23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​

Forum: Commission on the Status of Women ​ Question of: Combating the Rise of Trafficking ​ Student Officer: Shawn Yoon, President ​ ​

Introduction

The increasing prevalence of users makes cyber-regulation all the more difficult. The , along with privately hosted servers, allows for children and vulnerable young women to be exploited online via streams and clips for thousands of viewers across the globe. has now become a modern form of slavery, with the identities and of individuals being broadcasted to the world anonymously. This agenda is startlingly relevant to this year’s theme of A Decade of Innovation, addressing the darker aspects of ​ ​ worldwide Internet growth. There is undoubtedly a strong connection to innovation; as our knowledge of technology grows we must learn to develop strong regulations on internet platforms to prevent such occurrences such as cybersex trafficking. Especially with vulnerable women being exploited by predators online, as seen locally in South Korea through the Nth-room cases in Seoul, this topic becomes a meaningful agenda for the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) to address in committee sessions. Despite its name, cybersex trafficking is a very much a real form of and abuse, despite varying from precedented trafficking forms. In the 21st century, cybersex trafficking has emerged as an exploitable alternative for traffickers. Many elements remain the same; the industry is a target for paedophiles, and thousands of young women are targeted as victims.1 However, given the steep expenses gone into actively harboring and transporting young women, the unique development of sexual violence within the offers various advantages to traffickers. Traffickers can easily take individuals into secluded areas without public access, requiring only a or mobile phone to broadcast to large amounts of viewers around the world without risk of revealing one’s identity.2 It has been estimated that web

1 “No Country Is Free from Child Sexual Abuse, Exploitation, UN's Top Rights Forum Hears | | UN News.” United Nations, United Nations, news.un.org/en/story/2020/03/1058501. ​

2 Almendral, Aurora. “Cheap Tech and Widespread Internet Access Fuel Rise in Cybersex Trafficking.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 4 July 2018, ​

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ traffic can reach up to 150,000 memberships, with user information being hidden on cryptic browsers such as and I2P.3 As a result, cybersex has been increasing at an alarming rate, being available to viewers behind a paywall, with individuals paying up to thousands of dollars to view such illegal footage. in videos can range from victims being forced to commit sexual acts to others on camera to , where they are coerced from afar by viewers or traffickers into self-abusory acts. Major issues surround cyber trafficking, mainly in its secure nature and the prosecution of individuals involved in such trafficking rings. Breaking the virtual barrier hosted by trafficking sites and encrypted browsers requires the work of professionals in online forensics and , utilizing tools such as recognition and to recognize perpetrators and track their location, which can often be traced to various nations. Furthermore, there is a great gray area surrounding the prosecution of individuals through thenternet due to privacy laws across different countries, limiting accessibility of administrations. Coupled with extradition policies, as a result, the process of combatting cybersex trafficking becomes an expensive, drawn-out process that rarely results in all involved taking accountability (hosts, viewers, etc). Rescued victims involved have also been criminalized, along with facing consequences such as isolation from cultural stigmas and post-traumatic stress disorders. Cybersex trafficking also becomes an economic issue, with poverty-stricken families most often being involved with such sexual crimes. As is the case with conventional , citizens in lesser-economically developed nations are more prone to sexual exploitations, lured by promises made by abusers. Hosts of trafficking rings in developed countries such as the United States have outsourced to such LEDCs, where English is locally spoken. Communication between hosts and facilitators have been recorded on platforms such as or Messenger, as well as many other online platforms.4 Such transactions become less

www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking- n886886.

3 Bridgett, Written by Georgia. “Cybersex Trafficking.” The Circle NGO, 11 June 2020, ​ ​ thecircle.ngo/cybersex-trafficking/.

4 Garcia, Victoria. “Cybersex Trafficking: Grooming & Exploitation Online.” Our Blog, ​ ​ blog.theexodusroad.com/what-is-cybersex-trafficking.

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ prevalent in more economically developed nations with less incentives to follow through in such actions, given the risks of getting caught. Due to the nature of the internet and the dark web, there is no substantial recorded data when such trafficking first emerged in cyberspace. There is only a rough estimate of the timeframe between 2000-2005, with the emergence of video streaming. This leads to the second issue: the inability to estimate the number of trafficking operations around the world. While being assumed to be a billion dollar industry, there is no data on the magnitude of online sexual operations due to the lack of available technology. While there has been an abundance of online reports of trafficking, there is currently no efficient application to detect live streaming , mainly attributed to the usage of online encrypted and that reveal little personal information. What has been discovered is that the majority of victims are children, ranging from 18 months to 20 years of age. 56% of victims have been recorded to be pubescent, and released a report stating the severity of sexual violence has increased as the victim’s age decreased.5 Despite the lack of an effective response to combat cybersex trafficking, it has become clear that it is a widely recognized issue around the world. Multiple initiatives have developed over the past decade in response to the lack of action in response to cybersex trafficking. The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) has integrated cybersex into their initiatives against human trafficking, collecting evidence of online trafficking in video streams and prosecuting facilitators.6 This approach has provided meaningful data and research on cyber-trafficking and strategy development to countries around the world. Using this precedent, nations around the world have adopted their own initiatives to combat cybersex, with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) providing financial assistance towards the training of online police forces for lower economically developed nations. These efforts have been hindered however, due to the lack of domestic legislation that addresses cybersex trafficking that would provide support towards these initiatives.

5 Chris Pogue. “Continuing the Fight Against Cybersex Trafficking.” Nuix, ​ ​ www.nuix.com/blog/continuing-fight-against-cybersex-trafficking.

6 “Human Trafficking.” INTERPOL, www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Human-trafficking. ​ ​

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Hotspots of cybersex trafficking have been also identified around the world, in locations such as China, Thailand, and the . The Philippines has taken significant action, with its Department of Justice increasing support towards several organizations including the Women and Children Protection Center (WCPC), Philippines Internet Crimes Against Child Center (PICACC), and the Philippines InterAgency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT).7 Such initiatives have been particularly effective in the tracking of illegal sexual activity on the internet and the rehabilitation efforts of victims of sexual abuse, serving as a valuable model for the international community moving forward. While most of the world is united on this issue, there remains much work to be done in regards to the development of effective technology and legislation to address cybersex trafficking.

Definition of Key Terms

Trafficking Human trafficking refers to the acquisition, transportation, and exploitation of individuals to use for sexual purposes, in this context, on the web. Victims of cybersex trafficking are often used for sexual labor and are exploited in return for benefits promised by the traffickers, placing these victims and their families at a high level of risk and dependency on such organizations.8

Dark Web The dark web is an internet network that has high levels of restrictions and requires certain configurations to access. This being the case, the dark web is much harder to regulate and access by authorities, becoming the haven and host for many cybersex traffickers to get away with their operations at the lowest risk due to the high offered by these domains.9

Encryption

7 “Cybersex Trafficking: International Justice Mission.” IJM, ​ ​ www.ijm.ca/our-work/sex-trafficking/cybersex-trafficking#:~:text=Cybersex%20trafficking%20is%20a%20f orm,located%20anywhere%20in%20the%20world.

8 “What Is Human Trafficking?” United Nations : Office on Drugs and Crime, ​ ​ www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/what-is-human-trafficking.html.

9 Darren Guccione. “What Is the Dark Web? How to Access It and What You'll Find.” CSO Online, CSO, 5 ​ ​ Mar. 2020, www.csoonline.com/article/3249765/what-is-the-dark-web-how-to-access-it-and-what-youll-find.html.

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Encryption refers to the process of converting information and domains into a cryptic code that provides a high level of security to the uploader or creator.10 This is largely the means through which dark web domains operate, constantly encrypting all files and access codes so that authorities cannot track accessors and hosts of cybersex servers.

Paedophilia Paedophilia is defined as the to prepubescent children. Currently many of the cybersex servers are catered to paedophiles on the dark web, putting young children and infants at high risk of becoming exploited by cybersex traffickers compared to older individuals, especially due to their age and vulnerability.11

Sexual Slavery is the practice of forcing individuals, often young women and children, into or sexual exploitation by traffickers.12 This is a common practice all over the world especially in Sub-Saharan African and Southeast Asia, and cybersex trafficking has emerged as a new form of sexual slavery.

Cybersex Cybersex is defined as the act of uploading sexual activity and crimes onto the internet and private domains for viewers to access online. While cybersex is in fact a large percentage of the worldwide, it also includes the cybersex trafficking operations which are streamed online for thousands of viewers to watch simultaneously.13

Webcam Webcam streaming is a way of sharing video feed online through a small camera located on or attached separately. The capabilities of webcam are well used for streaming

10 “What Is Encryption & How Does It Work?” Medium, Privacy Guy, 8 July 2020, ​ ​ medium.com/searchencrypt/what-is-encryption-how-does-it-work-e8f20e340537.

11 Kelly Richards. “The Causes of Paedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse Are More Complex than the Public Believes.” The Conversation, 11 Apr. 2020, ​ ​ theconversation.com/the-causes-of-paedophilia-and-child-sexual-abuse-are-more-complex-than-the-publi c-believes-94915.

12 Day, Elizabeth. “I Was Sold into Sexual Slavery.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 18 Jan. ​ ​ 2015, www.theguardian.com/law/2015/jan/18/i-was-sold-into-sexual-slavery.

13 “Cybersex Trafficking: International Justice Mission.” IJM, ​ ​ www.ijm.ca/our-work/sex-trafficking/cybersex-trafficking.

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ services and services such as Twitch and Skype, but can also be used for streaming cybersex to viewers online.14

Sextortion refers to the blackmailing of victims through physical and non-physical coercion to perform sexual favors on request.15 This becomes problematic especially with victims of human trafficking, who are extorted into performing sexual acts in front of for thousands of viewers online, thus violating their privacy and leaking their identities on the internet.

Streaming Streaming refers to the sharing of video footage in real time to viewers on the internet. An extension of just simply capturing videos, viewers can watch the footage as it is being taken, being popularized by the video game industry on platforms such as YouTube. Streaming is also the preferred form of cybersex trafficking, likely due to the revenues of streaming live video and paid membership services.

Cyberspace Cyberspace refers to the aggregate of all internet domains and servers connected on a common environment.16 All activities on the internet including our personal and government actions all take place on the cyberspace, a platform that exists only virtually and thus becomes the setting of all cybersex activity.

Timeline of Key Events

It is important to note that due to the nature of the dark web and its counterparts, including private servers hosting these illegal acts of cybersex and exploitation, it has been virtually impossible for authorities to specifically track occurrences of cybersex trafficking or release this information to the general public, leading to a gray area surrounding this important topic.

1997 - Establishment of the International Justice Mission The International Justice Mission (IJM) was established in 1997 by lawyer Gary Haugen. Based in Washington D.C., the IJM has since been dedicated to shutting down human trafficking

14 “What Is a Webcam?” Hope, 30 June 2020, www.computerhope.com/jargon/w/webcam.htm. ​ ​

15 “What Is Sextortion?” FBI, FBI, 7 July 2015, ​ ​ www.fbi.gov/video-repository/newss-what-is-sextortion/view.

16 “Cyberspace - Glossary.” CSRC, csrc.nist.gov/glossary/term/cyberspace. ​ ​

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ operations all across the globe.17 Hosting offices across hotspots of human trafficking in Southeast Asia and Africa, with the rise of the Digital Age the IJM has dedicated a large percentage of their endeavors towards cybersex trafficking, becoming one of the largest non-governmental organizations dedicated to combatting internet exploitation.

November 15, 2000 - Development of the Palermo Protocol The General Assembly passed Resolution 55/25 in 2000, which outlined the international protocol to deal with the suppression of the trafficking of women and children.18 Key components of the resolution include victim assistance, the prosecution of trafficking individuals and organizations, along with developing forces dedicated to monitoring instances of trafficking. This protocol becomes especially relevant as the document encompasses the trafficking of young women and children online.

November 23, 2001 - The Council of Europe Issues the Convention on With the Convention on Cybercrime, the European Union issued the first-ever international treaty on cybercrime. While the treaty did not outline cyber-trafficking specifically, largely because the convention took place before the Digital Age, the document became the benchmark for legislative procedures on cybercrime and its associated criminal acts, including cyber-trafficking.19

February, 2011 - Launch of the Silk Road

The Silk Road captured the attention of authorities as the first modern darknet marketplace was established in 2011. Operating on the dark web browser Tor, the online market served as an encrypted black market for illegal transactions including drugs and . Undergoing several FBI investigations, it is suspected that the Silk Road was, in fact, the earliest recorded center for cybersex trafficking and , publicizing the threat of the dark web and its activities to the world.20

June 1, 2016 - UNICEF Publishes Report on Child Trafficking

17 “End Slavery in Our Lifetime: International Justice Mission.” IJM, www.ijm.org/. ​ ​

18 “Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons.” OHCHR, ​ ​ www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/protocoltraffickinginpersons.aspx.

19 “Budapest Convention and Related Standards.” Cybercrime, ​ ​ www.coe.int/en/web/cybercrime/the-budapest-convention.

20 Greenberg, Andy. “The Silk Road Creator's Life Sentence Actually Boosted Dark Web Drug Sales.” Wired, Conde Nast, 20 July 2017, ​ www.wired.com/2017/05/silk-road-creators-life-sentence-actually-boosted-dark-web-drug-sales/.

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In 2016 UNICEF released the report “Child Protection in the Digital Age”, outlining the current status of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in regards to online and offline human trafficking.21 The report outlined specifications for dealing with the issue, along with calling out certain nations and cities as hotspots of child trafficking, instigating action within these areas for change to prevent exploitation in the future. This report currently stands as a benchmark for nations in Southeast Asia, and has yet to be updated with recent information.

2018 - March 25, 2020 - Nth Room Scandal The Nth room scandal recently exposed South Korea to the largely undetected cybersex trafficking industry online. Hosted on the app , a man nicknamed “God God” distributed sexual videos of victims of trafficking, especially young girls, to multiple private channels and individuals, along with hosting drug strings and chat rooms dedicated to police evasion.22 This event has sparked outrage in the Korean community largely due to the inaction and inability to respond to the situation by police and the sexist culture that led to the creation of such trafficking servers.

March 23, 2020 - FBI Issues Statement on Effects of Coronavirus The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issued an official statement on the heightened risk of cybersex trafficking in Southeast Asian nations as a result of COVID-19 and quarantine measures.23 The FBI, which has trained authorities in the Philippines and Thailand on cybersecurity measures surrounding cybersex for the past two years, stated their expectations for the cybersex industry to peak during the period and to increase security measures to protect young children from exploitation.

Position of Key Member Nations and Other Bodies

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation () ​ ​ The European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (EUROPOL) has expanded their reach of security in Europe to include cybersex trafficking, developing technology to track

21 UNICEF East Asia & Pacific. “Child Protection in the Digital Age.” UNICEF East Asia and Pacific, 1 ​ ​ June 2016, www..org/eap/reports/child-protection-digital-age.

22 Kang, Haeryun. “South Korea's 'Nth Rooms' Are Toxic Mixture of Tech, Sex and Crime.” Nikkei Asian ​ Review, Nikkei Asian Review, 10 Apr. 2020, ​ asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/South-Korea-s-nth-rooms-are-toxic-mixture-of-tech-sex-and-crime.

23 “School Closings Due to COVID-19 Present Potential for Increased Risk of Child Exploitation.” FBI, FBI, ​ ​ 23 Mar. 2020, www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/school-closings-due-to-covid-19-present-potential-for-increase d-risk-of-child-exploitation.

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ perpetrators of cybercrime.24 The European Cybercrime Center currently stands as one of the strongest equipped infrastructure centers to combat cybercrime due to capabilities in decrypting dark web servers and domains. Besides developing technology, EUROPOL has been dedicated to conducting investigations and raising awareness on cybersex trafficking in Europe.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The Federal Bureau of Investigation stands as one of the most globally involved organizations, despite being a department of the United States.25 The FBI is currently involved in investigating overseas human trafficking strings and initiating anti-cybersex operations connected to parties in the U.S. Besides investigating instances of cybersex trafficking linked to domestic occurrences, the FBI has dedicated itself to training officials from other nations, especially in Southeast Asia, to combat trafficking on the dark web.

The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), dedicated to the protection of young children around the world, has been providing financial assistance towards the training of online police forces for lower economically developed nations, especially in Southeast Asia.26 Upon recognition of the vulnerability of young children to exploitation via cybersex trafficking, UNICEF took to identifying certain nations as hotspots for trafficking, calling out specific nations including the Philippines for immediate reform and enforcement.

The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) stands as the largest international police force dedicated to investigating trafficking operations around the world. INTERPOL has since integrated cybersex into their initiatives against human trafficking, collecting evidence of online trafficking in video streams and prosecuting facilitators, assisting domestic forces with the persecution of trafficking individuals and operations along with the rescue and transportation of victims of cybersex trafficking.

U.S Department of State J/TIP The United States’ Department of State branch of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking ​ in Persons (J/TIP) serves to investigate and create programs to combat human trafficking both

24 “Child Trafficking Services.” Europol, www.europol.europa.eu/. ​ ​

25 “Human Trafficking/Involuntary Servitude.” FBI, FBI, 3 May 2016, ​ ​ www.fbi.gov/investigate/violent-crime/human-trafficking.

26 “Child Trafficking.” UNICEF, www.unicef.org/topics/child-trafficking. ​ ​

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ domestically and internationally.27 The program has made their goals of protecting and rescuing victims, raising awareness, and taking action against perpetrators of human trafficking public, and has since been forming partnerships with non-governmental organizations such as the IJM to fund and support anti-cybersex measures abroad.

The Virtual Global Taskforce The Virtual Global Taskforce formed out of necessity to prevent the spread of child pornography online. Compiled by multiple renowned official law enforcement agencies around the world, multiple nations have participated in the efforts to share information on cross-country child trafficking operations, including EUROPOL, the Korean National Police Agency, the Dutch National Police, and about twenty more domestic police forces dedicated to preventing online cybersex trafficking.28

Philippine National Police The Philippines’ national government has taken significant action to prevent cybersex trafficking upon being labeled as a hotspot by UNICEF in 2016. With its Department of Justice and national increasing support towards several domestic organizations including the Women and Children Protection Center (WCPC), Philippines Internet Crimes Against Child Center (PICACC), and the Philippines InterAgency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT), the Philippine National Police have been extremely active in pursuing and shutting down cybersex operations.29

The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC), a long-standing organization in the United States since 1984, was created in efforts to prevent the and trafficking of young children in the United States.30 The NCMEC has received significant funding from Congress to support its operations, receiving 40 million USD as it continues to track down

27 “Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons - United States Department of State.” U.S. ​ Department of State, U.S. Department of State, 25 June 2020, ​ www.state.gov/bureaus-offices/under-secretary-for-civilian-security-democracy-and-human-rights/office-to -monitor-and-combat-trafficking-in-persons/.

28 “2019 Virtual Global Taskforce Releases Environmental Scan.” Europol, 8 Nov. 2019, ​ ​ www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/2019-virtual-global-taskforce-releases-environmental-scan.

29 Blomberg, Matt. “Global Taskforce Tackles Cybersex Child Trafficking in the Philippines.” Reuters, ​ ​ Thomson Reuters, 15 Apr. 2019, www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/global-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficki ng-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1.

30 “Home.” NCMEC Home, www.missingkids.org/HOME. ​ ​

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ missing children from ages 0-20 both domestically and internationally, especially with the rise of child exploitation from cybersex trafficking.

Terre des Hommes (Land of People or Land of Men) is an international non-governmental ​ ​ ​ ​ organization dedicated towards the protection of the rights of young children around the world.31 As a consultant to the United Nations’ Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), Terre des Hommes has initiated several programs towards preventing the trafficking of young children, including creating awareness campaigns around webcam child , and has since been providing financial aid to domestic police organizations around the world.

Korea Future Initiative (KFI)

The Korea Future Initiative is a non-profit organization based in London dedicated to the protection of North Korean women involved in trafficking in China. The KFI remains dedicated towards the collection of evidence and publication of occurrences of trafficking of young women across the border of North Korea to China, an international hotspot of cybersex trafficking.

Suggested Solutions

Development of Sexual Education Programmes

Sexual education becomes an important force in preventing trafficking cases and lowering the vulnerability of young women and children.32 Especially considering how cybersex trafficking follows similar trends to regular trafficking cases, it should be a priority to provide proper education on safety measures available, the priority being on impoverished areas and communities where citizens are more at-risk. Topics such as areas of danger, reporting networks, and self-defense can prove to be greatly helpful towards preventing victims from sexual exploitation.33 It should be also recognized that such programmes can be region-specific, catering to the local culture and stigmas that surround sexual work that should be covered. Making sure that more individuals are aware of such schemes that lure impoverished families into trafficking

31 “TDHIF - Terre Des Hommes International Federation.” Terre Des Hommes, ​ ​ www.terredeshommes.org/.

32 “What Works: Sexual Health Education.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for ​ ​ Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Feb. 2020, www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/whatworks/what-works-sexual-health-education.htm.

33 “Trafficking and the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC).” NCHE, nche.ed.gov/csec/. ​ ​

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ rings is especially important as these measures will substantially reduce the number of trafficking cases, not just cyber-related ones.

However, implementing this policy is especially difficult as many educational programs across the world do not provide sufficient or any forms of sexual education.34 There should be a priority on mandating such sexual educational programmes across such public and private education sectors to ensure that children at young ages are being exposed to such curriculums. It becomes even more difficult to engage children and young women to such education where education sectors are not available. But schools do not have to be the only sources of education, especially in the case of lower economically disadvantaged countries in Southeast Asia and Africa. Involving non-governmental organizations and international bodies can prove to be useful in the education of citizens via the set up of temporary traveling centers, where more individuals can be reached, and specific communities can be targeted.35

Development of Cybertechnology

Much of the danger surrounding cybersex trafficking is mainly attributed to the fact that such crimes are less easily detected by the police. This is due to the nature of the dark web, the network of domains where such illicit activities transpire. The encryption of the dark web allows perpetrators of online traffickers to be protected by firewalls and private domains, which takes significantly longer to breach and track with the current level of security technology widely used by the most established forces, including the International Police.36 Even encryption professionals struggle to locate and shut down such operations, along with the process of prosecuting the responsible individuals. This gives enough time to traffickers to take down their data from sites and move to new domains, continuing the trend of cybersex trafficking. It becomes evident that there is a need for the development of better technology to detect and deal

34 Boonstra, Heather D., and Guttmacher Institute. “Advancing Sexuality Education in Developing Countries: Evidence and Implications.” Guttmacher Institute, 28 Mar. 2019, ​ ​ www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2011/08/advancing-sexuality-education-developing-countries-evidence-and-impli cations.

35 “Global Review Finds Comprehensive Sexuality Education Key to Gender Equality and .” United Nations, United Nations, ​ ​ www.un.org/youthenvoy/2016/03/comprehensive-sexuality-education/.

36 Almendral, Aurora. “Cheap Tech and Widespread Internet Access Fuel Rise in Cybersex Trafficking.” NBCNews.com, NBCUniversal News Group, 4 July 2018, ​ www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking- n886886.

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ with online trafficking that is suited to operations on the dark web and its domains, along with the better understanding of the use of such tools.

There will inevitably be a great discrepancy between developed and developing nations in the process of developing greater technology to deal with cybersex trafficking, attributed from the fact that, especially in lower economically developed countries, such sectors in the police forces are drastically underfunded.37 While there can be pressure put on these countries to invest more into the budget of police agencies, this can sometimes not be the best approach towards alleviating the condition of at-risk communities. There becomes an obligation on more developed nations and non-governmental organizations to provide assistance in the form of financial aid or information sharing among other means so that these nations receive adequate support to develop their own protection against cyber trafficking operations.38

Development of Networks

As transactions and operations of cyber trafficking often reach across international borders, it becomes important to establish a strong network to provide support and information on such rings in order to prosecute all responsible individuals.39 This network can exist both internationally and domestically. With a network of nations cooperating on international cyber trafficking operations, it becomes much more efficient to easily track and shut down cases, along with dealing with problems with extradition of responsible individuals. It also becomes especially helpful when social networking providers can detect such activities on their service and report such cases to local authorities immediately, as transactions have occurred on providers such as Facebook Messenger and Venmo.40 With an overall strong communication and

37 Buchanan, Zach, et al. “Offenders Without Borders: How Technology Is Globalizing Child .” Trafficking Matters, 21 Feb. 2020, ​ ​ www.traffickingmatters.com/offenders-without-borders-how-technology-is-globalizing-child-sex-trafficking/.

38 Souza, Nicole de. “The Nth Room Case and Modern Slavery in the Digital Space.” The Interpreter, The ​ ​ Interpreter, 20 Apr. 2020, www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/nth-room-case-and-modern-slavery-digital-space.

39 “Southeast Asia's Internet Boom Fuels Spike in Cybersex Trafficking.” South China Morning Post, 12 ​ ​ Sept. 2019, www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder- tackle-cybersex.

40 Mission, International Justice. “IJM Seeks to End Cybersex and #RestartFreedom This Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday.” PR Newswire: News Distribution, Targeting ​ and Monitoring, 29 June 2018, ​ www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedo m-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html.

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23rd Annual Session of the Seoul Model United Nations ​ cooperation effort from such formed networks, it becomes much easier to protect communities from cybersex trafficking.

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Buchanan, Zach, et al. “Offenders Without Borders: How Technology Is Globalizing Child Sex

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