2016 Olympic Games Results
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WHO WAS Z-BEST OLYMPIAN in 2008 and 2012?
Journal of Student Research (2014) Volume 3, Issue 1: pp. 1-12 WHO WAS z-BEST OLYMPIAN IN 2008 AND 2012? Ian D. MacKaya, Jack W. Markusena, Paul M. Sommersa The authors examine athletes’ performances in swimming, track, and gymnastic events during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics with the purpose of discovering the most dominant performance. By standardizing great athletic performances using a z-score (the number of standard deviations from the average performance in the finals of a particular event), winners were compared amongst the three sports. The most dominant athlete (with the highest z-score, calculated with or without the last place finisher) was neither celebrated swimmer Michael Phelps nor sprinter Usain Bolt, but rather American LaShawn Merritt in the 400 meter run. Keywords: z-scores; 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics; best performances Who were the most dominant athletes at the 2008 winner, we also report his or her “adjusted” z-score, that is, Beijing Olympics and 2012 London Olympics? Multiple gold the winner’s z-score is recalculated after dropping the finalist medal winners Michael Phelps (swimming), Usain Bolt who finished in last place (and hence had the lowest z-score). (track), and Kai Zou (gymnastics)?1,2,3 In swimming, how For example, in a swimming event where the last place would one decide whether the woman who won the 200 meter finisher badly trails the pack, the standard deviation of the backstroke was more dominant than the man who won the 50 times of all eight finalists will be much larger than when the meter freestyle? And, how would one compare a gold-medal- last place finisher is excluded from our calculations. -
List REVISED Balizamento / Liste De Départ 12 AUG 12:18
Olympic Aquatics Stadium Swimming Estádio Aquático Olímpico Natação / Natation Stade Aquatique Olympique Women's 4 x 100m Medley Relay Revezamento 4x100m medley feminino / Relais 4x100 m quatre nages - femmes FRI 12 AUG 2016 Heats Start Time 15:30 eliminatórias / séries Start List REVISED Balizamento / Liste de départ 12 AUG 12:18 EVENT NUMBER 31 Record Splits NOC (Relay) Location Date WR 3:52.05 58.50 2:03.32 2:58.80 USA - United States of America London (GBR) 4 AUG 2012 OR 3:52.05 58.50 2:03.32 2:58.80 USA - United States of America London (GBR) 4 AUG 2012 WJ 4:01.05 RUS - Russian Federation Singapore (SIN) 30 AUG 2015 HEAT 1 of 2 Qualifying Lane NOC Name Date of Birth Time Rank Time 1 BRA - Brazil LUCCAS Natalia 13 SEP 1996 4:02.52 CONCEICAO Jhennifer 13 JUN 1997 de PAULA Daynara 25 JUL 1989 OLIVEIRA Larissa 16 FEB 1993 2 RUS - Russian Federation FESIKOVA Anastasiia 8 MAY 1990 4:01.12 EFIMOVA Yulia 3 APR 1992 CHIMROVA Svetlana 15 APR 1996 POPOVA Veronika 20 JAN 1991 3 CAN - Canada MASSE Kylie 18 JAN 1996 3:57.96 NICOL Rachel 16 FEB 1993 THOMAS Noemie 4 FEB 1996 RUCK Taylor 28 MAY 2000 4 SWE - Sweden COLEMAN Michelle 31 OCT 1993 3:55.24 JOHANSSON Jennie 15 JUN 1988 SJOSTROM Sarah 17 AUG 1993 HANSSON Louise 24 NOV 1996 5 DEN - Denmark NIELSEN Mie 25 SEP 1996 3:57.61 PEDERSEN Rikke Moller 9 JAN 1989 OTTESEN Jeanette 30 DEC 1987 BLUME Pernille 14 MAY 1994 6 JPN - Japan SAKAI Natsumi 19 JUN 2001 4:00.43 SUZUKI Satomi 29 JAN 1991 IKEE Rikako 4 JUL 2000 UCHIDA Miki 21 FEB 1995 7 FIN - Finland JALLOW Mimosa 17 JUN 1994 4:01.49 LAUKKANEN Jenna -
Full Day 3 Results
Olympic Aquatics Stadium Swimming Estádio Aquático Olímpico Natação / Natation Stade Aquatique Olympique Women's 200m Freestyle 200m livre feminino / 200 m nage libre - femmes MON 8 AUG 2016 Semifinals Start Time 22:03 semifinais / 1/2 finales Results Summary Resumo dos resultados / Résumé des résultats EVENT NUMBER 13 Record Splits Name NOC Code Location Date WR 1:52.98 27.34 55.60 1:24.38 PELLEGRINI Federica ITA Rome (ITA) 29 JUL 2009 OR 1:53.61 27.18 55.38 1:24.35 SCHMITT Allison USA London (GBR) 31 JUL 2012 WJ 1:56.12 SHEN Duo CHN Nanjing (CHN) 20 AUG 2014 Year of NOC Time Rank Heat Lane Name R.T. 50m 100m 150m Time Birth Code Behind 1 2 5 SJOSTROM Sarah 1993 SWE 0.76 27.07 56.23 1:25.65 1:54.65 Q 29.16 29.42 29.00 2 2 4 LEDECKY Katie 1997 USA 0.70 27.20 56.21 1:25.78 1:54.81 0.16 Q 29.01 29.57 29.03 3 2 3 PELLEGRINI Federica 1988 ITA 0.70 26.98 56.25 1:25.76 1:55.42 0.77 Q 29.27 29.51 29.66 4 1 3 SHEN Duo 1997 CHN 0.74 27.00 56.81 1:26.36 1:56.03 1.38 Q 29.81 29.55 29.67 5 2 6 COLEMAN Michelle 1993 SWE 0.77 27.17 56.47 1:26.32 1:56.05 1.40 Q 29.30 29.85 29.73 6 1 4 McKEON Emma 1994 AUS 0.75 26.94 56.54 1:26.49 1:56.29 1.64 Q 29.60 29.95 29.80 7 1 5 BONNET Charlotte 1995 FRA 0.68 27.04 56.42 1:26.57 1:56.38 1.73 Q 29.38 30.15 29.81 8 1 2 BARRATT Bronte 1989 AUS 0.66 27.02 56.61 1:26.41 1:56.63 1.98 Q 29.59 29.80 30.22 9 2 7 POPOVA Veronika 1991 RUS 0.76 27.52 56.71 1:26.93 1:57.22 2.57 29.19 30.22 30.29 10 1 8 MACLEAN Brittany 1994 CAN 0.70 27.82 57.19 1:27.79 1:57.36 2.71 29.37 30.60 29.57 11 1 6 AI Yanhan 2002 CHN 0.65 27.26 56.68 -
Code De Conduite Pour Le Water Polo
HistoFINA SWIMMING MEDALLISTS AND STATISTICS AT OLYMPIC GAMES Last updated in November, 2016 (After the Rio 2016 Olympic Games) Fédération Internationale de Natation Ch. De Bellevue 24a/24b – 1005 Lausanne – Switzerland TEL: (41-21) 310 47 10 – FAX: (41-21) 312 66 10 – E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.fina.org Copyright FINA, Lausanne 2013 In memory of Jean-Louis Meuret CONTENTS OLYMPIC GAMES Swimming – 1896-2012 Introduction 3 Olympic Games dates, sites, number of victories by National Federations (NF) and on the podiums 4 1896 – 2016 – From Athens to Rio 6 Olympic Gold Medals & Olympic Champions by Country 21 MEN’S EVENTS – Podiums and statistics 22 WOMEN’S EVENTS – Podiums and statistics 82 FINA Members and Country Codes 136 2 Introduction In the following study you will find the statistics of the swimming events at the Olympic Games held since 1896 (under the umbrella of FINA since 1912) as well as the podiums and number of medals obtained by National Federation. You will also find the standings of the first three places in all events for men and women at the Olympic Games followed by several classifications which are listed either by the number of titles or medals by swimmer or National Federation. It should be noted that these standings only have an historical aim but no sport signification because the comparison between the achievements of swimmers of different generations is always unfair for several reasons: 1. The period of time. The Olympic Games were not organised in 1916, 1940 and 1944 2. The evolution of the programme. -
Southern California Swimming, Inc
$6 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SWIMMING, INC. a local swimming committee of USA SWIMMING, INC 2011 Swim Guide Published by the House of Delegates of Southern California Swimming Jeri Marshburn, General Chairman Mary J. Swalley, Executive Director SWIM OFFICE 41 Hitchcock Way, Suite B Santa Barbara, California 93105-3101 Post Office Box 30530 Santa Barbara, CA 93130-0530 (805) 682-0135 In Southern California: (800) 824-6206 Monday - Friday, 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. FAX: (805) 687-4175 Visit SCS on the internet at www.socalswim.org Email: [email protected] 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Southern California Swimming Directory Page 3 Board of Directors & Board of Review Page 4 Committee Officers Page 6 Club Rosters Page 13 Swim Calendar Page 28 Rules and Procedures Page 43 Glossary for Southern California Swimming Page 44 Part One-General Rules and Procedures Page 47 I. Authority and Relationships Page 47 II. Integrity of the Competition Page 48 III. Registration and Affiliation Page 49 IV. Entry into the Competition Page 51 V. Administrative Procedures Page 53 VI. Southern California Swimming Funds Page 54 Part Two-Conduct of the Competition Page 58 I. Conduct of Meets, General Page 58 II. Conduct of Meets, "Timed Finals" Page 58 III. Conduct of Meets, "Heats and Finals" Page 59 IV. Conduct of Meets, "Time Trials" Page 60 V. Submission of Entries Page 60 VI. Limitation on Entries Page 61 VII. Entry Times Page 61 VIII. Errors Related to Entries Page 62 IX. Administration Page 62 Part Three-Senior Competition Page 64 I. Eligibility Page 64 II. Senior Invitationals Page 64 III. -
16Th FINA World Championships Kazan (RUS) July 24 - August 9, 2015
16th FINA World Championships Kazan (RUS) July 24 - August 9, 2015 Event 123 Women's 100m Freestyle Final 7 AUG 2015 - 17:32 100m Nage Libre Femmes Finale Start List EVENT NUMBER 23 Record Split Name NAT Code Location Date WR 52.07 25.46 STEFFEN Britta GER Rome (ITA) 31 JUL 2009 CR 52.07 25.46 STEFFEN Britta GER Rome (ITA) 31 JUL 2009 WJ 53.84 26.40 SHEN Duo CHN Nanjing (CHN) 19 AUG 2014 Final Year of Lane Name NAT Qualifying Time Time Rank Birth 1 SHEN Duo CHN 1997 53.91 2 KROMOWIDJOJO Ranomi NED 1990 53.78 3 CAMPBELL Bronte AUS 1994 53.00 4 SJOSTROM Sarah SWE 1993 52.78 5 CAMPBELL Cate AUS 1992 52.84 6 HEEMSKERK Femke NED 1987 53.38 7 MANUEL Simone USA 1996 53.81 8 FRANKLIN Missy USA 1995 53.92 Reserves Year of Lane Name NAT Qualifying Time Time Rank Birth VAN LANDEGHEM Chantal Jean CAN 1994 53.93 BONNET Charlotte FRA 1995 54.15 Legend: CR Championship record WJ World Junior record WR World record Official Timekeeping by OMEGA SWW011100_51A3 1.0 Report Created by OMEGA THU 6 AUG 2015 19:54 Page 1/1 16th FINA World Championships Kazan (RUS) July 24 - August 9, 2015 Event 124 Men's 200m Backstroke Final 7 AUG 2015 - 17:40 200m Dos Hommes Finale Start List EVENT NUMBER 24 Record Splits Name NAT Code Location Date WR 1:51.92 26.52 54.90 1:23.30 PEIRSOL Aaron USA Rome (ITA) 31 JUL 2009 CR 1:51.92 26.52 54.90 1:23.30 PEIRSOL Aaron USA Rome (ITA) 31 JUL 2009 WJ 1:56.94 LI Guangyuan CHN Nanjing (CHN) 22 AUG 2014 Final Year of Lane Name NAT Qualifying Time Time Rank Birth 1 CLARY Tyler USA 1989 1:56.58 2 KAWECKI Radoslaw POL 1991 1:55.54 3 XU -
FINA/Airweave Swimming World Cup 2015
FINA/airweave Swimming World Cup 2015 MOSCOW PARIS-CHARTRES HONG KONG BEIJING SINGAPORE TOKYO DOHA DUBAI November 2-3, 2015 Event 1 Men's 100m Freestyle 100m Nage Libre Hommes Entry List by Event As of FRI 30 OCT 2015 EVENT NUMBER 1 Record Split Name NOC Code Location Date WR 46.91 22.17 CIELO Cesar BRA Rome (ITA) 30 JUL 2009 WJ 48.25 23.34 DE SANTANA M BRA Nanjing (CHN) 22 AUG 2014 Number of entries: 86 NOC Year of Location of Date of Qualifying Name Code Birth Qualification Qualification Time GRABICH Federico ARG 1990 48.11 DOTTO Luca ITA 1990 48.40 STRAVIUS Jeremy FRA 1988 48.50 FRATUS Bruno BRA 1989 48.57 AGNEL Yannick FRA 1992 48.68 JARVIS Calum George GBR 1992 48.79 MAGNINI Filippo ITA 1982 48.79 SANTUCCI Michele ITA 1989 48.84 ROONEY Maxime USA 1998 48.87 LEONARDI Luca ITA 1991 49.12 RENWICK Robert Peter GBR 1988 49.12 SCOTT D GBR 1997 49.19 ERVIN Anthony USA 1981 49.20 STJEPANOVIC Velimir SRB 1993 49.21 DELANEY Ashley AUS 1986 49.37 SHIELDS Tom USA 1991 49.40 LE CLOS Chad RSA 1992 49.47 HUNTER Daniel NZL 1994 49.82 HOCKIN Benjamin PAR 1986 49.88 BASLAKOV Iskender TUR 1990 49.89 JIMMIE Clayton RSA 1995 49.92 ZHANG Qibin CHN 1994 49.95 CELIK Doga TUR 1991 50.08 LIU Junwu CHN 1992 50.11 ANDREW Michael USA 1999 50.21 SHI Tengfei CHN 1988 50.25 TULUPOV Daniil UZB 1988 50.26 MULLER Caydon RSA 1995 50.28 BROWN Myles RSA 1992 50.36 HENX Julien LUX 1995 50.36 VINCENT Bradley MRI 1991 50.39 GROTHE Zane USA 1992 50.48 LI Yongwei CHN 1997 50.55 SAKCI Huseyin Emre TUR 1997 50.66 ERASMUS Douglas RSA 1990 50.78 DERLYUGOV Aleksey UZB 1991 50.80 -
Doha (QAT) 03 - 07 December 2014
12th FINA WORLD SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS (25m) Doha (QAT) 03 - 07 December 2014 Event 29 Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats 5 DEC 2014 - 13:28 4x100m Nage Libre Femmes Séries Start List EVENT NO. 29 Record Splits NAT (Relay) Location Date WR 3:28.22 52.88 1:45.12 2:37.24 NED - Netherlands Amsterdam (NED) 19 DEC 2008 CR 3:28.54 52.33 1:44.80 2:37.12 NED - Netherlands Dubai (UAE) 18 DEC 2010 Heat 1 of 2 Qualifying Lane NAT Name Year of Birth Time Rank Time 1 PNG - Papua New Guinea TKATCHENKO Savannah 2000 PARAKA Shanice 1999 MCCARTHY Tegan 1997 MOPIO-JANE Anna-Liza 1986 2 MAC - Macau TAN Chi Yan 1994 LEI On Kei 1991 LONG Chi Wai 1997 CHOI Weng Tong 1996 3 SEY - Seychelles LAIRD Alexus 1993 PAYET Anisha 1998 MARZOCCHI Maria 1998 PASSON Felicity 1999 4 USA - United States COUGHLIN Natalie 1982 BILQUIST Amy 1997 KENNEDY Madison 1987 WEIR Amanda 1986 5 CHN - China QIU Yuhan 1998 TANG Yi 1993 SHEN Duo 1997 ZHANG Yufei 1998 6 AUT - Austria KREUNDL Lena 1997 KOSCHISCHEK Birgit 1987 ZAISER Lisa 1994 STEINEGGER Jordis 1983 7 GER - Germany DIETTERLE Anna Stephanie 1997 BRUHN Annika 1992 HUTHER Marlene 1998 SCHREIBER Daniela 1989 8 IND - India SANJEEV MEHTA Anusha Mehta 1995 VISHWANATH Malavika 1998 PRABHU Thalasha Satish 1993 DHUMATKAR Aditi 1991 Official Timekeeping by OMEGA SWW411900_51B1 3.0 Report Created by OMEGA FRI 5 DEC 2014 08:49 Page 1/2 12th FINA WORLD SWIMMING CHAMPIONSHIPS (25m) Doha (QAT) 03 - 07 December 2014 Event 29 Women's 4x100m Freestyle Heats 5 DEC 2014 - 13:28 4x100m Nage Libre Femmes Séries Heat 2 of 2 Qualifying Lane NAT Name Year -
Event Number 118/01 Extended Start List
Tokyo Aquatics Centre Swimming 東京アクアティクスセンター 競泳 / Natation Centre aquatique de Tokyo Women's 200m Butterfly 女子200mバタフライ / 200 m papillon - femmes THU 29 JUL 2021 Final Start Time 11:28 決勝 / Finale Extended Start List 拡張スタートリスト / Liste de départ détaillée Event Number 118/01 NOC Record Splits Name Code Location Date WR 2:01.81 27.19 58.08 1:30.20 LIU Zige CHN Jinan (CHN) 21 OCT 2009 OR 2:04.06 28.49 1:00.62 1:32.75 JIAO Liuyang CHN London (GBR) 1 AUG 2012 Lane Name NOC Code Date of Birth Qualifying Time Time Rank 1 CHIMROVA Svetlana ROC 15 APR 1996 2:08.62 Qualified 7th from SF. Placed 7th at 2019 WCh, 20th in 2017. Bronze at 2021 European Ch, silver in 2018. Placed 3rd at 2020 Beijing Champions Swim Series event, 4th at Shenzhen. Silver at 2019 Canet-en-Roussillon, Monaco Mare Nostrum events. In other events - 11th in 100m fly at 2020 OG, 19th at 2016 OG, 6th in 4x100m medley relay at 2016 OG. She also serves in the Army. 2 YU Liyan CHN 1 JUN 2000 2:07.04 Qualified 5th from SF. First-time Olympian. Placed 6th at 2018 Asian Games. Placed 6th at 2018 Beijing WCup event. Her father YU Jingang is a swimming coach at provincial level in China and influenced her to take up the sport. She enjoys painting in spare time. 3 KAPAS Boglarka HUN 22 APR 1993 2:06.59 Qualified 3rd from SF. Gold at 2019 WCh. Gold at 2021, 2018 European Ch. -
FINA Champions Swim Series 2019 - Athletes List
Published on fina.org - Official FINA website (//www.fina.org) FINA Champions Swim Series 2019 - Athletes List Updated on: 19.04.2019 Guangzhou (CHN) - Men 50m Freestyle - USA Anthony Ervin - GBR Ben Proud - ITA Andrea Vergani - RUS Vladimir Morozov 100m Freestyle - RUS Vladimir Morozov - BEL Pieter Timmers - RUS Kliment Kolesnikov - RSA Chad Le Clos 200m Freestyle - CHN Sun Yang - RSA Chad Le Clos - LTU Danas Rapsys - CHN Wang Shun 400m Freestyle - ITA Gabriele Detti - CHN Sun Yang - AUS Jack McLoughlin - UKR Mykhailo Romanchuk 50m Backstroke - RUS Kliment Kolesnikov - ROU Robert Glinta - RUS Vladimir Morozov - USA Michael Andrew 100m Backstroke - CHN Xu Jiayu - RUS Kliment Kolesnikov - JPN Ryosuke Irie - ROU Robert Glinta 200m Backstroke - CHN Xu Jiayu - JPN Ryosuke Irie - LTU Danas Rapsys - CHN Li Guangyuan 50m Breaststroke - BRA Joao Gomes Jr - ITA Fabio Scozzoli - BRA Felipe Lima - USA Michael Andrew 100m Breaststroke - RUS Anton Chupkov - NED Arno Kamminga - ITA Fabio Scozzoli - USA Michael Andrew 200m Breaststroke - KAZ Dmitry Balandin - RUS Anton Chupkov - JPN Ippei Watanabe - CHN Qiu Haiyang 50m Butterfly - GBR Ben Proud - BRA Nicholas Santos - UKR Andriy Govorov - USA Michael Andrew 100m Butterfly - RSA Chad Le Clos - RUS Andrei Minakov - USA Michael Andrew - CHN Li Zhuhao 200m Butterfly - JPN Masato Sakai - RSA Chad Le Clos - CHN Li Zhuhao - CHN Wang Zhou 200m Ind. Medley - CHN Wang Shun - CHN Qin Haiyang - USA Michael Andrew - CHN Wang Yizhe Guangzhou (CHN) - Women 50m Freestyle - DEN Pernille Blume - SWE Sarah Sjostrom - NED -
Men's All-Time World Performers-Performances Rankings
Men’s All-Time World Performers-Performances Rankings Page 1 of 127 50 METER BACKSTROKE Top 2660 Performances 24.04** Liam Tancock, GBR 13th World Championships Rome 08-02-09 (Reaction Time: +0.60. (Note: Great Britain’s first male backstroke gold-medalist [50, 100, 200]. Tancock’s first international gold/second world- record. (Note: bronze medalist [2005, Montreal; ’07, Melbourne]) 24.07*# Camille Lacourt, FRA XXX European Championships Budapest 08-12-10 (Reaction Time: +0.74. (Nore: also clocked European-record/history’second-fastest 100 back en route to gold several days earlieir [52.11]) 24.08sf1 Tancock 13th World Championships Rome 08-01-09 (Reaction Time: +0.57) 24.23 Lacourt 16th World Championships Kazan 08-09-15 (Reaction Time: +0.68, gold medalist) 24.24a Junya Koga, JPN 13th World Championships Rome 08-02-09 (Reaction Time: +0.50. (Note: won 100 back gold in an Asian-record 52.26 clocking several days earlier.) 24.27sf2 Lacourt 16th World Championships Kazan 08-08-15 (Reaction Time: +0.69) 24.28 Koga 17th Asian Games Incheon 09-21-14 (Reaction Time: +0.52 [fastest of race]. (Note: Games record, Koga’s third-consecutive gold/record. Won @ Doha in 2K6 [25.40]; Guangzhou, 2K10 [25.08]) 24.29sf2 Koga 13th World Championships Rome 08-01-09 (Reaction Time: +0.48) 24.30sf1 Lacourt XXX European Championships Budapest 08-11-10 (Reaction Time: +0.71) 24.33* Randall Bal, USA/Stanford Eindhoven Swim Cup Eindhoven 12-05-08 (Reaction Time: +0.66) 24.34* Gerhard Zandberg, RSA/Arizona 13th World Championshps Rome 08-02-09 (Note: African record.) 24.36 Lacourt FRA Nationals/WCTs Strasbouug 03-27-11 (Note: French Open-“All Comers” record.) 24.37 Lacourt FRA Nats./Euro. -
EUROPEAN SHORT COURSE Swimming Championships Finalists
EUROPEAN SHORT COURSE Swimming Championships Finalists 20191 Some of the stars of the European Short Course Championships in Copenhagen- top row, left Kirill Prigoda (Russia), centre, Adam Peaty (Great Britain), right, Ruta Meilutyte (Lithuania); middle row, left, Radoslaw Kawecki (Poland), centre, Maxence Orange (France), right, Fanny Lecluyse (Belgium); bottom, left, Andri Govorov (Ukraine), centre, Sarah Koehler (Germany) and Julia Hassler (Liechtenstein), right, Matteo Rivolta (Italy) (Photos: Giorgio Scala & Andrea Staccioli, Deepbluemedia/Insidefoto) 2 European Short Course Swimming Championships Finalists Contents European Sprint Results - Men 4 European Sprint Results - Women 7 European Short Course Championship Venues 10 Short Course Results - Men 11 Short Course Results - Women 88 Short Course Results - Mixed 164 European Sprint Championships Medals Tables - by country 167 European Sprint Championships Medals Tables - by event 169 European Short Course Medals Tables - by country 172 European Short Course Medals Tables - by event 178 European Short Course Leading Medallists - all time 191 Please note that, unless stated otherwise, the photos in this book were taken at the 2017 European Short Course Championships in Copenhagen 3 European Sprints Results 1991 to 1994 This book is in two sections. The first The first European Sprints were held section deals with the European Sprint between December 6th and 8th 1991 at Championships held between 1991 and Gelsenkirchen, Germany when the city 1994; the second, with the European agreed to organise the event with only Short Course Championships from 1996 to four months notice. The first European the present time. The tables of individual Short Course Championships in Rostock medals and event medal tables at the end in 1996 saw a significant expansion with of this publication, therefore, treats them some 36 events.