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EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

REFERENCES CHAPTER 5

Part 1:

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12. Girbal-Neuhauser,E., Durieux,J.J., Arnaud,M., Dalbon,P., Sebbag,M., Vincent,C., Simon,M., Senshu,T., Masson-Bessiere,C., Jolivet-Reynaud,C. et al. 1999. The epitopes targeted by the rheumatoid arthritis-associated antifilaggrin autoantibodies are posttranslationally generated on various sites of (pro)filaggrin by deimination of arginine residues. J.Immunol. 162:585-594. 13. van Gaalen,F., Ioan-Facsinay,A., Huizinga,T.W., and Toes,R.E. 2005. The devil in the details: the emerging role of anticitrulline in rheumatoid arthritis. J.Immunol. 175:5575-5580. 14. Huizinga,T.W., Amos,C.I., van der Helm-van Mil AH, Chen,W., van Gaalen,F.A., Jawaheer,D., Schreuder,G.M., Wener,M., Breedveld,F.C., Ahmad,N. et al. 2005. Refining the complex rheumatoid arthritis phenotype based on specificity of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope for antibodies to citrullinated proteins. Arthritis Rheum. 52:3433-3438. 15. Vossenaar,E.R., Despres,N., Lapointe,E., van der,H.A., Lora,M., Senshu,T., van Venrooij,W.J., and Menard,H.A. 2004. Rheumatoid arthritis specific anti-Sa antibodies target citrullinated vimentin. Arthritis Res.Ther. 6:R142-R150. 16. Bang,H., Egerer,K., Gauliard,A., Luthke,K., Rudolph,P.E., Fredenhagen,G., Berg,W., Feist,E., and Burmester,G.R. 2007. Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 56:2503-2511. 17. Verpoort,K.N., Cheung,K., Ioan-Facsinay,A., van der Helm-van Mil AH, Vries-Bouwstra,J.K., Allaart,C.F., Drijfhout,J.W., de Vries,R.R., Breedveld,F.C., Huizinga,T.W. et al. 2007. Fine specificity of the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response is influenced by the shared epitope alleles. Arthritis Rheum 56:3949-3952. 18. Verpoort,K.N., Jol-van der Zijde CM, Papendrecht-van der Voort EA, Ioan-Facsinay,A., Drijfhout,J.W., van Tol,M.J., Breedveld,F.C., Huizinga,T.W., and Toes,R.E. 2006. Isotype distribution of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in undifferentiated arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis reflects an ongoing immune response. Arthritis Rheum 54:3799-3808. 19. Hill,J.A., Southwood,S., Sette,A., Jevnikar,A.M., Bell,D.A., and Cairns,E. 2003. Cutting edge: the conversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high- affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule. J.Immunol. 171:538-541. 20. Kuhn,K.A., Kulik,L., Tomooka,B., Braschler,K.J., Arend,W.P., Robinson,W.H., and Holers,V.M. 2006. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins enhance tissue injury in experimental autoimmune arthritis. J.Clin.Invest 116:961-973. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

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65. Kinne,R.W., Stuhlmuller,B., and Burmester,G.R. 2007. Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. Macrophages. Arthritis Res.Ther. 9:224. 66. Chomarat,P., Rissoan,M.C., Pin,J.J., Banchereau,J., and Miossec,P. 1995. Contribution of IL-1, CD14, and CD13 in the increased IL-6 production induced by in vitro monocyte-synoviocyte interactions. J.Immunol. 155:3645-3652. 67. Szekanecz,Z. and Koch,A.E. 2007. Macrophages and their products in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr.Opin.Rheumatol. 19:289-295. 68. Cutolo,M. and Lahita,R.G. 2005. Estrogens and arthritis. Rheum.Dis.Clin.North Am. 31:19-27, vii. 69. Padyukov,L., Hytonen,A.M., Smolnikova,M., Hahn-Zoric,M., Nilsson,N., Hanson,L.A., Tarkowski,A., and Klareskog,L. 2004. Polymorphism in promoter region of IL10 gene is associated with rheumatoid arthritis in women. J.Rheumatol. 31:422-425. 70. Eskdale,J., McNicholl,J., Wordsworth,P., Jonas,B., Huizinga,T., Field,M., and Gallagher,G. 1998. Interleukin-10 microsatellite polymorphisms and IL- 10 locus alleles in rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. Lancet 352:1282-1283. 71. Raza,K., Falciani,F., Curnow,S.J., Ross,E.J., Lee,C.Y., Akbar,A.N., Lord,J.M., Gordon,C., Buckley,C.D., and Salmon,M. 2005. Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of T cell and stromal cell origin. Arthritis Res.Ther. 7:R784-R795. 72. Klimiuk,P.A., Goronzy,J.J., Bjor,n.J., Beckenbaugh,R.D., and Weyand,C.M. 1997. Tissue cytokine patterns distinguish variants of rheumatoid synovitis. Am.J.Pathol. 151:1311-1319. 73. Bresnihan,B., Roux-Lombard,P., Murphy,E., Kane,D., FitzGerald,O., and Dayer,J.M. 2002. Serum interleukin 18 and interleukin 18 binding protein in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann.Rheum.Dis. 61:726-729. 74. Brennan,F. and Beech,J. 2007. Update on cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr.Opin.Rheumatol. 19:296-301. 75. Karouzakis,E., Neidhart,M., Gay,R.E., and Gay,S. 2006. Molecular and cellular basis of rheumatoid joint destruction. Immunol.Lett. 106:8-13. 76. Sato,K. and Takayanagi,H. 2006. Osteoclasts, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoimmunology. Curr.Opin.Rheumatol. 18:419-426. 77. Poubelle,P.E., Chakravarti,A., Fernandes,M.J., Doiron,K., and Marceau,A.A. 2007. Differential expression of RANK, RANK-L, and osteoprotegerin by synovial fluid neutrophils from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and by healthy human blood neutrophils. Arthritis Res.Ther. 9:R25.

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Part 2:

65. Kvien TK, Uhlig T, Ødegård S, Heiberg MS. Epidemiological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis. The Sex Ratio. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006:1069:212-22.

66. Uhlig T, Kvien TK. Is rheumatoid arthritis disappearing? Ann Rheum Dis 2005 Jan;64(1):7-10.

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68. van der Heijde D. How to read radiographs according to the Sharp/van der Heijde method. J Rheumatol 2000;27:261-3

69. Ostergaard M, Hansen M, Jensen KE, Szkudlarek M, Pedersen-Zbinden B, Lorenzen I. New radiographic bone erosions in the wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two years earlier. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(8):2128-31. 70. Wiles N, Symmons DP, Harrison B, Barrett E, Barrett JH, Scott DG, et al. Estimating the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis: trying to hit a moving target? Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(7):1339-46. 71. Van Dongen H, Van Aken J, Lard LR, Visser K, Ronday HK, Hulsmans HMJ, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate treatment in patients with probable rheumatoid arthritis: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56(5):1424-32. 72. Soderlin MK, Borjesson O, Kautianen H, Skogh T, Leirisalo-Repo M. Annual incidence of inflammatory joint diseases in a population based study in southern Sweden. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(10):911-5. 73. Savolainen E, Kaipiainen-Seppanen O, Kroger L, Luosujarvi R. Total incidence and distribution of inflammatory joint diseases in a defined population: results from the Kuopio 2000 arthritis survey. J Rheumatol 2003;30(10):911-5. 74. Van Gestel AM., Prevoo ML, Van 'T Hof MA, Van Rijswijk MH, Van de Putte LB, Van Riel PL. Development and validation of the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria for rheumatoid arthritis. Comparison with the preliminary American College of Rheumatology and the World Health Organization/International League Against Rheumatism Criteria. Arthritis Rheum 1996;39:34-40. 75. Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Schiff MH, Kalden JR, Emery P, Eberl G, et al. A simplified disease activity index for rheumatoid arthritis for use in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42:244-57. 76. Aletaha D, Nell VP, Stamm T, Uffmann M, Pflugbeil S, Machold K, et al. Acute phase reactants add little to composite disease activity indices for rheumatoid arthritis: validation of a clinical activity score. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7: R796- R806. 77. Zijlstra TR, Bernelot Moens HJ, Bukhari MA. The rheumatoid arthritis articular damage score: first steps in developing a clinical index of long term damage in RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(1):20-3.

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78. Ødegård S, Landewé R, van der Heijde D; Kvien TK, Mowinckel P, Uhlig T. Association of Early Radiographic Damage With Impaired Physical Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis. A Ten-Year, Longitudinal Observational Study in 238 Patients. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:68-75.

79. Syversen SW, Gaarder PI, Goll GL, Ødegård S, Haavardsholm EA, Mowinckel P, et al. High anti-CCP levels and an algorithm of four variables predict radiographic progression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a 10-year longitudinal study. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;May 25; [Epub ahead of print]

80. Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, McMahon AD, Lock P, Vallance R, et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9430):263-9.

81. Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Falch JA, Halse JI, Kvien TK. Bone mineral density and frequency of osteoporosis, in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Results from 394 patients in the Oslo County Rheumatoid Arthritis Register. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:522-30.

82. Ørstavik RE, Haugeberg G, Mowinckel P, Hoiseth A, Uhlig T, Falch JA Halse JI, McCloskey E, Kvien TK. Vertebral deformities in rheumatoid arthritis: A comparison with population-based controls. Arch Intern Med 2004;164(4):420- 5.

83. Baecklund E, Iliadou A, Askling J, Ekbom A, Backlin C, Granath F, et al. Association of chronic inflammation, not its treatment, with increased lymphoma risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(3):692- 701.

84. Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Ballman KV, Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(2):402-11.

85. Chung CP, Avalos I, Raggi P, Stein CM. Arterosclerosis and inflammation: insights from rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2007 Feb 2 [Epub ahead of print].

86. Choi HK, Hernan MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359(9313):1173-7.

87. Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Saxne T, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32(7):1213-8.

88. Heiberg T, Kvien TK. Preferences for improved health examined in 1024 patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Pain has highest priority. Arthritis Rheum 2002;47:391-7

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89. Bjornadal L, Baecklund E, Yin L, Granath F, Klareskog L, Ekbom A. Decreasing mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a large population based cohort in Sweden, 1964-95. J Rheumatol 2002;29(5):906-12.

90. Da Silva E, Doran MF, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Matteson EL. Declining use of orthopedic surgery in patients with rheumatoid arthritis? Results of a long-term, population-based assessment. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49(2):216-20.

91. Heiberg T, Kvien TK, Uhlig T, Finset A. Seven year changes in health status and priorities for improvement of health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005 Feb;64(2):191-5.

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EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

FURTHER READING CHAPTER 9 (166) Rubin MR, Silverberg SJ. Rheumatic manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid hormone therapy. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2002;4:179–85.

(167) Canhao H, Fonseca JE, Leandro MJ, et al. Cross-sectional study of 50 patients with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal arthropathy. Clin Rheumatol 2001;20:119– 22.

(168) Geelhoed GW, Kelly TR. Pseudogout as a clue and complication in primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgery 1989;106:1036–41, discussion. (169) De Bari C, Lapadula G, Cantatore FP. Coexisting , gout, and chondrocalcinosis. Scand J Rheumatol 1998;27:306–9.

(170) Jahn TW. Septic arthritis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease in the setting of chronic gout. Mil Med 1998;163:61–2. (171) Chuck AJ, Pattrick MG, Hamilton E, et al. Crystal deposition in hypophosphatasia: a reappraisal. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:571–6.

(172) Macfarlane JD, Kroon HM, Cats A. Ectopic calcification in hypophosphatasia. Eur J Radiol 1986;6:228–30.

(173) Whyte MP, Murphy WA, Fallon MD. Adult hypophosphatasia with chondrocalcinosis and arthropathy. Variable penetrance of hypophosphatasemia in a large Oklahoma kindred. Am J Med 1982;72:631–41. (174) McClure J, Smith PS, Gramp AA. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) deposition in ochronotic arthropathy. J Clin Pathol 1983;36:894–902.

(175) Rynes RI, Sosman JL, Holdsworth DE. Pseudogout in ochronosis. Report of a case. Arthritis Rheum 1975;18:21–5.

(176) Richette P, Ayoub G, Bardin T, et al. Hypomagnesemia and chondrocalcinosis in short bowel syndrome. J Rheumatol 2005;32:2434–6. (177) Perez-Ruiz F, Testillano M, Gastaca MA, et al. “Pseudoseptic” pseudogout associated with hypomagnesemia in liver transplant patients. Transplantation 2001;71:696–8.

(178) Resnick D, Rausch JM. Hypomagnesemia with chondrocalcinosis. J Can Assoc Radiol 1984;35:214–6.

(179) McClure J, Smith PS. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition in the intervertebral discs in a case of Wilson’s disease. J Clin Pathol 1983;36:764–8. (180) Menerey KA, Eider W, Brewer GJ, et al. The arthropathy of Wilson’s disease: clinical and pathologic features. J Rheumatol 1988;15:331–7.

(181) Huaux JP, Geubel A, Koch MC, et al. The arthritis of hemochromatosis. A review of 25 cases with special reference to chondrocalcinosis, and a comparison with patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and controls. Clin Rheumatol 1986;5:317–24.

(182) Adamson TC III, Resnik CS, Guerra J Jr, et al. Hand and wrist of hemochromatosis and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease: distinct radiographic features. Radiology 1983;147:377–81. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

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EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

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REFERENCES CHAPTER 23

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REFERENCES CHAPTER 27

Part I

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EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

Part II

(1) Cheng AS Cardiac changes in systemic amyloidosis: visualisation by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiol. 2006;113:E21-3

(2) Delgado and Mosqueda

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EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

Part III

(1) Van Doornum S, McGoll G, Wicks IP. Accelerated atherosclerosis: an extraarticular feature of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:862-73.

(2) Boers M, Dijkmans B, Gabriel S, Maradit-Kremers H, O'Dell J, Pincus T. Making an impact on mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: targeting cardiovascular comorbidity. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:1734-39.

(3) Ward MM. Recent improvements in survival in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: better outcomes or different study designs? Arthritis Rheum.2001;44:1467-9

(4) Krishnan E, Lingala VB, Singh G. Declines in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in successive incidence and birth cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.Circulation. 2004;110:1774-9.

(5) Gonzalez A, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Davis JM 3rd, Therneau TM, Roger VL, Gabriel SE. The widening mortality gap between rheumatoid arthritis patients and the general population. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:3583-7.

(6) Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Lopez-Diaz MJ, Piñeiro A, Garcia-Porrua C, Miranda-Filloy JA, Ollier WE, Martin J, Llorca J. HLA-DRB1 and persistent chronic inflammation contribute to cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality in patientswith rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:125-32.

(7) Mattey DL, Thomson W, Ollier WE, Batley M, Davies PG, Gough AK, Devlin J, Prouse P, James DW, Williams PL, Dixey J, Winfield J, Cox NL, Koduri G, Young A. Association of DRB1 shared epitope genotypes with early mortality in rheumatoid arthritis: results of eighteen years of followup from the early rheumatoid arthritis study.Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:1408-16

(8) Farragher TM, Goodson NJ, Naseem H, Silman AJ, Thomson W, Symmons D, Barton A. Association of the HLA-DRB1 gene with premature death, particularly from cardiovascular disease, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory polyarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58:359-69.

(9) van Halm VP, Peters MJL, Voskuyl AE, Boers M, Lems WF, Visser M, Stehouwer CDA, Spijkerman AMW, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Smulders YS, Dijkmans BAC, Nurmohamed MT. Rheumatoid arthritis resembles type 2 diabetes as risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a cross-sectional study. Submitted

(10) Naranjo A, Sokka T, Descalzo MA, Calvo-Alén J, Hørslev-Petersen K, Luukkainen RK, Combe B, Burmester GR, Devlin J, Ferraccioli G, Morelli A, Hoekstra M, Majdan M, Sadkiewicz S, Belmonte M, Holmqvist AC, Choy E, Tunc R, Dimic A, Bergman M, Toloza S, Pincus T; the QUEST-RA Group. Cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from the QUEST-RA study. Arthritis Res Ther 2008;10:R30

(11) Warrington KJ, Kent PD, Frye RL et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is an independent risk factor for multi-vessel coronary artery disease: a case control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7: R984–R991.

(12) Van Doornum S, Brand C, King B, Sundararajan V. Increased case fatality rates following a first acute cardiovascular event in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Jul;54(7):2061-8 EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(13) Södergren A, Stegmayr B, Lundberg V, Ohman ML, Wållberg-Jonsson S.Increased incidence of and impaired prognosis after acute myocardial infarction among patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:263-6.

(14) Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Ballman KV, Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, Gabriel SE. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(2):402-11

(15) Del Rincón ID, Williams K, Stern MP, Freeman GL, Escalante A. High incidence of cardiovascular events in a rheumatoid arthritis cohort not explained by traditional cardiac risk factors.Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 2737-45

(16) Peters MJL, van Halm VP, Voskuyl AE, Boers M, Lems WF, Visser M, Stehouwer CDA, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Smulders YS, Dijkmans BAC, Nurmohamed MT. Prospective study revealing rheumatoid arthritis as an important independent risk factor for incident cardiovascular disease that equals diabetes. Submitted

(17) Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM. Comorbidity in arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:2475- 9

(18) Wolfe F, Michaud K. Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effect of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Am J Med. 2004;116:305-11.

(19) Nicola PJ, Maradit-Kremers H, Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE. The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population- based study over 46 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:412-20.

(20) Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Kremers HM, O'Fallon WM, Therneau TM, Jacobsen SJ, Roger VL, Ballman KV, Gabriel SE. How much of the increased incidence of heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis is attributable to traditional cardiovascular risk factors and ischemic heart disease? Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3039-44.

(21) Wolfe F, Freundlich B, Straus WL. Increase in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease prevalence in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2003;30: 36–40.

(22) Turesson C, Jarenros A, Jacobsson L. Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a community based study. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63: 952–955.

(23) Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation 2003;107: 1303–7.

(24) Solomon DH, Goodson NJ, Katz JN et al. Patterns of cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis.Ann Rheum Dis2006; 65: 1608–12.

(25) Watson DJ, Rhodes T, Guess HA. All-cause mortality and vascular events among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or no arthritis in the UK General Practice Research Database. J Rheumatol 2003;30: 1196–1202.

(26) Han C, Robinson Jr. DW, Hackett MV et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2006;33:2167–72. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(27) Liang KP, Liang KV, Matteson EL, McClelland RL, Christianson TJ, Turesson C. Incidence of noncardiac vascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis and relationship to extraarticular disease manifestations. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:642-8.

(28) Turesson C, Jarenros A, Jacobsson L. Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results from a community based study. AnnRheum Dis 2004;63:952–5.

(29) Maradit-Kremers H, Nicola PJ, Crowson CS et al. Cardiovascular death in rheumatoid arthritis:a population-based study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2005; 52(3): 722–732.

(30) del Rincón I, Haas RW, Pogosian S, Escalante A. Lower limb arterial incompressibility and obstruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64:425-32.

(31) O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid- artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1999340:14-22

(32) Kumeda Y, Inaba M, Goto H, Nagata M, Henmi Y, Furumitsu Y, Ishimura E, Inui K, Yutani Y, Miki T, Shoji T, Nishizawa Y. Increased thickness of the arterial intima- media detected by ultrasonography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1489-97

(33) Del Rincon I, Williams K, Stern MP, Freeman GL, O’Leary DH, Escalente A. Association between carotid atherosclerosis and markers of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy subjects. Arthritis Rheum 2003:48;1833-40

(34) Roman MJ, Moeller E, Davis A, Paget SA, Crow MK, Lockshin MD, Sammaritano L, Devereux RB, Schwartz JE, Levine DM, Salmon JE. Preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:249- 56.

(35) Del Rincón I, O'Leary DH, Freeman GL, Escalante A. Acceleration of atherosclerosis during the course of rheumatoid arthritis. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:354-60.

(36) Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Predicts the Development of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Mar 11; [Epub ahead of print]

(37) Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with `Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004;291: 210-5

(38) Chung CP, Oeser A, Raggi P, Gebretsadik T, Shintani AK, Sokka T, Pincus T, Avalos I, Stein CM.Increased coronary-artery atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: relationship to disease duration and cardiovascular risk factors. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3045-53

(39) Kao AH, Krishnaswami S, Cunningham A, Edmundowicz D, Morel PA, Kuller LH, Wasko MC.Subclinical coronary artery calcification and relationship to disease duration in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2008;35:61-9.

(40) White D, Fayez S, Doube A.Atherogenic lipid profiles in rheumatoid arthritis. N Z Med 2006;119: U2125. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(41) Walsmith J, Abad L, Kehayias J, Roubenoff R.Tumor necrosis factor-α production is associated with less body cell mass in women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004,31:23-9.

(42) Kotler DP. Cachexia. Ann Intern Med 2000; 133:622-34.

(43) Walldius G, Jungner I. The apoB/apoA-I ratio: a strong, new risk factor for cardiovascular disease and a target for lipid-lowering therapy--a review of the evidence. J Intern Med 2006; 259:493-519.

(44) Park YB, Lee SK, Lee WK, et al. Lipid profiles in untreated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1999;26:1701-4

(45) van Halm VP, Nielen MM, Nurmohamed MT, van Schaardenburg D, Reesink HW, Voskuyl AE, van de Stadt RJ, de Koning MH, Habibuw MR, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dijkmans BA. Lipids and inflammation - Serial measurements of the lipid profile of blood donors who later developed rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:184- 8

(46) Menotti A, Kromhout D, Blackburn H, et al. Forty-year mortality from cardiovascular diseases and all causes of death in the US Railroad cohort of the Seven Countries Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2004; 19:417-24.

(47) Hurt-Camejo E, Paredes S, Masana L. Elevated levels of small, low-density lipoprotein with high affinity for arterial matrix components in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: possible contribution of phospholipase A2 to this atherogenic profile. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44:2761-7

(48) McMahon M, Grossman J, FitzGerald J, et al. Proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54:2541-9.

(49) Gonzalez A, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, Ballman KV, Roger VL, Jacobsen SJ, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Do cardiovascular risk factors confer the same risk for cardiovascular outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis patients as in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients? Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67:64-9.

(50) Gonzalez-Gay MA, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Martin J. Rheumatoid arthritis: a disease associated with accelerated atherogenesis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005;35:8-17.

(51) Karvounaris SA, Sidiropoulos PI, Papadakis JA, Spanakis EK, Bertsias GK, Kritikos HD, Ganotakis ES, Boumpas DT. Metabolic syndrome is common among middle-to- older aged Mediterranean patients with rheumatoid arthritis and correlates with disease activity: a retrospective, cross-sectional, controlled, study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:28-33.

(52) Dessein PH, Tobias M, Veller MG.Metabolic syndrome and subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis.J Rheumatol. 2006;33:2425-32.

(53) Chung CP, Oeser A, Solus JF, Avalos I, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Raggi P, Sokka T, Pincus T, Stein CM. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is increased in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2008;196:756- 63 EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(54) Van Ede AE, Laan RF, Blom HJ, Boers GH, Haagsma CJ, Thomas CM, et al. Homocysteine and folate status in methotrexate-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology2002; 41:658-65

(55) Redelmeier DA, Tan SH, Booth GL. The treatment of unrelated disorders in patients with chronic medical diseases. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1516-20.

(56) Kroot EJ, van Gestel AM, Swinkels HL, et al. Chronic comorbidity in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a descriptive study. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1511-7

(57) Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Milionis HJ, Stavropoulos-Kalinglou A, Nightingale P, Kita MD, Tselios AL, Metsios GS, Elisaf MS, Kitas GD. Prevalence and associations of hypertension and its control in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46:1477-82.

(58) Avouac J, Uzan G, Kahan A, Boileau C, Allanore Y. Endothelial progenitor cells and rheumatic disorders. Joint Bone Spine. 2008 Jan 29; [Epub ahead of print]

(59) Chan AT, Manson JE, Albert CM, Chae CU, Rexrode KM, Curhan GC, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and the risk of cardiovascular events. Circulation 2006;113:1578-87.

(60) Hinz B, Cheremina O, Brune K. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man. FASEB J 2008;22:383-90.

(61) Panoulas VF, Douglas KM, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Metsios GS, Nightingale P, Kita MD, Elisaf MS, Kitas GD. Long-term exposure to medium-dose glucocorticoid therapy associates with hypertension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:72-5.

(62) Davis JM 3rd, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, Ballman KV, Therneau TM, Roger VL, Gabriel SE. Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56:820-30.

(63) Boers M, Nurmohamed MT, Doelman CJ, Lard LR, Verhoeven AC, Voskuyl AE, Huizinga TW, van de Stadt RJ, Dijkmans BA, van der Linden S. Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:842-5

(64) Vis M, Nurmohamed MT, Wolbink G, Voskuyl AE, de Koning M, van de Stadt R, Twisk JW, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF. Short term effects of infliximab on the lipid profile in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:252-5.

(65) Kirwan JR. Systemic low-dose glucocorticoid in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001;27: 389-403.

(66) Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson JR, Patrono C. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2006;332:1302-8.

(67) Cannon CP, Curtis SP, FitzGerald GA et al. MEDAL Steering Committee. Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long- term (MEDAL) programme: a randomised comparison. Lancet. 2006; 368:1771-81. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(68) European Medicines Agency. Press release 24 October 2006. European Medicines Agency review concludes positive benefit-risk balance for non-selective NSAID’s. http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/press/pr/41313606.pdf. Verified on March 30, 2008.

(69) Choi HK, Hernan MA, Seeger JD, et al. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet 2002;359:1173-7 .

(70) Krause D, Schleusser B, Herborn G, Rau R. Response to methotrexate treatment is associated with reduced mortality in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:14-21.

(71) van Halm VP, Nurmohamed MT, Twisk JW, Dijkmans BA, Voskuyl AE. Disease- modifying antirheumatic drugs are associated with a reduced risk for cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:R151.

(72) Suissa S, Bernatsky S, Hudson M. Antirheumatic drug use and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55:531-6.

(73) Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Nilsson JA, Petersson IF, Lindqvist E, Saxne T, Geborek P.Treatment with TNF blockers and mortality risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:670-5.

(74) Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, Kapetanovic MC, Petersson IF, Saxne T, Geborek P. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.J Rheumatol 2005;32:1213-8.

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EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

Part IV

(1) Urowitz MB, Bookman AA, Koehler BE et al. The bimodal mortality pattern of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med. 1976 ;60 :221-225. (2) Bulkley BH, Roberts WC. The heart in systemic lupus erythematosus and the changes induced in it by corticosteroid therapy. A study of 36 necropsy patients. Am J Med. 1975;58:243-64 (3) Manzi S, Meilahn EN, Rairie JE, Conte CG, Medsger TA Jr, Jansen-McWilliams L, D'Agostino RB, Kuller LH.. Age-specific incidence rates of myocardial infarction and angina in women with systemic lupus erythematosus :comparison with the Framingham Study. Em J Epidemiol. 1997 ;145 :408-415. (4) Jonsson H, Nived O, Sturfelt G. Outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective study of patients from a defined population. Medicine (Baltimore) 1989;68: 141-150. (5) Esdaile JM, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, Li Y, Panaritis C, du Berger R, Cote R, Grover SA, Fortin PR, Clarke AE, Senecal JL. Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2331 (6) Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter C, Jick H, Meier CR. Effect of rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus on the risk of first-time acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2004;93: 198-200 (7) Westerweel PE, Luyten RK, Koomans HA, Derksen RH, Verhaar MC. Premature atherosclerosic cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2007;56: 1384-1396 (8) Mancini GBJ, Dahlöf B, Diez J. Surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease. Structural markers. . Circulation 2004;109[Suppl IV]: IV-22-IV-38 (9) Svenungsson E, Jensen-Urstad K, Heimburger M, Silveira A, Hamsten A, de Faire U, Witztum JL, Frostegard J. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Circulation. 2001;104:1887-93 (10) Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, Lockshin MD, Sammaritano L, Simantov R, Crow MK, Schwartz JE, Paget SA, Devereux RB, Salmon JE. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2399-406 (11) Asanuma Y, Oeser A, Shintani AK, Turner E, Olsen N, Fazio S, Linton MF, Raggi P, Stein CM. Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2407-15 (12) Von Feldt JM, Scalzi LV, Cucchiara AJ, Morthala S, Kealey C, Flagg SD, Genin A, Van Dyke AL, Nackos E, Chander A, Gehrie E, Cron RQ, Whitehead AS. Homocysteine levels and disease duration independently correlate with coronary artery calcification in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:2220-7 (13) Bruce IN, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Steiner G. Risk factors for coronary heart disease in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: the Toronto Risk Factor Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3159-67 (14) Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III). JAMA 2001;285: 2486-97. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(15) Bruce IN.. Not only...but also': factors that contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis and premature coronary heart disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44:1492-502 (16) Bruce IN, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Hallett DC. Natural history of hypercholesterolemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 1999 ;26 :2137- 2143. (17) Bessant R, Hingorani A, Patel L, MacGregor A, Isenberg DA, Rahman A. Risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in a large British cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology 2004;43:924-929 (18) Selzer F, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Fitzgerald SG, Pratt JE, Tracy RP, Kuller LH, Manzi S. Comparison of risk factors for vascular disease in the carotid artery and aorta in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:151-9 (19) Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340: 115-126 (20) Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1685-95. (21) Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation 2004 ;109[Suppl II] : II-2-II-10 (22) Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparaison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of the first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 1557-1565 (23) Ridker PM, Cannon CP, Morrow D, Rifai N, Rose LM, McCabe CH et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005;352: 20-8 (24) Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, Crowe T, Sasiela WJ, Tsai J et al. Statin therapy, LDL cholesterol, C-reactive protein, and coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352: 29-38 (25) Asanuma Y, Chung CP, Oeser A, Shintani A, Stanley E, Raggi P, Stein CM. Increased concentration of proatherogenic inflammatory cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:539- 45 (26) Maksimowicz-McKinnon K, Magder LS, Petri M. Predictors of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2006 Oct 1; [Epub ahead of print] (27) Manger K, Kusus M, Forster C, Ropers D, Daniel WG, Kalden JR, Achenbach S, Manger B. coronary artery calcification in young female patients with SLE. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:846-50 (28) Borba EF, Bonfa E. Dyslipoproteinemias in systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of disease, activity, and anticardiolipin antibodies. Lupus. 1997;6:533-9. (29) Bruce IN. Cardiovascular disease in lupus patients : should all patients be treated with statins and aspirin? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19:823-38 (30) Borba EF, Bonfa E, Vinagre CG, Ramires JA, Maranhao RC. Chylomicron metabolism is markedly altered in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:1033-40 (31) Reichlin M, Fesmire J, Quintero-Del-Rio AI, Wolfson-Reichlin M. Autoantibodies to lipoprotein lipase and dyslipidemia in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2957-63 (32) de Carvalho JF, Borba EF, Viana VS, Bueno C, Leon EP, Bonfa E. Anti-lipoprotein lipase antibodies: a new player in the complex atherosclerotic process in systemic lupus erythematosus? Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50:3610-5 EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(33) Borba EF, Carvalho JF, Bonfa E. Mechanisms of dyslipoproteinemias in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Dev Immunol. 2006;13:203-8 (34) Delgado Alves J, Ames PR, Donohue S, Stanyer L, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Ravirajan C, Isenberg DA. Antibodies to high-density lipoprotein and beta2-glycoprotein I are inversely correlated with paraoxonase activity in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome.Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2686-94. (35) McMahon M, Grossman J, FitzGerald J, Dahlin-Lee E, Wallace DJ, Thong BY et al. Proinflammatory high-density lipoprotein as a biomarker for atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54: 2541-9 (36) El Magadmi M, Ahmad Y, Turkie W, Yates AP, Sheikh N, Bernstein RM, Durrington PN, Laing I, Bruce IN. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:50-6 (37) Chung CP, Avalos I, Oeser A, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Raggi P, Stein CM.High frequency of the metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Association with disease characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Aug 10; [Epub ahead of print] (38) Sherer Y, Shoenfeld Y. Mechanisms of disease: atherosclerosis in autoimmune diseases. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2006;2:99-106. (39) George J, Harats D, Gilburd B, Afek A, Levy Y, Schneiderman J, Barshack I, Kopolovic J, Shoenfeld Y. Immunolocalization of beta2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H) to human atherosclerotic plaques: potential implications for lesion progression. Circulation. 1999;99:2227-30 (40) Petri M. The lupus anticoagulant is a risk factor for myocardial infarction (but not atherosclerosis): Hopkins lupus cohort. Thromb Res. 2004;114:593-5 (41) Doria A, Shoenfeld Y, Wu R, Gambari PF, Puato M, Ghirardello A, Gilburd B, Corbanese S, Patnaik M, Zampieri S, Peter JB, Favaretto E, Iaccarino L, Sherer Y, Todesco S, Pauletto P. Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in a prospective cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:1071- 7 (42) Petri M, Lakatta C, Magder L, Goldman D. Effect of prednisone and hydroxychloroquine on coronary artery disease risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus: a longitudinal data analysis. Am J Med. 1994;96:254-9 (43) Tam LS, Gladman DD, Hallett DC, Rahman P, Urowitz MB. Effect of antimalarial agents on the fasting lipid profile in systemic lupus erythematosus.J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2142-5 (44) Rahman P, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Yuen K, Hallett D, Bruce IN. The cholesterol lowering effect of antimalarial drugs is enhanced in patients with lupus taking corticosteroid drugs. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:325-30. (45) Wallace DJ, Metzger AL, Stecher VJ, Turnbull BA, Kern PA. Cholesterol-lowering effect of hydroxychloroquine in patients with rheumatic disease: reversal of deleterious effects of steroids on lipids. Am J Med. 1990;89:322 (46) Borba EF, Bonfa E. Longterm beneficial effect of chloroquine diphosphate on lipoprotein profile in lupus patients with and without steroid therapy. J Rheumatol. 2001;28:780-5 (47) Isley WL. Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering in the Prevention of CHD: How Low Should We Go?Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2006;8:289-97 EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(48) Soubrier M, Roux C. Statins in rheumatology.Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73:159-68 (49) Ferrara DE, Liu X, Espinola RG, Meroni PL, Abukhalaf I, Harris EN, Pierangeli SS. Inhibition of the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of antiphospholipid antibodies by fluvastatin in an in vivo animal model. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:3272-9 (50) Wajed J, Ahmad Y, Durrington PN, Bruce IN. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus--proposed guidelines for risk factor management. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43:7-12 (51) Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Berliner Y. Modification of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a quality improvement study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:115-7

EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

Part V

(1) Radford EP, Doll R, Smith PG. Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis not given X-ray therapy. N Engl J Med 1977; 11:572-6. (2) Kaprove RE, Little AH, Graham DC, Rosen PS, Ankylosing spondylitis: survival in men with and without radiotherapy. Arthritis Rheum 1980; 23:57-61. (3) Smith PG, Doll R. Mortality among patients with ankylosing spondylitis after a single treatment course with X-rays. Br Med J 1982; 13:449-60. (4) Lehtinen K. Mortality and causes of death in 398 patients admitted to hospital with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52:174-6. (5) Van Doornum S, McColl G, Wicks IP. Accelerated atherosclerosis: An extraarticular feature of rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:862-73. (6) Carter ET, McKenna CH, Brian DD, Curland LT, Epidemiology of ankylosing spondylitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1973. Arthritis Rheum 1979; 22:365-70. (7) Khan MA, Khan MK, Kushner I. Survival among patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a life-table analysis. J Rheumatol 1981; 8:86-90. (8) Lehtinen K. Cause of death in 79 patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rhematol 1980; 9:145-7. (9) Symmons DPM, Goodson NJ, Cook MN, Watson DJ. Men with ankylosing spondylitis have an increased risk of myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(Suppl):S477. (10) Han C, Robinson DW Jr, Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:2167-72. (11) O’Neill TW, Bresnihan B. The heart in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51:705-6 (12) Youssef W, Russell AS. Cardiac, ocular, and renal manifestations of seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1990; 2:582-5. (13) Peeters AJ, Wolde S ten, Sedney MI, Vries RR de, Dijkmans BA. Heart conduction disturbance: an HLA-B27 associated disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 1991;50:348-50. (14) Brunner F, Kunz A, Weber U, Kissling R. Ankylosing spondylitis and heart abnormalities: do cardiac conduction disorders, valve regurgitation and diastolic dysfunction occur more often in male patients with diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis for over 15 years than in the normal population? Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:24-9. (15) Brewerton DA, Gibson DG, Goddard DH, Jones TJ, Moore RB, Pease CT, et al. The myocardium in ankylosing spondylitis: A clinical, echocardiographic, and histopathological study. Lancet 1987; 995-8. (16) Shbeeb M, Uramoto KM, Gibson LE, O’Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. The epidemiology of Psoriatic arthritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA, 1982-1991. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:1247-50. (17) Wong K, Gladman DD, Husted J, Long JA, Farewell VT. Mortality studies in psoriatic arthritis: Results from a single outpatient clinic. I. Causes and risk of death. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:1868-72. (18) Gladman DD, Farewell VT, Wong K, Husted J. Mortality studies in psoriatic arthritis: Results from a single outpatient center. II. Prognostic indicators for death. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41:1103-10. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

(19) Han C, Robinson Jr. DW, Hackett MV et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis. The Journal of Rheumatology 2006;33:2167–72. (20) Sari I, Okan T, Akar S, Cece H, Altay C, Secil M, Birlik M, Onen F, Akkoc N. Impaired endothelial function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006;45:283-6. (21) Caliskan M, Erdogan D, Gullu H, Yilmaz S, Gursoy Y, Yildirir A, Yucel E, Muderrisoglu H. Impaired coronary microvascular and left ventricular diastolic functions in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196:306-12 (22) Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Amigo-Diaz E, Dierssen T, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease or classic atherosclerosis risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:1074-80 (23) Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Miranda-Filloy JA, Amigo-Diaz E, Testa A, Garcia- Porrua C, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. Endothelial dysfunction in psoriatic arthritis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease or classic atherosclerosis risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:287-93. (24) Kimhi O, Caspi D, Bornstein NM, Maharshak N, Gur A, Arbel Y, Comaneshter D, Paran D, Wigler I, Levartovsky D, Berliner S, Elkayam O. Prevalence and risk factors of atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007;36:203-9. (25) Divecha H, Sattar N, Rumley A, Cherry L, Lowe GD, Sturrock R. Cardiovascular risk parameters in men with ankylosing spondylitis in comparison with non-inflammatory control subjects: relevance of systemic inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond). 2005;109:171- 6. (26) van Halm VP, van Denderen JC, Peters MJ, Twisk JW, van der Paardt M, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, van de Stadt RJ, de Koning MH, Dijkmans BA, Nurmohamed MT. Increased disease activity is associated with a deteriorated lipid profile in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65:1473-7. (27) Jones SM, Harris CP, Lloyd J, Stirling CA, Reckless JP, McHugh NJ. Lipoproteins and their subfractions in psoriatic arthritis: identification of an atherogenic profile with active joint disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59:904-9. (28) Malesci D, Niglio A, Mennillo GA, Buono R, Valentini G, La Montagna G. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:710-4 (29) Sari I, Demir T, Kozaci LD, Akar S, Kavak T, Birlik M, Onen F, Akkoc N. Body composition, insulin, and leptin levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1427-32 (30) Microvascular function is impaired in ankylosing spondylitis and improves after TNFα blockade. Van Eijk IC, Peters MJL, Serné EH, MD, van der Horst-Bruinsma IE, Dijkmans BAC, Smulders YM, Nurmohamed MT. Submitted (31) Sattar N, Crompton P, Cherry L, Kane D, Lowe G, McInnes IB. Effects of tumor necrosis factor blockade on cardiovascular risk factors in psoriatic arthritis: a double- blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56:831-9 (32) Redelmeier DA, Tan SH, Booth GL. The treatment of unrelated disorders in patients with chronic medical diseases. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:1516-20. (33) O’Neill TW, Bresnihan B. The heart in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51:705-6. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

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(18) Williams MH, Sheldon PJHS, Torrigiani G, et al. Palindromic rheumatism. Clinical and immunological studies. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 1971; 30: 375–380. (19) Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava I, Jhangri G, et al. Prognostic factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue diseases in patients with palindromic rheumatism. Journal of Rheumatology 1999; 26: 540–45. (20) Grattan CE, Kennedy TD, Yates DB. Prognostic factors in palindromic rheumatism. Bristol Med Chir J 1984; 99: 51-4. (21) Hannonen P, Hakola M, Oka M. Palindromic rheumatism in two non-identical brothers with identical HLA including DR4. Annals of Rheumatic Diseases 1985; 44: 202–4. (22) Eliakim A, Neumann L, Horowitz J, et al., Palindromic rheumatism in Israel - a disease entity? A survey of 34 patients. Clinical Rheumatology 1989; 8: 507–511. (23) Youssef W, Yan A, Rissell AS. Palindromic rheumatism. A response to chloroquine. Journal of Rheumatology 1991; 18: 35–37. (24) Gonzalez-Lopez L, Gamez-Nava I, Jhangri G, et al., Decreased progression to rheumatoid arthritis or other connective tissue diseases in patients with palindromic rheumatism treated with antimalarials. Journal of Rheumatology 2000; 27: 41–46. (25) Huskisson EC. Treatment of palindromic rheumatism with D-penicillamine. British Medical Journal 1976; 2: 979. (26) Golding DN. Sulphasalazine for palindromic rheumatism. British Journal of Rheumatology 1988; 27: 79. (27) Schwartzberg M. Prophylactic colchicines therapy in palindromic rheumatism. Journal of Rheumatology 1982; 9: 341–342.

Part II

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(56) Sinigaglia L, Fargion S, Fracanzani AL, et al. Bone and joint involvement in genetic hemochromatosis: role of cirrhosis and iron overload. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1809. (57) Idiopathic hemochromatosis in the young (editorial). Lancet 1984; 11: 1145. (58) Hamilton EB, Bomford AB, Laws JW, Williams R. The natural history of arthritis in idiopathic haemochromatosis: Progress of the clinical and radiological features over ten years. Q J Med 1981; 50: 321. (59) Adams PC, Speechley M. The effect of arthritis on the quality of life in hereditary hemochromatosis. J Rheumatol 1996; 23: 707. (60) Gochee PA, Powell LW. What’s new in hemochromatosis. Curr Opin Hematol 2001; 8: 98–104. (61) Fracanzani AL, Fargion S, Romano R, et al. Portal hypertension and iron depletion in patients with genetic hemochromatosis. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1127–1131. (62) Niederau C, Fischer R, Purschel A, Stremmel W, Haussinger D, Strohmeyer G. Long- term survival in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1107–1119. (63) Thorburn D, Curry G, Spooner R, et al. The role of iron and haemochromatosis gene mutations in the progression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2002; 50: 248. (64) Deugnier YM, Guyader D, Crantock L, et al. Primary liver cancer in genetic hemochromatosis: A clinical, pathological, and pathogenetic study of 54 cases. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 228. (65) Niederau C, Fischer R, Purschel A, et al. Long-term survival in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1107. (66) Elmberg M, Hultcrantz R, Ekbom A, et al. Cancer risk in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis and in their first-degree relatives. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1733. (67) Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, et al. European Association for the Study of the Liver, Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona- 2000 EASL conference, J Hepatol 2001; 35: 421–430. (68) Yaouanq JM. Diabetes and haemochromatosis: current concepts, management and prevention. Diabete Metab 1995; 21: 319. (69) Nelson RL, Baldus WP, Rubenstein AH, et al. Pancreatic alpha-cell function in diabetic hemochromatotic subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979; 49: 412. (70) Hramiak IM, Finegood DT, Adams PC. Factors affecting glucose tolerance in hereditary hemochromatosis. Clin Invest Med 1997; 20: 110–118. (71) Ellervik C, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Nordestgaard BG, et al. Prevalence of hereditary haemochromatosis in late-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus: A retrospective study. Lancet 2001; 358: 1405. (72) Frayling T, Ellard S, Grove J, et al. C282Y mutation in HFE (haemochromatosis) gene and type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998; 351: 1933. (73) O'Brien T, Barrett B, Murray DM, et al. Usefulness of biochemical screening of diabetic patients for haemochromatosis. Diabetes Care 1990; 13: 532. (74) Salonen JT, Tuomainen TP, Kontula K. Role of C282Y mutation in haemochromatosis gene in development of type 2 diabetes in healthy men: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2000; 320: 1706. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

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REFERENCES CHAPTER 30

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(18) Ostergaard M, Gideon P, Sorensen K, et al. Scoring of Synovial-Membrane Hypertrophy and Bone Erosions by Mr-Imaging in Clinically Active and Inactive Rheumatoid- Arthritis of the Wrist. Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 1995;24(4):212–218. (19) Ostergaard M, Peterfy C, Conaghan P, et al. OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging studies. Core set of MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions, and the OMERACT RA-MRI scoring system. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30(6):1385–1386. (20) Ostergaard M, Stoltenberg M, Gideon P, et al. Changes in synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes after intraarticular methylprednisolone. Quantitative assessment of inflammatory and destructive changes in arthritis by MRI. Journal of Rheumatology 1996;23(7):1151–1161. (21) Szkudlarek M, Court-Payen M, Strandberg C, et al. Contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis. European Radiology 2003;13(1):163–168. (22) Terslev L, Torp-Pedersen S, Savnik A, et al. Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of synovial inflammation of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis - A comparative study. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;48(9):2434–2441. EULAR Compendium on Rheumatic Diseases

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