013)

Month Temperature (0C) Rainfall (mm) Max Min January 26.2 6.8 46.4 February 30.0 8.0 50.7

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March 32.5 11.2 108.4 April 35.0 13.0 278.7 May 36.0 17.0 446.1 June 35.6 19.5 739.3 July 38.0 20.0 683.7 August 38.0 20.0 544.2 September 37.0 19.0 412.5 October 35.6 15.0 172.5 November 30.2 10.5 32.4 December 27.0 8.0 23.4 Source: IMD Itanagar

2] Rainfall

The average annual rainfall based on the 10 year IMD data, was observed to be 3538.3 mm. The monsoon sets in the month of June and continues till September and sometime extends upto mid October. The maximum amount of rainfall (739.3 mm) occurs in the month of June. Monthly variations in the rainfall are given in Table-3.4.2.

3) Wind Speed/Direction

Generally, light to moderate winds prevails throughout the year. Winds were light and moderate particularly during the morning hours. While during the afternoon hours the winds were stronger. The year wise discussion of the respective wind Pattern is given in Table-3.4.3. The windrose for IMD-Itanagar representing annual windroses which are shown in Figure-3.4.1(A) and Figure-3.4.1(B) and Site Specific windrose in Figure-3.4.2.

TABLE-3.4.3 SUMMARY OF WIND PATTERN – IMD ITANAGAR

Year First Predominant Winds Second Predominant Calm Condition Winds 2008 N, 40.0 NNE, 29.4 27.4 2009 N,36.8 NNE, 12.5 48.9 2010 N,36.8 NNE, 12.5 48.9 2011 NNE,17.3 N, 13.4 68.1 2012 NNE, 6.3 N, 2.3 89.9 2013 NNE, 9.5 N, 8.4 81.0 Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates % of time wind blows

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FIGURE-3.4.1 (A) IMD ITANAGAR-ANNUAL WINDROSE

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FIGURE-3.4.1 (B) IMD ITANAGAR-ANNUAL WINDROSE

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3.4.4 Observations on Primary Data

The meteorological parameters were recorded on hourly basis during the study period and comprises of parameters like wind speed, wind direction (from 0 to 360 degrees), temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and rainfall. The maximum, minimum and average values for all the parameters except wind speed and direction are presented in Table-3.4.4.

TABLE-3.4.4 SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA GENERATED AT SITE

Month Temperature (0C) Relative Humidity (%) Rainfall (mm) Max. Min. Max. Min. October-2015 15.1 6.4 78 69 6.0 November-2015 14.3 5.8 75 58 4.0 December-2015 15.9 6.7 74 55 3.0

1] Temperature

Maximum temperature of 15.9oC and minimum temperature of 5.8oC was recorded during the study period.

2] Relative Humidity

During the period of observation the Relative Humidity recorded ranged from 55% to 78%.

3] Rainfall

Total 20.0 mm rainfall was recorded in the month of February during the study period.

4] Wind Speed/Direction

The wind rose for the study period representing post monsoon season and part of winter season of 2015 is shown in Figure-3.4.6 and wind pattern given in Table 3.4.5. A review of the wind rose diagram shows that predominant winds are mostly from N (26.1 %) followed by NE (15.9 %). The winds in other directions are NNE (13.3 %), NW (0.4 %), SSE (0.3 %), E, SE, SSW, WSW and WNW (0.2 %), ENE, ESE, S SW, W and NNW (0.1 %). Calm condition prevailed for 42.4 % of the total time.

TABLE-3.4.5 SUMMARY OF WIND PATTERN – SITE SPECIFIC

Season First predominant Second predominant Calm Condition in winds winds % Post Monsoon and Partly Winter N, (26.1) NE, (15.9) 42.4 Season Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates % of time wind blows

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N 26.1%

NNE 13.3%

NE 15.9%

NNW 0.1%

NW 0.4%

WNW 0.2% ENE 0.1% W 0.1% C-42.4% E 0.2% ESE 0.1% SE 0.2% WSW 0.2% S 0.1% SSE 0.3%

SW 0.1%

SSW 0.2%

SCALE 5%

SPEED CALM

1 5 11 19 >19 Km/hr

FIGURE-3.4.2 SITE SPECIFIC WINDROSE (1st OCTOBER to 31st DECEMBER 2015) VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-25 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

3.5 Ambient Air Quality

The prime objective of the baseline air quality study was to assess the existing air quality of the area. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air quality during the project operations.

This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. The ambient air quality was monitored at eight locations in and around the proposed project. The air quality monitoring was conducted as per revised NAAQ standards 2009.

The study area including the project site has been observed to represent rural, residential and agricultural conditions. There are no operating industries in the study area. However rural traffic and domestic coal burning are observed to be prevalent in the region. Further, there are no commercial activities observed in the study area.

3.5.1 Methodology adopted for Air Quality Survey

The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed ambient air quality-monitoring network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the following considerations:

 Meteorological conditions on synoptic scale;  The methodology for conducting the baseline environmental survey and selection of sampling locations considered the guidelines given in the EIA manual of the MoEF&CC;  Topography of the study area;  Representatives of regional background air quality for obtaining baseline status; and  Representatives of likely impact areas.

3.5.2 Sampling and Analytical Techniques

PM2.5 and PM10 have been estimated by gravimetric method. Modified West and Gaeke method (IS-5182 Part-II, 1969) has been adopted for estimation of SO2. Jacobs-Hochheiser method (IS-5182 Part-IV, 1975) has been adopted for the estimation of NOx. The techniques used for ambient air quality monitoring and its minimum detectable levels are given in Table-3.5.1.

TABLE-3.5.1 TECHNIQUES USED FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

Sr. Parameter Technique Technical Minimum No. Protocol Detectable Limit (g/m3)

1 PM 2.5 Fine Dust Sampler IS-5182 (Part-IV) 1.0 (Gravimetric method)

2 PM 10 Fine Dust Sampler IS-5182 (Part-IV) 5.0 (Gravimetric method) 3 Sulphur Dioxide Modified West and Gaeke IS-5182 (Part-II) 4.0 4 Nitrogen Oxide Jacob & Hochheiser IS-5182 (Part-VI) 9.0 VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-26 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

Sr. Parameter Technique Technical Minimum No. Protocol Detectable Limit (g/m3) 5 Carbon monoxide FID technique (Gas IS-5182(Part-X) 50 chromatography) 6 Ozone UV-Vis Spectroscopic Analysis ASTM-D 2.0 7 Ammonia UV-Vis Spectrophotometry ASTM-D 20.0 8 Benzene GC-MS/GC IS-5182 0.001 9 Benzo (O) Pyrene GC-MS/GC IS-5182 0.01 ng/m3 10 Arsenic GC-MS/GC IS-5182 0.001 11 Nickel GC-MS/GC IS-5182 0.001 12 Lead GC-MS/GC IS-5182 0.001

3.5.2.1 Duration of Sampling

The sampling duration for PM10, PM2.5, SO2. NO2 was twenty-four hourly continuous samples per day and CO, O3 was sampled for 8–hrs continuous thrice a day. This is to allow a comparison with the present revised standards mentioned in the latest Gazette notification of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (November 16, 2009).

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at eight locations with due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table-3.5.2 gives the details of environmental setting around each monitoring station. The location of the selected stations with reference to the proposed project boundary is given in the same table and shown in Figure-3.5.1.

TABLE-3.5.2 AIR QUALITY SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Station Code Name of the Distance wrt Holongi Direction wrt Holongi Station Airport boundary (km) Airport AAQ1 Project Site - - AAQ2 Kokila village 0.7 E AAQ3 Shantipur village 7.2 SE AAQ4 Dakshin Sonapur 2.0 S AAQ5 Simoluguri village 5.8 SSE AAQ6 Purana Ghagra 3.4 SSW AAQ7 Kharabi Basti 0.4 W AAQ8 Rajgarh 8.1 NE

3.5.2.2 Presentation of Primary Data

Various statistical parameters like 98th percentile, average, maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data for all the AAQ monitoring stations. The results of monitoring carried out are presented in Annexure-IX. The summary of these results representing post monsoon and partly winter season 2015 is given in Table-3.5.3. These are compared with the standards prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

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N 26.1%

NNE 13.3% NE 15.9%

NNW 0.1% NW 0.4% WNW 0.2%

ENE 0.1% W 0.1% C-42.4% E 0.2% ESE 0.1% SE 0.2% WSW 0.2% S 0.1% SSE 0.3%

SW 0.1% SSW 0.2% SCALE 5% SPEED CALM

1 5 11 19 >19 Km/hr FIGURE-3.5.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATION

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TABLE- 3.5.3 SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS

3 3 3 3 Code. Location PM2.5 (g/m ) PM10 (g/m ) SO2 (g/m ) NOx (g/m ) No Min Max Avg 98% Min Max Avg 98% Min Max Avg 98% Min Max Avg 98% AAQ1 Project Site 6.1 8.5 7.2 8.5 16.6 25.9 21.9 25.4 9.2 11.9 10.2 11.8 9.1 11.6 10.7 11.5 AAQ2 Kokila village 8.4 11.8 10.1 11.7 17.8 27.3 22.1 27.1 9.4 12.1 10.4 12.0 9.0 12.4 10.9 12.4 AAQ3 Shantipur village 6.3 8.1 7.1 8.0 15.3 26.8 22.1 26.7 8.4 11.7 10.1 11.6 10.1 11.8 10.6 11.6 AAQ4 Dakshin Sonapur 6.9 10.7 8.2 10.3 16.1 23.6 19.6 23.4 9.4 11.6 10.4 11.6 10.3 12.7 10.9 12.6 AAQ5 Simoluguri village 7.7 13.4 9.9 12.9 19.9 28.5 24.8 28.4 10.2 15.5 12.3 15.2 10.4 12.9 11.0 12.7 AAQ6 Purana Gogara 6.8 10.6 8.2 10.6 16.4 26.6 22.8 26.5 9.1 11.4 10.3 11.4 10.4 13.5 11.9 13.5 AAQ7 Kharabi Basti 6.4 9.5 7.3 9.2 15.2 26.4 22.7 26.4 8.5 12.8 10.2 12.6 10.7 12.9 11.3 12.6 AAQ8 Rajgarh 7.6 9.3 8.1 9.0 19.5 28.8 23.1 28.6 8.2 12.1 9.9 11.9 10.1 13.8 11.5 13.5 Range 6.1 – 13.4 15.2 – 28.8 8.2 -12.8 9.0 – 13.8

TABLE- 3.5.3 SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS

Code. Location CO (g/m3) Ozone (g/m3) No Min Max Avg 98% Min Max Avg 98% AAQ1 Project Site 156 215 181 210 2.1 5.9 3.9 5.8 AAQ2 Kokila village 150 196 170 193 2.2 5.7 4.1 5.5 AAQ3 Shantipur village 152 220 178 212 2.2 6.0 4.0 5.9 AAQ4 Dakshin Sonapur 151 212 177 206 3.8 6.1 5.2 6.1 AAQ5 Simoluguri village 190 253 221 251 2.0 5.4 3.5 5.3 AAQ6 Purana Gogara 170 235 203 233 2.0 4.7 2.9 4.5 AAQ7 Kharabi Basti 162 226 200 221 4.1 5.9 5.2 5.9 AAQ8 Rajgarh 151 189 169 187 2.2 5.8 3.5 5.6 Range 150.0-253.0 2.0-6.1

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TABLE- 3.5.3 SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS

Station Name of the Ammonia (NH3) Benzo(a)pyrene Lead (Pb) Arsenic (As) Nickel (Ni) Benzene C6H6 Code Location (g/m3) (BaP) (ηg/m3) (ηg/m3) (ηg/m3) (ηg/m3) (g/m3) Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min Max AAQ1 Project Site <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ2 Kokila village <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ3 Shantipur village <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ4 Dakshin Sonapur <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ5 Simoluguri village <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ6 Purana Gogara <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ7 Kharabi Basti <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 AAQ8 Rajgarh <20.0 <20.0 <0.01 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001 <0.001 Study Area Range <20.0 <0.01 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.001

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Summary of Observations

The observations based on a perusal of the results for are summarized below:

PM2.5

Out of the eight locations the minimum concentration for PM2.5 was observed as 6.1 g/m3 recorded at project site and the maximum concentration observed as 13.4 g/m3 recorded at Simoluguri village (AAQ5). At all ambient air quality locations 3 the PM2.5 levels were within the prescribed standards of 60 g/m .

PM10

3 The minimum and maximum concentration for PM10 was observed as 15.2 g/m recorded at Kharabi Basti (AAQ7) and the maximum concentration observed as 28.8 g/m3 recorded at Rajgarh (AAQ8) respectively during the study period. The 3 PM10 levels recorded were within the prescribed standards of 100 g/m .

SO2

3 The minimum concentration for Sulphurdioxide (SO2) was observed as 8.2 g/m recorded at Rajgarh (AAQ8) and the maximum concentration observed as 12.8 3 g/m recorded at Kharbi Basti (AAQ7) during the study period. The SO2 levels observed were within the prescribed standards of 80 µg/m3.

NOx

The minimum concentration for Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) was observed as 9.0 g/m3 recorded at project site (AAQ2) and the maximum concentration observed as 3 13.8 g/m recorded at Rajgarh (AAQ8) during the study period. The NOx levels recorded were within the prescribed standards of 80 g/m3.

Out of the eight monitoring locations the minimum concentration observed was 150 µg/m3 recorded at Kokila Village (AAQ2) and the maximum concentration was observed as 253 µg/m3 at recorded Simoluguri village (AAQ5) during the study period. The CO concentrations in the region are observed to be well under the limits of 2000 g/m3 as specified by CPCB standards.

O3 and NH3

Ozone was found to be in the range of 2.0 to 6.1 µg/m3. Ammonia was found to be less than 20 µg/m3.

Heavy Metals

All heavy metals specified in the NAAQs 2009 i.e Ni, Pb and As were found to be BDL.

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3.6 Water Quality

Selected water quality parameters of ground water and surface water resources within 10 km radius of the study area have been studied for assessing the hydrological environment to evaluate anticipated impact of the proposed project. Understanding the water quality is essential in the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment. It also assists to identify critical issues in a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation to curb the deterioration of various hydrological sources in the vicinity of the project site.

The purpose of this study is to:

 Assess the water quality characteristics for critical parameters;  Evaluate the impacts on agricultural productivity, habitat conditions, recreational resources and aesthetics in the vicinity; and  Predict the likely impacts on water quality due to the project and related activities.

3.6.1 Methodology

Reconnaissance survey was undertaken and monitoring locations were finalized based on:

 Drainage pattern and surface water bodies;  Location of residential areas representing different activities/likely impact areas; and  Likely areas, which can represent baseline conditions.

Four surface water and eight ground water sources covering 10 km radial distance were examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground water. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater' published by American Public Health Association (APHA).

Samples for chemical analysis were collected in polyethylene carboys. Samples collected for metal content were acidified with 1 ml HNO3. Samples for bacteriological analysis were collected in sterilized glass bottles. Selected physico- chemical and bacteriological parameters have been analyzed for projecting the existing water quality status in the study area. Parameters like Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH were analyzed.

3.6.2 Water Sampling Locations

Water samples were collected from 12 sampling locations. These samples were taken as grab samples and were analyzed for various parameters to compare with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500. The water sampling locations are listed below in Table-3.6.1 and are shown in Figure-3.6.1. The results of monitoring carried out for the study are presented in Table-3.6.2.

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FIGURE-3.6.1 WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

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TABLE-3.6.1 DETAILS OF WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Location/ Village Distance from Holongi Remarks Airport Boundary (km) Distance Direction Surface Water SW1 Kokila river 0.3 SE - SW2 Sengmra river 5.7 ENE Near Letekujan SW3 Holongi river (Near 2.6 SSW Down stream Dakshinpura) SW4 Holongi river (Near Project 0.5 SW Up stream site) Ground Water GW1 Project site - - Tube well GW2 Kokila 0.7 E Well GW3 Santipur 7.2 SE Tubewell GW4 Dakshin Sonapur 2.0 S Well GW5 Simoluguri 5.8 SSE Well GW6 Purana Gogara 3.4 SSW Tube well GW7 Kharbi Basti 0.4 W Well GW8 Rajgarh 8.1 NE Well Note: SW: Surface Water; GW: Ground Water

3.6.3 Presentation of Results

Most of the villages in the study area have borewell and tubewell facilities, and the residents of these villages make use of this water for drinking and other domestic uses. Therefore, borewell samples have been considered for sampling. In total 12 water samples collected from different sources around the project site within the periphery of 10 km.

Four surface water samples and eight ground water samples have been considered around the project area within the periphery of 10 km taking into account the various uses, these water resources are put to. The results for the parameters analyzed for surface and ground water samples are presented in Table-3.6.2 & Table-3.6.3 and are compared with standards for water as per IS: 10500-1991 "Specifications for Drinking Water" for ground water.

TABLE 3.6.2 SURFACE WATER QUALITY

IS:10500 Sr. No. Parameters Units SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 / Limits 6.5- 1 pH - 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.7 8.5(NR) 2 Conductivity µS/cm $ 216.0 187.8 214.0 252.0 3 TDS mg/l 500(2000) 153.9 125.8 145.5 166.4 4 DO mg/l $ 6.2 6.1 5.6 5.7 5 BOD mg/l $ <3 <3 8 5 6 COD mg/l $ <5 <5 40 20 Total Hardness as 200(600) 7 mg/l 88 80 100 104 CaCO3 Total Alkalinity as 200(600) 8 mg/l 76 64 72 84 CaCO3 9 Calcium as Ca mg/l 75(200) 28.8 24.0 27.2 28.8 10 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 30(100) 3.9 4.9 7.8 7.8 VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-34 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

IS:10500 Sr. No. Parameters Units SW-1 SW-2 SW-3 SW-4 / Limits 11 Residual Chlorine mg/l 1 min <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 12 Phosphate as PO4 mg/l $ <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 13 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 200(400) 30.1 23.2 27.4 32.2 14 Boron as B mg/l 0.5(1) 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.07 15 Chlorides as Cl mg/l 250(1000) 2.8 2.8 5.7 2.8 16 Fluorides as F mg/l 1.0(1.5) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 17 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 45(NR) <1 <1 <1 <1 18 Sodium as Na mg/l $ 9.4 4.4 3.5 7.1 19 Potassium as K mg/l $ 2.8 2.5 1.5 2.9 0.001 20 Phenolic Compounds mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 (0.002) 21 Cyanides mg/l 0.05(NR) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 22 Oil & grease mg/l $ <1 <1 <1 <1 23 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 24 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.01(0.05) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 25 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.05(1.5) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 26 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 27 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 (NR) 0.27 0.11 0.26 0.22 28 Chromium as Cr+6 mg/l 0.05(NR) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 29 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 30 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5(15) 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.27 31 Aluminium as Al mg/l 0.03(0.2) 0.12 0.07 0.18 0.19 32 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001(NR) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 33 SAR - $ 0.44 0.21 0.15 0.30 34 Insecticides mg/l $ Absent Absent Absent Absent Anionic Detergents as $ 35 mg/l <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 MBAS 36 Total Coliforms MPN/100 10 11 12 15 14 $: Limits not specified, UO: Un-Objectionable

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TABLE-3.6.3 (A) GROUND WATER QUALITY

Sr. Parameters Unit IS:10500 / GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 No Limits 1 pH* 6.5-8.5(NR) 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.0 2 Colour Hazen 5(15) 5 4 6 3 3 Taste Agreeable Ag Ag Ag Ag 4 Odour U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O 5 Conductivity µS/cm $ 105 206 278 207 6 Turbidity NTU 1(5) 9 2 15 1 7 TDS mg/l 500(2000) 70.3 135.8 187.3 142.0 8 Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l 200(600) 44 68 100 88 9 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200(600) 40 72 128 64 10 Calcium as Ca mg/l 75(200) 6.4 19.2 22.4 24.0 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 30(100) 6.8 4.9 10.7 6.8 12 Residual Chlorine mg/l 1 min <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 13 Boron mg/l 0.5 (1) 0.09 0.01 0.08 0.03 14 Chloride as Cl mg/l 250(1000) 5.7 5.7 2.8 14.2 15 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 200(400) 5.9 10.4 4.2 19.6 16 Fluorides as F mg/l 1.0(1.5) 0.1 0.1 <0.1 0.1 17 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 45(NR) <1 5.1 <1 2.3 18 Sodium as Na mg/l $ 4.2 4.5 15.3 5.6 19 Potassium as K mg/l $ 1.2 14.0 3.2 5.4 20 Phenolic compounds mg/l 0.001(0.002) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 21 Cyanides mg/l 0.05(NR) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 22 Anionic Detergents mg/l 0.2(1) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 23 Mineral Oil mg/l 0.5 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 25 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.01(0.05) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 26 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.05(1.5) <0.01 <0.01 0.03 0.01 27 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 28 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.1(0.3) 0.09 <0.01 0.16 0.4 29 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3(NR) 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.08 30 Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.05(NR) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 31 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 32 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5(15) 0.02 <0.01 0.1 0.18 33 Aluminium as Al mg/l 0.03(0.2) 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.09 34 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001(NR) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 35 Pesticides mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 36 E.Coli mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 37 Total Coliforms MNP/100ml 10 <2 <2 <2 <2 *

TABLE-3.6.3 (B) GROUND WATER QUALITY

Sr. Parameters Unit IS:10500 / GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 No Limits 1 pH* 6.5-8.5(NR) 6.5 6.8 6.5 6.5 2 Colour Hazen 5(15) 2 7 6 3 3 Taste Agreeable Ag Ag Ag Ag 4 Odour U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O 5 Conductivity µS/cm $ 459.0 113.0 163.9 82.4 6 Turbidity NTU 1(5) 1 21 3 2 7 TDS mg/l 500(2000) 323.8 72.6 123.5 52.5 8 Total Hardness as mg/l 200(600) 148 32 56 32 CaCO3 9 Total Alkalinity mg/l 200(600) 76 24 64 20 10 Calcium as Ca mg/l 75(200) 38.4 11.2 16.0 9.6 VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-36 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

Sr. Parameters Unit IS:10500 / GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 No Limits 11 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 30(100) 12.6 1.0 3.9 1.9 12 Residual Chlorine mg/l 1 min <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 13 Boron mg/l 0.5 (1) 0.05 0.09 0.02 0.02 14 Chloride as Cl mg/l 250(1000) 28.4 14.2 8.5 8.5 15 Sulphate as SO4 mg/l 200(400) 47.1 8.2 6.5 4.2 16 Fluorides as F mg/l 1.0(1.5) 0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 17 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 45(NR) 71.3 <1.0 3.8 3.0 18 Sodium as Na mg/l $ 13.4 9.2 4.0 2.7 19 Potassium as K mg/l $ 36.6 1.1 16.8 <1 20 Phenolic compounds mg/l 0.001(0.002) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 21 Cyanides mg/l 0.05(NR) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 22 Anionic Detergents mg/l 0.2(1) <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 23 Mineral Oil mg/l 0.5 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 25 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.01(0.05) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 26 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.05(1.5) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 27 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.01(NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 28 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.1(0.3) 0.23 0.17 0.02 0.01 29 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3(NR) 0.06 0.20 0.16 0.16 30 Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.05(NR) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 31 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.01(NR) 0.002 0.67 0.1 0.71 32 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5(15) 0.12 0.05 <0.01 <0.01 33 Aluminium as Al mg/l 0.03(0.2) 0.33 0.81 0.36 <0.01 34 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001(NR) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <.001 35 Pesticides mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 36 E.Coli mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 37 Total Coliforms MNP/100ml 10 <2 <2 <2 <2

3.6.4 Observations

3.6.4.1 Surface Water Quality (2015)

 The analysis results indicate that the pH values in the range of 7.2 to 7.7 which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5;

 The TDS was observed in the range of 125.8 mg/l to 166.4 mg/l;

 The chlorides and sulphates were found to be in the range of 2.8 mg/l to 5.7 mg/l and 23.2 mg/l to 32.2 mg/l respectively. It is observed that chlorides and sulphates are well within the permissible limits;

 The calcium & magnesium were found to be in the range of 24.0 mg/l to 28.8 mg/l and 3.9 to 7.8 mg/l respectively;

 Metals: Iron is found in between 0.11 mg/l -0.27 mg/l and zinc is found ranging between 0.05 mg/l -0.27 mg/l; and

 The surface water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.

3.6.4.3 Ground Water Quality

Most of the villages in the project area have hand pumps and wells, as most of the residents of these villages make use of this water for drinking and other domestic uses. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-37 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-3 Description of the Environment

 The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 6.5 to 7.4, which is well within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5;  Total hardness was observed to be ranging from 32 mg/l to 148 mg/l;  Chlorides were found to be in the range of 2.8 mg/l to 28.4 mg/l;  Sulphates were found to be in the range of 4.2 mg/l to 47.1 mg/l;  The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) concentrations were found to be ranging in between 52.5 mg/l to 323.8 mg/l;  Metals: Iron is found in between 0.06 mg/l - 0.20 mg/l and zinc found ranging between 0.02 mg/l - 0.18 mg/l.

The ground water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.

3.7 Noise Level Survey

The physical description of sound concerns its loudness as a function of frequency. Noise in general is sound, which is composed of many frequency components of various types of loudness levels distributed over the audible frequency range. The most common and universally accepted scale is the A weighted scale, which is measured as dB (A). This is more suitable for audible range of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. The scale has been designed to weigh various components of noise according to the response of human ear.

The impact of noise sources on surrounding community depends on:

 Characteristics of noise sources (instantaneous, intermittent or continuous in nature). It can be observed that steady noise is not as annoying as one which is continuously varying in loudness;

 The time of day at which noise occurs, for example high noise levels at night in residential areas are not acceptable because of sleep disturbance; and

 The location of the noise source, with respect to noise sensitive landuse, which determines the loudness and period of exposure.

The environmental impact of noise can have several effects varying from Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) to annoyance depending on loudness of noise. Noise survey has been conducted in the study area while covering three zones viz., residential, commercial and silence zones. Noise monitoring has been undertaken for 24 hr at each location.

The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline noise levels, and assess the impact of the total noise generated by the airport operations in the study area as well as in the funnel area.

3.7.1 Method of Monitoring

Sound Pressure Levels (SPL) measurements were recorded at ten locations. The readings were taken for every hour for 24-hrs. The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night noise levels during 10 pm to 6 am at all the locations covered in the study area.

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During each hour parameters like L10, L50, L90 and Leq were directly computed by the instrument based on the sound pressure levels.

3.7.2 Identification of Sampling Locations

A preliminary reconnaissance survey has been undertaken to identify the major noise generating sources in the area. Noise at different noise generating sources has been identified based on the activities in the village area, ambient noise due to industries and traffic and the noise at sensitive areas like hospitals and schools. The noise monitoring was conducted during the study period for determination of noise levels at ten locations in the study area. The noise levels at each location were recorded for 24 hours. The environment setting of each noise monitoring location is given in Table-3.7.1 and shown in Figure-3.7.1.

TABLE-3.7.1 DETAILS OF NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS

Location Location Distance wrt Holongi Airport Boundary Code Distance (km) Direction N1 Project Site - - N2 Kokila village 0.7 E N3 Shantipur village 7.2 SE N4 Dakshin Sonapur 2.0 S N5 Simoluguri village 5.8 SSE N6 Purana Gogara 3.4 SSW N7 Kharabi Basti 0.4 W N8 Rajgarh 8.1 NE N9 Alapara 5.8 ENE N10 Balabari 3.6 WSW

3.7.3 Presentation of Results

The statistical analysis is done for measured noise levels at ten locations in the study area. The parameters are analyzed for Lday, Lnight, and Ldn. The statistical analysis results are given in Table-3.7.2 and the ambient noise standards are presented in Table-3.7.3.

TABLE-3.7.2 (A) NOISE LEVELS IN THE STUDY AREA

Sr. No. Location L10 L50 L90 LEQ Lday Lnight Ldn N1 Project Site 43.5 39.5 35.6 42.4 43.9 37.6 45.7 N2 Kokila village 42.8 38.3 35.0 41.9 43.6 34.4 43.9 N3 Shantipur village 43.8 39.9 36.3 41.4 42.2 39.6 46.5 N4 Dakshin Sonapur 48.8 45.0 41.2 47.7 48.8 44.9 52.1 N5 Simoluguri village 52.3 48.1 44.2 50.3 51.5 47.0 54.4 N6 Purana Gogara 49.3 45.5 41.7 48.4 50.0 42.6 51.2 N7 Kharabi Basti 39.1 35.4 32.2 37.8 39.2 33.6 41.4 N8 Rajgarh 43.3 39.4 35.5 41.9 43.3 37.4 45.3 N9 Alapara 45.6 41.4 37.5 42.5 43.5 39.1 46.5 N10 Balabari 46.2 42.3 38.4 43.3 44.2 39.6 47.0

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TABLE-3.7.3 AMBIENT NOISE STANDARDS

Area Code Ambient Noise Standards Category of Area Noise Levels (dB (A) Leq (Limits) Day time Night time A Industrial Area 75 70 B Commercial Area 65 55 C Residential Area 55 45 D Silence Zone 50 40 Source : Ambient Noise Standards of CPCB

a) Daytime Noise Levels (Lday) (Refer Table-3.7.2(A))

The daytime noise levels at all the locations are observed to be within the prescribed limits for various zones. The minimum noise level observed 39.2 dB(A) at Simoluguri Village (N5) and maximum noise level is observed 51.5 dB(A) at Karabi Basti (N7).

It is observed that the day time noise levels are in broadly in accordance to the prescribed limit of 55 dB (A) for rural / residential areas and 75 dB (A) for industrial zones.

b) Night time Noise Levels (Lnight) (Refer Table-3.7.2(A))

The night time noise levels at all the locations were found to be within the prescribed limits for various zones. The minimum noise level observed 33.6 dB (A) at Simoluguri Village (N5) and maximum noise level is observed to be 42.9 dB (A) at Kharabi Basti (N7).

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FIGURE-3.7.1 NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS

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3.8 Ecology and Biodiversity

3.8.1 Introduction

A natural ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of nature. It has components, which exist in harmony and survive by interdependence. Ecosystem has self-sustaining ability and controls the number of organisms at any level by cybernetic rules. The effect of this is that an ecosystem does not become imbalanced.

Unfortunately, there are very few examples of perfectly natural ecosystems on earth, because man influences most of them. Man existed earlier also, but as long as he lived as part of nature, he did not create a disturbance, because nature provides for needs of everyone, but not for greed.

Development is must for any nation; however, the development needs a price. The price is paid by one kind of people and natural biota and other people reap fruits of prosperity. The disparity between the sufferers and enjoyers increases. The main objective of the ecological survey is aimed to assess the existing flora and faunal elements in the study area.

An ecological survey of the study area was conducted particularly with reference to the listing of species and assessment of the existing baseline ecological (Terrestrial and Aquatic ecosystem) conditions in the study area. Considering the rich bio-diversity of organisms and their role in productivity and their importance in human livelihood, it is vital to protect and safeguard these dynamic ecosystems.

3.8.2 Objectives of Ecological Studies

The present study was undertaken with the following objectives:

 To assess the nature and distribution of vegetation in and around the project site;  To assess the distribution of animal life spectra;  To understand the productivity of the water bodies;  To assess the biodiversity and to understand the resource potential; and  To ascertain migratory routes of fauna and possibility of breeding grounds.

3.8.3 Methodology Adopted for the Survey

To achieve the above objectives a detailed study of the area was undertaken in 10- km radius area with the proposed project site as its center. The different methods adopted were as follows:

 Compilation of secondary data with respect to the study area from published literature and Government agencies;  Generation of primary data by undertaking systematic ecological studies in the area;  Discussion with local people so as to elicit information about local plants and animals.

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The present report gives the review of published secondary data and the results of field sampling conducted during post-monsoon season in the month of October 2015.

3.8.4 Verification of the field data with the support of the secondary published Sources

Arunachal Pradesh, bio-geographically situated in the Eastern Himalayan province, is the richest biogeographical province of the Himalayan zone. The entire territory forms a complex hill system with varying elevations ranging from low lying areas of the foot-hill and gradually ascending to over 6500 m, traversed throughout by a number of rivers and rivulets.

Itanagar is situated at the foothills. The hills are not of very high elevation, Holongi falls under tropical forest comprising of hill tops, river banks, earth- cutting hillslopes. The altitudinal variation ranging from 170 m to 800 m and varied climatic conditions have bestowed this area with interesting forest types namely:-

1. Tropical Evergreen Forests; 2. Tropical Mixed Evergreen Forests; and 3. Secondary Forests.

Tropical Evergreen Forests

The dominant trees forming upper canopy of primary forest include:- Terminalia myriocarapa, Dalbergia assamica, Altangia excelsa, Castonopsis grifithii, Quercus lanceolata, Quercus lappacea, Alangium chinensis, Diospyros toposa. The middle layer is represented by Talauma hodgsonii, Callicarpa arborea and Croton joufra etc. The third layer comprising of small trees and shrubs include: Grewia multiflora, Rubus insingi, Travesia palmata, Boehmeria glomerulifera, Livistona etc. The ground layer consists of herbs chiefly Blumea balsamifera, Chloranthus officinalis, Floscopa scandens, Calamus leptopadix, Angiopteris evecta etc. Lofty trees are observed with epiphytic orchids comprising Liparis longipes, Dendrobrium sp., Dendrobium Catchcartii and Eria paniculata etc.

Tropical Mixed Evergreen Forests

It extends from the foothills up to height of 600 m comprising mainly Stereospermum suaveolens, Bombax ceiba and Schima wallichii etc.

Secondary Forests

The important plants comprise of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii intermixed with Musa sp., forming secondary forests and it extends upto 500 metres. Besides, Buddleja asiatica, Pteris enciformis, Cyathea spinulosa, Obsekia nutans, Socparia dulcis, Urena lobata etc are common components of these forests.

Arunachal Pradesh, unlike Sikkim in the Eastern Himalaya, has remained relatively biologically unexplored possibly due to tough and inaccessible terrain relatively biologically unexplored due to tough and inaccessible terrain as well its

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long geo-political history. H. Wilcox, a botanist, for the first time explored the Mishmi Hills in 1826 and subsequently, Griffith in 1836 undertook the floristics survey in this region and in “Flora of Mishmi Hills”, he enumerated 900 species of flowering plants and 22 species of ferns and fern allies. With the advent of 20th Century, plant explorations in this region gained momentum which resulted in the publication of some important floristic accounts such as “On the Botany of Abor Expedition” by Burkill (1924-25); “Botanical Expedition in theMishmi Hills” by Kingdon-Ward (1929-1931); “Lohit Valley” by Kingdon Ward (1953) and “A sketch of the vegetation of Aka Hills” based on the collections of Bor (1931-1934) who enumerated 1,549 species of flowering plants, 9 species of gymnosperms and 58 species of ferns and fern allies. With the establishment of the Eastern Circle of Botanical Survey of India at Shillong, various parts of Arunachal Pradesh, viz. Kameng, Subansiri, Siang, Lohit, Tirap, etc. were surveyed for its vegetational wealth, of which Rao and Panigrahi (1961); Deb (1961); Rao (1974); Sahni (1981), Chowdhery (1996) have made important contributions.

The study area also comprises of Reserve forests of Assam, such as Gohpur Reserve forest in Sonitpur district and Drupong Reserve Forest hills in Paum Pare district, Arunachal Pradesh.

2B/ C1a Assam Alluvial Plains Semi-Evergreen Forests

This is an evergreen, closed high forest community with varying proportions of deciduous trees in top storey. Middle storey is dense evergreen with luxuriant growth of canes and shrubs in the understory. These forests are seen in the heavy rainfall tract of Lesser Himalaya and soil is usually light and alluvial.

Important associates of the top storey include Terminalia myriocarpa, Ailanthus integrifolia, Canarium strictum, Castanopsis indica, Dillenia indica, Dysoxylumprocerum, Garuga gamblei, Michelia champaca, Phoebe cooperiana, Pterospermum acerifolium and Syzgium cumin. Second storey is represented by trees like Albizia lucida, Cinnamomum pauciflorum, Dalbergia sissoo, Gynocardia odorata, Magnolia hodgsonii, Meliosma simplifolia etc.

Understorey is represented by trees by bamboos, canes and many woody shrubs and climbers. This type of forest is found in downstream of Lai River. Epiphytes are represented by a few ferns, orchids and lianas that grow on the large tree trunks. Shrubs in these forests are represented by Boehmaria macrophylla, Calamus leptospadix., Dracaena angustifolia, Oxyspora paniculata, Maotia puya, Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus, Micromelum integerimum, Difflugossa colorata etc.

The forest floor, wherever disturbed is covered with herbs and tall grasses like Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens bipinnata, Eriphorum comosum, Commelina benghalensis, Imperata cylindrical, Pogonatherum paniceum, Saccharum longisetosus and Saccharum spontaneum. Deciduous trees, while the second storey is dense mixed and consists of both evergreen and deciduous tree species. The top canopy comprises Ailanthus integrifolia, Albizia lucida, Bischofia javanica, Duabanga grandiflora, Garuga gamblei, Phoebe hainesiana, Artocarpus lakoocha, Spondias pinnata and Terminalia myriocarpa.

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The second storey is represented by Callicarpa arborea, Glochidion lanceolarium, Gynocardia odorata, Macranga denticualta, Mallotus roxburghii, Ficus elmerii, Endospermum chinensis, etc. The understory of these forests is represented by bamboos, canes, palms and shrubs. Shrubby species include Bambusa pallida, Boehmeria macrophylla, Calamus floribundus, Clerodendrum bracteatum, Costus speciosus, Boerhmeria hamiltonii, Micromelum integerrimum, Oxyspora paniculata and Pinanga gracilis. Caryota urens, a tall palm, makes noticeable presence along with Areca catechu palms.

Climbers are represented by Pegia nitida, Cayratia pedata, Dioscorea pentaphylla, Entada purseathea, Pothosscandens, Radhiphora lancifolia. Stephania hernandifolia, Thunbergia grandiflora, etc. Some common epiphytes present here are species of Dendrobium, Pholidota, Eria, Asplenium, Hoya, Lepisorus and Microsorium. The forest floors which are distributed at many places show gaps and are covered with herbs and grasses like Polygonum chinensis, Ageratum conyzoides, Alpinia alughas, Bidens bipinnata, Commelina benghalensis, Cyrtococcum accrescens, Digitaria ciliaris, Oplismenus compositus, Saccarum longisetosus, Saccharum spontaneum and Thysanolaena maxima.

Secondary Moist Bamboo Brakes

These scattered bamboo brake occur in areas which are abandoned and cleared for agriculture. Bambusa pallida, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii and Schizostachyum sp., are some of the common species which form large populations. Some tree species that grow are Bombax ceiba, Macranga denticulate, Sterculia villosa, Stereospermum colais, Spondias pinnata, etc., and are found growing along the edges of denuded bamboo forests.

3.8.5 Details of Forest Land in Study Area (10 km Radius)

In the 10 km study area, two reserve forests, Drupong Hills Reserve Forest is situated at 0.5 km from the proposed airport area, and vast expanse of Gohpur Reserve Forest is situated at 2.8 km, in the State of Assam. Forests along with distance is given in Table-3.8.1.

TABLE-3.8.1 RESERVE FORESTS IN THE STUDY AREA

Code Name of the Area Distance From Distance From Project Site Project Site (km) (km) 1 Drupong Reserve Forest Hills 0.5 N 2 Gohpur Reserve Forest 2.8 S

3.8.6 Terrestrial Ecological Locations

A preliminary survey was made and five locations were selected for detailed study within 10 km radius of the proposed airport. The selected locations are given in Table-3.8.2. Map showing the ecological locations is shown in Figure-3.8.1.

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FIGURE-3.8.1 MAP OF ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS

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TABLE-3.8.2 DETAILS OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Code Name of the Area Distance Direction From Project Site (km) TE-1 Holongi Airport site at Holongi village - - TE-2 Near Holongi Airport site 0.3 WSW TE-3 Kokila village 1.3 ENE TE-4 Chakma Block 9 3.5 NE TE-5 Gor Basti 8.6 SSW

1. Observing mammals, amphibians and reptiles, noting their calls, droppings, burrows, pugmarks and other signs; 2. Enumeration of the plants in the study area. 3. Enumeration of the Phyto and Zoo plantkton in the study area.

3.8.7 Primary Survey of the Core Zone

The list of the flora and fauna in the Core Zone is given in Table-3.8.3 and Table- 3.8.4 respectively. The list of flora and fauna in the buffer zone is given in Table- 3.8.5 and Table-3.8.6 respectively.

TABLE-3.8.3 LIST OF FLORA RECORDED IN THE CORE AREA

Sr. No Scientific Name Common Name Family Trees 1 Tectona grandis Segwan/Teak Verbenaceae 2 Morus alba White Mulberry Moraceae Shrubs 3 Adathoda vasica Vasaka Acanthaceae 4 Datura metel Solanaceae 5 Andrographis paniculata Kalmeg 6 Achyranthes aspera Prickly Chaff-flower Amaranthaceae Herbs & Climbers and Grasses 7 Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi/ Giloe Menispermaceae 8 Bambusa hamiltonii Poaceae 9 Oryza sativa Indica Paddy Poaceae 10 Catharanthus roseus Perwinkle Apocynaceae

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TABLE-3.8.4 LIST OF FAUNA RECORDED IN THE CORE AREA

Sr. Scientific Name Common Name Conservation status No as per Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Aves 1 Gallus gallus Red Jungle Fowl Sch-IV 2 Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle Crow Sch-IV 3 Tyto alba Barn Owl Sch-IV 4 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Sch-IV 5 Bubo nipalensis Forest Eagle Owl Sch-IV 6 Merops orientalis Small Bee Eater Sch-IV 7 Upupa epops Common Hoopoe Sch-IV 8 Collacalia brevirostris Himalayan Swiftlet Sch-IV 9 Coracias benghalensis Indian Roller Sch-IV 10 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron Sch-IV Mammals 1 Sus scrofa Wild Boar Sch-III 2 Macaca assamensis Assamese Macaque Sch-IV 3 Vandeleuria oleracea Long Tailed Tree Mouse Sch-IV 4 Bos frontalis Mithun Domesticated /Wild of ethnic importance 5 Pterocarpus giganteus Fruit bat Sch-V Amphibians 1 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian Bull Frog Sch-IV 2 Duttaphrynus Melanosticus Common Indian Toad Sch-IV Insects 1 Apis indica Honey Bee - 2 Rantatra spp Bag Worm - 3 Pantala flavescens Dragon Fly - 4 Anax guttatus Blue Tailed Green Darner- - (Dragon fly) 5 Euploea core Common Crow -Butterfly

TABLE 3.8.5 LIST OF FLORA RECORDED IN THE BUFFER ZONE AREA

Sr. No Scientific Common Family Trees 1 Azadirachta indica Neem Meliaceae 2 Tetrameles nudiflora Bhelu Combretaceae 3 Dipterocarpus retusus Hollong Dipterocarpaceae 4 Altingia excels Jutuli Hamamelidaceae 5 Areca catechu Areca Palm Arecaceae 6 Ailanthus excelsa Mahanimb Simaroubaceae 7 Albizzia lebbeck Indian Siris Fabaceae 8 Zizyphus maruritiana Jujube/ Ber Rhamnaceae 9 Cassia siamea Siamese Tree Senna Caesalpinaceae 10 Butea monosperma Flame of Forest/Palas Fabaceae 11 Populus deltoides Popular Salicaceae 12 Melia azadirach Persian Lilac Meliaceae 13 Grevellia robusta Silver Oak Proteaceae 14 Phoenix acualis Dwarf Khajur Areaceae/Palmaceae 15 Tectona grandis Teak Verbenaceae 16 Shorea assamica Mekai Dipterocarpaceae 17 Morus laevigata Bola Moraceae

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Sr. No Scientific Common Family 18 Morus alba White Mulberry Moraceae 19 Michelia champaca Titasopa/ Champ Magnoliaceae 20 Mesua ferrea Nagakesar/Nahar Guttiferae/Clusiaceae 21 Terminalia myriocarpa Hollock Combretaceae 22 Anthocephalus chinensis Kadam Rubiaceae 23 Canarium strictum Dhuna Burseraceae 24 Artocarpus lakoocha Monkey Jack Moraceae Fruit/Lakoocha 25 Terminalia citrina Hillika Combretaceae 26 Elaeocarpus sphaericus Rudraksha Elaeocarpaceae 27 Elaeocarpus rugosus Rudraksha sp Elaeocarpaceae 28 Kayea floribunda Juniper Kayea Clusiaceae 29 Cinnamomum tamala Tejapat/ Indian Bay Leaf Lauraceae 30 Cinnammomum zeylanicum Cinnamon Lauraceae Shrubs 31 Calotropis gigantea Milk weed Asclepiadaceae 32 Camelia chinensis 33 Datura metel Black-currant Solanaceae Swirl/Datura 34 Lantana camara Common Lantana Verbenaceae 35 Asclepias curassavica Blood Flower Asclepiadaceae 36 Abelemoschus manihot Wild ladies finger Malvaceae 37 Ipomea pes- caprae Railway weed Convolvulaceae

Herbs & Climbers and Grasses 38 Abrus precatorius Crab eyed Creeper, Ratti Fabaceae seeds 39 Bothriochloa pertusa Indian Couch grass Poaceae 40 Cardiospermum Ballon Vine Sapindaceae halicacabum 41 Chloris barbata Swollen Finger grass Poaceae 42 Cymbopogon martini Palmrosa Poaceae 43 Cyperus rotundus Common Nut sedge Cyperaceae 44 Dactyloctenium aegyptium Egyptian-Crowfoot grass Poaceae 45 Argemone Mexicana Mexican Poppy Papaveraceae 46 Croton bonplandianum Ban Tulsi Euphorbiaceae 47 Cleome gynandra Wild Spider Flower Capparidaceae 48 Aerva lanata Mount knot grass Amaranthaceae 49 Typha angustifolia Cattail grass Typhaceae 50 Cissus quadrangularis Hathjod Vitaceae 51 Cynodon dactylon Nut Grass Poaceae 52 Achyranthes aspera Prickly Chaff flower Amaranthaceae 53 Dendrocalamus strictus Bans Poaceae 54 Tridax procumbens Mexican Daisy Asteraceae 55 Alternanthera sessilis Sessile Joyweed Amaranthaceae 56 Mirabilis jalapa Four-O-Clock Plant Nyctaginaceae 57 Tribulus terrestris Puncture Vine Zygophyllaceae 58 Pistia stratiotes Jalkumbhi Araceae 59 Optunia stricta Erect Prickly Pear Cactaceae 60 Ocimum americanum Hoary Basil Lamiaceae 61 Sacchararum spontaneum Kans grass Poaceae 62 Nelumbo nucifera Sacred Lotus Nymphaceae 63 Xanthium strumarium Rough Cocklebur Asteraceae

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Sr. No Scientific Common Family 64 Pennisetum purpureum Napier Grass Poaceae 65 Bambusa tulda Bengal Bamboo Poaceae 66 Bambusa hamiltonii Tama bans/ Khosre Poaceae Bans/Giant Bamboo 67 Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Hamilton’s Bamboo Poaceae 68 Dendrocalamus strictus Calcutta Bamboo Poaceae 69 Typha elephantina Elephant Grass Typhaceae 70 Thysanolaena maxima Nepalese Broom Grass Poaceae 71 Anthospermum hispidum Bristly Starbur Asteraceae

TABLE 3.8.6 FAUNA LISTED IN THE BUFFER ZONE

Sr. Scientific Name Common Name Conservation status No. as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 Aves 1 Adreola grayii Pond Heron Sch-IV 2 Adreola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron Sch-IV 2 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Sch-IV 3 Columbia livia Rock Pigeon Sch-V 6 Camerodius albus Large Egret Sch-IV 7 Francolinus pondicerianus Grey Francolin Sch-IV 8 Vanellus indicus Red- Wattled Lapwing Sch-IV 9 Himantopus himantopus Black Winged Stilts Sch-IV 10 Cursorius coromandelicus Indian Courser Sch-IV 11 Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole Sch-IV 12 Streptopelia tranquebarica Red Collared Dove Sch-IV 13 Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed Parakeet Sch-IV 14 Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal Sch-IV 15 Tyto alba Barn Owl Sch-IV 16 Apus affinis House Swift 17 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher Sch-IV 18 Merops orientalis Green Bee-eater Sch-IV 19 Lanius schach erythronotus Long-tailed Shrike Sch-IV 20 Dicrurus macrocerus Black Drongo Sch-IV 21 Sturnus contra Asian Pied Starling Sch-IV 22 Acridotheres tristis Common Myna Sch-IV 23 Corvus splendens House Crow Sch-V 24 Corvus macrorhynchos Jungle Crow Sch-IV 25 Aegithinia tiphia Common Iora Sch-IV 26 Pyconotus cafer Red –Vented Bulbul Sch-IV 27 Prinia socialis Ashy Prinia Sch-IV 28 Anthus rufulus Paddy Field Pitpit Sch-IV 29 Motacilla maderaspatensis Large Pied Wagtail Sch-IV 30 Nectarina asiatica Purple Sunbird Sch-IV 31 Grus antigone Sarus Crane Sch-IV 32 Milvus migrans Black Kite Sch-I 33 Circus aeruginosus Marsh Harrier Sch-I 34 Fulica atra Common Coot Sch-IV 35 Anser Indus Bareheaded Goose Sch-IV 36 Mycteria leucocephala Painted Stork Sch-IV 37 Dendrocyngna javanica Lesser Whistling Teal Sch-IV 38 Anas querquedula Garganey Duck Sch-IV 39 Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver Sch-IV 40 Lonchura punctulata Spotted Munia Sch-IV 41 Threskiornis melanocephalus Black Headed Ibis Sch-IV 42 Anastomus oscitans Asian-Open-billed Stork Sch-IV

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Sr. Scientific Name Common Name Conservation status No. as per Wildlife Protection Act,1972 43 Chaetornis striata Bristled Grass bird Sch-IV 44 Upupa epops Hoopoe Sch-IV 45 Anhinga melanogaster Indian Darter Sch-IV 46 Microcarbo niger Little Cormorant Sch-IV 47 Gallinula chloropus Common Moorehen Sch-IV 48 Leptocoma zeylanica Purple-Rumped Sunbird Sch-IV 49 Pavo cristatus Peafowl Sch-I 50 Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe Sch-IV 51 Buceros bicornis Great Indian Hornbill Sch-I 52 Anthracoceros albirostris Oriental Pied Hornbill Sch-I 53 Dicrurus paradiseus Large Racket Tailed Drongo Sch-IV 54 Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed Drongo Sch-IV 55 Phodilus badius Bay Owl Sch-IV 56 Gyps himalayensis Himalayan Griffon Vulture Sch-I Mammals 1 Herpestes edwardsi Common Mongoose Sch-II 2 Funambulus pennanti Five Striped Palm Squirrel Sch-V 3 Lepus nigricollis Black –napped Hare Sch-IV 4 Canis aureus Golden Jackal Sch-II 5 Vulpes benghalensis Indian Fox Sch-II 5 Boselaphus tragocamelus Nilgai Sch-III 6 Muntiacus muntjak Barking Deer Sch-III 7 Tamiops macclellandi Himalayan Striped Squirrel Sch-II 8 Macaca assamensis Assamese Macaque Sch-II 9 Macaca mulatta Rhesus Macaque Sch-II 10 Semnopitheous entellus Common Langur Sch-II 11 Bos frontalis Mithun Domesticated/Wild 12 Elephas maximus Indian Elephant Sch-I 13 Vivericula indica Small Indian Civet Cat Sch-IV 14 Soccalus griffittii Common Shrew Sch-V 15 Rousettus leschenaulti Fulvous or Leshchanault’s Bat Sch-V 16 Rhinolophus luctus Horseshoe bat Sch-V 17 Cynopterus angulatus Eastern fruit bat Sch-V 18 Megaerops ecaudatus Tailless Fruit bat Sch-V 19 Macroglossus minumus Long tongued fruit bat Sch-V Amphibians 1 Bufo stomaticus Marbled Toad Sch-IV 2 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus Indian Bull Frog Sch-IV 3 Duttaphrynus Melanosticus Common Indian Toad Sch-IV Insects 1 Diapheromera blatchleyi Walking stick - 2 Apis indica Honey Bee - 3 Rantatra spp Bag Worm - 4 Pantala flavescens Dragon Fly - 5 Anax guttatus Blue Tailed Green Darner- - (Dragon fly) 6 Euploea core Common Crow -Butterfly - 7 Precis almana Peacock Pansy- Butterfly - 8 Paplio demoleus Lime Butterfly - Reptiles 1 Sitana ponticeriana Fan-throated Lizard Sch-IV 2 Calotes versicolor Oriental Garden Lizard Sch-IV 3 Eryx johnii Indian Sand Boa Sch-IV 4 Pytas mucosa Indian Rat Snake Sch-II 5 Naja naja Cobra Sch-II 6 Eutropis carinata Common Skink Sch-IV

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3.8.8 Important Bird Areas in the Study Area

As per the Envis Newsletter: Avian Ecology & Inland Wetlands, Vol.6.No.2.2001, ISSN 0972-1037, there is no presence of Important Areas within the 10 km study area.

3.8.8.1 Presence of the Ramsar Lakes in the Study Area

There is no presence of the Ramsar Lakes of wetland importance in the 10 km study area.

3.8.9 Aquatic Ecosystems

Protecting the environment and making efficient use of natural resources are two of the most pressing demands in the present stage of social development. The task of preserving the purity of the atmosphere and water basins is of both national and global significance since there are no boundaries to the propagation of anthropogenic contaminants in the water. An essential pre requisite for the successful solution to these problems is to evaluate ecological impacts from the baseline information and undertake effective management plan. So the objective of aquatic ecological study may be outlined as follows:

 To characterize water bodies like fresh waters;  To understand their present biological status;  To characterize water bodies with the help of biota;  To understand the impact of proposed project; and  To suggest recommendations to counter adverse impacts, if any on the ecosystem.

To meet these objectives following methods were followed:

 Generating data by actual field sampling and analysis in these areas through field visits during study period;  Discussion with local people to get the information for aquatic plants and aquatic animals; and  Visit to local fishermen societies to study fish catch.

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Beetle Nut Palms Tea Plantation Near Kokila Village

Mithun with Calf

Lichen Species

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To fulfill these objectives and to understand the present status of aquatic ecosystem, samples were collected from different fresh water systems.

In order to get a clear picture and to assess the various parameters of water, two sampling locations were identified for sampling. Samples were collected during the post monsoon season. The sampling locations are presented in Table-3.8.7.

TABLE-3.8.7 DETAILS OF AQUATIC SAMPLING LOCATIONS

Sr. Name of the sampling Location Distance from Direction No. the Project Site AE1 Letekujan 5.7 ENE AE2 Near Holongi Airport Site 0.6 SW

3.8.9.1 Methodology Adopted for Aquatic Studies

Aquatic ecosystem close to the project area under investigation was considered for a detailed study. Water samples were considered for their physico-chemical characteristics. Plankton, aquatic plants, fish fauna of water bodies, and their associated fauna were collected, identified and estimated. The following methodology has been adopted for sampling

3.8.9.2 Biological Parameters

Phytoplankton

Cell Count

Sedgiwck-Rafter cell was used for the cell count.

Abundance of Phytoplankton

Abundance was measured by counting the average number of plankton in the cell.

Biomass

Phytoplankton biomass measured by cellular measurements. Population density was measured by determining the abundance of plankton in a unit volume of water.

Zooplankton

Zooplanktons were identified using standard keys.

Cell Count

Sedgwick-Rafter cell was used for the cell count.

Abundance of Zooplankton

Abundance was measured by counting the average number of zooplankton in the Sedwick - Rafter cell.

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Phytoplankton

About 11 species of Phyto-plankton were recorded at the both aquatic locations and are listed in the Table-3.8.8.

Zooplankton

About four species of Zooplanktons were observed near Letekujan and near Holongi Airport site area. TABLE-3.8.8 LIST OF OBSERVED PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON

Sr. No. Phytoplankton Zooplankton 1 Navicula Sp Difflugia Sp 2 Pinnularia Sp Keratella Sp 3 Gomphonema Sp Polyarthra Sp 4 Melosira Sp Testudinella Sp 5 Cmbella Sp 6 Tabellaria Sp 7 Surrirella Sp 8 Atthiya Sp 9 Fragillaria Sp 10 Amphora Sp 11 Scenedesmus Sp

3.8.9.3 Aquatic Weed Biology & Macrophytes

There is a limited weed growth in pond near airport site. Macrophytes are found along the lentic zones of the water bodies, consisting of Hydrilla sp, Verticellata sp, could be observed in pond near Village, Kokila River stream such as Saccharum Sp, Eichornia crassipes, and floating herbs like Ottelia, Nymphaea, Jussiaea are being observed in the riparian streams of the study area, along with Typha elephantina.

3.8.9.4 Fishes

Fishes were recorded in the Kokila river and adjoining rivulets listed in the Table- 3.8.9. TABLE-3.8.9 FISHES OF THE STUDY AREA

Sr. No Scientific Name 1 Schizothorax progastus 2 Glyptothorax Pectinopterus 3 Crossocheilus latius latius 4 Barilius bendelisis 5 Barilius barna 6 Aborichthys kempi 7 Amblyceps arunachalensis 8 Amblyceps apangi 9 Bhavania arunachalensis 10 Sisor rhabdophorus

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Sr. No Scientific Name 11 Euchiloglanis kamengensis 12 Olyra longicaudata

From the Secondary data by the Ichtyofaunal (Fish) records published in Arunachal Pradesh. (Jayram, 1963, Jayram, and Mazumdar, 1964; Srivastava, 1966; Sen, 2006, Nath and Dey 2000) in Arunachal Pradesh during their study.

3.8.10. Conclusion

The study comprises of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam border area within the Holongi 10 km study area.

3.9 Demography and Socio-Economics

The demographic and socio- economic conditions prevailing in the 10 km radius of the proposed airport project area is analyzed. The socio-economic data forms the basis for developing a suitable enterprise social responsibility plan to address the needs of the population.

The project proponent is committed to take up the socio-economic development initiatives not only to minimize the negative impact on the population and also improve the socio-economic status of population living in 10 km radius of the site as its sustained effort as part of enterprise social responsibility.

3.9.1 Methodology Adopted for the Study The methodology adopted for the study mainly includes review of published secondary data (District Census Statistical Handbooks- 2011 and Primary Census Abstract of Census-2011) with respect to population, density, household size, sex ratio, social stratification, literacy rate and occupational structure for 10 km radius study area.

3.9.2 Review of Demographic and Socio-Economic Profile-2011

The village wise demographic data of Gohpur Census town (CT) and 199 villages falling within 10 km radius of the project site as per the 2011 census is given in Annexure-X. The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic conditions are analyzed and described in the following sections.

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3.9.3 Demography

Distribution of Population

As per 2011 census the study area consisted of 94,736 persons inhabited in study area. The distribution of population in the study area is shown in Table-3.9.1.

TABLE-3.9.1 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION

Particulars 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km No. of Households 1,582 6,680 10,995 19,257 Male Population 4,024 16,891 27,040 47,955 Female Population 3,933 16,586 26,262 46,781 Total Population 7,957 33,477 53,302 94,736 Male Population (0-6 years) 537 2,338 3,614 6,489 Female Population (0-6 years) 530 2347 3485 6362 Total Population (0-6 years) 1,067 4,685 7,099 12,851 % of 0-6 years population 13.41 13.99 13.32 13.57 Average Household Size 5.03 5.01 4.85 4.92 % of males to the total population 50.57 50.46 50.73 50.62 % of females to the total population 49.43 49.54 49.27 49.38 Sex Ratio (no of females per 1000 males) 977 982 971 976 Density 1,044 513 405 464 Source: District Census Hand Book –2011  Average Household Size

The study area has a household size of 4.92 as per 2011 census.

Population Density

The density of population reveals that the study area has an overall density of 464 people per km2 (People per km2) as per 2011 census reports.

Sex Ratio

The configuration of male and female indicates that the males constitute to about 50.62% and females to 49.38% of the total population as per 2011 census records. The study area on an average has 976 females per 1,000 males as per 2011 census reports. The sex ratio in the study area indirectly reveals certain sociological and cultural aspects in relation with female births.

3.9.4 Social Structure In the study area, as per 2011 census, 5.18% of the population belongs to (SC) Scheduled Castes and 33.39% belongs to (ST) Scheduled Tribes. Overall the data of social stratification reveals that the SC and ST % to population is more than 38%.The SC and ST communities are marginalized and they are at considered at low level of social strata and calls for a special attention in Social Impact Management Plan for improving their socio-economic status apart from preservation and protection of their art, culture and traditional rights of livelihood. The distribution of population by social structure is shown in Table-3.9.2.

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TABLE-3.9.2 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Particulars 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km Schedule caste 526 1154 3229 4909 % To the total population 6.61 3.45 6.06 5.18 Schedule Tribes 5006 12118 14507 31631 % To the total population 62.91 36.20 27.22 33.39 Total SC and ST population 5532 13272 17736 36540 % To total population 69.52 39.65 33.27 38.57 Total population 7957 33477 53302 94736 Source: District Census Hand Book –2011 3.9.5 Literacy Levels The data of study area reveals that literacy rate of 73.05% as per 2011 census, which is found to be more than Arunachal Pradesh and Assam states rate of literacy (Arunachal Pradesh 65.4%, Assam 72.2%). The distribution of literate and literacy rate in the study area is given in Table-3.9.3.

TABLE-3.9.3 DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATE AND LITERACY RATES

Particulars 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km Male Population 4,024 16,891 27,040 47,955 Female Population 3,933 16,586 26,262 46,781 Total Population 7,957 33,477 53,302 94,736 Male Population (0-6 years) 537 2338 3614 6489 Female Population (0-6 years) 530 2347 3485 6362 Total Population (0-6 years) 1,067 4,685 7,099 12,851 Total Population above 7 years 6,890 28,792 46,203 81,885 Male literates (7+ years) 2,831 11,504 18,956 33,291 Female literates (7+ Years) 2,183 8,918 15,422 26,523 Total literates (7+ Years) 5,014 20,422 34,378 59,814 Male literacy rate (%) to the total literates 56.46 56.33 55.14 55.66 Female literacy rate (%) to the total literates 43.54 43.67 44.86 44.34 Average Male Literacy to the total population (%) 41.09 39.96 41.03 40.66 Average female Literacy to the total population (%) 31.68 30.97 33.38 32.39 Total Literacy rate (%) to the total population 72.77 70.93 74.41 73.05 Source: District Census Hand Book –2011 The percentage of male literates to the total literates of the study area works out to be 55.66%. The percentage of female literates to the total literates, which is an important indicator for social change, is observed to be 44.34% in the study area as per 2011 census records.

3.9.6 Occupational Structure

The occupational structure of residents of work participation rate in the study area is studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non- workers. The main workers include 10 categories of workers defined by the

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Census Department consisting of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in live-stock, forestry, fishing, mining and quarrying; manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and other than household industry, construction, trade and commerce, transport and communication and other services.

The marginal workers are those workers engaged in some work for a period of less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, beggars, vagrants etc.; institutional inmates or all other non-workers who do not fall under the above categories.

Total work participation rate in the project study areas is 44.83% and the non- workers constitute 55.17% of the total population respectively.

In comparison with study area work participation rate is more than the Arunachal Pradesh and Assam states (Assam 38.4%, Arunachal Pradesh 42.5%) The distribution of workers by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population.

The main workers to the total workers are 61.36% and the marginal workers constitute to 38.64% to the total workers. The occupational structure of the study area is shown in Table-3.9.4.

TABLE-3.9.4 OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE

Particulars 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km Total Population 7,957 33,477 53,302 94,736 Total workers 3,799 14,948 23,724 42,471 Work participation rate (%) 47.74 44.65 44.51 44.83 Total main workers 1,967 9,220 14,872 26,059 % of main workers to total 51.78 61.68 62.69 61.36 workers Marginal workers 1,832 5,728 8,852 16,412 % of marginal workers to total 48.22 38.32 37.31 38.64 workers Non-workers 4,158 18,529 29,578 52,265 % of non-workers to total 52.26 55.35 55.49 55.17 population Source: District Census Hand Book-2011 3.9.7 Drinking Water Facility in the Study Area

In the study area, about 2.03% population of villages are dependent on tap water from un-treated source and 4.23% population of villages are dependent on tap water from treated source. 38.47% of villages are using hand pumps water, 1.81% of villages are using covered well water, 34.42% of villages are using un- covered well water, 7.16% of villages are using tube well/ borehole water, 6.35% villages are using River canal water and 1.53% of villages are dependent in other sources. The list of water sources are given in Table-3.9.5.

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TABLE-3.9.5 DRINKING WATER FACILITY OF THE STUDY AREA

Average Main Source of Drinking Water 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km Tap water from treated source 0.92 4.59 4.84 4.23 Tap water from un-treated source 0.82 1.19 3.02 2.03 Covered well 1.32 2.86 1.13 1.81 Un-covered well 31.62 37.90 32.47 34.42 Hand pump 47.13 24.61 46.89 38.47 Tube well/Borehole 8.22 9.55 5.03 7.16 Spring 0.00 0.67 0.42 0.46 River/Canal 5.40 10.88 3.09 6.35 Tank/Pond/Lake 2.83 4.89 2.69 3.54 Other sources 1.75 2.88 0.42 1.53

3.9.8 Lighting Facility in the Study Area

About 78.49% of the study area villages are dependent on kerosene andonly 17.90 % of the study area is having electricity, 3.29% of the study area is dependent on solar energy, and 0.27% of the study area have no lighting sources.

TABLE-3.9.6 LIGHTING FACILITY OF THE STUDY AREA

Main Source of lighting 0-3 km 3-7 km 7-10 km 0-10 km Electricity 2.76 19.92 20.40 17.90 Kerosene 88.54 77.30 76.72 78.49 Solar energy 8.58 2.15 2.75 3.29 Other oil 0.12 0.00 0.04 0.03 Any other 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.01 No lighting 0.00 0.64 0.07 0.27

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4.0 ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts from the proposed project in the 10 km radius study area. The proposed project would create impact on the environment in two distinct phases:

 During the construction phase which may be regarded as temporary or short term; and

 During the operation phase which would have long term effects.

The construction and functional phases of the proposed project comprises of various activities, each of which will have some impact on one or more environmental parameters. Various impacts during the functional phase of the project have been studied to estimate the impact on the environment and are discussed briefly in the subsequent sections.

4.2 Identification of Environmental Impacts

The environmental impacts associated with the proposed project on various environmental components such as air, water, noise, soil, flora, fauna, land, socioeconomic, etc. has been identified using Impact Identification Matrix and is shown in Table-4.1.

TABLE-4.1 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX

Activities Physical Biological Socio-Economics

ure

Flora

Noise

Water

Fauna

Levels

Quality

Land use Land

Livelihood

Air QualityAir

Infrastruct

Occupation Construction Phase Earthwork X X - X X X X - Civil works X X X X X X X X Traffic - X - X - X - X Wastewater generation - - X - X X - X Solid waste generation X X X - - - - X Operation Phase Aircrafts Movement - X - X - X - - Ground service - X - X - - - - equipment movement Wastewater generation - - X - - - - - Solid waste generation X ------Traffic movement - X - X - X - X

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4.3 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Construction Phase

This includes the activities related to leveling of site, construction of new terminal building, runway & auxiliary buildings and other allied activities.

4.3.1 Impact on Land Use and Topography

The proposed site is almost flat cultivable land. The site is inhabitated by a few Kachha hut settlement. It was informed that the Chakma refugees have been settled in this area and these huts belong to them. The other version was that this land forms the part of Drupong Reserved Forests, part of which (under consideration for the Airport) has been notified for the settlement of Chakma refugees. However, the land required for the airport, needs acquisition by the State Govt. as per the existing provisions.

The level of Holongi site is below the NH-52A level by 2 to 3 m and will require earthfilling. Approach path of proposed runway is clear of obstacles except the HT lines. In the northern side, there is a chain of hills which may form obstacles in the transition surface and need to be addressed. The HT power lines, observed in the approach path of the proposed runway, will need shifting.

Two rivers namely, Kokila and Holongi are passing in the eastern side and SW side of the proposed airport site boundary respectively. Probable HFL of the two rivers for annual return period is given in Table-4.2. The airport runway level has been planned 1.5 m – 2.0 m above the HFL of both rivers. Since, the rivers are on the extreme ends of the proposed runway, necessary river training work shall be done ensuring no/least obstruction to the natural course of the river. Further, there is a nallah locally named as Telephone nallah passing through the airport site in the western side. This will be suitably diverted or trained as required.

TABLE-4.2 PROBABLE HFL OF THE RIVERS

Sr. Name of Average HFL (m) Probable HFL for Annual Return No the River Period (m) 25 Years 50 Years 100 Years 1 Holongi 101.99 (RL 100) 102.40 102.51 102.62 2 Kokila 102.20 (RL 101.5) 102.30 102.38 102.45 Source: DPR

Based on the existing topography, for the construction of airport and other associated facilities, earthwork cut and fill are required which will be estimated during detailed engineering stage. Map showing the contour levels along with drainage pattern is shown in Figure-4.1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

FIGURE-4.1 CONTOUR MAP

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Mitigation Measures

 Construction activities shall be restricted to non-monsoon season to avoid soil erosion;  Ensuring the top soil stock pile is not contaminated with any type of spills;  Ensuring any material resulting from clearing and grading should not be deposited on approach roads, streams or ditches, which may hinder the passage and/or natural water drainage.  After final site grading is complete, ensuring that the excess excavated material is not dumped indiscriminately but used for filling low lying areas; and  Developing project specific waste management plan and hazardous material handling plan.

4.3.2 Drainage

Topographical survey has been carried out for the entire project area, accordingly catchment area has been determined for different stretches of the area.

An open drain is proposed to be constructed to take the discharge from the hill side along the entire length of the area. Drains have been proposed on both sides of the road towards the northern side of the site. The discharge from the hill side has been proposed to be collected in these two drains which run along the entire length of the site. These drains have been further channelized in such a way that it is connected to Holongi stream on the western side and Kokila stream on the eastern side. This channelization will be done based on detailed slope analysis of the site towards western and eastern sides respectively.

Further, it is proposed that the telephone nalla passing through the entire airport site may be channelized in such a way that it becomes a part of the overall drainage scheme of the site and culverts may be proposed over it so that the flow of the nalla remains unaltered. Drainage scheme is shown in Figure-4.2.

4.3.3 Impact on Soil

The top soil after utilizing for green belt development shall be treated as a contingency to cover any additional losses that may occur during construction such as losses during clearing & grubbing, settlement and consolidation of native soils underlying proposed embankment areas and for any removal & disposal of unsuitable or unstable materials encountered (wet areas, organics, buried debris, etc.).

The dripping of oil from construction vehicles might cause soil contamination. In order to prevent soil contamination likely to result from the oil spill and dripping from vehicles, drip pans shall be placed at the parking places of vehicles and the dripped oil shall be collected and subsequently sent to the authorized recycling agencies.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

FIGURE-4.2 DRAINAGE SCHEME

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

During construction phase there shall be import of material from outside specially the construction material like bricks, cement, murrum, lining material, insulation bricks, HDPE pipes, backfill material, sand, clay, etc, which will change the characteristic of the soil in the plant construction area. In addition to that, municipal wastes due to construction workers, domestic sewage & sullage from construction labour canteen and office at project site etc, will contribute to changing the soil characteristics.

Waste during construction activity relates to excessive cement mix or concrete left after work is over, rejection caused due to change in design or wrong workmanship etc. The hazardous materials used during the construction may include petrol, diesel, welding gas and paints. These materials shall be stored and handled according to the guidelines specified under Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (MSIHC) Rules and Hazardous Wastes Storage, Handling and Transportation Rules of MoEF&CC. Some of the precautions of storage and handling of hazardous materials and waste includes the following:

 Diesel and other fuels shall be stored in separate dyke enclosures;  Wherever possible, hazardous raw materials to be substituted by non- hazardous materials, e.g. cleaning solvents can be replaced with film-free biodegradable cleaners, usage of non-chlorinated strippers instead of strippers containing methylene chloride and substitution of water based paints for oil- based ones;  Separate storage of waste paints and thinners, contaminated rags and brushes to facilitate recycling and reuse. Rags could be laundered for reuse;  Installation of on-site recycling equipment to be considered by large painting sub-contractors;  Vehicle maintenance area to be designed to prevent contamination of ground water by accidental spillage of oil; and  Maintaining appropriate inventory control.

Apart from localized construction impacts within airport site, no adverse impact on the soil in the surrounding area is anticipated.

4.3.4 Impact on Air Quality

Impacts of construction activity on ambient air quality are cause for concern mainly in the dry months due to settling of dust particles. The main sources of emission during the construction period are the movement of equipment at site and dust emitted during the leveling, grading, earthworks, foundation works and other construction related activities.

The impact is likely to be during construction period and confined locally to the construction site itself. The composition of dust in this kind of operation is however mostly coarse particles, inorganic and non-toxic in nature. These are not expected to travel long distance before settling, which also can be arrested with proper management plan.

Exhaust emissions from vehicles and equipment deployed during the construction phase also result in marginal increase in the levels of SO2, NO2, PM, CO and unburnt hydrocarbons. The impact will however, be reversible, marginal, and temporary in

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

nature. The impact of such activities would be temporary and will be confined within the project boundary.

Mitigation Measures

Proper upkeep and maintenance of vehicles, sprinkling of water on roads at construction site, providing sufficient vegetation etc are some of the proposed measures that would greatly mitigate the impact on the air quality during the construction phase of the project. In addition to this, following measures shall be taken during the construction phase to reduce the impact on the ambient air quality:

 Any vehicle not meeting the vehicular pollution standards shall not be allowed within the construction site and for the construction activity;

 All vehicles and construction equipment with internal combustion engines in use shall be maintained for effective combustion to reduce carbon particles, CO and HC emissions;

 Water sprinkling shall be carried out at the construction sites with regular intervals e.g. excavation, crushing/demolishing, material handling etc. to suppress dust;

 No use of asbestos; and

 All the construction sites shall be barricaded and camouflaged.

4.3.5 Impact on Water Resources and Quality

During the construction phase, about 50 – 75 KLD of water will be required for construction purposes. This water requirement would be temporary and will be supplied by the State Government. There will not be any use of ground water for the proposed project. It is also proposed to adopt the techniques and equipments, which will further help in reduction of water demand during construction. Water demand during construction shall be reduced by use of pre- mixed concrete, curing agents and other best practices. Therefore, the impact on the water resources during the construction phase would be temporary and minimal in nature.

Impact on water quality during construction phase is possible due to sewage generated from the construction workforce stationed at the site. The construction site sanitation facilities shall be linked to the STP for treatment and disposal of sanitary sewage generated by the workforce. Hence, there will be no impact on water resources as the sewage generated shall be treated in STP and reused suitably.

However, during construction activity in rainy season, the water quality is likely to be affected due to the construction work and loosening of topsoil. This is likely to increase the suspended solids in the run-off during heavy precipitation. In order to reduce the impact on water quality, temporary sedimentation pond shall be constructed for the settlement of the suspended matter. These ponds and oil water separators shall be suitably located near rain water harvesting ponds. VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-7 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Additionally, following measures shall be taken to avoid the surface water pollution:

 Appropriate slope stabilization measures shall be provided; and  Appropriate sanitation facilities to be provided for the construction workers to reduce impact on surface water quality.

There is no likelihood of groundwater contamination as no waste will be discharged to ground water bodies during construction. The construction wastes, as far as possible, shall be recycled, reused or recovered. Wherever construction wastes need to be disposed off on either on-site or off-site, the same shall be disposed off in a designated landfill.

4.3.6 Impact on Noise Levels

Heavy construction traffic for loading and unloading, fabrication and handling of equipment and construction materials are likely to cause an increase in the ambient noise levels. At the peak of the construction, marginal increase in noise levels is expected to occur locally at the construction site. The activities, which produce periodic noise, are as follows:

 Foundation construction including pile driving; and  Infrastructure construction.

The typical noise levels of some construction equipment are given in Table-4.3.

TABLE-4.3 TYPICAL NOISE LEVELS OF CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

Particulars Noise Levels dB(A) Earth Movers Front End Loaders 72-84 Backhoes 72-93 Tractors 76-96 Scrapers, Graders 80-93 Pavers 86-88 Trucks 82-94 Material Handlers Concrete mixers 75-88 Concrete pumps 81-88 Cranes (movable) 75-86 Cranes (derrick) 86-88 Stationary Equipment Pumps 69-71 Generators 71-82 Compressors 74-86

The peak noise levels from continuous construction activity may be about 85-90 dB (A). Since the nearest habitation areas are located well beyond 1 km from the construction site, the noise levels are considered to have insignificant impact on community.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-8 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Overall, the impact of noise generated on the environment is likely to be insignificant, reversible and localized in nature. Community noise levels are not likely to be affected because of the vegetation and likely attenuation due to the physical barriers. The following recommendations shall be implemented:

 Provision of silencers at the exit of noise source on the machinery;  Construction equipment with minimum noise shall be chosen;  Vehicles and construction equipment with internal combustion engines without proper silencer shall not be allowed to operate at the construction site;  Regular maintenance of construction equipment;  The use of damping materials such as thin rubber/lead sheet for wrapping the work places like compressors, generator sheets;  Shock absorbing techniques shall be adopted to reduce impact;  Inlet and outlet mufflers shall be provided which are easy to design; and  Ear plugs shall be provided to the workers working in high noise level areas.

4.3.7 Impact on Terrestrial Ecology

The initial construction works at the project site involves land clearance, cutting, filling and leveling. The removal of herbaceous vegetation generally causes loosening of topsoil. However, such impacts would be primarily confined to the project site during initial periods of the construction phase and would be minimized through adoption of mitigative measures like paving and surface treatment, water sprinkling and appropriate plantation programme.

There will be likely loss of habitat for flora which shall be mitigated by proper landscaping and adequate plantation along with the construction of the airport. The constructional activities lead to inward migration of a huge labour force in the area and thus there would be pressure on trees in the area due to increase in fuel demand. Care will be taken that the labourers do not cut small tress or branches as fuel wood, for their requirement in cooking and other purposes.

4.3.8 Impact on Aquatic Ecology

Impacts on the aquatic ecology will likely to be there as it will have impact on biota, as well as disturbance to aquatic flora, fauna and grasses during the construction phase.

4.3.9 Impact on Avian Fauna

Out of 56 bird species observed in the buffer zone, the following birds are listed in the Schedule-I status of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

 Pavo cristatus – Peafowl;  Buceros bicornis – Great Indian Hornbill;  Anthracoceros albirostris - Oriental Pied Hornbill; and  Gyps himalayensis – Himalayan Griffon Vulture, which is a migratory bird and found occurring in the medium level altitudes of Eastern Himalayas and in the plains regions.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-9 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The proposed airport site is confined in agrarian location where rice is the staple crop and grass land birds and wood birds from adjoining reserve forests were observed during the ecological enumeration, apart from the presence of the Schedule-I birds from the 10 sq km study area.

There will be impact on the grass land birds and the woodland birds of the area. As the airport site is based in the agrarian locality in Holongi, mostly grass-land and woodland birds will have wider impact on them.

4.4 Impacts and Mitigation Measures during Operation Phase

4.4.1 Impact on Land use and Topography

The major envisaged visual topographical changes would be due to the rise of terminal building, control tower etc. This will invite positive benefits in the form of land leveling and tree plantations in the airport vicinity areas. Landscaping and green covering activities will be further improved. This will have a positive impact on the topography and aesthetics. No major adverse impact on topography of the site is envisaged during operation phase.

4.4.2 Impact on Air Quality

During the operational phase of the airport, the continuous air emissions are expected to be from aircraft engines during approach, landing, taxiing, take-off and initial climb or collectively called as reference Landing and Take-off cycle (LTO cycle). The air pollutants of concern from the aircraft emissions will be unburnt Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) as per ICAO guidelines.

Further, air emissions comprising PM, NOX, SO2 and CO will be generated from the operation of the Ground Service Equipment (GSE), passenger buses & vehicles and proposed DG sets to be used as the standby power in case of the power supply failure. The total power backup required would be 2 x 250 KVA, however only one will be operational at a time during power failure.

4.4.2.1 Air Pollution Modeling

For prediction of maximum Ground Level Concentrations (GLC’s), the air dispersion modeling software (AERMOD version 7.1.0) was used. AERMOD is steady state advanced Gaussian plume model that simulates air quality and deposition fields upto 50 km radius. AERMOD is approved by USEPA and is widely used software. It is an advanced version of Industrial Source Complex (ISCST3) model, utilizes similar input and output structure to ISCST3 sharing many of the same features, as well as offering additional features. The model is applicable to rural and urban areas, flat and complex terrain, surface and elevated releases and multiple sources including point, area, flare, line and volume sources.

Dispersion modeling using AERMOD requires hourly site specific meteorological data like wind direction, wind speed, temperature etc. Site specific data recorded during post monsoon and partly winter season (1st October 2015 to 31st

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-10 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

December 2015) at site is used for executing modeling studies. The site specific meteorological data is processed using AERMET processor.

 Dispersion Model Input Data

The input data for the considered sources has been described in following section:

 Aircraft Activity

Aircraft activity is expressed in LTO cycles. Each LTO cycle consists of approach, landing, taxiing, queuing, takeoff, climb out. The Times in Mode (TIMs), [i.e., the durations per LTO cycle that an aircraft spends in each of the four modes of aircraft operation: takeoff, climbs out, approach and idle] are considered, based on the ICAO and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defaults. SO2, NOx, CO and HC are the major pollutants that will be emitted during the LTO cycle.

During peak hour, it is considered that there shall be total 2 LTO at the proposed airport, which includes all types of aircrafts. For aircraft emissions estimation purpose, LTO cycle emissions from A 320 and ATR 72 types of aircrafts have been considered. Airport Air Quality Manual, 2011 published by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has been referred for the aircraft emissions. Simplified aircraft emission indices as per ICAO is given in Table-4.4.

TABLE-4.4 LTO EMISSION FACTOR

Type of SO2 NOx CO HC Aircraft Kg/LTO g/s Kg/LTO g/s Kg/LTO g/s Kg/LTO g/s A321 0.77 0.78 9.01 9.13 6.19 6.27 0.57 0.58 ATR72 0.20 0.20 1.82 1.84 2.33 2.36 0.29 0.29

 Emission Characteristics-Power Backup DG Sets

Air emissions are generated from the operation of proposed DG sets used as the standby electricity source in the case of power supply failure. The DG set power required for the entire airport during emergency conditions will be 250 KVA. Though the backup DG sets operate only in case of power interruptions, continuous run of all DG sets for peak hour has been assumed to obtain maximum GLCs for the study period to estimate a worst case scenario. The emission characteristics of proposed DG sets are given in Table-4.5.

TABLE-4.5 DETAILS OF STACK EMISSIONS

Sr. No. Parameters DG sets 1 No. of DG Sets 2 2 Stack Height (m) 30 m each 3 Stack Diameter (m) 0.5 each 4 Exit velocity (m/s) 8.0 – 13.5 5 Exit temperature (oC) 250oC - 275oC 6 Flow rate (Nm3/s) 800 Nm3/hr – 900 Nm3/hr 7 Fuel used Ultra-Pure Low Sulfur Content Diesel VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-11 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Sr. No. Parameters DG sets 8 Particulate Matter (PM) 35 - 37.5 mg/Nm3 0.0077 - 0.0094 g/s 3 9 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 45 – 50 mg/Nm 0.01 - 0.012 g/s 3 10 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) 15 – 20 mg/Nm 0.0033 - 0.005 g/s Source: Stack Monitoring Reports of similar DG Sets

4.4.2.2 Meteorological Data

The hourly meteorological data recorded at site is converted to the mean meteorological hourly data as specified by CPCB and the same has been used in the model.

4.4.2.3 Presentation of Results

For the short-term simulations for volume and point emission sources, the concentrations were estimated around 1200 receptors to obtain an optimum description of variations in concentrations over the site in 10 km radius covering 16 directions. The incremental concentrations are estimated for the study period representing post monsoon season. The results for the pollutants are presented in Table-4.6 and the isopleths showing the incremental concentrations are shown in Figure-4.3 to Figure-4.6.

TABLE-4.6 PREDICTED 24-HOURLY SHORT TERM INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS (AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND DG SETS)

Pollutant Maximum Incremental Levels, Distance Direction (µg/m3) (km) SO2 2.93 0.8 S NO2 29.2 0.8 S CO 25.2 0.8 S HC 2.59 0.8 S PM 0.05 0.8 S

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-12 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

PROJECT TITLE: Isopleth Showing Incremental Concentrations for SO2

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AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software G:\Kishore\Modeling\Aermod\Holongi\Holongi\Sulph.isc FIGURE-4.3 ISOPLETHS SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR SO2

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-13 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

PROJECT TITLE: Isopleth Showing Incremental Concentrations for NOx

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Concentration 0 5 km MAX: DATE: PROJECT NO.: 29.11117 ug/m^3 15-02-2016

AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software G:\Kishore\Modeling\Aermod\Holongi\Holongi\NOx.isc FIGURE-4.4 ISOPLETHS SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR NOx

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-14 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

FIGURE-4.5 ISOPLETHS SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR CO

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-15 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

PROJECT TITLE: Isopleth Showing Incremental Concentrations for HC

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MAX: DATE: PROJECT NO.: 2.59086 ug/m^3 28-04-2016 AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software G:\Kishore\Modeling\Aermod\Holongi\Holongi\HC.isc FIGURE-4.6 ISOPLETHS SHOWING INCREMENTAL CONCENTRATION FOR HC

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-16 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

 Resultant Concentrations after Implementation of the Project

The maximum incremental GLCs due to the proposed project for SO2, NO2, PM and CO are superimposed on the maximum baseline concentrations of the respective pollutants recorded during the study period to arrive at the likely resultant concentrations after implementation of the proposed development of airport project. The resultant concentrations (baseline + incremental) are tabulated in Table-4.7.

TABLE-4.7 RESULTANT CONCENTRATIONS DUE TO INCREMENTAL GLC's (AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS & DG SETS)

Pollutant Maximum AAQ Incremental Resultant NAAQ Concentrations Concentration due Concentration Standards Recorded During the to Airport (g/m3) (g/m3) (g/m3) Study Period (g/m3) [Post Project Scenario] SO2 12.8 2.93 15.73 80 NO2 13.8 29.2 43.0 80 CO 253.0 25.2 278.2 2000 PM10 28.8 0.05 28.85 100

Based on the predicted concentrations and the post project concentrations of various pollutants, it can be inferred that the area is unlikely to be significantly affected due to the proposed development project. The resultant concentrations will be within the stipulated NAAQ standards. Further, it can also be inferred that these emissions are instantaneous and are within the airport premises.

4.4.2.4 Impact of off-Site Traffic on Air Quality

Generally, the land side traffic includes airport passengers, airport employees, non-aeronautical employees & visitors and air cargo. Airport passenger trips include the passenger trips from arrival and departure of flights and the trips made by their meters/greeters. It is assumed that for 200 peak hour passengers, about 75 - 100 cars would be required for the passenger trips and other land side traffic.

The air quality predictions have been carried out by using the air quality model CALINE-4 developed by California Department of Transportation. The model is based on Gaussian diffusion equation and uses a mixing zone concept to characterize pollutant dispersion over the roadway.

 Details of CALINE-4

CALINE-4 is a dispersion model that predicts pollutant impacts near roadways. Its purpose is to help planners protect public health from the adverse effects of excessive CO exposure. CALINE-4 is a simple line source Gaussian plume dispersion model. The user defines the proposed roadway geometry, worst-case meteorological parameters, anticipated traffic volumes, and receptor positions. The user must also define CO emission factors for each roadway link.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-17 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

CALINE-4 is a graphical windows-based user interface, designed to ease data entry and increase the on-line help capabilities of CALINE-4. The CALINE-4 setup program is self-contained with both programs (the CALINE-4 interface and the CALINE-4 dispersion model), so the user only needs to complete a single installation step.

 Details of Pollutants

To account for the effect of the diurnal variations in model inputs (vehicular emissions and meteorological conditions), the averaging time for model predictions has been restricted to 60 minutes. The averaging time is so selected because the primary meteorological factors that influence the air quality predictions i.e. wind speeds and directions do not remain steady for longer time periods. Also, during the peak traffic hours, the traffic volumes typically show significant variations over periods longer than one hour.

Due to averaging time of 60 minutes, the project impacts on air quality are essentially assessed based on one hourly standard for CO. NOx levels however have been developed for peak traffic conditions and compared with WHO standard of 400 g/m3 for hourly average.

 Vehicular Emissions

The standards for emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen for petrol and diesel driven vehicles prescribed by CPCB are used in model. It is assumed that all the vehicles plying on the road, comply with the limits set by CPCB.

 Emission Rate

The emission rate of the different type of vehicles is calculated with speed of 40 kmph and presented in Table-4.8.

TABLE-4.8 VEHICULAR EMISSIONS RATES FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF VEHICLES All values are given in gm/km/vehicle Pollutants Cars 2 wheelers CO 2.74 0.4 NOx 0.21 0.25 Source: “Emission factor development for Indian Vehicles” by The Automotive Research Association of India

 Results and Discussion for Traffic Impact

The concentrations of the pollutants are predicted at a 10 m to 200 m distance from the edge of the road. The model results are presented in Table-4.9.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-18 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

TABLE-4.9 HOURLY PREDICTED RESULTS FOR CO AND NOX

Distance (m) Concentration of Pollutants CO (g/m3) NOx (g/m3) 10 32.1 41.9 40 27.3 34.7 60 24.9 29.4 100 22.6 25.1

It is observed from the predicted maximum concentrations occur under A stability class at 10 m distance from the edge of the road.

Conclusions on Impact on Air Quality due to Traffic

 CO Levels

The predicted maximum hourly CO concentration is 32.1 g/m3. On comparison with the hourly standard for CO, which is specified as 4000 g/m3 by CPCB, it is seen that no infringement of CO standard are expected due to the proposed project. The CO levels would further reduce beyond 100 m from the centre of the road.

 NOx Levels

The maximum predicted hourly NOx concentration is 41.9 g/m3. The hourly standards for NOx are not specified by CPCB, hence the hourly NOx standard of 400 g/m3 specified by World Health Organisation (WHO) is considered for comparison. It is observed that no infringement of this standard will occur due to traffic on the roads in the post project scenario.

4.4.2.5 Road/Rail Connectivity

The proposed site at Holongi is located approximately at a distance of 20 km in South West of NH-52 A and there is no rail connectivity to the site. The existing NH- 52 is under expansion into four-lane and the project is named as "Four-laning of NH-52 under Capital Connectivity to Itanagar". The IRC recommendations on traffic capacity are presented below in Table-4.10.

Being a green field project, the estimated peak traffic would be within the stipulated standards by IRC for traffic capacity of the roads and hence the existing road network will be adequate for the proposed project.

TABLE-4.10 RECOMMENDATIONS ON CAPACITY-IRC

Sr. No Category of Road Maximum PCU/day 1 Two lane roads (7 m) with earthen shoulders 15,000 2 4- lane highway with earthen shoulders 35,000

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-19 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

4.4.2.6 Air Quality Management

Major pollutants envisaged from the proposed project will be from aircraft exhaust, ground service equipment, vehicular traffic (airside and landside) and from DG sets. The following methods of abatement shall be employed for the air pollution control at the source level.

 Aircrafts shall be operated in accordance with ICAO/USEPA standards to ensure aircraft emissions are within specified standards;  Allowing aircrafts with certified engines only to land and take-off, as far as possible;  Shut down engines during idling and taxing;  Single engine taxing and reduced taxing would be effective in reducing emissions of HC and CO from aircrafts;  Converting ground service equipment to use alternative fuels;  The Double Annular Combustor (DAC) burns the fuel at lower temperature in two stages to radically reduce NOx levels;  Height of the stack for DG sets shall be kept as per CPCB guidelines;  Providing adequate buffer zones where pollution concentrations is highest to reduce the impact of emissions;  Appropriate design of access roads to avoid traffic jams to reduce air pollution;  Providing suitable green belt/green cover to reduce the impact of air pollution; and  Vehicles moving within the airport shall be maintained and emission checks shall be carried out on regular interval.

In addition to the above, any additional control measures suggested by SPCB/CPCB/MoEFCC shall be implemented.

4.4.3 Impact on Noise Levels

During the operational phase, aircraft movements will be the major source of noise pollution from the proposed project. Noise will also be generated from the traffic and standby DG sets, but will be very less and localized in comparison to the noise from the aircraft, which can be felt at longer distance also. Hence, noise from the aircraft movement has been considered for the noise dispersion modeling. The noise emanating from aircraft operations depends upon a number of factors including type of aircraft, overall number of daily takeoffs and landings, specific flight procedures, topography etc.

To predict the impact on the existing noise levels in the study area due to the proposed project, the model Integrated Noise Model (INM), Version 6.0 developed by Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Office of Environment and Energy, USA is used. This model has inbuilt information on the various latest new generation aircraft and has capability of assessing changes in noise impact resulting from new or extended runways or runway configurations, new traffic demand and fleet mix, revised routings and airspace structures, alternative flight profiles and modifications to other operational procedures like reverse thrust.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-20 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

For the noise modeling exercise, it is assumed that the aircraft will follow standard procedures of flying for approaches and departures as defined in the model, INM 6.0. The following input is given to the model:

• Runway length: 2300 m; • Width: 45 m; • Orientation: 08/26 degree magnetic (with RESA); and • Aircrafts: A321.

4.4.3.1 Model Results

The model is run to estimate values of A-weighted exposure based noise metrics viz., LAEQD (Audible Range Weighted Daytime Average). The outputs of the modeling exercise for this scenario on the 2 km radius study area is shown in Figure-4.7 and the area of influence of the predicted incremental noise levels are given in Table-4.11.

TABLE-4.11 NOISE LEVELS AND AREA OF INFLUENCE DURING THE ULTIMATE PHASE

Sr. Noise Levels in Area of Influence in km2 No dB(A) LEAQD (Day Time) 1 85 0.032 2 80 0.099 3 75 0.224 4 70 0.356 5 65 0.516 6 60 0.682 7 55 0.854 Source: Output data of INM Model

The incremental noise levels will be confined within the proposed airport boundary. There will be slight increase in the noise levels due to the operation proposed airport because of the traffic. However, noise mitigation measures to be implemented during operation phase at and around the proposed airport will further reduce the predicted noise levels.

Mitigation Measures

 Strict adherence to DGCA/ICAO prescribed environmental guidelines & circulars on airport operations;  Restricted usage of ground engine run-ups to reduce noise;  Restricted use of thrust reversal while landing of aircraft to minimize noise in lateral direction;  Switching off as many engines as possible during idling and taxing;  Proper maintenance of ground servicing equipments;  Use of damping materials such as thin rubber/ lead sheet for wrapping the work places like compressor room, DG room etc;  Personnel working in noisy areas will be provided with ear plugs/mufflers to reduce the noise impacts;  The DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosures and exhaust mufflers for effective noise reduction of 25 dB(A) each;

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-21 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

FIGURE-4.7 DAY TIME NOISE LEVELS

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-22 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

 Sources of intermittent noise generating equipment such as compressors will be provided with appropriate acoustic barriers so that the noise level within 100 m of these facilities when in operation will be less than 70 dBA; and  Noise attenuating green belt / green cover shall be developed for effective reduction in noise wherever feasible taking local meteorology into consideration.

4.4.4 Impact on Water Resources and Quality

The total water requirement during operation phase would be 90 KLD which will be met from Kokila stream. Sewage generated shall be treated in the sewage treatment plant and reused for green belt development, cooling system and floor washing to reduce the fresh water requirement. No wastewater shall be discharged outside the project site premises.

The following measures will be taken to minimize the water usage in the operational phase:

 Use of low flow fixtures and appliances for reduced water consumption such as low flush water closets and cisterns;  Water saving shower head flow controls, spray taps and faucet aerators and photo-sensitive taps;  The storm water from paved areas shall be routed to the water harvesting structures to recharge the ground water table;  The storm water from the pervious area shall also be routed to the rainwater harvesting structures;  The storm water treatment facility shall be located at an appropriate site keeping in view the slope contours and collection point at the most convenient point;  The storm water in rainy season shall be harvested to maximum extent possible;  Dry cleaning process in workshop and maintenance area to clean the oil spillages;  Drip and sprinkler irrigation system to minimize the water requirement for the site management;  Smart irrigation system that uses daily, weather data, slope, soil types, planting coefficients, and precipitation and infiltration rates to calculate actual water requirements on a daily basis;  Water shall be supplied through closed conduits only; and  Creating awareness among the employees on water conservation.

4.4.5 Sewerage System

It is proposed to install a sewage treatment plant with tertiary treatment facilities of adequate capacity. Tertiary treated wastewater from sewage treatment plant can be used for gardening, make up water for cooling towers, D.G cooling and as flush water for W.Cs and urinals in the toilets.

Treated water after disinfection shall be clear, odour less, low BOD (<20 mg/1) and low suspended solids and can be used for non-potable applications such as

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-23 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

for watering on the green area etc. Wastewater quality before and after treatment is given in Table-4.12.

TABLE-4.12 WASTEWATER QUALITY BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT

Parameters Before Treatment After Treatment pH 7.5-8.5 7.5 – 8.5 BOD (mg/l) 300-400 < 20 Suspended Solids (mg/l) 200-450 < 10 COD (mg/l) 600-800 < 60 Oil & Grease (mg/l) 10 Negligible

4.4.6 Rainwater Harvesting System

Storm water drainage system consists of mainly two parts first internal storm water drainage i.e terrace drainage and the other external drainage. Internal drainage is important from leakages and internal flooding point of view while external drainage is important from outside flooding and water stagnation due to slow movement. Good internal drainage can be maintained by providing adequate terrace slopes and well designed terrace channels to collect the storm water from different levels and types of terrace.

Water collected in the rain water gutter or terrace channel in case of sloping roofs will be brought down with the help of vertical pipes which will discharge into nearest storm water collection chambers called catch basin. The storm water drainage system protects the operational area from flooding during rainy season. Good drainage can be maintained by providing adequate slopes in runway strip and constructing drain beyond runway strip.

The storm water collected from the entire airport with the help of these catch basins will flow through a well designed underground piped flow network based on non-silting and non-scouring velocities. The storm water from last catch basin will be brought to sedimentation chambers before rain water harvesting system. The overflow from the sedimentation chamber will pass through inverted graded medium filtration in the harvesting chamber from where it will percolate down to unsaturated zone in the aquifers thus enhancing the water quality and quantity both simultaneously.

4.4.7 Impact on Ecology

The baseline flora and fauna has been described in Section-3.8 of Chapter-3. There are no wildlife sanctuary / National parks / notified environmental sensitive areas within 10 km of the project site.

4.4.7.1 Impact on Terrestrial Ecology

During the operational phase of the proposed project, air emissions will be from the aircraft engine exhausts, vehicular traffic and the operation of the DG sets (during emergency). Moreover, noise will be generated from the operation of the

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-24 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

aircrafts landing and take-off at the airport which will have an impact on the fauna. As stated above, the anticipated incremental values of the air quality parameters and noise generation levels are within the prescribed norms. Thus, the impact on the terrestrial ecology of the area is likely to be insignificant.

4.4.7.2 Impact on Aquatic Ecology

No wastewater will be discharged outside the airport premises. Thus, no adverse impact on aquatic life is envisaged.

4.4.7.3 Greenbelt Development

The plantation species have been considered based on the following:

 Adapted to the geo-climatic conditions of the area;  Mix of round, spreading, oblong and conical canopies;  Different heights ranging from 4 m to 20 m; and  Preferably evergreen trees.

The different species that have history of good survival and growth similar site conditions shall be planted. The suggested species for plantation are given in the Table-4.13. TABLE-4.13 SPECIES FOR PLANTATION

Sr. No Tree Species Common Name Family 1 Acacia nilotica Babul Mimosaceae 2 Azadirachta indica Limbo/Neem Meliaceae 3 Butea monosperma Palash Fabaceae 4 Bauhinia variegata Kanchnar Caesalpinaceae 5 Cassia fistula Amaltas, Indian Caesalpinaceae Laburnum 6 Dalbergia sissoo Sissoo Fabaceae 7 Erythrina indica Pangri, Dadak Fabaceae 8 Ficus benghalensis Bar, Bargad Moraceae 9 Grewia tiliaefolia Dhaman Malvaceae 10 Acacia leucocephala White Bark Acacia, Mimosaceae Safed Babul 11 Alstonia scholaris Chattin, Devils tree Apocynaceae 12 Terminalia arjuna Arjuna Combretaceae 13 Populus deltoides Popular Salicaceae

Plantations for Arresting Dust

Tree, particularly having compact branching, closely arranged leaves, broad leaves of simple elliptical and hairy structure, shiny or waxy leaves and hairy twigs are efficient filters for dust. The leaf surface is 10-20 times greater than the earth surface occupied by the plants. It is known that particles up to 80 –milli micron may stick to vertical surfaces. It is found that 8-m wide greenbelt can reduce the dust fall by 2-3 times. The following species are suggested to arrest the dust pollution.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-25 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Scientific Name Common Name

1. Alstonia scholaris Devils tree/ Saptaparni 2. Cassia fistula Amaltas 3. Bauhinia purpurea Purple Orchid Tree 4. Cassia siamea Yellow Cassia 5. Peltophorum ferrugineum Copper pod 6. Polyalthia longifolia False Ashoka, Ashoka tree of avenue plantations 7. Butea monosperma Palash/ Flame of the forest 8. Tamarindus indica Imli/ Tamarind 9. Terminalia arjuna Arjuna 10. Populus deltoides Popular

Plantation to Absorb Gaseous Emissions

2 It is found that 500 m greenery detoxifies the 70% of the SO2 from the atmosphere, which acts as pollutant. The following plants are suggested for planation to absorb SO2 in the air:

Scientific Name Common Name

1. Alstonia scholaris Devils tree/ Saptaparni 2. Lagerstoemia flos-reginae Pride of India 3. Albizia lebbeck Indian Siris, East Indian Walnut 4. Butea monosperma Palash/ Flame of the forest 5. Terminalia arjuna Arjuna 6. Populus deltoides Popular

Plantation to reduce Noise Pollution

Trees having thick and fleshy leaves with petioles flexible and capacity to withstand vibration are suitable. Heavier branches and trunk of the trees also deflect or refract the sound waves. The density, height and width are critical factors in designing an adequate noise screen plantation. Combination of trees and shrubs together with suitable landforms and design appears to be the best system for combating noise pollution. The following species are suggested to reduce noise pollution.

Scientific Name Common Name

1. Alstonia scholaris Devils tree/ Saptaparni 2. Butea monosperma Palash/ Flame of the forest 3. Grevillea robusta Silver Oak 4. Tamarindus indica Tamarind 5. Terminalia arjuna Arjuna 6. Terminalia chebula Haritaki 7. Butea monosperma Palash/ Flame of the forest 8. Populus deltoides Popular

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-26 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Post Plantation Care

Immediately after planting the saplings, watering shall be done. Further watering will depend on the rainfall. In the dry seasons watering shall be regularly done especially during April to June. Watering frequency of the young plants shall be more frequent, manuring shall be done using organic manure (farm yard manure etc.). Younger saplings shall be surrounded with tree guards. Diseased and dead plants shall be uprooted and destroyed and replaced by fresh saplings. Growth / health and survival rate of saplings shall be regularly monitored and remedial actions shall be undertaken as required.

4.4.8 Impacts due to Solid Waste Disposal

The proposed project during the operation phase is expected to generate certain types of wastes which would include both non-hazardous and some hazardous wastes. The non-hazardous wastes generated would include biodegradable, recyclable, and inert wastes. The biodegradable waste will comprise of food wastes, garden waste (grass clippings, wood trimmings etc.), textiles and wood.

It is estimated that about 120 kg/day of domestic will be generated which will be handed over to local authority for disposal as per standard practice. Waste from aircraft would be 5 kg/day during non monsoon and 25 kg/day during monsoon season.

The waste generated during operation phase shall be collected, segregated, transported, disposed and treated in a scientific manner, based on the integrated approach. Different waste types shall be collected and stored separately in appropriately designed wastes storage facilities. Wastes shall be segregated into bio-degradable and recyclable wastes at the source of generation. Three bin systems for segregation of waste shall be provided:

Green – Food waste, garden waste, cloth waste (wet garbage); Blue – Paper waste; and Dark Grey- Non-recyclable.

The wet waste (biodegradable) generated within the proposed complex shall be treated by bio-composting process and the manure thus generated shall be used for horticulture within the site.

Paper and cardboard wastes, plastic wastes, metal wastes and other recyclable wastes from the cargo handling areas shall be sold to authorize contractors. The e-waste generated shall be stored separately in the complex and disposed through authorized recyclers approved by the State/Central Pollution Control Boards.

Hazardous wastes generated in the complex shall be stored in secured place with adequate secondary containment and labeling as per the requirements of HWM Rules. Appropriate records of hazardous wastes generation and disposal shall be maintained as per the requirements of HWM Rules. Fire extinguishers near storage of hazardous wastes shall be installed.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-27 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

The used oil and oil-contaminated wastes, spent fuels and lubricants shall be disposed of through authorized recyclers/re-refiners. Any other hazardous wastes, generated on-site shall be sold only to authorized contractors.

Used oil and oil-contaminated wastes shall be disposed of through authorized recyclers/re-refiners. Any other hazardous wastes (e-waste), generated on-site shall be sold only to authorized contractors.

The project would ensure that all waste fractions are appropriately recycled / disposed of through authorized recyclers / re-refiners / sanitary contractors. Records shall be kept regarding amount and characteristics of all types of wastes.

4.4.9 Energy Conservation

• Energy efficient LED light fixture matching with the internal layout shall be used;

• Special emphasis shall be given on low energy consumption light fitting especially in corridor/walk ways with compact fluorescent lamps to be provided;

• Energy efficient LED high / medium bay lamps fitting shall be provided for external lighting; and

• Timers or photo voltaic cells shall be proposed for switching on and off of the external light of fixtures.

4.5 Socio-Economic Development

The proposed project would have an impact on demography and socio-economic indicators essentially on jobs, migration, common property resources and basic social fabric of the society, i.e., traditional occupations, culture and family structure.

4.5.1 Impact on Human Settlement

Construction Phase

The state government of Arunachal Pradesh is working towards obtaining 40.41 ha for the rehabilitation of the Chakmas which is situated at 4 km from eastern side of Kokila river. About 156 families would be affected due to the proposed project. Tentatively, Rs. 297 Crores was allocated for the rehabilitation of 156 families from the proposed project.

Further, during the construction phase, it is expected that there will be immediate increase in the population due to in migration of skilled and unskilled labour for the construction activities and many of them are expected to settle in the study area over a period of time and contribute to further urbanization.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-28 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures

Overall population growth comparatively expected to be more than the average growth rate in the district and generates demand for development for civic amenities.

Operation Phase

The proposed project may have an impact on the population growth as it would provide considerable employment to the families in the nearby villages. Nearby villagers will be benefited directly or indirectly by the project.

4.5.2 Impact on Civic Amenities

Construction Phase

The project would generate demand for safe and secure camping area for the migrant laborers during the construction period. The contractors shall be directed to make adequate arrangements for water supply, sanitation and cooking fuels to the labours.

The construction site shall be provided with sufficient protective environment with suitable habitat, safe drinking water and toilet facilities for workers to allow proper standards of hygiene. These facilities would be connected to a septic tank and maintained to ensure minimum environmental impact.

Operation Phase

The impact of the existing project on civic amenities is substantial. The project will assist in improving the civic amenities in terms of drinking water facilities, sanitation, school, health facilities, post and telegraph, roads, etc.

Further the proposed airport project will result in overall development of the region. The social and infrastructural facilities in the region will be developed directly or indirectly due to the project.

4.5.3 Impact on Economic Aspects

Construction Phase

The proposed project apart from generating employment opportunities within the project would pave way to increase in number of auxiliary business opportunities for local population and also to outsiders. It is expected that transport, travel, hotel, other civil construction, petty business and allied business establishments would come up in the study area and there would be increase in revenue and new business opportunities.

Operation Phase

The project is expected to create positive impact on the occupation structure of the study area and marginal workers would get full employment with skill up- gradation and change in occupation, thus improving their income level and economic status.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-29 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives

5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

5.1 No Development Option

The “No Development” implies not proceeding with the airport construction. This option would likely to lead to adverse environmental and socio-economic impacts including but not necessarily limited to the following:

 Inability to connect the State via airlink;

 Inability to cater for air traffic and passenger growth;

 Failure to realize potential increased income from tourism and general industry by providing the facilities required to facilitate growth in these sectors; and

 Failure to realize positive socio-economic benefits in the provision of jobs and the generation of revenue for the local community.

On this basis, it is considered that the positive benefits of airport construction outweigh the potential negative environmental and social effects. Therefore, the no development option is not recommended.

5.2 Analysis of Alternative Sites

• Five sites namely Nirjuli, Gumto, Imchi, Banderdeva and Holongi were examined for setting up the airport. Accordingly alternative site at Holongi was selected. Further, no other flat terrain site is available in the vicinity of Itanagar. On instructions of PMO, MoCA constituted an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) comprising of Representatives of Planning Commission, DGCA, AAI and Ministry of DoNER to visit both sites namely Banderdeva and Holongi to assess its suitability from Operational and financial point of view. Technical Committee recommended Holongi site over Banderdeva site due to Technical and Safety reasons and recommended Holongi site more suitable from operational and safety point of view. After examining all the sites, Holongi site was found suitable because of the following topographical/geo-graphical and operational advantages:

 Approach and take off area is free from natural obstacle;  Involvement of lesser earthwork;  Less development cost in comparison to earlier site of Banderdeva;  Possibility of all weather operation by A-321 class of aircraft;  The faster accessibility through existing NH-52 A from Itanagar; and  Least interference to airspace of existing operational airports in the vicinity.

Evaluation of comparison and different alternate sites is given in Table-5.1.

Based on the technical feasibility and on the above criteria, the site at Holongi is observed to be best suited for a greenfield airport. Hence, the Holongi site has been selected.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives

TABLE-5.1 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE SITES

Sr. No Parameters Banderdeva Site Holongi Site Remarks 1 Land availability Forest land identified for airport & Land identified in paddy field area, available for setting up of an mostly private land - airport 2 Distance from Itanagar 25 km in east direction 15 km in the south west direction Both sites connected by NH-52A 3 Topography Terrain Hilly terrain, for setting up of the Plain area, minimum cutting filling airport, heavy cutting as high as involved, in fact only filling is involved 50 m and filling as deep as 40 m for 1‐2 m height. Two streams are approx involved. passing at the ends of proposed Heavy river training work runway; hence heavy river training - involved for diversion of two work may not be required. streams from site and need to pass through box culvert under the proposed runway. 4 Accessibility New approach road is required Approach road to site is already from NH-52A to reach the available, only need to be widened. - proposed site. 5 Level difference Airport site would be about 20 m Airport site would be practically on between runway/airport above general terrain level. same level as connecting NH -52A. - site and main road Airport elevation: 190 m Airport elevation: 100 m 6 Instrument approach Need to be assessed in view of Instrument approach possible from - procedures the obstacles around the airport. both ends of proposed runway 7 Runway Orientation 08/26 08/26 (true bearing - 078/258 degrees) 8 Airport elevation About 190 m About 100 m - 9 Obstacle in the OLS Approach –Runway 08- 3nos. Approach 26‐no natural obstacle Detail study of obstacle of Holongi surfaces Approach of Runway-26-1 Approach 08‐ Small portion of hill site needed, if site is considered. Transition Surface has many may penetrate, orientation of Runway

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-5 Analysis of Alternatives

Sr. No Parameters Banderdeva Site Holongi Site Remarks obstacles. may be slightly modified to get rid of hill in approaches Transition Surface and Horizontal Inner Surface, on northern side, penetrated by hills at some places but Instrument Approach possible. 10 Meteorological Frequency of low cloud during Frequency of low cloud during - condition monsoon and winter season will monsoon and winter season will be be higher due to high location, very less due its location on ground resulting more diversion of and near Brahmaputra valley, flights. resulting less diversion of flights. 11 Environmental issues Heavy deforestation, cutting and Flat ground, only filling of 1‐2 m - filling work involved, may affect involved to raise the general ground ecology in that area of Airport 12 Resettlement and Minimum 60‐70 houses in three small villages Chakma refugees settled by State rehabilitation of Govt. in 1964 can be easily population relocated in adjoining area 13 Development Period 5 ½ years Four years - 14 Critical airport Yes, due to table top location No, due to ground location - 15 Airspace conflict Lies in Jorhat control air space Lies in Jorhat control air space (CTR) Approval of MOD required (CTR) 16 Conflict with Lilabari Yes, distance from Less conflict as 60 km away from - Airport airspace Lilabari airport is only 35 km Lilabari airport 17 Development Cost Rs 989 Crores Rs. 550 Crore (Approx) + Rs. 150 - Crore (land cost, R&R cost and cost of hotels and convention center)

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C5-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program

6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM

6.1 Introduction

Regular monitoring of environmental parameters is of immense importance to assess the status of the environment during operation of airport. With the knowledge of baseline conditions, the monitoring programme will serve as an indicator for any deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the airport project, to enable taking up suitable mitigatory steps in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by monitoring.

Usually, as in the case of the study, an impact assessment study is carried over short period of time and the data cannot bring out all variations induced by the natural or human activities. Therefore, regular monitoring programme of the environmental parameters is essential to take into account the changes in the environmental quality.

6.2 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Procedure

Monitoring shall confirm that commitments are being met. This may take the form of direct measurement and recording of quantitative information, such as amounts and concentrations of discharges, emissions and wastes, for measurement against corporate or statutory standards, consent limits or targets. It may also require measurement of ambient environmental quality in the vicinity of a site using ecological/biological, physical and chemical indicators. Monitoring may include socio-economic interaction, through local liaison activities or even assessment of complaints.

6.2.1 Objectives of Monitoring

The objectives of environmental post-project monitoring are to:

 Verify effectiveness of planning decisions;  Measure effectiveness of operational procedures;  Confirm statutory and corporate compliance; and  Identify unexpected changes.

6.3 Monitoring Schedule

Environmental monitoring schedules are prepared covering various phases of project advancement, such as constructional phase and regular operational phase.

6.3.1 Monitoring Schedule during Constructional Phase

The generic environmental measures that need to be undertaken during project construction stage are given in Table-6.1.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C6-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program

TABLE-6.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING PROJECT CONSTRUCTION STAGE

Sr. Potential Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of No. Impact Monitoring Monitoring 1 Air Emissions All construction Random checks of Periodic equipments shall be equipment logs/ operated within specified manuals design parameters. Vehicle trips to be Vehicle logs Periodic minimized to the extent during site possible clearance & construction activities Maintenance of DG set Gaseous emissions Periodic emissions to meet (SO2, HC, CO, NOx) emission stipulated standards monitoring Ambient air quality As per NAAQs 2009 As per CPCB/ within the premises to be SPCB monitored. requirement or on monthly basis whichever is earlier 2 Noise Levels List of all noise Equipment logs, Regular during generating machinery noise reading construction onsite along with age to activities be prepared.

Equipment to be maintained in good working order. Night working is to be Working hour Daily records minimized. records Generation of vehicular Maintenance of Daily records noise records of vehicles Noise to be monitored in Spot noise As per ambient air within the recording CPCB/SPCB premises. requirement or on quarterly basis whichever is earlier 3 Wastewater No untreated discharge No discharge hoses Periodic Discharge to be made to surface shall be in vicinity during water, groundwater or of watercourses. construction soil. activities 4 Soil Erosion Protect topsoil stockpile Effective cover in Periodic where possible at edge place. during of site. construction activities 5 Drainage and Ensure drainage system Visual inspection of Periodic effluent and specific design drainage and during Management measures are working records thereof construction effectively. activities

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C6-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program

Sr. Potential Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of No. Impact Monitoring Monitoring The design to incorporate existing drainage pattern and avoid disturbing the same. 6 Waste Implement waste Comprehensive Periodic check Management management plan that Waste Management during identifies and Plan should be in construction characterizes every place and available activities waste arising associated for inspection on- with proposed activities site. and which identifies the procedures for collection, Compliance with handling & disposal of SWM Rules, 2016 each waste arising. and Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling Rules), 2003 7 Non-routine Plan to be drawn up, Mock drills and Periodic events and considering likely records of the same during accidental emergencies and steps construction releases required to prevent/limit activities consequences. 8 Health Employees and migrant All relevant Regular check labour health check ups parameters. ups 9 Environmental Environmental Responsibilities and During Management Management Cell /Unit roles shall be construction Cell/ Unit of the existing projects decided before the phase department to ensure commencement of implementation and work. monitoring of environmental safeguards. 10 Loss of flora For the development No. of plants, During site and fauna, if project, minimal tree species clearance any felling shall be phase envisaged.

6.3.2 Monitoring Schedule during Operational Phase

During operational stage, continuous air emissions from aircrafts, GSE, traffic, power house, wastewater treatment, non-hazardous solid waste, hazardous used oily wastes are expected.

The following monitoring programme as detailed in Table-6.2 shall be implemented at site. Besides to this monitoring, the compliances to all environmental clearance conditions and regular permits from SPCB/MoEFCC shall be monitored and reported periodically.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C6-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program

TABLE-6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE

Sr. Potential Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of No. Impact Monitoring Monitoring 1 Air Emissions Gaseous emissions Gaseous Random checks from aircrafts engines emissions (HC, on different shall be within ICAO Pb, SO2, CO, aircrafts guidelines NOx, VOCs) Stack emissions from Gaseous As per CPCB/ DG sets to be emissions (PM, SPCB monitored SO2, CO, NOx) requirement or on monthly basis whichever is earlier Ambient air quality As per NAAQs As per CPCB/ within the premises and 2009. In addition, SPCB nearby habitations to HC and VOCs are requirement or on be monitored. also to be fortnight basis monitored. whichever is earlier

Measuring onsite data Wind speed, Continuous of meteorology direction, temp., monitoring using relative humidity on-line weather and rainfall. station

Vehicle trips to be Vehicle logs Daily records minimized to the extent possible 2 Noise Levels Noise generated from Spot Noise Level Periodic during operation of aircrafts to recording; operation phase. be within ICAO Leq(night), guidelines Leq(day), Leq(dn) Online noise monitoring at Noise generated from both ends of the operation of DG set to runway to be be optimized and established and monitored they need to be connected to the DG sets to generate central data less than 75 dB(A) Leq system. at 1-m from the source

DG sets are to be provided at basement with acoustic enclosures Generation of vehicular Maintain records Periodic during noise of vehicles operation phase 3 Wastewater No untreated discharge Regular checkups. Periodic during Discharge to be made to surface Periodic water operation phase water, groundwater or audits shall be soil. conducted. Take care in disposal of Discharge norms Periodic during wastewater generated for effluents operation phase

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C6-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-6 Environmental Monitoring Program

Sr. Potential Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of No. Impact Monitoring Monitoring such that soil and groundwater resources are protected Compliance of pH, TSS, TDS, Once in a week wastewater discharge BOD, COD & during operation to standards Temperature phase Compliance of treated Comprehensive Once in a season sewage to standards as per GSR 422(E) 4 Drainage and Ensure drainage system Visual inspection Periodic during effluent and specific design of drainage and operation phase Management measures are working records thereof effectively.

Design to incorporate existing drainage pattern and avoid disturbing the same. 5 Water Quality Monitoring used water Comprehensive Periodic during and Water quality, groundwater monitoring as per operation phase Levels quality and ground IS:10500 water levels Groundwater level in meters bgl 6 Work zone air Contaminants such as Monitoring of As per CPCB/ contamination VOCs to be reduced by indoor air SPCB providing adequate contaminants requirement ventilation such as CO, CO2 and VOCs. 7 Emergency Fire protection and Mock drill records, Periodic during preparedness, safety measures to take on site operation phase such as fire care of fire and emergency plan, fighting explosion hazards, to evacuation plan be assessed and steps taken for their prevention. 8 Maintenance of Vegetation, greenbelt / No. of plants, Periodic during flora and fauna green cover species operation phase development 9 Waste Implement waste Records of solid Periodic during Management management plan that waste generation, operation phase identifies and treatment and characterizes every disposal waste arising associated with proposed activities and which identifies the procedures for collection, handling & disposal of each waste arising. 10 Soil quality Maintenance of good Physico-chemical Periodical soil quality parameters and monitoring metals.

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Sr. Potential Action to be Followed Parameters for Frequency of No. Impact Monitoring Monitoring 11 Health Employees and contract All relevant Regular check labour health check ups parameters ups

6.4 Reporting Schedules of the Monitoring Data

It is proposed that voluntary reporting of environmental performance with reference to the EMP should be undertaken.

The environmental monitoring cell shall co-ordinate all monitoring programmes at site and data thus generated shall be regularly furnished to the state regulatory agencies.

The frequency of reporting shall be on six monthly basis to the local state pollution control board officials and to Regional office of MoEFCC. The Environmental Audit reports shall be prepared for the entire year of operations and shall be regularly submitted to regulatory authorities.

6.5 Infrastructure for Monitoring of Environmental Protection Measures

The following equipment and consumable items shall be made available in the site for environmental monitoring or alternatively the monitoring can be outsourced by engaging a reputed authorised environmental laboratory.

Air Quality and Meteorology

High volume samplers, fine particulate matter samplers, personal dust sampler, central weather monitoring station, spectrophotometer (visible range), single pan balance, flame photometer, relevant chemicals as per IS:5182 shall be procured for monitoring and analysis.

Water and Wastewater Quality

The sampling shall be done as per the standard procedures laid down by IS: 2488. The equipments and consumables required are:

BOD incubator, COD reflex set-up, refrigerator, oven, stop watch, thermometer, pH meter, distilled water plant, pipette box, titration set, dissolved oxygen analyser, relevant chemicals.

Noise Levels

Noise monitoring shall be done utilising an integrating sound level meter to record noise levels in different scales like A-weighting with slow and fast response options.

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7.0 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 Public Consultation

The public consultation / public hearing was conducted as per the EIA Notification dated 14th September 2006 as well as its amendments dated 1st December, 2009. The public consultation for the proposed green field airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh was conducted on 30th October 2018 at Government Middle School Ground, Patila, District Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh. The public hearing notice was published on 29th September 2018 (i.e. before 30 days from the date of public hearing) both in National and local edition news papers namely 'Arunachal Front', 'Indian Express' (Kolkata Edition) and 'The Arunachal Times'. Public hearing notice published in newspapers are shown in Figure-7.1.

The draft EIA report along with the executive summary (both in English and Dialect language) was made available in the following offices along with date, venue and time of public consultation meeting:

1. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Indira Paryavaran Bhavan, Ali Ganj, Jorbagh Road, New Delhi-110003. 2. Office of the Deputy Commissioner, Yupia, Papum Pare. 3. Office of the District Industries Officer, Itanagar, Papum Pare. 4. Office of the Itanagar Municipal Council (IMC), Naharlagam, Papum Pare. 5. Office of the APCCF, Ministry of Environment & Forests and Climate Change, Regional Office, Shillong, Meghalaya, Govt. of India. 6. Office of the PCCF & Principal Secretary. (Environment & Forest, P-Sector, Itanagar), Papum Pare. 7. Office of the PCCF & Principal Secretary. (Environment & Forest, P-Sector, Itanagar), Papum Pare 8. Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board, Department of Environment & Forests, GoAP.

The public consultation meeting was chaired by Dr. Joram Beda, IAS, District Commissioner, Yupia, Papum Pare district and Sri. Navneet Kumar Srivastava, IFS, Member Secretary, Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB), Itanagar. Public hearing was started by 10.30 am on scheduled date i.e. 30th October 2018.

Member Secretary, APSPCB, Itanagar welcomed the dignitaries on dais, public representatives, print & electronic media and villagers who have attended the meeting and explained that the environmental public hearing is conducted as per the provisions of the said notification and added that the objectives of the hearing is to solicit and record the opinions, views, comments or objections of the people residing at and in the adjoining areas of the project site. With the permission of Chairman of the public hearing, detailed presentation on the Draft Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the proposed Green field Airport was presented by GM (Engineering), AAI - North East Region.

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Thereafter, 06 person raised queries which were subsequently clarified by GM (Engineering), AAI - North East Region during the public hearing meeting. The photographs of the public hearing are shown in Figure-7.2.

The total number of persons attended the public hearing were 209 person and signed the attendance sheet. The minutes of the meeting duly signed by District Commissioner, along with the attendance sheet is attached as Annexure-X. The issues raised by the public during the public hearing and reply by the project proponent along with the action plan and budget are given in Table-7.1.

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FIGURE-7.1(A) PUBLIC HEARING NOTIFICATION - ARUNACHAL FRONT

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FIGURE-7.1(B) PUBLIC HEARING NOTIFICATION - ARUNACHAL TIMES (NYISHI DIALECT)

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FIGURE-7.1(C) PUBLIC HEARING NOTIFICATION - INDIAN EXPRESS (KOLKATA EDITION)

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FIGURE-7.2 PUBLIC HEARING PHOTOGRAPHS VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-7 Additional Studies

TABLE-7.1 PUBLIC HEARING PROCEEDINGS AND RESPONSE ALONG WITH ACTION PLAN

Sr. Name and Address of the Issues Raised during Public Hearing Response/Action Plan Timeline & Budget No. Participants

1 Shri. Kara Tajang, Holongi Village He welcomed the project. He also mentioned that he has General Manager, AAI, NER clarified that as far Timeline- Dec 2019 been hearing about the airport project since 2007 and he as the compensation is concerned, it is the sold his land to the State Government in 2012 and till now state subject. Land acquisition is done as per Budget – Rs. 297 cr there is no development in the project activity. Further, State's own land laws. Even the compensation

informed that he has not received any compensation for his rate is fixed by the State Government. land. After Obtaining all statutory clearances, the He informed that C &D grade jobs should be reserved for the construction phase of the proposed airport public of the local area and he also asked to award the small project will start. Further, the pace at which the contract works to the public of the local area as per their project will come totally depends upon the Timeline- June 2019 skills and qualification. He has no object for the project. Central and State Government. Airport will definitely come up though it will take some time.

Employment - Priority will be given to the local Timeline- From Oct people during the construction and operation 2019 to 2024 phase of the proposed airport project as per the

required.

2 Shri. Shambu Chakma, GB, Kokila He informed that the proposed airport project should come up After Obtaining all statutory clearances, the Jan 2019 to June 2019 Village early, as it will be beneficial for all. He also requested Deputy construction phase of the proposed airport (if required) Commissioner, Papum Pare District to conduct re-assessment project will start. Further, the pace at which the Budget – Rs. 297 cr for R&R plan and also insisted to include the non- R&R project will come totally depends upon the families to R&R families as there are 156 R&R families and 30 Central and State Government. Airport will NON-R&R families as identified and he also submitted a definitely come up though it will take some memorandum to the Chairman, Public Hearing cum Deputy time. Commissioner, Papum Pare district. Land acquisition is done as per State's own land laws. Even the compensation rate is fixed by the State Government.

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Sr. Name and Address of the Issues Raised during Public Hearing Response/Action Plan Timeline & Budget No. Participants

3 Shri. Nabam Taring, Holongi Village He informed that his land was sold for the proposed airport After Obtaining all statutory clearances, the Timeline- From Oct project in the year 2012 but till date there is no progress in construction phase of the proposed airport 2019 the project. He wanted the proposed airport project to come project will start. Further, the pace at which the up early and he has no objection for the proposed project in project will come totally depends upon the view of the environmental impact concerns. Central and State Government. Airport will definitely come up though it will take some time.

4 Shri. Likha Taji, Secretary, Land affected He informed that, on behalf of Land Affected People's Forum General Manager, AAI, NER clarified that as far Timeline- Dec 2019 people's forum he would like to state that they have no complain about the as the compensation is concerned, it is state project related to environment impact. He also informed that subject. Land acquisition is done as per State's Budget – Rs. 297 cr he has been helping the project consultant (Vimta Labs owns land laws. Even the compensation rate is

Limited) since day one for conduct of baseline studies within fixed by the State Government. the study area. He requested to compensate the land donors and to start the proposed airport project.

5 Shri. Nabam Topu, Holongi Village He asked the project proponent that his cultivable land is General Manager, AAI, NER clarified that the situated adjacent to the airport boundary and so will there be cultivable land is not affected as the proposed any affect during the construction and operation phase of the project does not generate any industrial proposed airport project. Other than this, he had no other emissions.

environmental concerns. Further, the land near the boundary of airport - site would be most benefited from the proposed project as the cost of the land would be increased. There will be restrictions in front and back side of the runway with respect to tree heights and other buildings structures.

6 Shri. Dodo Talo, Holongi Village He had no issue against the environmental impact of the General Manager, AAI, NER clarified that as far Jan 2019 to June 2019 proposed airport project. He wants the rate of land per sq.m. as the compensation is concerned, it is state to be elevated at par with the Power Grid Company. subject. Land acquisition is done as per State's Budget – Rs. 297 cr owns land laws. Even the compensation rate is fixed by the State Government.

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7.2 Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment is a systematic process aimed at removing or minimizing hazards at work place to make it safer and healthier. Risk Assessment involves the following steps:

 Identify hazard(s);  Analyze / Evaluate the risk associated with the hazard(s); and  Determine appropriate measures to eliminate or control the hazard.

7.2.1 Introduction

Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of various probable hazards (unsafe conditions) that may occur at the airport. On the other hand, risk analysis deals with the identification and quantification of risks, the airport equipment/facilities and personnel exposed to, due to accidents resulting from the hazards present at the airport.

Hazard occurrence may result in on-site implications like:

 Fire and/or explosion;  Leakage of flammable material;  Crash landing;  Bomb threat; and  Natural calamities like earthquake, cyclone etc.

Other incidents, which can also result in a disaster, are:

 Air raids; and  Crashing of aircrafts i.e. while landing or take-off.  Agitation/forced entry by external group of people;  Sabotage; and  Hijacking.

In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in the airport operation, maximum credible accident analysis and consequence analysis are addressed either qualitatively or quantitatively, which gives a broad identification of risks involved in the airport operation. Based on the risk assessment of various hazards, disaster management plan has been formulated and presented here.

7.3 Hazard Identification

Identification of hazards at the proposed project is of primary significance in the analysis, quantification and cost effective control of accidents. A classical definition of ‘hazard’ states that hazard is in fact the characteristic of system that presents potential for an accident. Hence, all the components of a system need to be thoroughly examined to assess their potential for initiating or propagating an unplanned event/sequence of events, which can be termed as an accident. The following two methods for hazard identification have been employed in the study:

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 Identification of major hazardous units based on Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989 (as amended in 2000) of Government of India; and

 Identification of hazardous units and segments of airports and storage units based on relative ranking technique.

7.3.1 Identification of Major Hazardous Units

Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes: flammable substances, unstable substances and toxic substances. The ratings for a large number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given in NFPA Codes 49 and 345 M. HSD will be stored in the proposed project premises. Characteristics of HSD and ATF fuel are given in Table-7.2.

TABLE-7.2 PROPERTIES OF FUELS TO BE USED AT THE AIRPORT

Fuel Codes/Label TLV FBP FP UEL LEL F % HSD Flammable liquid Not listed 360 32 5.0 0.5 ATF Flammable liquid Not listed 572 38 7.0 0.2 TLV : Threshold Limit Value FBP : Final Boiling Point FP : Flash Point UEL : Upper Explosive Limit LEL : Lower Explosive Limit

7.3.2 Risk Mitigation Measures

The risk mitigation measures for the proposed airport are as given below:

o Prompt action in the event of an accidental release of HSD or ATF is essential. Where there is a possibility of a flammable liquid spill, provisions shall be made to ensure as follows: (i) the spread of the spill is limited; (ii) non-flammable absorbent material is available for immediate use; (iii) ignition sources can be quickly removed; and (iv) the area is well ventilated;

o Routine testing and inspection shall be carried out for storage area, hoses and fueling tanker and records shall be maintained;

o Leakages from tanker may be prevented by a suitable regime of preventive maintenance and inspection;

o Heat and smoke detectors shall be provided at strategic locations;

o Adequate fire fighting facilities shall be provided near storage and handling of HSD and ATF;

o Fire fighting facilities shall be tested as per schedule;

o Ground staff near aircraft shall be trained to take measures in the event of spillage and during fire emergency;

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o Fuelling in aircraft and DG sets ‘day tank’ shall be done under the supervision of trained operators;

o Open vents shall be provided of goose neck type, covered with a 4 to 8 mesh screen to discharge the vapours of hydrocarbons from storage tanks;

o Every storage tank and tanker, including all metal connections shall be electrically continuous and be effectively earthed;

o Static grounding of aircraft shall be ensured whenever the aircraft is parked including during refuelling and defueling;

o Check list for operators for checking safety system and equipment shall be prepared and check records kept in safe custody;

o Critical operating steps shall be displayed on the board near the location where applicable;

o Thermal Safety Valve (TSV) shall be provided at the operating manifold (outside dyke);

o Mock drill shall be conducted in every three months involving all concerned agencies; and

o All concerned agencies shall be provided Disaster Management Plan and regular interaction shall be made.

Risk Mitigation Measures for Fuelling of Aircrafts

 Earthing and bonding connections shall be attached and mechanically firm;  Equipment performing aircraft servicing function shall not be positioned within 3 m radius of aircraft fuel vent openings;  The accessibility to the aircraft by fire vehicles shall be established during aircraft fuel servicing;  Handheld intrinsically safe communication devices used within 3 m from the fuel vent shall be intrinsically safe;  For open hose discharge capacity of the aircraft fueling system, at least one listed wheeled extinguisher having a rating of not less than 80-B;  Presence of at least 2 x 9 kg ABC dry powder fire extinguishers at both sides of the refueling browser / dispenser;  Spark plugs & other exposed terminal connections shall be insulated;  All vehicles, other than those performing fuel servicing, shall not to be driven or parked under aircraft wings;  Electric tools, drills or similar tools likely to produce sparks or arcs shall not be used;  Hot works within 50 / 75 m of refuelling operations shall be ceased (for 50 m, a MOM approved safety officer shall be present);  A clear area for emergency evacuation of the aircraft shall be maintained at the rear (or front) aircraft exit door.

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7.4 Disaster Management Plan

A disaster is a natural or man-made (or technological) hazard resulting in an event of substantial extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people.

Natural disasters and manmade disasters like aircraft accidents, fires, terror attack & aircraft hijacking do occur at airports and therefore, it is required to prepare Disaster Management Plan (DMP). Airport emergency planning is the process of preparing an airport to cope with an emergency occurring at the airport or in its vicinity. The object of airport emergency planning is to minimize the effects of an emergency, particularly in respect of saving lives and maintaining aircraft operations. The airport emergency plan sets forth the procedures for coordinating the response of different airport agencies (or services) and those agencies in the surrounding community that could be of assistance in responding to the emergency.

The emergency arising out of the incidents whose effects are confined to the airport premises is termed as on-site emergency and those with effects extending beyond the airport premises is termed as off-site emergency. This section identifies possible disasters that could occur at the airport and draws a disaster management plan, which includes the emergency control measures, plan of coordination and interaction with various agencies including administrative agencies, rescue and relief operations, training and awareness to minimize the severity of disasters.

 Aircraft Accident Related Disasters

Aircraft accident occurs near and within the airport during landing/take off/taxing due to malfunctioning of some mechanism like undercarriage, failure of hydraulic power supply, non-functioning of one or more engines, malfunctioning of landing gear, sudden fire in aircraft while en-routing, unforeseen circumstances in which pilot loses control over aircraft and improper signaling by air traffic control tower (ATC). Disasters due to emergencies are given below:

7.4.1 Aircraft Accident on the Airport

Any aircraft accident occuring within the perimeter of the aerodrome is termed as aircraft accident on the airport. The following actions shall be taken during this disaster:

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 Switch on the fire station alarm;  ATC to inform the exact location of the accident with co-ordinates;  Sending the message to fire and safety department, fire station, medical department etc. to take appropriate measures;  Alert the nearby hospitals for medical help and ambulances;  Airline to which aircraft belongs to for the details of on board passengers and air crew; and  Help line shall be set-up immediately to provide the details to the kin of the passengers.

7.4.2 Aircraft Accident off the Airport (Within the Vicinity)

As per the Airport Authority of India, the vicinity of airport is the area upto 5 km on the approach path and for the areas it is 2 km around the airport boundary. The accident shall be informed by the ATC to rescue people for necessary action:

 Raising the alarm;  Location shall be identified by ATC;  Rushing fire fighting equipment to the site;  Type of aircraft and name of aircraft operator to be informed by ATC;  To activate the off-site emergency plan;  Informing the incident to District Collector with details of location;  Alerting the civil medical department to arrange medical facilities;  Informing police department to provide the security etc;  Searching for the black box, cockpit voice data recorder and other revelant documents to hand over to DGCA;  Informing to District Fire & Emergency Services; and  District Fire & Emergency Services will take command of the accident area and co-ordinate with various agencies.

7.4.3 Aircraft Crash within Airport Fire Service Turnout Area

The airport fire service turnout area shall include the entire airport area as well as the areas in the vicinity of the airport up to an arc of a circle centered at the runway threshold of 5 km radius, and 3 km from the perimeter of the airport. Crash action is declared for aircraft accidents on the airbase as well as off the airbase. The Air Traffic Controller shall activate the crash alarm immediately if one of the following events occurs:

When the aircraft accident/ crash is sighted by the Air Traffic Controller or the sighting is reported to the Air Traffic Control by any of the reliable sources such as the "Follow-Me" vehicles plying in the aircraft movement area;

b) During poor visibility- when the Air Traffic Controller is unable to sight the runway, and the aircraft, which has been cleared for takeoff or land, fails to respond to the Air Traffic Control's repeated calls or the inputs from the Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) and other radar have indicated that the aircraft might have crashed; or

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c) When the aircraft has been cleared to land and fails to land within 5 minutes of the estimated time of landing and the communication with the pilot is not able to be reestablished. Or the inputs from A-SMGCS and other radar have indicated that the aircraft might have crashed.

If the crash is within the Airport Fire Service Turnout Area, the Air Traffic Control shall activate the crash alarm for at least one minute continuously, and the "Crash" message shall be broadcast over the Crash alarm communication system. The "Crash" message shall also be relayed to the Airport Fire Watch Tower.

The standard text and format used for the "Crash Action" message for aircraft crash within the airport Fire Service Turnout Area shall be as follows: CRASH, CRASH, CRASH:

 Aircraft Type & Flight Number; Location of Accident;  Grid Map Location [*SQUARE (Alpha-Numeric)]; Time of Accident;  Number of Persons On Board (POB);  Fuel On Board;  Aircraft Operator; and  Any dangerous goods on board including quantity and location, if known.

*The 'Square' is the alpha -numeric grid reference indicated on the Crash Map. If the aircraft accident occurs on the runway, the Air Traffic Control shall give clearance for the responding airport fire vehicles to enter the runway as soon as possible.

7.4.4 Aircraft Crash outside Airport Fire Service Turnout Area

If an aircraft accident occurs outside the Turnout Area, the procedures for Crash Action outside the Airport Fire Service Turnout Area shall be as followed.

The decision to declare the Crash Action rests with the Air Traffic Control. If it is clear to the Air Traffic Controller that the aircraft has crash and landed outside the Airport Fire Service Turnout Area, the standard text and format used for the "Crash Action" message shall be as follows:

AIRCRAFT CRASH OUTSIDE TURNOUT AREA:

 Aircraft type & flight number;  Location of accident;  Time of accident;  Number of Persons On Board (POB);  Fuel on board;  Aircraft operator; and  Any dangerous goods on board including quantity and location, if known.

State Authorities/District Administration will be overall in charge of all ground operations at the scene. All the other agencies and services involved will activate their respective emergency operations plans to support the State Authorities/District Administration in the mitigation of the aircraft accident. Local

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Fire Service will be fully in charge and resume command of the aircraft fire- fighting and rescue operations at the crash site.

7.4.5 Fuel Spillage

The following actions shall be taken:

 Inform apron manager;  Cordon off the area;  Do not use mobile phones at the spill location;  Stop the fuel flow by pressing Fuel Hydrant Emergency Stop switch;  In consultation with apron manager, re-route or hold the taxiing aircraft; and  Send the light vehicle with sorbent pads and saw dust bags.

7.4.6 Sabotage including Bomb Threat and Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft

Bomb Alert on Aircraft

a) Any aircraft that is suspected of carrying a bomb should be parked in Isolated Bay Area.

b) All passengers should be evacuated immediately by the fastest means while the local or airport police arrange for bomb disposal experts to attend and search the aircraft. All baggage should be left on board until it has been searched and cleared. Airport rescue and fire services should be standby at point no less than 300 m from air craft and predetermined procedure for bomb alerts should take into account the calling of local authority services of fire, police, ambulance and hospitals.

c) These types of incidents may occur on the ground or in the air including the seizure of an aircraft unlawfully, the placement of bomb on board or suspected bomb on board or armed attack on the aircraft which may include taking of hostage in such cases airport normally have contingency plan which firstly demand positioning the aircraft away from the main runway and terminal building and secondly police and law enforcement agencies are contact as necessary.

The air traffic control must

 Maintain continuous communication with the rescue and fire fighting services to ensure that they are kept updated in relation to any change in distressed aircraft condition;

 Attend to bomb threat calls received to aircraft, terminal building, vital installations and arising from unclaimed observed insides/outside the airport and safe neutralization of explosives devices found; and

 Conduct regular training of airport security police and staff, airline agencies working at the airport. This training is based for identification of explosives.

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7.4.7 Mass Casualities / in Flight Medical Emergencies

In a medical emergency, the degree or type of illness or injury and number of persons involve will determine the extent to which the airport emergency plan utilized.

As per ICAO recommendations, AAI has to set up an airport medical clinic to deal with day to day medical cases and minor first-aid requirements. In addition, an on call ambulance for routine emergencies as well as off-airport based ambulance to be provided for emergency transportation services. In case of this emergency, following actions are recommended:

 On receipt of a ‘Medical Emergency Alert’ from aircraft in flight, approve emergency landing with Number-1 priority;  Pass the medical emergency alert to medical unit;  Alert CISF at security check area to speedy security clearance of Medical officers and medical kit;  In case of international passengers involved, assist the airline representative for completing the immigration formalities; and  Inform the next of the kin of the sick /deceased appropriately.

7.4.8 Public Health Emergencies

Public health emergency is an occurrence of eminent threat of an illness or health condition that is believed to be caused by bioterrorism, appearance of a novel or previously controlled or eradicated infection agent or biological toxin that possess high probability of harms viz. large numbers of deaths in the affected population and/or long period exposure to an infectious or toxic agent resulting in significant risk to a future harm of a large number of people in the affected population.

 In case of outbreak of any public health emergency, the Directorate of Health, shall take lead in responding to the situation under direct guidance of Ministry of Health;  Airport medical service provider will assist public health department; and  In case of any communicable dieses at the airport, the passengers diagnosed positive will be quarantined by APHO.

7.4.9 Natural Disaster

Natural Disasters are often sudden & intense and results in considerable destruction, injuries & death disrupting normal life as well as the process of development. Natural disasters are due to natural calamity such as earthquake, flood, storm/cyclone, cloud burst/ lightning/ extreme weather conditions etc.

The possible natural calamities that can affect the airport are earthquake and torrential rains resulting water logging. The various actions procedures recommended in “The National Disaster Management Act 2005’ and various regulations laid down by ICAO and DGCA are to be complied.

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 In case of any major natural disaster, especially earthquake, resulting major loss in terms of life and property, the Incident Command System of State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) shall be set up at the airport.

 To contain a developing scenario, the Aerodrome Emergency Management Committee (AEMC) shall be synchronized with the Incident Command System (ICS) of SDMA and airport operator shall provide all possible support to the state machinery.

7.5 Role and Responsibility in Handling Emergencies

The following table summarizes the key functions for the airport and other supporting organizations/ agencies/ services during a crisis:

Sr. No Service Responsibilities 1 Airport Fire Service  Aircraft rescue and fire fighting operation;  Post-accident fire protection support for triage activities;  Evacuate injured passengers to hospitals;  Support for structural fire-fighting and evacuation; and  Support for mitigation and dangerous floods, accidents/incidents 2 Airside Management/  Activate key officials and ground handling Operation agent concerned;  Muster airline’s and ground handling agent’s resources;  Provide and direct ground service supports;  Provide inputs to air traffic control in regard to runway and taxiway closure; and  Coordinate aircraft recovery and salvage operation. 3 Air Terminal  Activate key officials and other external Management agency/services such as hospitals, panel doctors, ambulance services, bureau of civil aviation security, immigration and customs;  Activate the Emergency Response and Interaction Centre (ERIC) Group;  Setup the Emergency Co-ordination Centre (ECC), Survivors Reception Centre (SRC), Friends and Relative Reception Centre (FRRC) and Re-union Area (RA);  Passengers facilitation and business recovery at terminal buildings; and  Support terminal building evacuation. 4 Air Traffic Service  Activation and Termination of Crash Action, Full Emergency, Local standby, etc.;  Air traffic management including issuing NOTAM (notices to airman) 5 Police  Guarding of aircraft wreckage and preservation of evidence at the accident site

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Sr. No Service Responsibilities including eye-witness accounts and photography;  Custody of flight data and cockpit voice recorders, cargo’s onboard including dangerous goods, and baggage/passenger belongings;  Investigation and management of dead bodies including their identity establishment, mortuary arrangements, and release of the bodies; and  Arrange medical examinations of the crew members alive and passengers as well as post-mortem examinations of the deceased crew members and passengers mob control. 6 Airlines  Support overall crisis mitigation efforts e.g. accountability of passengers, management of Next of Kin (NOK), aircraft accident investigation, etc.;  Support media management;  Passenger and NOK facilitation;  Facilitate reunions of survivors and NOK;  Prepare and provide passenger and cargo manifests;  Report the aircraft accident or serious incident to the authorities concerned as stipulated under Aircraft Rules, 1937, Part X Investigation of Accidents; and  Salvage/removal of crashed or disabled aircraft. 7 Ground Handling  Provide ground service staff and facilities Agent including passenger steps, coaches, and aircraft towing equipment.

7.6 Operation and Management Control

7.6.1 Airport Emergency Managing Committee

To ensure coordinated action, an Airport Emergency Managing Committee will be constituted. The airport director will be the chairman of this committee. The committee will comprise of members from various airport departments including the following:

 Airport Administration;  Air Traffic Control;  Airport Rescue and Fire Fighting;  Airport Security Services;  Safety Department;  Airport Medical Services;  Maintenance Department;  Environment Management Cell;

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 Representative from Airlines;  Transportation Department;  Cargo Facility;  Department of Information and Publicity;  Representative from local NGO‟s and Social Group; and  Also member from Airport Authority of India and district administration will be part of the committee.

Airport emergency managing committee will design the procedure, the emergency action plan, evacuation plan and procedures for implementation based on local needs and facilities available. For effective implementation of emergency action, coordination among the various agencies involved in Emergency Control Centre will be expected. Emergency control centre will be established as the supreme command post for emergency action. For direct action and coordination at ground level mobile command post will be established. Emergency action committee will select officers in charge for emergency control centre.

7.6.2 Airport Emergency Operation/ Coordination Centre

During a major airport disaster such as an aircraft crash or a severe fire outbreak at terminal building, the various emergency operations and coordination centers will be established immediately to mitigate the disaster. The Emergency Control Centre will be the top command for coordination and communication centre for all kinds of emergencies. The Chairman of Emergency Managing Committee will be the head of emergency control centre.

Under his direction, chief officer will operate and regulate all emergency operation. The centre will operate under the directions of Airport Emergency Managing Committee. Its location will be fixed, as per the requirement emergency situations. The main features of this unit will be:

 It will be operated by a specialized trained staff from Fire, Safety, Health and Environment department personnel of airport;  It will be the command, co-ordination and communication centre for unlawful seizure of aircraft and bomb threats;  It is operationally available for 24 hours; and  The location of the emergency operations centre should provide a clear view of the movement area and isolated aircraft parking position, wherever possible.

 The Airport emergency operation centre should contain:

o Emergency alert and communication system; o Adequate number of internal and external telephones. The latest telephone directories with a list of important numbers; o Radio equipment, hot-lines and walkie-talkie; o Plans of the airport to show various areas of airport; o Sources of sirens and safety equipments including fire, explosion, spill and gas controls; and o Stock of other fire extinguishing materials.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-19 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-7 Additional Studies

7.7 Mock Drills and Exercises

Mock drills constitute another important component of emergency preparedness and refer to the re-enactment, under the assumption of a mock scenario, of the implementation of response actions to be taken during an emergency. Mock drills and integrated exercises have the following objectives:

 To test, efficacy, timing, and content of the plan and implementing procedures;  To ensure, that the emergency organization personnel are familiar with their duties and responsibilities by demonstration;  Provide hands-on experience with the procedures to be implemented during emergency; and  Maintain emergency preparedness.

The frequency of the drills would vary depending on the severity of the hazard. However, drills shall be conducted once in a year. Scenarios may be developed in such a manner as to accomplish more than one event objective. Drills and exercises will be conducted as realistically as is reasonably practicable. Planning for drills and exercises would include:

 Basic objectives;  Date, time and venue;  Participating organizations;  Events to be simulated;  Approximate schedule of events;  Arrangements for qualified observers; and  An appropriate critique of drills/exercises with participants.

Evaluation of drills and exercises would be carried out which include comments from the participants and observers. Discrepancies noted by the drill observers during the drill shall be pointed out. The individual responsible for conducting the drill or exercise would prepare a written evaluation of the drill or exercise. The evaluation would include assessments and recommendations on:

 Areas that require immediate correction;  Areas where additional training is needed;  Suggested modifications to the plan or procedures;  Deficiencies in equipment, training, and facilities; and  Records of drills, exercises, evaluations, and corrective actions would be duly maintained.

7.8 Compliance to Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2017

There is a need to adopt energy efficient technologies for conservation of energy. This section discusses some important recommendations of the energy conservation building code and the National building code on energy conservation. The proposed project will comply with standards included in NBC for lighting levels, HVAC, comfort levels, natural ventilations and other system performance criteria. Other requirements of ECBC 2017 like building envelope, heating ventilation and air conditioning system, lighting schedule will be

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considered during the construction and operational phase of the project. The components of ECBC and its compliance with regard to the proposed terminal building is given below in brief:

ECBC Envelope; Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning (HVAC); Lighting; Electrical Power; and ECBC Compliance.

ECBC Envelope

The building envelope refers to the exterior façade and is comprised of opaque components and fenestration systems. Opaque components include walls, roofs, and slabs on grade, basement walls and opaque doors. Fenestration systems include windows, skylights, ventilators, and doors that are more than one-half glazed. The envelope protects the buildings interiors and occupants from the weather condition and shield them from other external factors.

Envelope design strongly affects the visual and thermal comfort of the occupants, as well as energy consumption in the buildings. The design for making the building envelope will be energy-efficient and complies with the mandatory and prescriptive requirement of the code for the future buildings. The present terminal is old terminal and is complying with ECBC earlier guidelines.

The building façade will aspire to comply with the following:

 Wall assembly U value to meet : 0.44 W/m2K  Roof assembly U value to meet : 0.519 W/m2K  Glazing U value to meet : 0.25  Glazing VLT should higher than 40%

HVAC (Heating Ventilation & Air Conditioning)

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) refers to the equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide, either collectively or individually, the heating, ventilation or air-conditioning requirements to a building or a portion of building.

The best HVAC design considers all the interrelated building systems while addressing indoor air quality, thermal comfort, energy consumption and environmental benefits. Optimizing both the design and the benefits requires with schematic design phase and continually revise the remaining designing process. It is also essential that a process be implemented to monitor proper installation and operation of the HVAC system throughout construction.

Buildings with low-energy comfort system is proposed to be installed with cooling and heating requirement of the building will be deemed equivalent to building mandatory provisions of clause 5.2 of ECBC 2017.

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The following are the brief on HVAC considerations to attain 20% energy savings.

 Water cooler screw chiller with COP 5.63 and LPLV greater than 8.57 & air cooler chiller with COP 3.05 & IPLV of 3.32 is considered;  Fan efficiency shall be greater than 65%;  Motors efficiency shall be EFF1;  Heat recovery wheels for treated fresh air units with efficiency of 75% for sensible & latent loads;  Split units inline BEE 5 rating equivalent to be considered;  Chillers, pumps, cooling towers and air handling units are incorporated with variable frequency drivers (VFD’s).

Lighting

Lighting systems and equipment will comply with the mandatory provisions of clause 6.2 and the prescriptive criteria of clause 6.3 of ECBC, 2017. The fulfilling requirements are given in brief below:

 Interior spaces of terminal building;  Exterior building features including facades, illuminated roofs, entrances, exists and illuminated canopies; and  Exterior building grounds lighting that is provided through the building’s electrical service.

Emergency or security lighting that is automatically off during normal building operations will be complied as per exception clause 6.1 of ECBC, 2017.

Lighting Control

- Interior lighting fittings in building will be equipped with automatic control devices; - Provision of occupancy sensors  Habitable spaces less than 30 m2, enclosed by walls or ceiling height partitions;  Public toilets more than 25 m2, controlling at least 80% of lighting fitted in the toilet. The lighting fixtures, not controlled by automatic lighting shutoff, will be uniformly spread in the area.

Interior Lighting Power:

The installed interior lighting power calculated for compliance with the prescriptive requirements of the ECBC will include all power used by luminary devices.

Exterior Lighting Power

The connected lighting power for these applications may not exceed the allowed limits. Lighting power density (LPD) for the project considered as per ECBC for base case simulation. LPD levels considered for various spaces are given in Table-7.3.

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TABLE- 7.3 LIGHTING COMPONENT - LPD LEVELS

Input Parameter Base case Terminal building/ hall(W/sqft) 0.7 Toilet (W/sqft) 0.9 Daylight areas > 25 sq.m shall be equipped with manual/automatic control device that All luminiares proposed in the terminal a) is capable of reducing light output of the building will be provided either with luminaires in daylighted areas by at least automatic control system or manual 50%. And switching control system. b) Controls only the luminaires located entirely within the daylighted area. Exterior lighting to be controlled by automatic control like photosensor or astronomical time switch.

Electrical Power

Energy Metering: For services exceed >1000 kVA metering has to be done to record demand (kVA), energy (kWh), and total power factor. The metering shall also display current (in each phase and the neutral), voltage (between phases and between each phase and neutral), and total harmonic distortion(THD) as per percentage of total current. Apart from metering, following metering has to be done: Electrical meters to be installed to measure energy units generated on site electrical sub meters for measuring energy consumption by HVAC plant, AHU fans and indoor lighting separately. Compliance to electrical power supply are given in Table-7.4.

TABLE-7.4 ELECTRICAL POWER COMPONENT

Component Compliance Power transformers of proper ratings & design must be Proposed distribution selected to satisfy the minimum acceptable efficiency at 505 transformers will comply and full load rating. In addition, the transformer must be with ECBC-2017 & IS-1108. selected such that it minimizes the total of its initial cost in addition to the present value of the cost of its total lost energy while serving its estimated loads during its respective life span. Maximum allowable Losses for dry type distribution Proposed distribution transformers with highest voltage for equipment 24 kV at transformers will comply 50% and 100% of the load. with ECBC-2017 & IS-1108. Maximum allowable Losses for oil filled distribution Proposed distribution transformers with highest voltage for equipment 36 kV at transformers will comply 50% and at 100% of the load with ECBC-2017 & IS-1108. All measurement of losses shall be carried out by using Will be complied. calibrated digital meters of class 0.5 or better accuracy and certified by the manufacturer. All transformers of capacity of 500kVA and above would be equipped with additional

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metering class current transformer (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) additional to the requirements of Utilities so that periodic loss monitoring study may be carried out. Power Cabling shall be adequately sized to maintain the Adequate size of power distribution losses not to exceed beyond 1% of the total cables will be selected to power usage. Record of design calculation for the losses maintain the distribution shall be maintained. losses

100 % of outdoor lighting fixtures shall meet the luminous efficacy of at least 75 lumens/watt. Artificial lighting system are proposed to fall within limits (lower and higher range limits) as recommended space/task specific lighting levels to meet the minimum uniformity ratio. All ceiling fans shall be BEE 5 star rated. On site renewable energy system installation to offset 0.5% of Annual energy consumption for internal artificial lighting and HVAC systems. Overall mercury content of the light fixtures shall be less than 90 picogram/lumen hour.

Energy Efficiency

Efficient building envelope such that peak heat gain through building envelope meet the GRIHA building envelope peak heat gain factor thresholds of 35. Incorporation of energy conservation measures to achieve energy performance index (EPI) 20% lower than GRIHA baseline EPI.

ECBC-2017 Compliance

Project will be following energy conservation or efficiency measures in compliance with ECBC requirement

 Energy efficient packages single zone HVAC system will be considered for the areas which are under developers scope;  Energy efficient lighting fixtures like LED is proposed;  Transformer maximum losses will be maintained less than the ECBC recommended values  Energy metering will be provided by the project as recommended by ECBC. Metering will be installed to record demand (kVA), energy (kWh), and total power factor. The installed energy meter will also display current (in each phase and neutral), voltage (between phases and apart from above metering, following metering has to be done, each phase and neutral), and total harmonic distortion (THD) as a percentage of total current.

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8.0 PROJECT BENEFITS

Arunachal Pradesh, on account of its unrivalled aesthetics and diverse cultural heritage possesses a great tourism potential. The state provides abundant scope for angling, boating, rafting, trekking and hiking, it is rich in wildlife and has a number of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks with rare animals, birds and plants. Perhaps the highest diversity of mammals in India is in Arunachal Pradesh. The diversity of birds is also very high, more than 500 and is only second to Assam.

Agriculture drives the economy of Arunachal Pradesh, the state has close to 61,000 sq. km of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Arunachal Pradesh is ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. The major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units and handloom handicrafts. An air link would not only lead to greater connectivity and ease of accessibility, but also foster economic activities by encouraging international commerce and tourism.

The development of the greenfield airport at Holongi, will result in greater connectivity in Itanagar, thus increasing the tourist flow in this region and to the state as a whole. It would not only increase accessibility to other areas but also help in future development in the state.

8.1 Benefits to the Infrastructure

The proposed project will attract large number of population to the area in the form of equipment suppliers, material suppliers, maintenance technicians, etc. For their accommodation, the infrastructural facilities like lodging, eateries and transport facilities on the outskirts of nearby villages up to the airport area is expected to improve. These will also benefit the local population. The proposed airport will also attract industrial and infrastructure development in the region there by generating the revenue which will boost the economy of the State.

8.2 Benefits to the Socio-Economic Status

Apart from the temporary employment during construction phase, the setting up of the unit will also open up good employment opportunities, especially for the skilled workers. The current occupational status of the region shows that about 55.17 %

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C8-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-8 Project Benefits

of the population is unemployed. The setting up of the project will further improve this status of unemployment and provide opportunities to the unemployed population.

8.3 Corporate Social Responsibility

Detailed corporate social responsibility policy of Airports Authority of India is enclosed as Annexure-XI.

8.4 Corporate Environmental Responsibility

As per the CER policy dated 1st May, 2018, 0.5% fund of the proposed project cost is to be allocated for the CER activities. The total cost of the proposal is Rs. 1092.03 crores, for which the 0.5% CER cost amounts to Rs. 5.46 crores. This fund will be spent for the activities as per the guidelines provided in the said notification viz., infrastructure creation for drinking water supply, sanitation, health, education, skill development roads, cross drains, electrification, solid waste management facilities, scientific support and awareness to local farmers to increase yield of crop and fodder, rain water harvesting etc.

8.5 Conclusion

The CER activities will help in improving the confidence building with communities to make them good neighbours. Direct benefits (jobs, training) make them pro- airport and build their stake in the operations of airport. Airport operations benefit with supply of good manpower from nearby areas, thus creating a win-win situation. The socio-economic development in the region will lead for enhancement of quality of life of people in the region. So, based on the above, it can be said that the proposed project will result in further improving the infrastructure facilities of the area.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C8-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-9 Environmental Cost Benefit Analysis

9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

The scope of the EIA/EMP has been prescribed vide the Terms of Reference (TOR) issued by MoEF&CC vide Letter F.No. 10-20/2014-IA-III dated 21st October 2015 and TOR extension was sought from the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change and has extended TOR dated 21.10.2015 for a period of one year, upto 20.10.2019. The TOR letter copy is also enclosed as Annexure-I.

As per SO 1533 dated 14th September 2006, the chapter on environmental cost benefit analysis is to be prepared if prescribed at scoping stage.

This chapter has to be carried out if specifically required as per scoping.

As this is not specifically mentioned in TOR, further detail study is not carried out.

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10.0 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

Environment Management Plan (EMP) describes various pollution control systems and other measures envisaged for mitigating environmental impacts identified separately for construction and operation phases.

EMP specifies various technological measures for pollution prevention, waste minimization, attenuation etc. proposed to be undertaken to mitigate the environmental impacts on each sector of environment during each phase of the project, i.e. construction phase and operation phase.

Apart from mitigation measures, EMP also includes institutional set-up for implementation of various measures, greenbelt development plan and environmental monitoring plan.

10.1 Management Plan for Construction Phase

The impacts of construction activities would be temporary and will reduce gradually with the completion of the construction activities. Various mitigation measures proposed to be implemented during construction phase are described in Table-10.1.

10.2 Management Plan for Operation Phase

The impacts of operation phase will be long term in nature. Table-10.2 describes various mitigation measures, proposed to be implemented during operation phase and Table-10.3 describes the mode of implementation and allocation of human resources for the same.

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Chapter-10 Environment Management Plan

TABLE-10.1 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Targets to Achieve Risks and Consequence of Failure, if Implementation any Air Pollution Control Water sprinkling in vulnerable areas AAI + Contractor Control of fugitive dust from Increase in PM emissions construction areas Proper maintenance of vehicles & AAI + Contractor Control of CO & NOx Emissions Increase in gaseous pollutants construction equipment Transportation of construction material in AAI + Contractor Control of fugitive dust during Increase in PM emissions covered trucks, wherever possible transportation. Noise Pollution Control Proper maintenance of vehicles, Contractor Control of ambient and site noise Increase in noise levels equipment and machinery levels Provision of acoustic covers/ enclosures Contractor Control of ambient and site noise Increase in noise levels on equipment and machinery, wherever levels possible Provision of earmuffs/ earplugs to the Contractor Protection of workers Health effects on individual workers workers in high noise areas and enforcement of its use Water Pollution Control Channelization and construction of AAI Control of suspended solids in Increase in total suspended solids in temporary sedimentation tanks for effluents from construction area effluents effluents from construction area through network of drains. Socio-Economic Environment Provision of environmentally safe AAI + Contractor To provide clean & healthy living Unhealthy living conditions, spread of camping area for the migrant laborers environment to work force diseases

Arrangements for water supply and Contractor To reduce stress on surrounding Stress on existing utilities, conflicts with sanitation population local people

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Chapter-10 Environment Management Plan

Proposed Mitigation Measures Responsibility for Targets to Achieve Risks and Consequence of Failure, if Implementation any Solid Waste Management Disposal of surplus earth and construction Contractor + AAI Control of pollution Air/ Water Pollution debris Reclaiming of un-built area with AAI Create a good visual environment. Unpleasant surroundings appropriate vegetation/ land scaping Aesthetics improvement.

TABLE-10.2 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED DURING OPERATION PHASE

Mitigation Measures Proposed Responsibility for Targets to Achieve Risks and Consequence of Failure, if Implementation any AIR ENVIRONMENT Shut down engines during idling and AAI Control of CO and NOx Increase in gaseous emissions taxing emissions

Height of the stack for DG sets shall AAI Wider dispersion of Increase in ground level concentration of be kept as per CPCB guidelines emitted air Pollutions pollutants. Appropriate design of access roads to AAI Control of CO and NOx Increase in gaseous emissions avoid traffic jams to reduce air emissions pollution WATER ENVIRONMENT Sewage Treatment Plant AAI Removal of suspended Increase in concentration of pollutants solids, oil and grease and especially Biological parameters. organic matter to conform to regulatory standards for discharge of effluents into inland surface waters Dry cleaning process in workshop and AAI Removal of oil and grease Contamination of surface water maintenance area to clean the oil to conform to regulatory spillages standards for discharge of

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Chapter-10 Environment Management Plan

Mitigation Measures Proposed Responsibility for Targets to Achieve Risks and Consequence of Failure, if Implementation any effluents into inland surface waters The storm water from the paved and AAI Recharge the ground water Flooding of airport unpaved areas shall be routed to the table rainwater harvesting structures NOISE ENVIRONMENT Provision of acoustic enclosures/ AAI Attenuation of noise in Increase in ambient noise levels barriers/ shields to reduce noise source receptor pathway Provision of personal protective AAI Protection of sensitive Health impact on workers in high noise equipment like ear plugs and ear receptor areas muffs Online noise monitoring system AAI Online noise monitoring to Noise mitigation measures can be suitably be carried out at both ends implemented of thhe runway and the online system to be connected to the Central Data System (CDS) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Used oil and hazardous waste AAI Shall be disposed of Soil contamination through authorized recyclers/re-refiners Domestic Solid Waste AAI Environmentally safe Air and water pollution, spread of disease disposal of municipal vectors waste from township OTHERS Afforestation and Green Belt AAI Ecological improvement Reduction in aesthetics and living space. Development Attenuation of air Higher pollutants in the ambient air. pollutants (PM, SO2 and NOx) and noise in source receptor pathway Disaster Management Plan AAI Safety Increased risk of fire and explosion VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C10-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-10 Environment Management Plan

10.3 Institutional Arrangements for Environment Protection and Conservation

Environment Management cell will be headed by a manager and will constitute environmental engineer, safety officer and ecologist / horticulturist. The organizational structure of environment management cell is presented in Figure- 10.1.

The Manager (Env) will be responsible for environment management activities in the proposed project. Basically, this department will supervise the monitoring of environmental pollution levels viz. source emission monitoring, ambient air quality, water and effluent quality, noise level either departmentally or by appointing external agencies wherever necessary.

In case the monitored results of environmental pollution are found to exceed the allowable limits, the environment management cell will suggest remedial action and get these suggestions implemented through the concerned authorities.

The environment management cell also co-ordinate all the related activities such as collection of statistics of health of workers and population of the region, afforestation and greenbelt development.

10.4 Cost Provision for Environment Management

Total project cost for the development of airport is Rs. 1092.03 Crores. It is proposed to invest about Rs. 58.38 Crores on environment protection measures. The break-up of environment management cost is given in Table-10.3.

TABLE-10.3 COST TOWARDS ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION MEASURES

Sr. Parameter Capital Cost No. (Rs in Crores) 1 Drainage 54.09 2 Rain Water Harvesting 0.77 3 Landscaping and Horticulture 1.0 4 Septic tank & STP 1.52 5 Storm water drains 1.0 Total Cost 58.38

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C10-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-10 Environment Management Plan

FIGURE-10.1 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C10-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

11.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The project will be taken-up through government grant on socio-economic consideration and AAI is the implementing agency.

11.1 Location Details and Environmental Setting

 The airport reference point is latitude: 26058’12 N” and longitude: 93039’53” E;

 Average elevation of the site is about 104 m above MSL;

 No ecologically sensitive zones like national parks, wildlife sanctuaries exist within 10 km radius area. Drupong reserve forest exist within the study area;

 The nearest railway station is Gohpur RS in Assam located at about 8.4 km and National Highway (NH-52) is at a distance of 8.8 km from the airport boundary; and

 Kokila and Holongi rivers are passing adjacent to the airport boundary in the E and SW direction respectively.

11.2 Project Description

Salient features of the proposed project is given in Table-11.1.

TABLE-11.1 PROPOSED FACILITIES

Sr. No. Particulars Details 1 Type of Airport 3C 2 Aircraft A-320 type of aircrafts 3 Terminal Building Area-4,100 sq m, 200 PHP 4 Runway 2300 m X 45 m 08/26 degree magnetic (with RESA) 5 Link Taxiway 290 m x 23 m x 2 nos (One for entry and one for exit) 6 Technical Block 1450 sq m 7 Apron 13320 sq m VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

Sr. No. Particulars Details 8 Fire Station 1330 sq m of Category-V 9 Car Parking 4000 Sq m (100-150 cars) 10 DVOR & NDB Building 200 Sq m 11 Water Requirement 90 KLD 12 Power Requirement 1.0 MW

11.2.1 Resources Requirement

 Water Requirement The total water requirement would be 50-75 KLD during construction phase and 90 KLD during operation phase which will be met from Kokila stream at around 8 km as suggested by State Government. Necessary permission will be obtained. Water treatment plant of about 104 KLD capacity is proposed to be set up for the airport.

 Power Requirement

11.3 Baseline Environmental Status

11.3.1 Soil Characteristics

11.3.2 Climatology and Meteorology

11.3.3 Ambient Air Quality

To establish the baseline status of the ambient air quality in the study area, the air quality was monitored at eight locations. PM2.5 and PM10 are observed to vary 3 3 3 3 from 6.1 g/m to 13.4 g/m and 15.2 g/m to 28.8 g/m respectively. SO2 3 3 3 and NO2 are observed to vary from 8.2 g/m to 12.8 g/m and 9.0 g/m to 13.8 g/m3 respectively.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

11.3.4 Water Quality

The baseline water quality status in the region is established by collecting water samples from twelve locations.

 Surface Water Quality

The surface water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.

 Ground Water Quality

The ground water quality in the study area does not indicate any industrial contamination.

11.3.5 Noise Level Survey

11.3.6 Ecological Studies

The study area comprises of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam border area within the Holongi 10 km study area.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

11.3.7 Demography and Socio-Economic Profile

The information on socio-economic aspects of the study area has been compiled from secondary sources, which mainly include census data of 2011.

11.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts And Mitigation Measures

TABLE-11.2 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

Discipline Potential Mitigative Measures Remarks Impacts/Issues Construction Phase Air Quality Increase in dust and Sprinkling of water in the The impact is likely to be for NOx concentration construction area and short duration and confined paving of unpaved roads locally to the construction site itself. Water Quality Increase in suspended Temporary sedimentation - solids due to soil run-off pond will be constructed during heavy rainfall. Noise Levels Increase in noise level Equipment will be kept in Workers will be provided good condition to keep necessary protective the noise level within 90 equipment e.g. ear plug, ear- dB(A). muffs Solid waste Generation of domestic Proper care will be taken Will be disposed suitably. sewage in segregating wastes and maintaining areas in a clean pest free state Terrestrial Clearing of Vegetation Plantation will be done The area being an aviation Ecology along with construction of zone, impact on terrestrial project fauna will be negligible. Socio- Migration of skilled and Mostly local man power is 40.41 ha has been earmarked economics unskilled labour proposed to be deployed. for the Rehabilitation & Hence no significant Resettlement package of impact is envisaged. Chakma refugees. Operation Phase Air Quality Increase in CO, HC and Methods of abatement The resultant concentrations NOx levels in the suggested in the EIA after superimposing on the ambient air report will be employed maximum ground level for the air pollution concentrations indicate that control at the source the resultant levels would be level. well within the prescribed

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-4 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

Discipline Potential Mitigative Measures Remarks Impacts/Issues standards. Water Quality Risk of contamination of Adequate treatment The wastewater after ground or surface water facilities will be provided treatment will be reused to so that the treated maximum possible extent. effluents conform to the Hence, no significant impact is regulatory standards. envisaged because of the project. Noise Increase in noise levels A noise management Noise modeling results indicate program will be that the noise levels after developed and implementation of the project implemented. will be within the prescribed standards. Solid Waste Food waste/ Medical - Solid Waste will be disposed Waste/Oily Waste etc off as per norms Terrestrial Interaction of wildlife Greenbelt will be As emissions will be within Ecology and aircraft operation developed limits, no active injury to the vegetation is envisaged

Socio- Strain on resources and Local people will be Positive social changes are Economics infrastructure facilities preferred for about 50% anticipated which leads to of jobs. regional development

11.5 Environmental Monitoring Programme

A comprehensive monitoring program of environmental quality parameters is suggested underneath.

 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

 DG Stack Monitoring

 Water and Wastewater Quality Monitoring and Data Analysis

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-5 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

 Noise Levels

11.6 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan

11.7 Project Benefits

11.8 Environment Management Plan

Environment management cell will be headed by a manager and will constitute environmental engineer, safety officer and ecologist/horticulturist. The manager (Env) will be responsible for environment management activities in the proposed project. Basically, this department will supervise the monitoring of environmental pollution levels viz. source emission monitoring, ambient air quality, water and effluent quality, noise level either departmentally or by appointing external VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-6 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-11 Summary & Conclusions

agencies wherever necessary. It is proposed to invest about Rs. 58.38 Crores towards pollution control measures.

11.9 Conclusion

It is essential to have an airport at Itanagar, being the capital of Arunachal Pradesh as well as for development of this area. An air link would not only lead to greater connectivity and ease of accessibility, but also foster greater economic activities by encouraging international commerce and tourism.

With judicious implementation of the environment management measures as suggested in the EMP, the possible adverse impacts will be mitigated to a great extent.

The implementation of this project will work as a big boost to the socio-economic development of the project area in particular and to the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh, in general.

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C11-7 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-12 Disclosure of Consultants

12.0 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS

12.1 Introduction

Vimta Labs Limited is a leading multi-disciplinary testing and research laboratory in India. VIMTA provides contract research and testing services in the areas of clinical research, pre-clinical (animal) studies, clinical reference lab services, environmental impact assessments and analytical testing of a wide variety of products.

VIMTA-Environment Division has been in the forefront of its vision to provide better environment through guiding and assisting the industry for sustainable development. A stalwart in the mission to protect and preserve the natural resources on earth for future generations, Vimta offers extensive research and consultancy services in the field of Environment. With its rich experience, multi- disciplinary expertise and with the support of its state-of the-art analytical equipment, the services offered by Vimta are wide ranging and encompasses entire gamut of environment management and monitoring services. With its emphasis on quality services, Vimta, over the years, has evolved itself into a single reference point in India for comprehensive environmental services.

12.1.1 Services Offered

Spread over 70,000 sq.ft lush green garden premises at Cherlapally, Hyderabad (India), the scientifically designed and meticulously groomed infrastructural facility of the Central Laboratory of VIMTA has the most sophisticated instruments backed by an excellent team of professionals.

Over 150,000 sq. ft. of world class research laboratory is also under operation at Biotech Park-Genome Valley, Hyderabad (India). Having all the facilities under one roof is perhaps the only one of its kind in South Asia in the contract testing and research sector.

Vimta offers services under the following specializations:

 Environment;  Analytical;  Clinical Reference Lab;  Clinical Research;  Preclinical;  Molecular Biology; and  Research and Development.

The environment division of VIMTA Labs Limited (VLL) has its presence all over India and other countries including a strong association with international consultants like Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Kennametal Inc. - USA, Rudal Blanchard – UK, E&E Solutions – Japan, NAPESCO & Kuwait National Petroleum Corporation – Kuwait, Marafiq and Haif Consultants – Saudi Arabia and others. Vimta Labs Limited has the following credentials:

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C12-1 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-12 Disclosure of Consultants

 Recognition by BIS, India;  Recognition by Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, Govt. of India and various State Pollution Control Boards (wherever applicable);  Recognition by Department of Science & Technology, Govt. of India (NABL);  Accreditation by QCI/NABET; (validity up to 19th September 2016);  Recognition by Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India;  Recognition by APEDA, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India;  Recognition by Saudi Arabia Standard Organization (SASO), Saudi Arabia;  Recognition from NEMC, Tanzania;  Accreditation by NCTCF;  Certification from Standard Australia;  Recognition from ANVISA Brazil;  Recognition from USFDA;  Quality Assurance Services as per ISO/IEC 17025;  Quality Assurance Services as per ICH Guidelines; and  Recognition by World Health Organization (WHO).

12.1.2 Quality Systems

The basic fact that environment division and its supporting site laboratories are accredited by NABL (IS0-17025) and Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, India and by other international bodies stand testimony to its emphasis on Quality Systems.

The details of the personnel’s/Experts involved in the preparation of EIA/EMP report are given below:

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C12-2 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh Chapter-12 Disclosure of Consultants

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C12-3 Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Greenfield Airport at Holongi, Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh

Chapter-12 Disclosure of Consultants

DETAILS OF PERSONNEL INVOLVED IN EIA/EMP STUDY – VIMTA LABS LTD

Sr. No. Name Qualification Position Contribution Experience 1 Mr. M. Janardhan M. Tech (Env) Vice President & Co-ordination About 24 years of experience in the field of environmental management and Head environmental engineering 2 Dr. B. Chandra Sekhar M.Sc., Ph.D Sr. Manager Co-ordination About 14 years of experience in the field of environmental management and modeling 3 Mr. G. V. Raghava Rao M. Tech (Env) Manager Expert About 15 years of experience in the field of environmental management and environmental engineering 4 Mr. S. Srinivas Goud M.S.W Group Leader Expert About 23 years of experience in the field of social Impact Assessment Studies 5 Ms. Durga Bhavani M.Sc., M. Tech (Env) Group Leader Expert About 11 years of experience in the field of Environmental Management and Environmental Chemistry 6 Mr. S. Kishore Kumar M. Tech (Env) Group Leader Expert About 5 years of experience in the field of environment management and engineering 7 Mr. Rajasekhar T M. Sc (Ecology) Sr. Scientist Expert About 11 years of experience in ecological and biodiversity studies 8 Mr. M. Raja Manohar M.Tech (Env) Env Engineer Expert About 5 years of experience in the field of environment management and engineering 9 Mr. A Ch. Ramesh Kumar M. Sc Scientist Expert About 12 years of experience in the field of environment monitoring 10 Mr. Rajeshwar J M. Sc (Geo) Scientist Expert About 7 years of experience in the field of Geology and Hydrogeology 11 Dr. M. Subba Reddy P.hD (Env Chem) Sr. Scientist Expert About 5 years of experience in the field of Environmental Management and Environmental Chemistry 12 Mr. Sanjay Kumar Chavan M Sc Scientist Expert About 3 years of experience in the field of Environmental Management and Environmental Chemistry 13 Mr. P. Rama Krishna M. Tech (Env) Engineer Expert About 3 years of experience in the field of environment management 14 Mr. Ch. Narendra M.S.W Scientist Expert About 3 year of experience in the field of Social Impact Assessment Studies 15 Mr. M. Praveen kumar M. Tech (Env) Tr. Engineer Trainee About 2 year of experience in the field of environment management 16 Mr. J. Sunil kumar M. Tech (Env) Tr. Engineer Trainee About 2 year of experience in the field of environment management 17 Mr. K S Vishnu Teja M. Tech (Env) Env Engineer Trainee About 2 years of experience in the field of environment management and engineering 18 Mr. P. Niranjan Babu B.Com Dy Manager Secretarial About 21 years of experience in the field of environmental monitoring and Support secretarial support 19 Mr. P. Krishna I.T.I (Civil) Jr. Engineer Cartography About 14 years of experience in the field of environmental management and civil drawings 20 Mr. J. Rama Krishna I.T.I (Civil) Jr. Engineer Cartography About 13 years of experience in the field of environmental management and civil drawings

VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C12-4