Management of Freshwater Biodiversity: Crayfish As Bioindicators Julian Reynolds and Catherine Souty-Grosset Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51400-2 - Management of Freshwater Biodiversity: Crayfish as Bioindicators Julian Reynolds and Catherine Souty-Grosset Index More information

Index

Note: It is advisable to check species entries under both common and scientific names (see end papers)

abdomen, 17, 51, 53 black list, 199 in burrowing crayfish, 70 white list, 199 abiotic factors, 67, 83 Allee threshold, 201, 210 aboriginal people, 106, 154 Amazon, 11, 49 abstraction, 4, 8, 40 Ambloplites rupestris, 211 acanthocephalans, 96 America, 70 accelerated range extension, 131 American crayfish, 7 acidification, 6, 49, 84, 92 translocation, 113 actinomycete, 208 amphibians, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 40, 79, 89, 105, Adriatic, 48 150, 208 Aeger, 19 alien species, 281 Aeglidae, 252 invaders, 286 Africa, 7, 11, 22, 24, 47, 69, 89, 91, 93, 101, 102, amphipods, 2, 7, 17, 95, 102, 207 159, 160, 273 Ampropylfos introduced crayfish, 112 fungicide for plague, 214 African freshwater snails, 102 Andes, 27 age and growth, 53 anglers Aggitis cave, Greece, 191 live bait, 102 aggression syndrome, 94 angling bait, 106 agricultural damage, 101, 105 Anguilla anguilla, see eels agricultural pests, 74 annelids, 96 Alabama, 26, 74, 75, 185 annulus ventralis, 54, 55 Albania, 25 Anomura, 19, see hermit-crabs Albany, Western Australia, 32 Antarctica, 21 Alexandra, NZ, 141 Anthropocene, 280 alien crayfish anthropogenic drivers, 5–6, 150 maintenance management, 202 anthropogenic impacts, 49, 77 web commerce, 199 Aphanomyces, 98, 118 alien crayfish control, 279–80 Aphanomyces astaci, 65, 92, 94, 96, 97, 99, 105, autocidal methods, 208 107, 108, 113, 198, 204, 207, 211–17, 219, alien crayfish removal 221, 240 ammonium with deoxygenation, 207 as symbiont, 274 biological control, 203 low-virulence strains, 101 electro-fishing, 202 used for biological control, 274 pesticides, 206 aquaculture, 46, 47, 50, 89, 92, 93, 106, 244 physical barriers, river diversion, 203 temperature manipulation, 115 pond drainage, 203 aquarium discards, 119 pyrethroid insecticide, 206 aquarium pets, 107 rotenone, 206 aquarium trade, 92, 93, 199, 214, 216, 250, 255 surfactants, 206 aquatic insects, 2 trapping, 202 aquatic invertebrates alien species, 271 alien species, 281 eradication, 199 aquatic plants, 33 alien species importation invaders, 285

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51400-2 - Management of Freshwater Biodiversity: Crayfish as Bioindicators Julian Reynolds and Catherine Souty-Grosset Index More information

354 Index

aquatic vegetation monitoring, 187 overgrowth by, 113 pest in Britain, 199 arapaima, 11 reintroduction, 219 Argentina, 27, 28, 31, 74 restocking, 225–6 Ark sites, 236, 248, 263, 275, 276, see sanctuary troglophile, 191 restocking Astacus leptodactylus, 26, 46, 52, 61, 62, 64, 67, Arkansas, 26 68, 82, 84, 90, 91, 92, 97, 101, 118, 119, 125, arthropods, 17, 69 126, 131, 176, 180, 183, 204, 205, see thin- artificial incubation, 115, 125 clawed crayfish Aru islands, 138 control, 208 Asellus aquaticus, 206 in central Europe, 246 Asia, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 47, 49, 69, 90, 91 pest in Britain, 199 introduced crayfish, 112 Astacus pachypus, 52, 64, 67, see thick-clawed Asia, eastern, 82 crayfish Asia, southeast, 2, 27, 35, 41, 47, see Asia Atchafalaya basin, 135 ASPT, 81 Atchafalaya Basin, 133 Astacida, 21, 89 Atlantic salmon, 77, 234 Astacidae, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 35, 37, 39, 40, 45, Atlantic slope crayfish, 91 54, 56, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 79, 85, 90, Atyaephyra desmaresti, 90 91, 112, 130, 131, 141, 143, 150, 152, 191 Atyidae, 46, 90 Astacidea, 18, 19, 20 Augsburg, Germany, 125, 234 astacids Augusta Creek, Michigan, 56 exploitation, 184 AUSRIVAS, 81 Astacoidea, 20, 22, 23, 24, 39, 54 Australasia, 22, 45, 48, 185 Astacoides, 22, 31, 38, 66, 107, 112, 141, 162, 186, Australia, 22, 24, 25, 33, 37, 41, 52, 54, 63, 64, see Madagascar 66, 68, 69, 70, 74, 79, 81, 85, 86, 90, 92, 93, betsileoensis, 31, 51, 142, 186 97, 106, 111, 113, 130, 143, 153, 159, 162 brooding females harvested, 186 burrowing crayfish, 191, 251, 279 caldwelli, 31, 142, 186 crayfish conservation, 156 crosnieri, 31, 142, 186 crayfish conservation education, 265 fishing methods, 187 crayfish diversity, 45 granulimanus, 31, 142, 186 crayfish farming, 106, 140 legal size limit, 186 crayfish legislation, 251 madagascariensis, 31, 41, 186 crayfish status, 251 over-exploitation, 187 crayfish threats, 152, 285 petiti, 31, 186 crayfish translocations, 82, 93 Astacopsis, 22, 66, 153, see Tasmania eastern, 69 franklinii, 41, 107 largest crayfish, 32, 51, 60, 66, 136, 154, 185 tricornis, 41, 66 northern, 63, 74 Astacopsis gouldi, 32, 33, 41, 51, 60, 61, 64, 66, 84, Northern, 191 114, 137, 138, 154, 185, 240, 278 reintroductions, 224 and forestry exploitation, 138 southeastern, 40, 49, 51, 70 GIS and monitoring, 192 southern, 271 monitoring for conservation, 185 southwestern, 2, 13, 52, 67, 68, 70, 75, 151 recreational fishing, 137 Western, 32, 63, 68, 77, 106, 136, 138, 139, 140, Astacus, 25, 38, 162, 199 154, 185, 224, 240 astacus, 43 Austria, 26, 37, 47, 66, 88, 116, 117, 124, 152, 162, exploitation, 118 182, 231 Astacus astacus, 35, 40, 46, 61, 62, 64, 65, crayfish as fish, 242 67, 76, 79, 82, 91, 92, 94, 97, 101, 112, 116, Federal legislation, 243 117, 118, 120, 122, 125, 126, 154, 155, 162, legal size limits, 242 163, 178, 180, 182, 183, 220, 221, see noble legislation for conservation, 267 crayfish management, 276 in central Europe, 246 marbled crayfish, 107 in Sweden, 123 plague outbreaks, 99 introduced to Chile, 253 restocking, 232 IUCN vulnerable, 243 Austropotamobius, 22, 23, 25, 38, 71

Index 355

Austropotamobius italicus, 25, 117, 124, 155, 220, Berlin crayfish exchange, 121 226, 231, 242 Bern Convention, 35, 243 genetics, 233 BETAMAX VET, see pyrethroid restocking, 232 big water crayfish, 66, 153, 154 Austropotamobius italicus meridionalis, 193, 233 Billingsgate market, London, 117, 126 Austropotamobius pallipes, 35, 40, 43, 46, 55, 61, Biocides, 206–8 62, 64, 65, 66, 76, 78, 79, 81, 85, 91, 94, 96, Biodiversity Action Plan, see BAP 97, 99, 104, 105, 106, 112, 114, 117, 118, 119, biodiversity hot-spots, 159 124, 125, 154, 155, 162, 175, 177, 178, 180, biodiversity indicator species, 10, 12, 77, 153 183, 184, 213, 219, 220, 221, 278, see white- biodiversity indicators, 9–12, 13, 76 clawed crayfish biodiversity management, 157 in Croatian caves, 182 bioindicator, 77, 153 IUCN vulnerable, 243 heavy metal, 85 juveniles, 57, 68 high water quality, 162 lake stocks, 188 biological control of aliens, 203–6 restocking, 225, 226–35 biological water quality, 6 Austropotamobius pallipes s.l biotic factors, 67, 83 protection, 242 bioturbation, 93, 150, 272, see turbidity Austropotamobius torrentium, 37, 64, 76, 84, 94, birds, 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 69, 79, 95, 162 97, 124, 162, 180, 182, 183, 220, see stone predatory, 140, 204 crayfish riparian, 151 in central Europe, 246 bivalve molluscs, 2, see mussels IUCN vulnerable, 243 Black Sea, 7, 25, 52, 67 legal size, 242 Blenheim, NZ, 141 troglophile, 191 Blessington reservoir, Ireland, 221, 233 Azolla filiculoides, 256 blue crab fisheries, 48 blue crayfish, 131 bacilliform viruses, 96 blue targets Bacillus thuringiensis, 204 science, 286 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israeliensis, 204 BMWP, 81 bacteria, 99, 102 Boreal Shield lakes, Canada, 224 bacterial parasites, 96 Brachyura, 18, 19, 22, 45, 47, 89, 90, see crabs Badajoz Spain, 104, 119 bracken fern, 190 baited rod and line, 122 brackish water, 52, 68 baited stick, 114, 172, 176 Branchiobdelida, 99 baited tangle-nets Brazil, 27, 28, 31, 46, 54, 74, 103 for crayfish monitoring, 185 legislation controlling invasives, 253 baited traps, 122, 172, 177 breeding programme, 117 balance, 122, 172, 176 Brenne marshes, France, 115 Balaton Uplands National Park, 117 Bristol Zoo Gardens, UK, 263 Balkans, 25, 26, 90, 231 Britain, 88, 118, 155, 180, 199, 227, 231, Baltic Sea, 65 see England Bangladesh, 47 exploiting signal crayfish, 126–7 BAP, 158 British Columbia, 24, 129 barnacles, 17 British Crayfish Marketing Association, 126 Bass Strait, 86, 137 British Isles, 25 bats, 151 Brittany, 62 Bavaria, 125 Brittas Stream, Ireland, 233 legislation, 268 broodstock pond, 141 Baytex, 207 brook trout, 204 Belarus, 25 brown trout, 204 Belgium, 90, 124 restocking, 234 Belize, 27, 28, 103 River Danube, 234 belostomatid, 45 bryophytes benthic invertebrates, 162 alien species, 281 benthoscope, 174 Bug River, 25 Bering land bridge, 22 Bulgaria, 25

356 Index

bullfrog, 93 exploitation, 130, 184 burbot, 204 harvest, 131 Burgenland tail meat, 132 legislation, 267 in Germany, 217 Burgos, Spain, 119 troglobite, 191 Burnie, Australia, 153 Cambaridae, 20, 24, 26, 27, 37, 39, 40, 45, 52, 53, burrow 54, 55, 56, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 78, 85, fossil, 22 90, 112, 130, 131 burrow classification, 71 brooding, 56 burrow digging, 191 Cambaroides, 20, 38 burrow sharing, 73, 74 China, Korea, 253 burrowers, 69 japonicus, 31, 39, 94, 185, 253, 278 primary, 56, 70, 73, 74, 272 koshevonikowi, 31 secondary, 70, 74, 272 similis, 31 tertiary, 70, 74 wladiwostokensis, 31 burrowing, 11, 49, 52, 54, 66, 96, 101, 105, 107, 150 Cambarus, 27, 35, 38, 40, 67, 71, 178, 185 burrowing behaviour, 107 aculabrum, 279 burrowing crayfish, 32, 33, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 57, bartonii, 61, 76, 85, 132 59, 64, 191, 203, 251, 279, see burrowing bartonii laevis, 61 as biodiversity drivers, 272 bartonit, 66, 80 recovery plans, 265 catagius, 41 surface activity, 73 chasmodactylus, 57 Texas, 265 coosawattae, 41 burrows, 52, 69, 80, 84, 133 cymatilis, 41 commensal species, 191 deweesae, 41 type 1, 70, 74 diogenes, 74 type 2, 70, 73 dubius, 73, 191 type 3, 70, 73 elkensis, 41 by-catch, 114, 172 fasciatus, 41 eel traps, 111 fodiens, 62 muskrat traps, 111 graysoni, 185 hagenianus, 76, 80 cadmium, 85 howardi, 41 calcium, 67 laevis, 74, 191 calico crayfish, 69, 91, 153 longirostris, 91 California, 52, 89, 93, 94, 105, 118, 127, 130 miltus, 42 Callinectes sapidus, 90 obeyensis, 41 sex pheromones, 210 parrishi, 42 Cambarellus, 38 pyronotus, 42 aerolatus, 28 reburrus, 42 alvazeri, 28 robustus, 61, 66, 154 blacki, 41 rusticiformis, 91 chapalanus, 28 scotti, 42 chihuahuae, 28 speciosus, 41 diminutus, 41 subterraneus, 41 lesliei, 41 tartarus, 42 montezumae, 28 truncatus, 41 occidentalis, 28 unestami, 42 patzcuarensis, 28 virilis, 56 prolixus, 28 williami, 41 puer, 61 zophonastes, 42 shufeldti, 61 Cambrian, 17 zempoalensis, 28 camera trapping, 172 cambarids Canada, 24, 26, 37, 67, 85, 102, 103, 107, 113, 129, ancestry, 22 204 breeding biology, 112 Canadian pondweed, 122 culture, 132 Canadian River drainage, New Mexico, 265

Index 357

cannibalism, 60 Cherax quadricarinatus, 27, 32, 46, 63, 64, 69, 91, Canning River, Western Australia, 224 92, 136, 140, 199, 217, 224, 251, see redclaw captive rearing, 118 crayfish capture by hand, 114 exploitation, 277 capture regulations introduced to Chile, 253 size, 122 Cherax tenuimanus, 32, 41, 46, 64, 67, 68, 76, Spain, 124 91, 136, 154, 185, 224, 240, 251, see hairy carapace, 17, 50, 52, 85 marron in burrowing crayfish, 70 Chesapeake Bay, 48 Carboniferous, 23 Chile, 27, 28, 31, 54, 55, 74 carcinization, see crabs China, 27, 47, 93, 101, 103, 108, 143, 253 Carcinus maenas Chinese mitten crab, 47, 98 sex pheromones, 210 chironomid larvae, 80 Caribbean, 46 chironomids, 161 Caridea, 18, 19, 89, 90 Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium, see pyrethrum caridoid facies, 17, 50, 51 cladocerans, 17, 78 carnivores, 56, 77 Cladophora glomerata, 79 carp, 204, 205 claw signaling function, 52 carrying capacity, 60, 65 clawed lobsters, 18, 20 Caspian Sea, 25, 52, 67 claws, see chelae Catalonia, 106 climate change, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 50, 83, 86–7, 89, 108, catch per unit effort, 136, 172, 175, 187, 189 150, 157, 158, 166, 251, 271, 285 catch regulations, 144 and restocking, 235 catchment diversity, 75 closed season, 128, 137 cave crayfish, 51, 55, 56, 61, 64, 70 collector-gatherers, 95 in North America, 279 Colombia, 47, see South America cave dwellers, 74–5 colonization samplers, 172 caves, 47 Columbia River, 65 CBD, see Convention on Biological Diversity Columbia River basin, 128, 184 Cenozoic, 19 Columbia River signal crayfish, 91 Central America, 27, 28, 45, 160, 212, 273 commensal, 74, 96 Central Valley California, 130 commercial crayfish trappers, see fishing centrarchids, 131 commercial fishery, 65, 68, 93 cephalothorax, 17, 22, 51 commercial fishing, 128 Chara, 56 community biodiversity, 159 charophytes, 79 community structure, 79 chelae, 51, 53, 55, 56, 57, 78, 105, 133 competition, 61–3, 67, 83, 88, 89 asymmetry, 51 NICS and ICS, 273 dimorphism, 53 competition for burrows, 73 morphology, 52 competition with alien crayfish, 160 Cherax, 32, 38, 40, 54, 63, 71, 138, 139, 144, 151, competitive displacement, 103 162, 199 competitive exclusion, 63, 105 cuspidatus, 32 conservation, 11 d. albidus, 106 and exploitation, 280 d. davisi, 106 indicators, 76, 154 d. esculus, 106 management, 170, 278 in Japan, 254 monitoring, 77 leckii, 32 policy, 10 preissii, see western yabby priority areas, 159 quinquecarinatus, 63, 106, 224 status, 33, 34, 37, 41 Cherax cainii, 52, 63, 68, 76, 79, 81, 82, 106, 136, strategy, 154, 220 139, 185, 224, see smooth marron conservation benefits introduced to Chile, 253 biological resources, 160 Cherax destructor, 32, 41, 46, 63, 64, 68, 69, 82, ecosystem services, 160 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 106, 131, 136, 140, 154, social benefits, 160 201, 204, 224, 252, see yabby constructed wetlands, 161 Cherax farming, 139–40 continental drift, 40

358 Index

Convention on Biological Diversity, 9, 157, 158, population estimation, 176 197, 239, 254, 285 primary burrowers, 60 coots productivity, 67 as crawfish predators, 135 Scandinavian recreational fishery, 188 copepods, 17, 207 semi-terrestrial, 70 copper, 85 stocking into the wild, 89 coregonid, 11 survey methods, 171 cormorants, 135 taboos, 112 Costa Rica, 27, 28, 49, 103 threatened, 94 CPUE, see catch per unit effort tourist revenue, 162 crabs, 2, 17, 18, 19, 22, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 88 translocated, 75 freshwater, 54 Turkish exports, 101 harvests, 111 vectors of introduction, 92 Hungary, 183 crayfish aquaculture, 112, 114 land, 54 crayfish burrows, 205 river, 57 fossil, 60 translocated, 47 crayfish capture cranes, 7 mesh size, 178 Crassula helmsii, 256 methods, 172 crawfish crayfish distribution, 216 bait production, 134 crayfish donor stocks crops and waterfowl, 135 restocking, 230 harvesting, 133 crayfish exploitation in Madagascar, 141–3 stunted populations, 134 crayfish farming, 99 crawfish–rice rotation, 133 Europe, 125–6 crayfish, 11 crayfish habitat preferences, 178 and biodiversity, 149–55 crayfish importations, 101 aquaculture, 101, 103 crayfish indicator designations, 76 aquaculture potential, 113 crayfish invasions, 87–92 aquarium pets, 88 crayfish losses, 152 aquarium trade, 134 crayfish monitoring as bait, 88 anglers, 176 as food, 93, 116 benthos samplers, 174 as live bait, 93 burrows, 176 breeding, 70, 87 camera traps, 174 brooding, 55, 56, 60 divers, 174 burrowing, 73, 74, 77, 86 electro-fishing, 174 burrows, 80 hand search methods, 180 capture methods, 114 in lakes, 187 cave populations, 191 lures, 176 commercial fishing, 113, 170 manual survey, 174 cool-water, 64–7 mark–recapture, 177 cultural importance, 93, 101 night surveys, 173 densities, 59 economic value, 155 quadrats, 174 ecosystem roles, 75 seasonal variations in trappability, 175 exploitation, 113 Surber samplers, 174 feeding, 77–8 surrogate methods, 176 harvesting, 88, 116 sweep-netting, 174 human health, 101 time of year, 178 intensive rearing, 119 trapping, 175 introduced American, 118 crayfish morphology, 50 introduction, 78 crayfish parties, 155, 225 juvenile sampling, 176 crayfish plague, 65, 66, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 92, 96, microhabitat partitioning, 185 97, 98, 99, 101, 112, 113, 117, 118, 119, 122, monitoring, 170 126, 129, 162, 167, 198, 204, 211–17, 219, parental care, 60 221, 225, 240, 274 population changes, 171 Astacus astacus, 234

Index 359

carrier of, 117 plague outbreaks, 98, 99 chronic infection, 212 restocking, 234 Finland, 121 fishing gear, 118 dabbling ducks resistance, 198 as crawfish predators, 135 sanitary controls, 118 DAISIE, 216, 259 Spain, 124 Dalmatia, 66 transmission, 118 Dammane area, Telemark county, Norway, 207 crayfish plague transfer, 113 damselflies, see Odonata crayfish ponds, 116 Danube, 25, 47, 90, 117, 163, 248 crayfish population monitoring decline in purification capacity, 164 bias factors, 178 increased erosion, 164 trapping, 177 legislative control, 245 crayfish production, 106 loss of ecotourism, 164 crayfish stock biology, 143 loss of fish stocks, 164 crayfish stocking, 106 stone crayfish protection, 242 crayfish stocks Danube crayfish, 182 monitoring in shallow water, 172 Danube fauna, 182 crayfish summer festivals, 122 darter, 11 crayfish survey methods data deficient, 34 manual survey, 172 decapod bauplan, 50 size frequencies, 177 decapod larva crayfish surveys, 169 post-naupliar, 54 Croatia, 182 Decapoda, 18 France, 169, 179 decapods, 18, 20, 35, 37, 39, 45, 48, 50, 55, 90, 98, crayfish taboo, see fady 152, see crustaceans crayfish taxonomy browser, 159 bioindicators, 281 crayfish tongs, 122 decapod evolution, 19 crayfish trapping methods, 172 Dendrobranchiata, 19 crayfishery, 122 fossils, 19 crayfishing, 101 invaders, 285 historic, 116 keystone species, 281 CRAYNET, viii, x, 50, 79, 163, 182, 216, 219, 220, Natantia, 19 227, 230, 233, 248, 259, 260, 275, 283, 334, pleocyemata, 20 336, 338 Pleocyemata, 19 Creole painted crayfish, 91 Reptantia, 19 Cretaceous, 22, 23, 46, 60 Delaware, 48 critically endangered, 33, 34 delta marshes Croatia, 182 France and Spain, 190, 191 cross-mating, 273 depression crayfish, 91 crucian carp, 205 Derris, see rotenone crustaceans, 2, 17, 35, 37, 207 Deschutes River, Oregon, 188 cryptobiota, 149 detrital processing, 80 Cuba, 27, 28 detritivores, 56, 75, 77 Cuenca Province, Spain, 180 detritus, 95 cultural services Detroit, 132 educational, aesthetic, 161 diatoms, 79 heritage value, 161 dip nets, 114, 172 recreation, ecotourism, 161 dipteran larvae, 95 customs officers, 259 diseases cuticle, 96, 97, 99 invaders, 285 cyanobacteria, 81, 105 diseases and parasites, 96–101 cyanobacterial toxins, 102 dispersal, 3 cypermethrin, see pyrethroid low rates of, 87 Czech Republic, 37, 88, 125, 177, 183, 203, dissolved oxygen, 52, 67 217, 233 Distocambarus, 38, 70, 72 legislation for conservation, 267 youngineri, 42

360 Index

Dniester River, 25 egrets, 95, 135 Dominican Republic, 27, 28, 103 El Salvador, 28 Don River, 25 Elbe catchment, 183 Doñana marshes, Spain, 191 electric fences, 203 Doñana National Park, 78, 104, 105 electro-fishing, 114, 172, 185, 190 donor stocks Elodea, 79, see pondweeds captive breeding, see restocking Elodea canadensis, 123 dragonflies, 2, 10, 11, see Odonata endangered, 33, 34, 39 drainage endemic, 63, 69, 86 economic benefits, 163 endemism, 47, 89, 165 Dreissena, see zebra mussels energy flow, 79 Dreissena polymorpha, 256 Engaeus, 33, 38, 39, 52, 54, 64, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 drop nets, 114, 136, 137 australis, 41, 54 drought, 52, 69, 73, 83, 119, 133, 235 burrowing crayfish, 251 Duero River, 119 cisternarius, 51, 57, 73 Dunsborough burrowing crayfish, 251 curvisuturus, 41 disjuncticus, 41 eastern crayfish, 66, 76 fossor, 57 eastern Mediterranean, 47 granulatus, 39, 41, 252 EC Birds Directive, 157 hemicirratulus, 54 EC Habitats Directive, 124, 157, 242 karnanga, 54 ecdysis, see moult lyelli, 32 ecological corridors, 2, 10 mallacoota, 54 ecological engineers, 76, 80 martigener, 39, 54, 86, 251 ecological equivalents, 159 merosetosus, 54 ecological homologues, 65, 113, 159 orramakunna, 39, 51, 252 ecological impacts, 95 phyllocercus, 41 ecological services, see ecosystem services quadrimanus, 54 ecological succession, 158 rostrogaleatus, 41 e-commerce, 93, 107 sericatus, 54 economic losses, 101 spinicaudatus, 39, 42, 252 ecosystem connectivity, 2 sternalis, 42 ecosystem engineers, 32, 79, see ecological tayatea, 54 engineers urostrichus, 42 ecosystem services, 8, 101, 104, 160–5, 257, 273 yabbimunna, 39, 42, 252 Pacifastacus leniusculus, 255 Engaewa, 32, 38, 54 ecosystem services loss, 161 burrowing crayfish, 251 ecosystem structure and function, 79 pseudoreducta, 251 ectocommensals, 99 reducta, 251 Ecuador, 27, 28, 92, 103, 212 walpolea, 251 education, 13 England, 90, 106, 202, 217, see Britain flagship species, 260 chalk streams, 117 for management, 286 plague outbreaks, 99 in conservation, 256–67 south-western, 180 information base, 262 environmental degradation, 50 key to regulation, 274 environmental health indicator species, 155 of anglers, 258 Environmental Impact Assessment, see EIA of children, 260 environmental plasticity, 67 of officials, 259 environmental tolerances, 86 of public, 235, 259–61, 276, 279 environmental triggers, 87 of scientists, 258 epigean crayfish, 55 education literature, 216 epizootics, 96 educational values, 160 eradication eel traps, 191 signal crayfish, 127 eels, 95, 172, 204, 205 Erimacrus isenbeckii, 210 egg grooming, 55 Eriocheir sinensis, 90, 98, 256, see Chinese mitten egg-laying triggers, 87 crab eggs, 54, 55, 60, 61 erosion, 80

Index 361

Estonia exploitation, 65, 143, 163, see harvesting plague outbreaks, 98 illegal, 83 EU Communication on invasive species, 108 levels, 131 EU Habitats Directive, 35, 37, 220 of noble crayfish, 243 EU Water Framework Directive, 220 of translocated NICS, 144 Euastacus, 35, 38, 40, 54, 66, 68, 71, 137, 162 removal of males, 130 armatus, 51, 60, 66, 137, 154, 251, 278, export fisheries, 118 see Murray River crayfish extensive aquaculture, 111 bindal, 42 extinct, 34 bispinosus, 32, 42, 137 extinction, 5, 7, 40, 65, 166 crassus, 42 diversus, 42 F1 hybrids, 103 eungella, 42 Fallicambarus, 27, 38, 64, 71, 185 kershawi, 137 burrisi, 42 neodiversus, 42 danielae, 42 robertsi, 42 devastator, 70, 74 setosus, 42 fodiens, 73, 74 sulcatus, 32, 74 gilpini, 42 urospinosus, 42 gordoni, 42 yigara, 42 harpi, 43 Eubrachyura, 23 hortoni, 42 euglenoids, 105 petilicarpus, 43 euphausiids, 17 strawni, 43 Europe, 8, 11, 22, 33, 37, 38, 43, 50, 81, 83, 89, 91, fantail crayfish, 131 92, 107, 113, 130, 261–4 favourable status, 37 astacid harvests, 143 Faxonella, 38 astacids, 22, 24, 25, 88 fecundity, 52, 68 central, 25, 82, 162 feeding, 77–8 conservation, 154, 157, 158, 275 ontogenetic shifts, 78 crayfish fishery, 111 fenthion, 207 crayfish harvest, 113, 116, 162, 179 fiddler crab, 49 crayfish plague, 65, 97, 98, 167, 212, 213 filamentous alga, 79 crayfish reintroduction, 224–35 fine particulate matter, 80 decline of crayfish stocks, 164 Finland, 103, 117, 119, 120, 121, 125, 144, 188, 221, eastern, 26, 67, 82, 182 225 education, 261 legislation, 246 fish predators, 204 legislation for conservation, 267 ICS, 25, 35, 40, 45, 61, 65, 67, 79, 84, 94, 99, low-virulence plague, 101 115, 159, 163, 178, 214 plague outbreaks, 98, 99 introduced crayfish, 92, 106 restocking, 234 invasions, 7, 47, 104, 109 signals replacing natives, 66 invasive crayfish, 53, 59, 66, 89, 282 Finnish Fishery Association, 121 NICS, 61, 65, 69, 82, 89, 103, 108, 112, 159, fish, 2, 4, 8, 10, 11, 23, 26, 40, 59, 67, 78, 170, 189 79, 80, 89, 93, 94, 95, 150, 151, 158, northern, 25, 55, 66, 112, 155 207, 208 reintroductions, 224–35 alien species, 281 southern, 47, 189 invaders, 285, 286 western, 154, 162 predatory, 204 European crayfish fish predators, 103, 211 threats, 285 sublethal effects, 204, 205, 206 European eel, see eels fish stock collapse, 286 European import market, 129 fisheries, 18, 157 European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission, fisheries legislation, 118, 143 see EIFAC flagship species, 10, 11, 12, 32, 76, 77, 81, 138, 153, eutrophic, 69 154, 162, see heritage species eutrophication, 11, 66, 68, 139 Flinders Island, Australia, 251 exoskeleton, 50, 53, 96, 105 flood control, 8 exotic species, see NICS floodplains, 8, 151

362 Index

Florida, 134, 191 ban on live crayfish imports, 245 flow modification, 4 Federal legislation, 243 folk traditions, 261 legislation, 246 food chain modification, 79 legislation for conservation, 268 foodweb marbled crayfish, 107 aquatic, 75 plague outbreaks, 99 forage, see feeding giant freshwater lobster, 154 Form I cambarids, 53, 55, 133 Recovery Plan, 138 Form II cambarids, 53, 55, 133 gilgie, 63, 106, 224 FPOM, 80 gill nets, 172 France, 25, 26, 62, 81, 88, 90, 94, 97, 116, 117, 118, gills, 52 124, 152, 155, 163, 175, 204, 207, 227, 231 GIS, 192 crayfish as fish, 242 glair, 55 crayfish farming, 125 Glenelg crayfish, 137 legislation for conservation, 267 globalization, 88 live transport banned, 242 Glomma watercourse, Norway, 225 plague outbreaks, 98, 99 Gold Coast, Western Australia, 138 restocking, 226, 227, 232 Gondwana, 23, 32, 39, 40, see Pangea Francisella tularensis, 102 gonopore, 23, 54 freshwater biodiversity Gotland, Sweden, 248 decline, 166 as NSA, 276 rate of loss, 157 Gournay, Oise, 126 freshwater crabs, 10, 53, 56, 63, 113 Gramastacus, 38 South America, 252 insolitus, 32, 43 freshwater fishes, 2 Grampians National Park, 32 freshwater habitats, 149 Grapsidae, 23, 48 Freshwater Invertebrate Invasiveness Scoring Kit, grass carp, 205 see FI-ISK grassland birds, 134 freshwater macroinvertebrates, 158 Great Barrier Reef, 286 freshwater mussels, 11 Great Britain, see Britain freshwater shrimps, 54 Great Dividing Range, 32 frogs, 11, 207 Great Lakes, 7, 102, 103, see North America functional anatomy, 50 grebe, 176 fungal cell wall glucan, 96 Greece, 25, 35, 90 fungi, 99 green targets Furneaux burrowing crayfish, 251 protection of biodiversity, 286 Furneaux Islands, 86 growth fyke nets, 114, 202 allometric, 53, 60 sex-specific, 53 galaxiids, 279 growth rate, 68 Gammarus, 207 Guadalquivir marshes, 104 gastrolith, 85 Guadalquivir River, Spain, 104, 119, 204 gene flow, 4, 158 Guadiana River, 119 genetic introgression, 94 Guatemala, 27, 28 genetic molecular markers, 19 Guémené Penfao, Brittany, 125 genetic variation Gulf white river crayfish, 69 reintroduction, 233 geocarcinid, 49 habitat alteration Geocarcinucoidea, 48 drainage, 192 Geochara impoundment, 192 falcata, 32 habitat complexity, 12 Geocharax, 38 habitat degradation, 4, 84, 89, 160, 285 Geographic Information System, see GIS habitat destuction, 40 geomorphic agents, 80 habitat fragmentation, 8, 9, 49, 149, 158, 285 Georgia, 25, 70 habitat heterogeneity, 57, 149, 193 Germany, 37, 78, 88, 90, 101, 106, 116, 117, 121, habitat loss, 141, 142 122, 125, 152, 217 habitat monitoring, 192–3

Index 363

habitat preferences, 64 hyphae, 99 habitat quality, 11, 80 hypogean crayfish, 55 habitat selection, 75 Habitats and Species Directive, 159 IAA, 19, 138, 240 haemocytes, 96 Iberian Peninsula, 25, 104, 119 haemolymph, 85, 212 IBGN, 81 hairy marron, 32, 185, 251 ibises, 135 restocking, 224 Ice ages, 22, 24 Halden watercourse, Norway–Sweden, 203, 225 iconic species, 76 hand catching, 122 ICS, 59, 82, 85, 88, 89, 94, 97, 99, 101, 108, 115, while diving, 139 120 hand-nets, 138 ICS management, 275–7 HAP, 158 Idaho, 103 harpacticoid copepods, 80 illegal fishing, 124, 141, see poaching Harrison Lake BC, 129 illegal stocking, 92 harvest, 67 Illinois, 103, 132 rusty crayfish, 132 immune system, 96 harvest regulations, 123 import and export, 143 harvesting, 35, 37, 160, 162 impoundment, 89, 106 hatchery, 125, 141 incubation, 55 hatchling, 56, 125 India, 22, 47, 48 Hawaii, 103 Indiana, 61, 74, 132, 191 health indicator species, 10, 12, 77, 152, 156 indicator species, 11, 76, 77 heat waves health indicator species, 11 France, Italy, 235 population indicator species, 11 heavy-metal accumulation, 105 umbrella species, 11, 12 helminth parasites, 102 indigenous crayfish species, 59, see ICS hepatopancreas, 85, 105 Indonesia, 47 heptageniid mayfly larvae, 80 Indo-Pacific, 46 herbivores, 56 Inglis River, Tasmania, 185 heritage species, 11, 76, 154, 162, 242, see flagship insect larvae, 59 species insecticides, 85 hermaphroditism, 54 insects, 17, 57, 78, 207 hermit-crabs, 22 Institute for European Environmental Policy, herons, 2, 69, 75, 95 see IEEP Hobbseus, 38 intensive aquaculture, 144 attenuatus, 43 International Association of Astacology, see IAA cristatus, 43 international biodiversity policy, 275 orconectoides, 43 International Year of Biodiversity, 9 petilus, 43 internet trade, see web commerce valleculus, 43 intersex, 54 valobushensis, 43 interspecific interactions, 3 hoglouse, 206 introduced cambarid, 143 Hokkaido, 31, 39 introduced species, 159, see NICS Homarus americanus introduction pathways, 92–3 sex pheromones, 210 introgression, 103 hookless baited lines, 137 invading species hot-spots, 2, 4, 13, 27, 35, 271, see biodiversity aquatic plants, 197 hot-spots decapods, 197 Hudson River, 48 fishes, 197 human well-being, 101–2 molluscs, 197 Hungary, 25, 37, 117, 118 pathogens, 197 crayfish protection in surrounding states, 246 invasion, 47 legislation for conservation, 268 invasive alien crayfish, 48, 50, 53, 80, 82, 144, 162 hybridization, 94, 103, 224 invasive alien species, 13, see IAS Hydaticus leander, 120 Invasive Alien Species Act, Japan, 254 Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, 256 invasive crayfish, 81

364 Index

invasive species, 49, 87–92, 151, see exotic species Kentucky river crayfish, 91 containment and control, 198 Kenya, 101, 103, 112, 126, 160, 253 disseminating information, 198 keystone, 48, 49 early detection, 198 keystone consumer, 105 prevention, 198 keystone species, 1, 32, 67, 76, 77, 78–80, 83, 88, recovering species and restoring habitats, 198 150, 151, 169, 272 regional cooperation, 198 keystone structures, 80 Invasive Species Specialist Group, 99 king crabs, 22 invertebrates, 56, 65, 77, 79, 105 kingfishers, 11 ionizing irradiation, see SMRT Kootenays, BC, 129 Iowa, 61 Korea, 27, 253 IPN, 113 koura, 82, 93, 144, 185, 266 Iran, 25 exploitation, 140–1 Ireland, 66, 78, 81, 97, 113, 117, 118, 119, 155, 162, farms, 141 211, 213, 216, 217, 231, 234 monitoring, 189, 190 as NCA, 276 krill, 17 indigenous stocks, 287 K-selected, 60, 64, 65, 68, 75, 136, 185, 272 legislation for conservation, 268 Kuopio, Finland, 240 plague outbreaks, 99 restocking, 226, 232 La Canourgue, France, 125, 226 Irish crayfish lakes, 187 Lac Léman, 117, 124, 125, see Lake Geneva irrigation, 5 Lac Saint Pierre Quebec, 132 isopods, 17 Lake Annecy, 117, 124 Italy, 25, 26, 47, 48, 66, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 98, 106, Lake Balaton Hungary, 117 117, 124, 152, 155, 205, 210, 231 Lake Billy Chinook, Oregon, 188 crayfish as fish, 242 Lake Geneva, 65, 124, 207, see Lac Léman crayfish bioindicators, 193 Lake Karla wetlands, Greece, 163 crayfish farms, 120, 126 Lake Naivasha, Kenya, 101, 112, 253 Latium, 106, 124 Lake Nyasa, 47 legislation for conservation, 268 Lake Rotoiti, NZ, 190 marbled crayfish, 107 Lake Steinsfjorden, Norway, 79, 122, 131, 188 markets, 106 Lake Superior, 188 NICS, 201 Lake Tahoe, 65, 79, 118, 127 plague outbreaks, 98 Lake Tanganyika, 47 restocking, 226, 232 lake trap fisheries, 117 iteroparous, 55, 60, 61 Lamington spiny crayfish, 74 IUCN, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 27, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 86, lampreys, 7 99, 153, 156, 213, 216, 219, 239, 242, 259, 285 land crabs, 74 threat assessment, 243–4 land-use change, 158 threat status, 243–4, 286 large Australian crayfish IUCN Red List, 3, 186 recreational fishing, 137–8 Ivermectin, 208 largemouth bass, 101, 204 Latvia, 125 Jamaica, 140 crayfish as fish, 242 Japan, 27, 39, 89, 92, 93, 94, 103, 185, 199, 273 legislation for conservation, 268 legislation controlling crayfish, 254 Laurasia, 39, see Pangea rice fields damage, 112 leaf packs, 80 Japanese crayfish, 94 least concern, 34 Jurassic, 19, 21, 23, 39 legal stocking, 92 juvenile habitat, 139 legislation, 35, 68, 199, 214 juveniles, 56, 57, 60 controlling NICS, 240 restocking, 234 protecting ICS, 240 trans-national, 287 Kafue River, Zambia, 277 Lepeophtheirus salmonis, 207 karst caves, 74 Les Clouzioux, France, 125 Kazakhstan, 25 life history traits, 10 Kent River, Western Australia, 32 Liffey catchment, Ireland, 233

Index 365

lift-net, 124, 172, 176, see balance recreational fishing, 136–7, 185 Lithuania, 125 marron snares, 136 littoral, 57 Massachusetts live bait, 92 legislation, 250 live food trade, 92 public education, 265 Living Planet index, 157 Massif Central, 125 lobster fisheries, 162 mating behaviour, 55 lobsters, 17 Max Keller, 125 Lombardy, 97, 98 maxillipeds, 18 London, 117, 126 mayfly nymphs, 63 longpincered crayfish, 26 MEA, see Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Louisiana, 18, 53, 61, 78, 93, 103, 112, 115, 127, Mediterranean, 48, 119, 191 135, 189 melanin deposition, 96, 99 trap harvesting, 190 melanization, 97, 98 Louisiana wetlands, 190 Merwyn Swamp, Victoria, 106 lung fluke, 47 mesotrophic, 69 Lutra lutra, 176 Mesozoic, 23 Luxembourg, 124 Mesta River, Greece, 183 metapopulation dynamics, 158 Macrobrachium, 46, 48, 51 Mexico, 10, 24, 27, 28, 33, 47, 69, 103, 140, 212, 222 rosenbergii, 46, 208 legislation, 251 macrofauna, 79 Michigan, 56, 79, 103 macroinvertebrates, 89, 95, 102, 107, 135, 150 Microbial polysaccharides, 96 macrophytes, 67, 79, 89, 95, 102, 105, 131, 162, 206 microcystins, 81 Madagascar, 22, 25, 31, 37, 41, 45, 47, 48, 51, 66, Micropterus dolomieu, 211 74, 92, 112, 113, 143, 157, 160, 186, 217, 221, microsporidians, 96 273, 278 Middle Ages crayfish subsistence use, 142 luxury food, 121 crayfish taboos, 162 migration, 3 exploitation, 142 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 83 marbled crayfish, 107 minimum size limits, 142 marmorkrebs, 112 mink, 69 magnesium, 86 Minnesota, 103, 132 Main–Danube Canal, 90 minnow traps, 202 Malacostraca, 17, 18, 89, 90 Miocene, 46 Malaysia, 47 mirex, see organochlorine mammals, 10, 11, 13, 79, 95, 207 Mississippi, 26, 74, 117 alien species, 281 Mississippi River, 135 management Missouri, 26, 35 ICS, 275–7 mist-nets NICS, 275–7 for semi-terrestrial crayfish, 191 manganese, 85 mites, 17 mangrove ecosystems, 49 mitochondria, 19 mangrove tree crab, 49 mitten crab, see Chinese mitten crab mantis shrimps, 17 modeling, 47 Maori, 190 molecular diagnosis of plague, 108 marbled crayfish, 54, 91, 92, 93, 107, 112, 199, 217 molecular markers, 19, 108 Margaret River burrowing crayfish, 251 molecular time estimations, 39 Margaret River, Western Australia, 32, 185, 224 molluscs, 2, 40, 95, 105, 207, see mussels marine decapod aquaculture, 112 invaders, 285 marmorkrebs, see marbled crayfish Mongolia, 27 in Madagascar, 107, 112, 253 monitoring crayfish marron, 32, 52, 63, 67, 68, 76, 77, 79, 81, 82, 91, methods, 179 106, 130, 139, 143, 144, 154, 185, 224 South Carolina, 185 aquaculture potential, 136 Tasmania, 185 fishing licences, 136 monitoring crayfish stocks intensive rearing, 139 in streams, 179

366 Index

Montenegro, 66 myths and education, 264 morphological adaptations, 70 public education, 264 mosquitofish, 204, 205 Nile perch, 11 Motiers, Neuchâtel, 126 Nippon zarigani, 185 moult, 55 nitrogen deposition, 9 moult increments, 53 NOBANIS, 244 moulting, 70, 85 noble crayfish, 25, 61, 65, 66, 76, 79, 81, 82, 84, 88, mud crabs, 47 91, 92, 97, 111, 112, 116, 118, 120, 125, 126, Mura River, Croatia, 248 143, 153, 154, 155, 162, 178, 188, see Astacus Murray Darling river system, 32, 60 astacus Murray River crayfish, 32, 60, 137, 154, 251 exploitation, 120, 277 mussels, 26 monitoring, 187 myriapods, 17 restocking, 226 Myriophyllum aquaticum, 256 Swedish legislation, 269 mysids, 17 Nocardia, 96 No-Go areas, 248 narrow-clawed crayfish, 92 Non-Governmental Organizations native crayfish areas, see NCAs education, see NGO native crayfish reintroductions, 213 non-indigenous crayfish species, see NICS native status, 282 Nordic countries, see Scandinavia Natura 2000, 37, 157, 158, 159, 220, 242, 243 Nordic crayfish production, 120 network of reserves, 157 North America, 7, 8, 13, 22, 24, 26, 45, 48, 61, 63, Navarra, Spain, 213, 226 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 82, NCAs, 276 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 102, 106, 107, 113, 118, near threatened, 34 152, 153, 154, 156, 159, 178, 191 nematodes, 96 crayfish legislation, 250 Nephropoidea, 18, 23, 39, see clawed lobsters eastern, 185 Nephrops norvegicus, 119 extinction rates, 150 Netherlands, 86, 90 public education, 264–5 marbled crayfish, 107 reintroductions, 222–4 Nevada, 118, 127 North American crayfish, 7, 27, 89, 94, 97, 99, 101, New England, 134 103, 143, 170, 184, 204, 211, 240 New Guinea, 22, 25, 98, 138, 139, 157 introductions, 273 IAS, 286 plague resistance, 212 new habitats, 167 threats, 285 New River translocation, 160 South Fork, 57 North Carolina, 57, 70 New South Wales, 32, 137, 140 North Esk catchment, Scotland, 207 New World freshwater crabs, 48 North German lakes, 117 New Zealand, 22, 25, 33, 66, 82, 93, 113, 140, 141, northern clearwater crayfish, 27, 79, 94, 103 154, 177, 185 Northern Ireland, 119, 216, 227 education, 266 legislation, 247 IAS, 286 northern koura, 140 indigenous stocks, 287 Northern Territory, 32, 69 lake stocks, 189 Norway, 120, 122, 203, 219 North Island, 141 as NCA, 276 Recovery plans, 239 legislation, 246, 268 South Island, 141 noble crayfish, 242 newts, 2, 75, 94 plague outbreaks, 99 Nicaragua, 28 Norway lobster, 119 nickel, 85 Nuevo Leon, 27 NICS, 53, 59, 61, 65, 82, 85, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 101, 102, 108, 115, 120, 144, 170, 184, Oceania, 91 189, 198, 199, 226 Ocypodidae, 23, 48 assessment of impact, 257 Odonata, 10, 45, 102 control, 214, 279–80 Odonata larvae, 95 management, 275–7 OECD, 6

Index 367

Ohio, 67, 73, 103, 132 Orconectes rusticus, 45, 46, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 78, Ohio River, 67, 102, 103, 265 82, 89, 90, 93, 94, 102, 103, 131, 132, 188, Okanagan Lake, 129 199, 202, 211, 223 Old World freshwater crabs, 48 in Japan, 254 Ombrastacoides, 22, 38, 55, 73 invasive species, 265 huonensis, 57, 73 Orconectes virilis, 66 omnivores, 56, 57, 77 exploitation, 132 Ontario, 27, 62, 85, 103, 131, 132 sex pheromones, 210 public education, 265 species complex, 223 ontogenetic shifts, 56 Oregon, 65, 128, 143 oomycete, 94, 96, 97, 99, 204 Oregon fishery, 128, 129 Orconectes, 27, 38, 40, 69, 71, 75, 85, 178, Oregon signal fishery, 184 184, 185 organic compounds, 86 australis, 75 Oscillatoria sancta, 81 bisectus, 41 Osorno River crayfish, 67 blacki, 41 ostracods, 74 causeyi, 91 otter faeces, 176 cristavarius, 57 otters, 2, 7, 11, 69, 75, 95, 114, 120, 154, 176 exploitation in North America, 130 over-exploitation, 4, 9, 131, 158, 186 immunis, 61, 62, 69, 75, 90, 91, 132, 178 overfishing, 32, 46, 47, 50, 65, 111, 117, 129, 131, incomptus, 41 142, 154 inermis, 74 ovigerous crayfish, 55, 203 jeffersoni, 41 oviposition, 55 jonesi, 41 ovotestes, 55 kentuckiensis, 41 oxygen longidigitus, see longpincered crayfish minimum levels, 46 marchandi, 41 meeki, 26 Pacifastacus, 22, 38, 71, 184 mmenae, 41 fortis, 43, 93, 94, 101 neglectus neglectus, 91 gambelii, 91 North American stocks monitoring, 188 nigrescens, 40, 43, 94 obscurus, 62 reintroductions, 224 palmeri creolanus, 91 Pacifastacus leniusculus, 31, 46, 53, 59, 61, 62, 64, pellucidus, 56, 61 65, 67, 79, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 99, peruncus, 41 101, 103, 108, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 125, propinquus, 53, 56, 63, 66, 75, 79, 94, 103, 131, 126, 127, 128, 131, 175, 180, 199, 203, 204, 132, see northern clearwater crayfish 205, 207, 212, see signal crayfish quadruncus, 41 control, 208, 210 rusticus, 91 exploitation, 277 sanbornii, 56, 91 in Britain, 255 saxatilis, 41 in England, 202 sheltae, 75 in France, 219 shoupi, 41 in Japan, 253 sloanii, 75 in Oregon, 184 stannardi, 41 in Raba River, 183 virilis, 28, 53, 61, 62, 63, 66, 82, 90, 91, 94, in Scandinavia, 225 102, 103, 130, 131, 132, 178, 188, see virile in Sweden, 123 crayfish migration, 233 wrighti, 41 pest in Britain, 199 Orconectes inermis plague strain, 213 unpigmented troglobite, 191 removal, 211 Orconectes limosus, 55, 62, 66, 78, 86, 89, 90, sex pheromones, 210 91, 93, 94, 99, 117, 124, 125, 130, 178, spread across eastern Europe, 248 180 Pacifastacus leniusculus trowbridgii, 91 control, 207 Pacific Northwest, 65 in Danube River, 183 paddle-wheel aerators, 140 spread across eastern Europe, 248 Palaemon macrodactylus, 90

368 Index

Palaemonetes pugio, 208 phenotypic plasticity, 87 Palaemonidae, 90 pheromones, 55, 56, 57 Palinura, 19 Philippines, 47, 103 panda, 10 phylogenetic relationships, 21 Pangea, 21, 22, 39, 48 physiological adaptations, 52–3 Pannonian Basin crayfish origin, 182 phytobenthos, 158 Papua New Guinea, 32 phytoplankton, 158 Paragonimus, see lung fluke Piedmont Paranephrops, 33, 38, 66, 140 legislation, 268 planifrons, 93, 140, 189 pike, 204, 205 zealandicus, 140 pilose crayfish, 91 parastacid Pitt Lake BC, 129 conservation, 216 PIT-tags plague-susceptible, 212 for mark–recapture, 185 Parastacidae, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 32, 33, 39, 40, 45, plague resistance, 101 52, 54, 56, 63, 66, 70, 74, 85, 90, 91, 97, 111, plague transmission, 98, 213 131, 141 Planktothrix agardhii, 81 Parastacoidea, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 39, 54 platyhelminth, 96 Parastacoides, 22, 33, 38, 55, 71 platypus, 154, 279 tasmanicus, 57, 85 Pleistocene, 25, 220 Parastacus, 27, 38, 54, 66, 69, 70, 74 Pleocyemata, 18, 90 araucanus, 31 pleopods, 54, 55, 56 brasiliensis, 27, 31, 52, 253 Pliocene, 46 defossus, 27, 31, 52, 74, 253 Po catchment, Italy, 183 laevigatus, 31 Po River basin, 98 nicoleti, 27, 31, 54, 74 poaching, 124, 154, 182 pilimanus, 31, 253 Podotremata, 23 pugnax, 31, 74 Poitiers, France, 240 retanali, 31 Poitou-Charentes, France, 219 rucapihuelensis, 31 Poland, 93, 116, 117, 118 saffordi, 27, 31, 253 polar bear, 10 spinifrons, 31 political strategy, 143 varicosus, 27, 31, 253 pollution, 4, 6, 12, 40, 49, 65, 66, 84, 155, 158, 162, parathion, 207 171, 271, 285 parental care, 55 biological, 7 Paris chemical, 7 luxury food, 121 organic, 6, 81, 152 markets, 117, 125 polysaccharide hormone, 55 Paros cave, Romania, 191 pond culture, 133 parthenogenetic, 54, 107, 112 pondweeds, 7 pathogens, 167 Ponto-Caspian, 7, 25 pelicans, 135 Ponto-Caspian basin, 90 pellet feeding, 140 population density, 67, 201 Penaeoidea, 19 population indicator species, 77, 153 Penaeus japonicus, 208 porcelain crabs, 22 Penghu Islands, 47 porcelain disease, 96, 99 Peracarida, 17 Portland, 128 perch, 204 Portugal, 101, 124, 189 Percina, see darter Portunidae, 48, 90 pereiopods, see pereopods postage stamps pereopods, 23, 56, 57 education, 261 Permian, 21, 23, 39 Potamidae, 23, 49 Perth, Western Australia, 106, 240 Potamoidea, 48 pesticides, 6, 11, 49, 85, 152, 212 Potamon, 90 Petromyzon marinus, see sea lamprey fluviatile, 85, 90, 105 pH, 67 ibericum tauricum, 90 phenology, 87 Potomidae, 90

Index 369

prairie crayfish, 74, 80 paradoxus, 29 prawns, 208 pecki, 43 Precambrian, 17 pictus, 42 precautionary principle, 157, 159, 231, 286 pilosimanus, 29 predation plumimanus, 43 invertebrate, 67 rathbunae, 42 predators, 75, 79, 135 regalis, 265 amphibious, 75 regiomontanus, 27, 29 vertebrate, 69 riojai, 29 predatory fish, 114 roberti, 29 primary burrowing crayfish, 70 rodriguezi, 29 Procambarus, 35, 38, 40, 42, 54, 85, 90, 92, 107, ruthveni, 29 184, 190 sbordoni, 29 acanthophorus, 28 steigmani, 265 acutus, 91 strenthi, 29 acutus acutus, 106 suttkusi, 185 acutus cuevachichae, 28 texanus, 43 atkinsoni, 28 teziutlanensis, 29 barbiger, 42 toltecae, 29 bartonii, 103 vazquezae, 30 bouvieri, 28 veracruzanus, 30 brazoriensis, 41 versutus, 185 caballeroi, 28 williamsoni, 30 cometes, 42 xilitiae, 30 connus, 42 xochitianae, 30 contrerasi, 28 zihuateutlensis, 30 cubensis, 28 zonangulus, 69, 91, 104, 133, 190 cubensis cubensis, 28 Procambarus citlaltepeti, 28 cubensis rivalis, 29 Procambarus clarkii, 27, 28, 31, 45, 46, 47, 49, 53, cuetzalanae, 29 56, 61, 62, 64, 69, 76, 78, 79, 82, 85, 89, 90, digueti, 29 91, 93, 94, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, echinatus, 43 108, 112, 115, 119, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133, erythrops, 43 180, 189, 190, 191, 203, 204, 205, 208, 212, escambiensis, 42 240, see Red swamp crayfish fallax f. virginalis, 91 control, 210 ferugineus, 43 culture in China, 133 fitzpatricki, 43 ecological plasticity, 191 franzi, 42 exploitation, 277 gibbus, 43 in Africa, 253 gonopodocristatus, 29 in China, 253 hagenianus, 74 in France, 219 hoffmanni, 29 in Japan, 253 horsti, 42 migration, 233 hortonhobbsi, 29 plague strain, 213 lagniappe, 43 radiation, 209 latipleurum, 42 sex pheromones, 210 leitheuseri, 42 wild harvest, 133 llmasi, 29 Procambarus erichsoni, 29 mexicanus, 29 Procambarus mirandai, 29 mirandai, 29 Procambarus niveus, 29 nechesae, 42 Procambarus ortmanni, 29 nigrocinctus, 42 Procambarus sp, 112, 217 nueces, 42 Procambarus tiapacoyanensis, 29 oaxacae oaxacae, 29 Procambarus villalobosi, 30 oaxacae redelli, 29 Procambarus zapoapensis, 30 olmecorum, 29 Procambarus, 71 orcinus, 42 prophenoloxidase, 96, 97

370 Index

protected areas, 260 redclaw crayfish, 32, 63, 69, 91, 92, 120, 140, 153, protist parasites, 96 191, 217 protozoans, 99 aquaculture potential, 136 provisioning services, 159 as NICS, 251 food, 161 translocation, 140 fresh water, 161 reed-beds, 93 ornamental, 161 refuges, 67, 80 Pseudemydura umbrina, 107 regulating services Pseudothelphusoidea, 48 erosion control, 161 Psorospermum, 96, 212 water purification, 161 haeckeli, 99 water regulation, 161 Pteridium esculentum, 190 regulatory controls, 128 public awareness, 202 reintroductions, 220, 272, 278, see restocking Puerto Rico, 140 reproduction, 53–6, 69 Pyblast, 206, 207 reptiles, 8, 11, 59, 69, 79 pyrethroid, 207 Republic of Ireland, 216, 227 pyrethrum, see pyrethroid restocking, 47, 126, 167, see reintroductions restrictive harvest tactics, 130 quadrats, 172 Rhine catchment, 183, 234 quarantine, 145 Rhithropanopeus harrisii, 90 Quaternary, 23 rice fields, 69, 134, 142, 189 Quebec, 27 California, 191 commercial Orconectes fishery, 132 damage, 101, 107, 112, 120, 130 Queensland, 32, 69, 74, 106, 137 ringed crayfish, 91 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 156 r and K selection, 60 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 253 r and K strategies, 62 riparian buffer zones, 138 R. Main Germany, 90 riparian tree-roots, 192 Raba River, Hungary, 183 risk assessment, 7, 145, 171, 199, 221, 255 rainbow trout, 204, 277 River Buåa, Sweden, 203 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, 156, 264 River Clyde, Scotland, 264 Rana catesbeiana, 93 river crab, 85, 105 range extensions, 78, 82 river fisheries, 163 rearing juveniles for restocking, 144 river levee damage, 112 reconciliation ecology, 167 River Ljungan, Sweden, 226 recovery plans River Meuse, 86 Australia, 265 River Pyhäjoki, Finland, 225 recreational damage, 101 River Thames, England, 203 recreational fishing, 111, 119, 136, 162 roach, 205 recreational fishing licence, 262 rock bass, 205, 211 recreational values, 160 Rocky Mountains, 24 recruitment failure, 131 rod and line, 114 Red List, 10, 33, 35, 37, 40, 153, 239, 285, see IUCN Romania, 25, 191 Red River, 135 rotenone, 208 red swamp crawfish, 91, 112, 120, 124 rotifers, 207 red swamp crayfish, 47, 53, 61, 69, 76, 78, 79, 82, r-selected, 60, 61, 104, 272 83, 89, 103, 119, 121, 126, 127, 129, 130, 143, rudd, 205 189, 240 Rumensee, Switzerland, 204 cannibalism, 190 running water habitats, 63 diet, 105 Russia, 25, 27, 117, 121, 126 in Spain, 226 rusty crayfish, 91, 102, 129, 131, 132, juvenile monitoring, 190 see Orconectes rusticus Louisiana exploitation, 132 catches, 188 mark–recapture, 190 monitoring, 190 Sacramento River, 127, 129 monitoring in Europe, 189 Sacramento–San Joaquin delta, 129, 131 red targets translocated signals, 184 biodiversity outcomes, 286 SACs, see Natura 2000

Index 371

salamanders, 11 export, 184 salinity, 46, 52, 67, 69, 108 in North America, 127 salinity tolerance, 81 in Spain, 226 salinization, 68, 139 monitoring in Oregon, 188 salmon, 118, 154 siltation, 84, 138, 141, 154 salmon lice, 207 Simonstorp, Sweden, 113, 118, 126 salmonid eggs, 67 Singapore, 140 salmonids, 11, 77, 113, 278 Slovakia, 25 Salt Lake City, 128 smallmouth bass, 205, 211 Salzburg, 117 smooth marron, 32 Samastacus, 27, 38, 54 snails, 93, 95, 102, 105, 131, 206 Samastacus spinifrons, 27, 54, 67 snorkeling, see SCUBA San Francisco, 128 for hand search, see manual survey San Francisco Bay, 94 impact of, 193 Sanborn’s crayfish, 91 soft-shell crayfish, 190 sanctuary restocking, 234 soil aeration, 49 sanctuary sites, see Ark sites soil erosion, 6 sander, 204 sooty crayfish, 94 SAP, 158 South Africa, 103, 140 Saprolegnia, 96, 212 South America, 22, 25, 27, 31, 33, 40, 45, 46, 52, Saprolegnia parasitica, 212 54, 66, 67, 69, 70, 212, 221 savanna fire, 156 legislation, 252 Savoie, France, 117 South Australia, 32 Scandinavia, 18, 25, 67, 93, 101, 108, 116, 118, 120, South Carolina, 185 125, 155, 163 South Island, 140 crayfish festivals, 162, 261 South Tyrol, Austria, 155 Scandinavian lakes, 65 south-eastern North America, 271 Schistosoma, 102 southern hemisphere, 20, 22, 24, 35, 38, 40, 41, 66 schistosomiasis, 93, 102 southern white river crawfish, 91 Scirpus, 78 south-western England scoop net, 136, 141 management, 276 Scotland, 101, 216 Soviet Union, 121 SCUBA, 172 Spain, 7, 26, 66, 69, 78, 88, 90, 101, 104, 105, 106, SE Asia, 90 114, 117, 119, 124, 127, 133, 143, 152, 155, sea lamprey, 208 180, 204, 231 seasonal wetlands, 151 American crayfish, 182 Seattle, 128 crayfish production, 120 sedgelands, 55, 57, 73, 191 economic benefits, 101 sediment accumulation, 80 Girona, 106 seine nets, 114, 172, 202 NICS, 202 selective predation, 95 plague outbreaks, 98, 99 semelparous, 55, 60, 66 restocking, 227, 232, 234, 235 semi-terrestrial crayfish, 70–4 rice fields damage, 112 sensory setae, 51 sanitary controls, 213 Serbia, 182 Zaragoza, 106 Seville, 119 Sparkling Lake, Wisconsin, 211 sex pheromones, 208, 210 Special Areas of Conservation, see Natura 2000 sex ratio, 54 Species Action Plans, see SAP Shasta crayfish, 93, 94 species richness, 2, 12 Shelta cave Alabama, 75 sperm, 54, 55 shore crab, 49 spermatophores, 54, 55 shrimps, 17, 45, 46 spiders, 17 Siberia, 22 Spinastacoides, 22, 38 signal crayfish, 52, 53, 61, 65, 67, 79, 81, 82, 83, 89, spiny crayfish, see Euastacus 91, 97, 111, 112, 118, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, spiny lobsters, 17 167, 180, 184, 185, 225 spiny-cheek crayfish, 66, 78, 83, 89, 91, 117, 120, commercial fishery, 129 124, 125, 130, 178 defined as native in Germany, 268 defined as native in Germany, 268

372 Index

sporogony, 97 swamps, 53, 64, 69, 70, 79, 119, 142, 149, 189, 191, spread of non-native invasive species, 163 251 squat lobsters, 22 Sweden, 67, 81, 90, 101, 103, 117, 120, 125, 129, Sri Lanka, 10, 47 132, 162, 164, 175, 184, 203, 217 St. Lawrence River, 27, 132 ban on live crayfish imports, 245 St. Louis, 128 cultural traditions, 101, 122 St. Petersburg lakes, 84 luxury food, 121 legislation, 269 stakeholders, 160, 163, 165, 166, 202, 229, 258, live transport banned, 242 271, 281 low-virulence plague, 101 differences between, 164 plague outbreaks, 98, 99 Stenopodidea, 19 restocking, 226, 234 Sterile Male Release Technique, see SMRT signals replacing natives, 66, 92 Stewart Island, 140 Swedish lakes stocking, 118 stock collapse, 131 swimming crabs, 47 stocking ponds, 93 Switzerland, 26, 66, 88, 90, 106, 117, 124 stomatopods, 17 legal size limits, 242 stone crayfish, 25, 76, 84, 88, 120, 124, 126, legislation for conservation, 269 153, 162, 182, 242, see Austropotamobius symbiont, 212 torrentium Austrian legislation, 267 tadpoles, 107 habitat preferences, 183 tail fan, 51 restocking, 226 Taiwan, 47, 103 stonefly nymphs, 63 tangle-traps storks, 7, 95, see herons for semi-terrestrial crayfish, 191 stream Taricha torosa, 94, 105 base flow, 80 Tasmania, 22, 32, 33, 37, 39, 41, 55, 57, 60, 61, 63, 66, stream crayfish, 51 73, 85, 86, 106, 107, 137, 138, 154, 191, 192 stream stresses Burrowing Crayfish Recovery Team, 266 agriculture, 151 crayfish status, 251 deforestation, 151 indigenous stocks, 287 flow regulation, 151 Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish, 32, 60, 185, 240 mining, 151 Tasmanian giant freshwater lobster, 137 urbanization, 151 tau koura, 190 water extraction, 151 taxonomy, 166 Streptomyces avermitilis, 208 tayatea, 137 Struma River, Greece, 183 telson, 52 stunting, 131, 140 temperature, 46, 67 in exploited marron, 137 temperature manipulation, 125 Styria tench, 205 legislation, 267 Tennessee River, 26 substratum, 67 Tenuibranchiurus, 38 Sudbury, 85 terrestrial crayfish monitoring, 190–2 summer fyke nets, 172 Tertiary, 23 summerling, 125 Tetrahymena pyriformis, 96 superecological strategists, 108 tetrodotoxin, 105 supporting services Texas, 70 nutrient cycling, 161 education website, 265 surfactants, 208 Thailand, 47 surrogate bioindicator, 81 Thalassinidea, 19 surrogate records, 193 Thelohania, 99, 230 surrogate species, 10, 11, 12, 77, 152, 155, 278 contejeani, 96 surrogates for water quality, 76 thick-clawed crayfish, see Astacus pachypus sustainable exploitation thin-clawed crayfish, 25, 26, 52, 61, 67, 82, 84, benefits from, 162 91, 118, 120, 121, 125, 153, see Astacus swamp-dwelling crayfish, 51 leptodactylus swamp turtle, 107 restocking, 226

Index 373

threatened, 37, 39, 76 UN Agenda 21, 156 throw-net, 114, 172 UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Thunder Bay Canada, 102 see Convention on Biological Diversity Tkalca Jama cave, Slovenia, 191 UN Earth Charter, 166 toxicity, see pollution UN Environmental Programme, 156 trace metals, 85 UN Water for Life, 156 trade, 101, 109 UNESCO Global Biosphere Reserve network, 157 transect surveys, 172 unexploited populations, 130 translocation, 7, 25, 63, 78, 82, 87–92, 103, 106, unionid mussels, 150 108, 111, 132, 144, 159, 167, 170, 220, 223, United States, 26, 33, 35, 37, 69, 81, 90, 93, 94, 224, 227, 240 102, 103, 104, 107, 113, 118, 211, 212, 222 by fishermen, 104 eastern, 35, 134 vectors, 197 legislation, 248–51 trap selection, 203 northern, 188 trapping southeastern, 2, 24, 26, 40, 112, 113 recreational, 120 southern, 102, 103, 121 traps, 114, 120, 172, 187, 193 trapping, 202 camera, 174 upland burrowing crayfish, 191 Louisiana, 115 uropods, 18, 51, 52 opera house, 141 Uruguay, 27, 28, 31, 74 pillow, 190 USA, see United States pyramid, 190, 202 US Endangered Species Act, 156, 249, 250 size-selectivity, 175 US Fish and Wildlife Service, 250 unbaited, 114 US Species Recovery Programs, 239 trawls, 190 USSR, 119 Triassic, 23, 39, 48 trichoptera, 95, 102 Valladolid, Spain, 119 Tridactylidae, 48 Vancouver, 129 trilobites, 17 Vancouver Island, 129 troglobite, 74, 191 Varunidae, 90 trophic fluxes, 75 vectors trophic relations, see feeding birds, 99 tropical, 48 fish, 99 trout eggs, 131 vegetation Trout Lakes Wisconsin, 102, 103 aquatic, 56 tularemia, 102 Velika drainage, Turkey, 183 turbidity, 95, 105 Venezuela, 27, 28, 103 Turkey, 22, 25, 52, 90, 101, 121, 126 vertebrates, 154 crayfish lakes, 118 veterinarians, 259 plague outbreaks, 99 Victoria, 24, 32, 33, 60, 137, 140 stock collapse, 131 crayfish status, 251 Turkish crayfish, 67 Vienna markets, 117 Turkmen, 25 viral infectious pancreatic necrosis, 113 turtles, 11 Virilastacus, 38 Tuscany, 85, 86 araucanius, 74 retamali, 27 Uca lactea, see fiddler crab rucapihuelensis, 27, 74 Uganda, 103 virile crayfish, 26, 66, 82, 91, 103, 130, 131 UK, 93, 211, 216 virosis, 99 crayfish as fish, 242 Volga River, 25 legislation, 247 vulnerable, 33, 34, 35, 39 legislation for conservation, 269 Recovery Plans, 239 wading birds, 135 restocking, 232 Wales, 217 Ukraine, 25, 125 walleye, 131 umbrella species, 10, 12, 76, 77, 82, 153, 155 Walpole burrowing crayfish, 251 umbrella trap, 172 warm-water low-quality wetlands, 68–70

374 Index

warm-water high-quality habitat, 67–8 Belgian, Luxembourg legislation, 267 Washington, 65, 128 Britain and Ireland, 242 Washington signal fishery, 128, 129, 184 CPUE, 189 water beetles, 2, 11, 13, 45, 63, 105, 120 lake stocks, 188 water birds, 120 legislation in Northern Ireland, 268 water consumption, see abstraction legislation in Republic of Ireland, 268 Water Framework Directive, 242 legislation in the UK, 269 Europe, see EC WFD monitoring, 187, 193 water quality, 11, 83, 89, 96, 160 wild crayfish populations chemical, 193 management, 130 decline, 66 Wisconsin, 63, 94, 102, 103, 131, 211 indexes, 81 Wisconsin syndrome, 131 indicator species, 81 Wissel lakes, New Guinea, 138 macroinvertebrate, 192 woodlice, 17 water quality indicators, 80–2 World Conservation Union, see IUCN water shortages World Organization for Animal and wars, 166 Health, see OIE water-fleas, 161 World Trade Organization, 239, see WTO waterfowl, 11 World Wetlands Day, 264 West Africa, 46 Western Australia Xanthidae, 90 Narembeen, 106 western North America, 111, 112, 118 yabby, 32, 51, 63, 68, 69, 82, 89, 91, 92, 93, 106, western plains crayfish, 91 120, 126, 131, 140, 153, 154, 224 wetland conversion, 83 aquaculture potential, 136 wetlands, 3, 165 translocation, 224 wetlands restoration benefits, 163 yellow perch, 204 WFD, see EC WFD Yorkshire, 177 white aspe, 205 White River, 26 Zambia, 103 white river crawfish, 91 zebra mussels, 5, 7 white river crayfish, 104, 133 zoonoses white-clawed crayfish, 25, 61, 65, 66, 76, 78, 79, global dissemination, 286 81, 85, 88, 91, 94, 112, 117, 120, 124–5, 126, zoospores, 97, 98 127, 153, 154, 155, 162, 177, 178, 220, 221, encysted, 99 see Austropotamobius pallipes Zug bottles, 125 BAP, 158 zymosan, 212