List of abbreviations

Nearly all the abbreviations below have been adopted by adding 1 to 753 is that the Romans counted dates Modern English. However, with some exceptions (for ex- “inclusively,” i.e., including both the first and the last amples, versus, modus operandi), most of the Latin ref- day or year in the count.) erent words and phrases are still foreign and unknown to • English. In a few cases, English referents have replaced A.B. (Artium Baccalaureus), "Bachelor of Arts" the original Latin ones (e.g., “rest in peace” for R.I.P. and (B.A., BA or A.B.), is an undergraduate bachelor’s “post script” for P.S.) degree awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts or the sciences, or both. Latin was once the universal academic language in Eu- rope. From the 18th century authors started using their • c (cum): “with”, usually found in medical . mother tongues to write books, papers or proceedings. • CC. (Civis in plural): Abbreviation for Citizens (plu- Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbrevia- ral of citizen). Usually found in legal documents in tions continued to be used due to their precise simplicity Civil law countries. and Latin’s status as a learned language. • D.D. (Divinitatis ), "Doctor of Divinity" [7] • D.Lit. (Doctor Litterarum), "Doctor of Literature" 1 List of common abbreviations [7]

All abbreviations are given with full stops, although these • D.M. (Doctor Medicinae), "Doctor of Medicine" are omitted or included as a personal preference in most (M.D.) [7] situations. • D.M.D. (Dentae Medicinae Doctor), “Doctor of Dental Medicine” 2 Less common abbreviations and • D.Phil. (Doctor Philosophiæ), "Doctor of Philoso- usages phy" • Ed.D. (Educationae Doctor), “Doctor of Education” Words and abbreviations that have been in general use, • et seq. (et sequens), et seqq or et sequa. (et sequentes, but are currently used less often: or et sequentia): “and the following” (use et seqq or et sequa. if “the following” is plural).[1] Not unlike • a.C.n. = ante Christum natum = BC = before Christ the full [ : ] which means “the following” i.e. that which follows is a listing of that which precedes • AMDG (Ad maiorem Dei gloriam or ad majorem the ' : '. (Incorrectly used, “the following:") Dei gloriam): Latin - “For the greater glory of God”. It is the motto of the Society of Jesus. • dwt. (denarius weight):[1] "Pennyweight". N.B. this is a mixture of Latin and English abbreviations. • a.u. (anno urbis): Latin for “The year of the city"[2] • fl. or flor. (floruit) means the period of time • a.U.c. (ab Urbe condita or Anno Urbis conditae): during which a person, school, movement or even Latin for “from the foundation of the City":[1] it species was active or flourishing (literally, “he/she/it refers to the founding of Rome, which occurred in flourished”).[1] 753 BC according to Livy's count. Used as a refer- • ence point in ancient Rome for establishing dates, F D or FID DEF (fidei defensor), “defender of the before being supplanted by other systems. Also faith.” A part of the monarch’s title, it is found on all anno Urbis conditae (a.U.c.) (“in the year that the British coins. City [Rome] was founded”). For example, the year • in litt. (in litteris): Latin for “in a letter [or other 2007 AD is the year 2761 ab Urbe condita (753 + documented correspondence]"; often followed by a 1 + 2007 = 2761); though, rigorously speaking, the date. year a.U.c. begins on April 21, the birthday of Rome (i.e. the day that Romulus was traditionally believed • inst. (instante mense): “this month” (see also prox. to have founded the Eternal City). (The reason for and ult.)

1 2 4 REFERENCES

• Ll.D. (Legum Doctor), “Doctor of Laws” • S.T.T.L. (sit tibi terra levis) means “May the earth rest lightly on you” and was used in similar manner • Ll.M. (Legum Magister), “Master of Laws” to R.I.P.

• loq. (loquitur), “S/he speaks” [7] • s.v. (sub verbo): “Under the word or heading”, as in a dictionary • N.N. (nomen nescio): “I do not know the name": used as a placeholder for unknown names in e.g. the • S.V.B.E.E.V. (si vales bene est ego valeo): “if you Book of Common Prayer. are well, it is good. I am well.” Among the Romans, this was a traditional salutation at the beginning of a • O.D. (oculus dexter): “the right eye”. Used in vision letter. correction prescriptions. • Th.D. (Theologiae Doctor): "Doctor of Theology" • O.D. (Optometriae Doctor), “Doctor of Optometry”. • ult. (ultimo mense): “last month” (see also inst. and • O.S. (oculus sinister): “the left eye”. Used in vision prox.)[1] correction prescriptions. • V.C. (vi coactus): “constrained by force”. Used • prox. (proximo mense): “next month” (see also inst. when forced to sign (“or else ...”) and ult.).[1] • v.i. (vide infra) means “see below”. • r.(rexit): 'ruled'. Used for the time period of a monarch or other ruler’s reign (e.g.: Mehmet III [r. • v.s. (vide supra) means “see above”. 1595–1603]) • Q.E.C. (quod erat construendum): “which was to 3 See also be constructed” (after constructing something, nor- mally to show its existence) • inter alios: Latin for “among others”, i.e. people, or • Q.E.F. (quod erat faciendum): “which was to be legal entities, but not an abbreviation. done”[1] • List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions • Q.E.I. (quod erat inveniendum): “which was to • List of classical abbreviations be found out”, usually at the end of mathematical proofs. • List of ecclesiastical abbreviations

• s (sine): “without”, usually found in medical short- • List of Latin phrases hand. • per mille, Latin for “in each thousand”, but not an • sc. (scilicet) means literally “one may know”.[1][3] abbreviation. May be seen abbreviated as per mil. Sometimes abbreviated scil. It is equivalent to the English phrase “to wit” and has virtually the same • sic, Latin for “thus”, but not an abbreviation. meaning as “videlicet” (literally, “one may see”), • stet, Latin for “let it stand”, but not an abbreviation. which is usually abbreviated as “viz.” These expres- Used in editing to indicate that something should re- sions are not to be confused with “i.e.” (id est), main as it is, and not be changed. equivalent to “that is”. Their meanings are similar, but there is a distinction which should be observed: “sc.” and “viz.” introduce a clarification; “i.e.” intro- duces an equivalence. 4 References

• sec. (secundum) literally “second”, “after” or [1] “UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OF- “following”,[9] used in several related senses such as FICE Style Manual” (PDF). Archived from the original “in the sense of” or “in accordance with”. For ex- (PDF) on 2006-12-08. Retrieved 2007-04-16. ample in taxonomy "...sec. Smith...” typically would mean something like: "...in accordance with the [2] “Latin and abbreviations”. Retrieved 2007-07- 23. ideas of Smith in this matter...” • [3] “COMMONEST ABBREVIATIONS, SIGNS, ETC. sphalm. (sphalma typographicum) a misprint. USED IN THE APPARATUS TO A CLASSICAL • TEXT”. Archived from the original on 2007-03-13. Re- S.P.D. (salutem plurimam dicit), sends many greet- trieved 2007-04-16. ings, e.g. Areia S.P.D. Apollonio. (Areia sends many greetings to Apollonius)[10] [4] http://users.erols.com/kurrency/explanation.pdf 3

[5] Dau, Holger (July 1994). “MOLECULAR MECH- ANISMS AND QUANTITATIVE MODELS OF VARIABLE PHOTOSYSTEM II FLUORESCENCE”. Photochemistry and Photobiology 60 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1994.tb03937.x.

[6] Butler, WL (June 1978). “Energy Distribution in the Photochemical Apparatus of Photosynthesis”. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 29: 345–378. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.29.060178.002021.

[7] “Latin Abbreviations”. Retrieved 2007-08-20.

[8] “Pharmaceutical Latin. Abbreviations.”. Retrieved 2007- 04-16.

[9] Marchant, J.R.V. ; Charles Joseph F. (1952). Cassell’s Latin dictionary. London: Cassell.

[10] Salutations and Closings in Greek and Roman Letters, Adapted to Electronic Mail, John Opsopaus

5 External links

• “Common abbreviations in Latin inscriptions pub- lished in L'année épigraphique 1888–1993”. Re- trieved 2007-04-16.

• “Linguists’ Latin”. Archived from the original on 2007-02-17. Retrieved 2007-04-16.

• “Latin words and abbreviations”. Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2007-04-16.

• “What Latin abbreviations mean”. Retrieved 2007- 04-16. • “LATIN AND GREEK ELEMENTS IN EN- GLISH”. Retrieved 2007-04-16. • “UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE Style Manual, chapter 9” (PDF). Retrieved 2009-10-12.

• “Latin Acronyms and Abbreviations”. Retrieved 2008-08-04. 4 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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• List of Latin abbreviations Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_abbreviations?oldid=667055333 Contributors: Rmher- men, Dante Alighieri, The quark, LordSnow, Furrykef, Moondyne, DocWatson42, SoWhy, Acsenray, Omassey, Vincom2, Rich Farm- brough, Art LaPella, West London Dweller, Circeus, Espoo, Ricky81682, Kusma, Gene Nygaard, Spellcheck, Mindmatrix, Pol098, Frostyservant, BD2412, Ketiltrout, Rjwilmsi, Orangehatbrune, CQJ, Tom Hope, Fish and karate, Twipley, DVdm, Roboto de Ajvol, Wavelength, RussBot, Briaboru, Megapixie, SmackBot, Pedrose, NickGarvey, Kaya~enwiki, Sct72, Jahiegel, MJCdetroit, Luigi.a.cruz, HDarke, Tim giddings, RandomCritic, Beetstra, Peytons, Dicklyon, Sunyata1987, Acrawfordiii, Greg.loutsenko, AndrewHowse, Cydebot, Gogo Dodo, Zginder, Zbeauvais, Orifred, MrAWO, Thijs!bot, Loudsox, GentlemanGhost, Fru1tbat, Lovibond, Faizhaider, Longinus876, R'n'B, Leaflet, Hbgarou, Adrian two, Epson291, TXiKiBoT, Dpodoll68, Motmit, Qgroom, LinearMom, Bennywesty, EnOreg, Tss22h8, ClueBot, Adranus, Thuja, Secobi, Tonyngkh, Addbot, Yobot, Bunnyhop11, ArthurBot, Jchthys, J04n, Omnipaedista, Elemesh, Betrunk- ener Affe, Vasarent, It was a dark and stormy night., Ɱ, Trappist the monk, DixonDBot, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Paavo273, Super48paul, ZéroBot, H3llBot, Bocaj52, Scientific29, JonRichfield, ClueBot NG, Cwmhiraeth, Sheldon Kepler, Anbu121, Pratyya Ghosh, Jimw338, Indoeuro100, Mppotter, Monkbot and Anonymous: 103

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