~Drouillard, the Man Hunter - A Taste of what Followed - Court Martial, Lewis's Death Revisited ~; -~·.

Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation I www.lewisandclark.org February 2009 Volume 35, No. 1

ENCOUNTER WITH THE TETON Sroux

CHAf1LES FRITZ, EVENING OF CEREMONYvvmlTHErrTON SIOUX- SEPTEMBER 26, 1804, 36~ X 54~ OIL ON CANVAS, 0 2008 What Lewis and Clark didn't write about their 1804 experience Contents

President's Message: Membership and W P O: Have you shared either? 2

Letters: Runners race along path of Colter's famous route; Genealogy 4 resource wanted for library

Reading Between the Lines 6 A look at what Lewis and Clark did not write about their encounter with the Teton Sioux may offer more information than their journals By Brad Tennant Teton Sioux Horseraces, p. 8

The Man Hunter 12 George Drouillard, best known for his interpretive and hunting skills, was called upon regularly to track and return deserters By John C. Jackson

A Taste of what Followed 20 Early Euro-American influence on food and wine in the Northwest brought dining from bland boudin blanc to 15-course extravaganzas in a short period of time By Peggy Lutz

Reviews 24 The Natural World of Lewis and Clark; Mystery of the Bones; Why Sacagawea Deserves the Day Off; and Colter's Run

Soundings 28 Rope Walk Camp, p. 16 John Newman court martial revisted; What conspiracy? Another look at the evidence involving Lewis's death

L&C Roundup 32 Lewis and Clark educator honored

O n the cover Perhaps the moments of highest drama during the entire Lewis and Clark Expedition occurred in the last days of September 1804. Tensions ebbed and flowed over the course of four days spent with the Teton Sioux. At one critical point on September 25, hostili- ties nearly broke out at the river's edge. At other times, as on the evening of September 26, ceremony and cordiality prevailed as the captains and chiefs attempted to negotiate and understand one another inside a huge council lodge. The captains' minimal understanding of tribal dynamics on the northern plains caused them to inadvertently promote trade propos­ Saccocommis, p. 21 als that were threatening to the Teton Sioux. The Tetons were the most powerful tribe in the region and were able to control the flow of trade goods for their benefit. Confronted now with Captain Lewis's proposal of peaceful trading with all tribes, the Teton Sioux felt their dominant pos.ition was in jeopardy. President'sMessage

Membership and WPO: Have you shared either? February 2009 • Volume 35, Number 1 We Proceeded On is the official publication of the Lewis and C lar k Trail Heritage love this magazine. It Foundation, Inc. Its i1ame derives from is truly the cornerstone a phrase that appears repeatedly in the of our Foundation's of­ collective journals of the expedition. © 2009 1 E. G. Ch uinard, M.D., Founder fering to the public. I do be- ISSN 02275-6706 lieve it is the only publication Editor dedicated solely to Lewis Wendy M. Raney and Clark scholarship. For P.O. Box 3434 that fact alone it is worthy Great Falls, MT 59403 to be read, shared and passed 406-454-1234 [email protected] around. My youngest son Peter, at the time an eighth Volunteer Proofreaders H. Carl Camp grader and admittedly more Jerry Garrett interested in the latest video game and snowboarding than Printed by PRISM Color Corporation, Moorestown, history, used articles and ref­ erences in WPO to enter his EDITORIAL BOARD C hairman junior high school poster James J. H olmberg Barb Kubik contest to "describe the most Louisville, Kentucky Vancouver, Washington important historical event in D r. Jay Buckley Glen Lindeman our country." He would not Provo, Utah Pullman, Washington Jim Brooke floated the upper through the White I H. Carl Camp Robert Moore have been able to complete has been passionate about the trail and the Foundation ever sim Omaha, Nebraska St. Louis, Missouri the assignment without the Dr. Robert Carriker Dr. Gary Moulton information he found in wPO. the obvious reason: Membership dues Spokane, Washington Lincoln, Nebraska We Proceeded On is but one element help sustain our operating expenses to Jerry Garrett David Nicandri St. Louis, Missouri Tacoma, Washington of our membership benefit package, successfully complete our Foundation but in our membership surveys it is al­ mission. As members of the LCTFH, Membership Info rmation ways the most valued. Our WPO editor we all must take responsibility to do Membership in the Lewis and Clark Trail Wendy Raney, a history major from what we can to grow our membership. H eritage Foundation is open to the public. Vassar College who also has a degree The Foundation's board of directors Information and applications are available by in journalism from ------has embarked on writing Membership Coordinator, Lewis and C lark Trail Heritage Foundation, P.O. Box Northwestern Uni- I think ak ey ingredient in our focus on a project we are 3434, G reat Falls, MT 59403. versity, does an ex­ calling "Project We Proceeded On, the quarterly magazine ceptional job com­ membership iscreativity ... .We need Reacquire." This of the Foundation, is mailed to current piling a collection is an effort led by members in February, May, August and of articles that are creative ideas from all of you on initia­ Rebecca West, November. Articles appearing in this journal rich and diverse in our director of are abstracted and indexed in I-h sTORlCAL tives, projects and activities that will ABSTRACTS and AMERICA: H ISTORY AND LIFE. nature. The success member and chap­ and distribution of reachothers with the Lewisand Clark ter services, and Annual Membership Categories: this fi ne publication Jim Rosenberger, Student $30 is linked directly to stories .... I've heard from many of you. our Membership Library/Nonprofit $49 Committee chair­ Individual $49 the success of our Family/International $65 ability to grow our Keep the good ideas coming! man, to reach out H eritage Club $100 membership. WPo to those we have Explorer Club $150 is not only fun to read, but it also is lost contact with in recent years and Jefferson Club $250 a networking tool, sharing history re­ invite them to become engaged once Discovery Club $500 Expedition Club $1,000 lated to the . again with our Foundation. Each board Leadership Club $2,500 You may remember that member­ member has committed to calling for­ The Lewis and Clark Trail H eritage foundation, ship is one of the four pillars of our mer members to reestablish communi­ lnc. is a tax-exempt nonprofit corporation. Foundation's success that I described cation. We've had good success and are Individual membership dues are not tax deductible. WPO The portion of premium dues over $49 is tax in my las t column, and it just planning a "Phase Two" that will more deductible. may be the most important. There is fully involve our chapters.

2 - We Proceeded On January 2007 I think a key ingredient in our focus on membership is creativity. Project Fritz exhibit includes 100 paintings of expedition Reacquire is the result of one person's good idea. We need he exhibition, An Artist with the During the Lewis and Clark creative ideas from TCorps of Discovery: One H undred Bicentennial, the collection, which then numbered 70 paintings, traveled all of you on initia­ Paintings Illustrating the Journals of tives, projects and Lewis and Clark by Charles Fritz, to seven museums across the country. activities that will will open to the public at the Buffalo Fritz now has completed all 100 reach others with Bill Historical Center in Cody, paintings, comprehensively exploring the Lewis and Clark Wyoming, on June 6, 2009, and will both the major events and the stories. For instance, remain on exhibit through August 30, nuances of this fascinating American adventure. related to my pre­ 2009. The exhibition brings to life the vious discussion many facets of the Lewis and Clark The Buffalo Bill Historical Center is Expedition, effectively illustrating pleased to be the first venue to exhibit on WPO, have you the finished collection, An Artist with considered giving the journals for the first time since their original publication by N icholas the Corps of Discovery: One Hundred { - a gift membership ' Biddle in 1812. Noted for his to your local high Paintings Illustrating the Journals of historical accuracy, Fritz traveled Lewis and Clark, from the collection school, college or library? Remember the expedition's entire route twice, of Timothy Peterson of . painting on site at the locations noted Fritz will be on hand to share his that when you give a gift membership, in the journals. The finished collection, experiences with visitors on June 26 your recipient re­ nine years in the making, captures the and 27. He will sign books, present a ceives much more geography and the grandeur of the lecture and attend a reception on the egion with his sons and than WPO, and you Louisiana Territory and the Columbia afternoon of the 27th. - Lee Haines pave the way for River basin as well as the history and Buffalo Bill Historical Center kids to possibly use the publication significance of the expedition. and become interested in the Corps of Discovery. An annual library/not­ for-profit gift membership is $49 and a student gift membership is $30. What Two great ways to explore the Trail! a bargain! Just think of the possible light you may be turning on in some MISSOURI RIVER young student's mind. EXPEDITIONS: if4 After I gave a gift membership to the school my sons attend, the history RIVER-. D.A..NCE LODGE Grab a paddle and ~ / DA H O'S OUTDOOR ADVENTURE RESORT board one of ROW's teacher downloaded the Lewis and 34' Canoes to travel the Clark maps he fo und on our Web site, waters that Lewis & Clark framed them and hung them in his paddled nearly 200 years ago, classroom as a daily reminder of the hiking and exploring along the wayr.------1 Corps of Discovery for his American ROW provides all equipment, professional guides, gourmet dining and a luxury camping experience. history classes. To the extent that we can share what Over 1200 people, ages5 to8 7 have enjoyed this trip! keeps us locked into this wonderful, "'Jhe expert help of ROWs stro11g, fascinating saga through networking you11g canoeists who prepared our camps a11d doubled as cooks with WPO or other means, we will be extraordi11aire made tl1e trie carrying out our mission and helping as enjoyable as ii was easy. sustain our membership levels. -Gary Moulton, Editor, Lewis & Clark Journals, Thanks you to all of you for your University of Nebraska Press. continued support and ideas. I've www.RiverDancelodge.com www.ROWadventures.com heard from many of you. Keep the good ideas coming! • For a free brochure about River Dance Lodge, Missouri River trips, ROW's whitewater rafting trips, as well as international adventures -Jim Brooke <' including history-oriented yacht cruises in Croatia, Turkey or President, LCTHF A D V E N T U R E S Greece, barging in France and more, ca/1800•451 •6034. jamesrbrooke@a ol.com PO Box 579-WP, Coeur d'Alene, ID 83816 · E-mail: [email protected]

January 2007 We Proceeded O n ~ 3 Letters The Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. Runners race along path of Colter's famous route P.O. Box 3434, Great Falls, MT 59403 406-454-1234 I 1-888-701-3434 Fax: 406-771 -9237 www.lewisandclark.org In the fall of 1808, ran Genealogy resource wanted for library his now-famous race for life from The Sayhun Library in Santa Barbara, The mission of the LCTHF is: the Blackfeet Indians near present­ California, is dedicated solely to As Keepers of the Story - Stewards of the day Three Forks, . A seven­ genealogical research. It has more than Trail, the Lewis and Clark Trail mile, cross-country race that roughly 10,000 books and periodicals and a H eritage Foundation, Inc. provides traces Colter's path beginning at the complete collection of the N ew England national leadership in maintaining the integrity of the Trail and its story through Missouri H eadwaters State Park has Historic Genealogical Society's journals stewardship, scholarship, education, commemorated the historic event for and maps. It has become a "destination partnership and cultural inclusiveness. the past 32 years. library." In this bicentennial year of Colter's We would li ke to obtain the two­ Officers run, direct descendants Josh Coulter volume The Lewis and Clark Corps President of Kansas City, Missouri (fifth great­ of Discovery: Their Lives and Their James Brooke grandson), and I, Tim Coulter, of Lineage, published by the Clatsop Colorado Springs, Colo. Evansville, Indiana (fourth great­ County Genealogical Society, for our President-Elect grandson), decided to run this race as a collection. The volumes would be C hris Howell way of honoring our famous ancestor. carefully preserved and available for Topeka, Kans. Also present were Colter's fourth great­ public use. Vice -President grandchildren Sue Ellen Colter and I am a former president of the Margaret Gorski John Coulter. We all realized that if John California Chapter and a life time Stevensville, Mont. Colter had not been successful in his member of the LCTHF. Please contact me Secretary race fo r life, we would not be here. at 805-569-5810, [email protected] or Larry McClure There is no question that this is a 2661 Tallant Rd. ME 616, Santa Barbara, Tualatin, O regon very challenging cross-country race in CA 93105. Treasurer terms of its distance, rugged hills, rocky ELEANOR R. WARD Clay Smith terrain filled with prickly pear, railroad Santa Barbara, Calif. Great Falls, Mont. crossing and finally, fording the Gallatin Immediate Past President River. At least we did not have to fear Karen Seaberg fo r our lives. Atchison, Kans. My thanks go out to Universal Athletics and to all participants in Executive Director WPO welcomes letters. We may edit them Carol A. Bronson making this a great racing event, which I for length, accuracy, clarity and civility. hope to run again in the future. Send them to us clo Editor, WPO, P O. Box Directors at large TIMOTHY F ORREST COULTER 3434, Great Falls, M T 59403 (e-mail wpo@ Jay Buckley, O rem, Utah• Peyton "Bud" Wadesville, Ind. lewisandclark. org). Clark, Dearborn, Mich. • Jane Randol Jackson, The Villages, Fla. • Jim Mallory, Lexington, Ky. • Richard Prestholdr, Bridgewater, N .J. • Bill Stevens, Pierre, S.D. • Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs, H elena, Mont. • Richard Williams, Omaha, Neb. • Phyllis Yeager, Floyds Knobs, Ind.

Active Past Presid ents David Borlaug, Washburn, N.D. • Larry Epstein, Cut Bank, Mont.• James R. Fazio, Moscow, Idaho • Robert E. Gatten, Jr., Greensboro, N.C. • James Gramentine, Mequon, Wisc. • Jane Henley, C har.lottesville, Va. • Gordon Julich, Blue Springs, Mo.• Barbara ]. Kubik, Vancouver, Wash. • Ron Laycock, Beason, Minn. • H. John Montague, Portland, Ore. •James M. Petersoo, Vermillion, S.D. • Patti Thomsen, Oconomowoc, Wisc.

Incorporated in 1969 under Missouri General Not-Por-Profit Corporation Act, IRS Exemption Certificate No. 50l (c)3, Identification No. 510187715. Runners cross the Gallatin Ri ver near the finish line of the 32nd annual John Colter Run at Headwaters State Park near Three Forks, Montana.

4 ~ We Proceeded O n January 2007 ~-( . ... .

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January 2007 We Proceeded On ~ 5 READING BETWEEN THE LINES

A look at what Lewis and Clark did not write about their encounter with the Teton Sioux may offer more information than their journals

BY BRAD TENNANT

n September 23, 1804, three boys swam out & conciliatory manner," he added, "which their own to greet the members of the Lewis and Clark conduct will admit. "2 This provision to be as friendly as 0 Expedition as they proceeded up the Missouri the Indians permitted often is evaluated in discussions River in present-day central South Dakota. William regarding what Lewis and Clark historian James Ronda Clark recorded that the Sioux boys belonged to the Teton called "The Teton Confrontation."3 Indeed, Ronda's use (Lakota) band and that they informed the expedition of of the word "confrontation" says a lot about how he an encampment of eighty lodges nearby.1 Having already perceived the encounter. heard a great deal about the Tetons, Lewis and Clark Uncertainty about what to expect from the Tetons anxiously prepared for an eventual council. Beginning surely contributed to Lewis and Clark's apprehension September 25, 1804, expedition members spent four about a meeting long before the actual encounter. days with the Tetons. Journal entries detail moments of Additional pressure came from the fact that Jefferson confusion, tension and fear, but they also describe times understood the significance of the Teton Sioux's of friendliness, feasting and dancing. However, this event stronghold over trade and realized how important it often is interpreted based on what was not recorded in was to establish friendly ties with this nation. According and 's journals. to Ronda, the Teton encounter was "perhaps the most In June 1803, President Thomas Jefferson instructed demanding piece of Indian diplomacy assigned to Lewis Captain Meriwether Lewis to gather a wealth of and Clark. "4 information about each Indian nation that the expedition While wintering at Camp River Dubois in 1803-1804, encountered. While Jefferson emphasized that the Lewis and Clark visited with many St. Louis merchants Indian nations should be treated "in the most friendly and fur traders who warned them that the Tetons often

6 - We Proceeded On January 2007 Sergeant John Ordway wrote of the Teton Sioux village on September 26, 1804: "their lodge is verry handsome in a circle and about 100 cabbins in nomber and all white, made of Buffalow hides dressed white one large one in the center, the lodge for the war dances.-" harassed traders and demanded heavy tolls for traveling Louis in June 1804. Upon learning that Dorion had lived through Teton Sioux country.5 In addition, while holding and had family among the Yankton for nearly twenty council with the Yankton Sioux on August 30-31, 1804, years, Lewis and Clark quickly hired him to serve as a one of the Yankton chiefs warned that the Tetons would translator for the council with the Yankton Sioux. He not not "open their ears" to listen to Lewis and Clark.6 Such only spoke the language, but he also had a great deal of counsel contributed to a negative opinion of the Tetons influence among the Yankton leaders.8 by Lewis and Clark. The captains' apprehensive mindset Upon the conclusion of the two-day meeting with was reinforced when a group of Teton braves took John the Yankton Sioux, Lewis and Clark felt that all had Colter's scout horse from him as the expedition's flotilla gone well. The Yankton were committed to a peaceful arrived at the Teton encampment.7 Consequently, the relationship with future American traders, which was stage was set early for a tense meeting between the Lewis among the expedition's main objectives for meeting with and Clark Expedition and the Teton nation. the various Indian nations. A Yankton chief, Half Man, warned Lewis and Clark that the Tetons would not be as "foR WANT O F A GOOD INTERPRETER" receptive to their words. Half Man said other bands of Much of the tension may have resulted from the two Sioux might listen to Dorion, but he requested the captains parties' inability to communicate with each other. Lewis leave Dorion with the Yanktons, which they did.9 and Clark originally hired an interpreter who perhaps Perhaps Lewis and Clark felt that expedition member could have eased this tension, but they had left him Pierre Cruzatte, whose father was French and his mother downriver. The expedition first met Frenchman Pierre Omaha, would be capable of translating adequately.10 Dorion as he was heading down the Missouri River to St. Much to their disappointment, however, they quickly

January 2007 We Proceeded On ~ 7 Ill

The Sioux likely obtained horses during the seventeenth century (although some historians date the arrival of horses in South Dakota to 1720). The Tetons emerged as a result of this introduction. Dominating the northern Great Plains with their light cavalry, they quickly expanded their territory to the Rocky Mountains. realized how much of an asset Dorion would have been. Partisan-were invited to join Lewis and Clark on the Clark noted several times that Cruzatte did not speak the keelboat. In addition to showing the three chiefs some of language well. At one point, Clark lamented, "we feel the expedition's "curiossities," each was offered whiskey, much at a loss for the want of an interpreter the one which they quickly consumed. Clark wrote that the we have can Sp eek but little." He also mentioned that Partisan feigned drunkenness and became so offensive Captain Lewis began to deliver his speech to the Tetons in demanding more goods that Clark, feeling threatened, only to curtail it "for want of a good interpreter." 11 The finally drew his sword. The Teton warriors aiong the results of this inability to communicate were dismal. For riverbank and the expedition members prepared their four days, Lewis and Clark failed to convey their message weapons.12 of peace and trade to the Tetons. Meanwhile, tensions Although tensions subsided on September 26 and flared and a violent confrontation barely was avoided. 27, the will of both parties remained evident as the expedition party prepared to leave the Tetons on the A BATTLE OF WILLS morning of September 28. Three Teton warriors sat on Along with the lack of a translator, the tension of the the keelboat's bow cable to prevent the boat from casting Teton encounter could be explained by the strong will of off as expedition members prepared for departure. The both parties. Quite simply, neither side was willing to let warriors refused to release the rope until they received the other gain an advantage. a carrott of tobacco. 13 Lewis did not want the Tetons to Clark recorded on September 25, 1804, that three think they could easily demand tolls from them or future Teton chiefs-Black Buffalo, Buffalo Medicine and the American traders. Lewis and the Partisan both were losing

8 - We Proceeded On January 2007 their patience. Even Black Buffalo was upset that Lewis the cable to one of the boats and demanded additional would not produce a small amount of tobacco so that presents. However, it was Black Buffalo w ho promised the expedition could proceed. Eventually, Clark threw that the expedition could continue safely if the men were a carrot of tobacco onto the shoreline and challenged given some tobacco. When Lewis and Clark finally agreed, Black Buffalo to use his authority to make the men Black Buffalo took charge of the cable and released it, release the pirogue.14 Black Buffalo diffused the situation countermanding the Partisan yet again.19 by promising Lewis and Clark safe passage if they would Even after the Lewis and Clark Expedition left the give tobacco to the warriors holding the cable. Tetons, Black Buffalo's prominence remained clear. For Finally, Lewis tossed them another carrot, and Black two days after they left the encampment, Black Buffalo Buffalo grabbed the cable from his men and released the accompanied Lewis and Clark to ensure their safe passage vessel.15 These examples of strong temperaments offer through Teton territory. Finally, Black Buffalo asked to valuable insight into the personalities and convictions of be let off on the shoreline and assured Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark and the Teton leadership. that they would not see any more Tetons.20 Even if an intra-tribal power struggle was at the heart POLITICS AS USUAL of the tension between Lewis and Clark and the Tetons, Another factor that may have led to tension and another theory questions whom the struggle involved. confusion during the encounter was an intra-tribal While there may have been hard feelings between Black political rivalry. In essence, the Teton encounter was not Buffalo and the Partisan, perhaps neither of them was the so much an incident between the Tetons and the Lewis rightful tribal representative during their encounter with and Clark Expedition as it was a contest for political the Lewis and Clark Expedition. dominance between Black Buffalo and the Partisan.James Traditionally, the Teton nation is divided into extended Ronda wrote that w hen Lewis and Clark acknowledged family u nits known as tiyospaye. Lewis and Clark Black Buffalo with gifts as the principal chief, they considered Black Buffalo the overall tribal leader because neglected the Partisan, which caused resentment.16 of his leadership over the largest tiyospaye. The Partisan The Partisan perhaps saw an opportunity to was the leader of the second-largest tiyospaye. H owever, demonstrate his leadership and gain political influence what Lewis and Clark did not realize about Teton tribal with Lewis and Clark visiting the Tetons. Black Buffalo, government is that a different political arrangement however, repeatedly stood in his way. Ronda believes that existed when several bands gathered together, as was the on September 25, when the Partisan feigned drunkenness case in the Teton encampment they encountered. and tried to intimidate Clark, it may h ave been an attempt Harry Anderson, a former staff member of the South by the Partisan to assert his leadership skills when Dakota State Historical Society and retired historian, confronting strangers. Nonetheless, in the end, Black wrote that in a multi-band gathering, a tribal council Buffalo defused the standoff by grabbing the keelboat's assumes the political leadership, even over tiyospaye cable from the warriors on shore and ordering them to leaders. Furthermore, the tribal council is responsible for step back. As if this demonstration of his authority at the choosing members from its ranks to serve as wakincuza. peak of such tension was not humiliation enough for the In Teton, wakincuza refers to individuals chosen to Partisan, the captains granted Black Buffalo permission publicly represent the entire tribal gathering.21 Although to sleep aboard the keelboat that night.17 the wakincuza was not prominently mentioned in the On the second day of the encounter, Lewis and Clark journals, Clark made various references to men that he were treated to a night of dancing, singing and feasting described as principal, brave and considerable.22 as the honored guests of Black Buffalo. Both men After the initial confrontation of September 25, w hen ceremoniously were carried into the encampment on Clark drew his sword, he offered his hand to the first buffalo robes and seated next to Black Buffalo. H aving chief (Black Buffalo, w ho refused it), boarded the pirogue Lewis and Clark seated by him greatly enhanced Black and began returning to the keelboat. Clark wrote that he Buffalo 's political prestige among his people. 18 "had not proceeded far before the 1st & 3r Chief & 2 A final example of the political rivalry between Black principal men walked into the water and requested to go Buffalo and the Partisan came as Lewis and Clark were on board." These men continued with the expedition to preparing to depart on September 28. Once again, some Bad H umored Island where they spent the night.23 These of the Partisan's men, presumably at his direction, held principal men were noted in Clark's entries as "War zing

January 2007 We Proceeded On - 9 go" and "Ma to co que pan,"24 however, their significance treated to an evening of feasting and dancing. The fol­ was lost among the more frequently mentioned names lowing night ended with similar festivities.30 Descendants of Black Buffalo, the Partisan and Buffalo Medicine. If of Joseph D eSomet Lewis consider these the most likely the principal men in fact were the wakincuza, the lack of occasions for Lewis to have fathered a child. acknowledgment by Lewis and Clark would have been a Joyzelle Godfrey, a Yankton Dakota humanities political blunder that would have contributed greatly to scholar, interprets these events as much more than the tension of the four-day encounter.25 opportunities for sex. After reading the journals and talking to Lakota elders, Godfrey believes that the THE "MARRIAGE" OF MERIWETHER LEWIS festivities of September 26 and 27 may have been marriage Not surprisingly, no journal keeper ever mentioned Lewis celebrations. Those who resent the idea that Lewis's son or Clark having a sexual relationship with any Indian was born out of wedlock endorse this theory. Granted, woman at any time during the expedition. However, there if a marriage did take place, it was not a Christian rite. is an oral history among the Tetons that claims Lewis N evertheless, it may have been a true marriage according fathered a child. A grave marker at St. Alban's Cemetery to Teton customs.31 If a marriage occurred, Lewis likely on the Lower Brule Sioux Reservation identifies Joseph was unaware given the language barrier and his lack of 26 DeSomet Lewis as the cc son of Meriwether Lewis." Teton cultural knowledge, along with his desire to make In addition to a family oral history that has been passed peace with the Tetons.32 down over several generations, a baptismal record at the CORPS MEMBERS INTIMIDATE AND DECEIVE Center for Western Studies in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, lists Joseph DeSomet Lewis's father as Meriwether Lewis. Craig H owe, an anthropology professor at Oglala Sioux With the baptismal record in hand, Harry Thompson of Tribal College, provides another interpretation of what the Center for Western Studies wrote an article for North might have occurred during the Teton encounter. Though Dakota History urging cau­ many consider H owe's in­ tion when using certain his­ terpretation an exaggera­ torical records as a means ~ tion of circumstances, it ~ for writing history.27 For demonstrates another at­ l'i8 example, the journals pro­ ~ tempt to read between vide important information " the lines of the Lewis and ~ for the historical record, ~ C lark journals. ~ but one must question their i Howe's premise is that accuracy and consider pos­ ~ Lewis and Clark were not sible details that were not i victims of the Tetons, but recorded at all. ~ rather the explorers prac- Clark recorded at least ., ticed deceit and heavy­ three instances when he j handed tactics against the was offered women by the 5 non-threatening Tetons. Tetons.28 T here are sev­ ! For instance, when John eral instances when Lewis Four Teton women and one Teton man in front of a tipi in 1891. probably on Colter lost his horse on or near the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in present-day South Dakota. could have had an intimate September 24, 1804, ex- relationship during the four-day encounter. The fi rst pedition members accused five Teton men of stealing it. opportunity was on September 26 when Lewis went Furthermore, Lewis and Clark deliberately lied to the ashore with five other men. Clark later wrote that after Tetons by claiming that the horse was intended as a gift about three hours, he "became uneasy for fear of Some from President Jefferson to the Teton chief.33 D eception & sent a Serjeant to See him and know his Clark wrote that they invited Black Buffalo, Buffalo treatment which he reported was friendly, & thy were Medicine and the Partisan to the keelboat to see various prepareing for a Dance this evening. " 29 Given the heated items of interest. However, Howe believes that Lewis confrontation of the previous day, Clark's concern was and Clark intended to get the chiefs drunk with whiskey. understandable. Later that day, Lewis and Clark were He wrote that C lark used the chiefs' intoxicated state to carried into the Teton encampment on buffalo robes and justify his call to arms against the Teton men, women and

10 ~ We Proceeded On January 2007 children before Black Buffalo fortunately intervened as 7 Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 107-108. peacemaker. Although Clark's journal entries indicate 8 Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 294-295. Clark's entry for June 12, 1804, and that four Tetons including Black Buffalo and Buffalo 11. 3. Medicine were allowed to return to the keelboat for 9 Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 30-31. Speeches of August 31, 1804. the remainder of the night, Howe interprets this event 10 Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 114, n. 1. differently. He contends that Lewis and Clark held the 11 Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 111-112. Clark's entry for September 25, men, particularly the two chiefs, hostage overnight as 1804. a means of preventing an attack on their crew.34 Howe 12 Ibid. also wrote that the chiefs' sons were held hostage on the 13 Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 123-124. Clark's entry for September 28, keelboat over the next few days as a safety measure to 1804. keep the Tetons at bay. 35 14 Jackson, Vol. 2, p. 51 8. Clark's letter to Nicholas Biddle of March 25, 1810. Another difference between Clark's journal entries and 15 Howe's interpretations involves the events of September Moulton, Vol. 9, pp. 71-72. Ordway's entry for September 28, 1804. Ronda, pp. 39-40. 28, 1804, the day Lewis and Clark prepared to leave 16 the Tetons. Clark wrote that Black Buffalo willingly Ronda, p. 32. 17 volunteered to escort the expedition out of Teton James P. Ronda, "Tough Times at the Bad," We Proceeded On, Vol. 28, No. 2 (May 2002), pp. 15-17. Also, Moulton, Vol. territory. Howe believes expedition members held Buffalo 3,pp.113-114. Medicine, not Black Buffalo, hostage until they passed 18 Ronda, "Tough Times," p. 17 beyond the last Teton encampment two days later.36 19 Ibid., pp. 19-20. The Lewis and Clark Expedition lasted roughly two 20 years and four months. The events surrounding Lewis Moulton, Vol. 3, pp. 128-130. Clark's entry for September 30, 1804. and Clark's encounter with the Tetons are among the 22 H arry H. Anderson, "The Diplomacy of Lewis and Clark most controversial four days of the entire expedition. among the Teton Sioux, 1804-1807," South Dakota History, Speculation about what was not recorded in the journals Vol. 35, No. 1 (2005), pp. 50-51. has led to more interpretations of this encounter than 22 Moulton, Vol. 3, pp. 112-122. Clark's entries for September of any other aspect of the expedition. For readers of 25-27, 1804. Lewis and Clark's journals, what happened during late n Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 112. Clark's entry fo r September 25, 1804. September 1804 depends on how one reads between the 24 Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 113. Clark's entry for September 25, 1804. lines. 25 Anderson, p. 54. 26 Harry F. Thompson, "Meriwether Lewis and His Son: The Claim of Joseph DeSomet Lewis and the Problem of History," North Dakota H istory, Vol. 67, No. 3 (2000), p. 26. Brad Tennant is an assistant professor of history at 27 Ibid., pp. 24-25. Presentation College. H e is a member ofthe Foundation and 28 its Encounters on the Prairie Central South Dakota Chapter. Ibid., p. 32. He has given numerous presentations on Lewis and Clark as 29 Moulton, Vol. 3, p. 117. Clark's entry for September 26, a South Dakota Humanities scholar. 1804. 30 Ibid., Vol. 3. pp. 117-122. Clark's entries for September 26- NOTES 27, 1804. 1 Gary E. Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark 31 Radio interview with Joyzelle Godfrey by Brian Bull, South Expedition, 13 volumes (Lincoln: University of N ebraska Dakota Forum, South Dakota Public Radio, February 11 , Press, 1983-2001), Vol. 3, p. 104. Clark's entry for September 2004. 23, 1804. 32 Radio interview with Sheldon Fletcher by Brian Bull, 2 Donald Jackson, ed., Letters ofthe Lewis and Clark Expedition "Intimate Liaisons: Sex and the Lewis and Clark Expedition," with Related Documents, 1783-1854, 2 volumes (Urbana: National Public Radio documentary re-broadcast on South University of Illinois Press, 1978), Vol. 1, p. 64. Dakota Public Radio, February 11, 2004. 3James P. Ronda, Lewis and Clark among the Indians (Lincoln: 33 Craig Howe, "Lewis and Clark among the Tetons," Wicazo University of Nebraska Press, 1984 ), p. 27. Sa Review, Vol. 19, No. 1(Spring2004), p. 57. 4 Ibid., pp. 28-30. 34 Ibid., pp. 60-61. 5 Ibid., p. 28. 35 Ibid., p. 63. 6 Moulton, Vol. 3, p. 30. Speeches of August 31, 1804. 36 Ibid., pp. 66-67.

January 2007 We Proceeded On - 11 THE MAN HUNTER

George Drouillard, best known for his interpretive and hunting skills, was called upon regularly to track and return deserters

BY JottN C. ]AcKSON

eorge Drouillard was a substantial man of three Lewis's first choice for the expedition had been worlds: the retreating native people of the Delaware and Moravian fellow traveler John Conner, G River country, the overwhelmed interior French who ignored his invitation. At Fort Massac he met and the onrushing . He was a facilitator, George Drouillard, who was half , half French functionary, intermediary, the indispensable element on and spoke seven Indian languages.3 As their second choice raw frontiers where cultures clashed. It was an exotic for an interpreter and hunter, Drouillard (nearly always combination and totally North American. "Drewyer" in the journals) became the most valuable Drouillard had established a solid reputation as a member of the expedition. woodsman and interpreter by 1803, when William Clark Drouillard's exact birth date and location are unknown. recommended him for a critical mission related to the He likely was born near his uncle Louis Lorimier's Lewis and Clark Expedition.1 Meriwether Lewis hired trading post at the head of the Great Miami River where Drouillard as an interpreter and gave him $30 in advance were settling. to collect a detachment of eight soldiers who had been Pierre Drouillard, a British subject who served as an assigned to the Corps of Discovery and were stationed interpreter of the Huron language, may have left two­ near South West Point, Tennessee. 2 His instructions were year-old George's mother among the Shawnees when he vague because Lewis and Clark were uncertain where the took the child to be baptized at the old Huron Mission soldiers would settle for the winter. church across the river from Detroit. On September 27,

12 - We Proceeded O n January 2007 On November 11, 1803, a small contingent of men led by Captains Meriwether lewis and William Clark arrived at Fort Massac, situated on a promontory overlooking the not far above its confluence with the Mississippi. The French built a fort at the location in 1757, and the Americans built another in 1794 near the ruins of the earlier structure. The frontier outpost was under the command of Captain Daniel Bissell at the time of the corps' arrival and was garrisoned by a company of the 1st U.S. Infantry. While at Massac, lewis, armed with orders from Secretary of War Henry Dearborn, selected men for possible recruitment into the permanent party. In the painting above, lewis and Bissell review potential candidates on the parade ground just outside the northern gates of the fort. Standing with them is George Drouillard, who was the most valu­ able addition to the corps recruited at Ft. Massac. Three native onlookers from the neighborhood watch the proceedings with interest. A total of 14 men in addition to Drouillard were acquired at Massac to navigate lewis's boats up the Mississippi River; perhaps as few as two actually became members of the Corps of Discovery.

1775, his mother's name was recorded as Asoundechris British, Spanish, French and struggling Indian tribes Flat Head4, a derogatory term favored by Iroquois for collided. Captain Zebulon Pike (father of the famous southern victims of the extended Longhouse.5 explorer) became commander of the fort with orders Thirteen months later, on November 19, 177 6, Pierre to intercept or deflect Americans descending the Ohio Drouillard married Angelique Descamps dit Labaddie. River with the intention of crossing to the Spanish side They had a son, Franc;ois, and a daughter, Catharine, of the Mississippi River. and George likely was raised with them in this French In July 1796, the dutiful Captain Pike stopped the household and educated in Detroit where his father was party of French traveler and undercover agent General a respected member of the community. Victor Collot, whose mission was to gather intelligence Drouillard established himself as a hunter, woodsman about the Mississippi and Missouri river valleys. Pike and interpreter by age 20. In 1794, when General arrested Collot for making unauthorized surveys of the Anthony Wayne sent Major Thomas Doyle to build Ohio River. The editor of Collot's journal wrote, " ... the first American Fort Massac, Drouillard and four Capt Pike logically created a difficulty by doubting the Canadian hunters met Doyle's party at the mouth of the legality of the expedition, and found himself obliged to Saline River and followed them to the army site where order Lt. Taylor to act as a guard as far as the limits of U.S. they built huts nearby. territory. "6 Taylor escorted Collot to Spanish territory Fort Massac was critical in a volatile region where where authorities later arrested him in New Orleans.

January 2007 We hoceeded On - 13 Aware of the potential inter­ national implications of arresting Collot, and uncertain of Collot's status, Pike feared that he had com­ mitted a diplomatic blunder but ini­ tially dared not send his explanation to Wayne for fear of having impor­ tant dispatches intercepted along the way. 7 He was relieved when trusted courier George Drouillard returned in August from a visit to Limestone, Kentucky. On August 22, 1796, Pike sent Drouillard to deliver a message to General Wayne:

I have directed the bearer George, to go [sic] dispatch keeping [to] the woods, and if your Excellency thinks proper to order him to return as soon as may be convenient & by the same route it would be a pleasing circumstance. He is truly a useful man, the troops of this Garrison when disposed to desert take the advantage of his absence, otherwise, they are sure of being apprehended as they cannot evade his pursuit in the woods to which they have recourse when closely pursued by water. Drouillard's value to the Corps of Discovery is well established in the journals. During the dreary wint1 This is his second trip to H ead quarters by my order and without fee or reward officially enlist him in the expedition until he returned - the former cost him considerable going thro the from South West Point. settlement, bearing the dispatches brought by Lieut Drouillard caught up with Meriwether Lewis Terrusolo for Governor Blount to Cumberland. at Cahokia, Illinois, on December 17, 1803, with He is faithful & much attached to the Americans, in case of difficulty in this Country his services disappointing news; there were no hunters among the would be really valuable. I have now encouraged Tennessee soldiers he had been sent to escort north. He him that your Excellency would please to make helped Captains Lewis and Clark solve that problem him compensation, which I hope will be approved & that his services may be deemed adequate. 8 by signing on with the expedition on Christmas Day at Camp River Dubois.10 He contracted with the Corps of Although the 23-year-old was living in one of the four Discovery as a hunter at a wage of $25 per month, second or five rough cabins near the fort, he was more than a only to the pay of the captains. mere runner in the forest. His father's experiences had Drouillard returned to Fort Massac to settle his affairs sensitized Drouillard to the signmcance of Spanish before heading west with the Corps of D iscovery. 11 On Louisiana, and to French pretensions to the recovery February 11, 1804, Drouillard signed a promissory note of Louisiana. The elder Drouillard had accompanied to to the frontier merchant Frederick Graeter for $301 .03 Washington an Indian delegation that was feeling out the 1/3, which may have covered previous obligations or possibility of a return to French influence. 9 enabled him to outfit himself for the adventure ahead. 12 There is a lack of documentary evidence regarding The Corps of Discovery left Camp River Dubois in Drouillard's whereabouts and activities for the next seven mid-May of 1804 and by August Drouillard had proved years. However, it is unlikely that he spent those years his talent as a man hunter. Private Moses Reed had failed in anonymity. Lewis and Clark immediately recognized to return after backtracking to the Council Bluff to look Drouillard as a valuable resource, though they did not for his lost knife. French boatman Collin La Liberte

14 - We Proceeded On January 2007 in the journals when a difficult challenge was met. The Corps of Discovery had been back from its journey to the Pacific Ocean less than a week when, on September 29, 1806, Drouillard used the expectation of his promised salary to buy expedition member Joseph Whitehouse's bond for the conveyance of his land warrant for $280. He matched that price when ! he obtained John Collins's warrant I on October 20 for an unknown z 0 amount of land. Drouillard spent 0 li x $560 venturing in land speculation, ii more than the $400 he had earned. 15 ~ i RETURNING WEST ~ Excitement about the West § permeated St. Louis. During the ~ winter of 1806-1807, entrepreneur I abandoned plans § to open overland trade to Santa ~ Fe in favor of a beaver trapping i and trading business venture to the upper Missouri. Kaskaskia Clatsop he facilitated trade with the local tribes and spent a great deal of time hunting and trapping. merchants William Morrison and also was missing. Uncharacteristically, Captain Lewis Pierre Menard provided a good deal of the capital to instructed Drouillard to bring back "the Deserter reid finance Lisa's plan. They hired George Drouillard as with order[s] if he did not give up Peaceibly to put him their representative and watchdog to accompany Lisa. to D eath; &c .... "13 Just as Lisa's party was about to ascend the Missouri, The group sent to assist Drouillard included Privates Drouillard became a minor investor. On April 30, 1807, Reuben Field and William Bratton and boatman Frarn;ois he conveyed the Whitehouse and Collins bonds along Labiche, whose command of both Omaha and English with his own to land board clerk Thomas F. Riddick and was considered important since the fugitives were his associate, Alexander McNair, for $1,300.16 thought to be hiding among his kinsmen. Recruitment and retention were challenges that Lisa The group apprehended Private Reed and La Liberte, met by taking extraordinary measures. Many of the but the latter managed to escape. Reed confessed, was boatmen and trappers did not respect Lisa. Employee tried and then sentenced to run the gantlet four times. Antoine Bissonette only went as far as the Osage River Each soldier wielded nine switches. Drouillard had before deciding to return home. 17 Lisa ordered Drouillard witnessed similar humiliations of deserters during his to track Bissonette down and return him to the party, service near Fort Massac, but some Indian leaders on this authorizing him to shoot the deserter if necessary. occasion petitioned the captains to pardon Reed. 14 Drouillard did shoot and wound Bissonette, who died Throughout the journey, the Shawnee-French en route to receive medical attention in St. Louis.18 Canadian proved himself an invaluable member of the According to the charges filed against Drouillard and expedition. Drouillard lived up to his reputation by Lisa with the St. Louis Court of Oyer and Terminer: providing game to feed the party and hand signing to George Drouillard and Manuel Lisa ... not having bridge communication barriers with tribes encountered the fear of God before their Eyes, but being moved along the way. Drouillard's name regularly appeared and seduced by the institution of the devil on the

January 2007 We Proceeded O n - 15 Drouillard. He was repentant in the letter he wrote his sister living in Sandwich, across the river from Detroit: I would have you observe without trying to excuse myself, that this has not been done through malice, hatred or any evil intent. Thoughtlessness on my part and lack of reflection in this unhappy moment is the only cause of it .... The recollection of this unhappy affair throws me very often in the most profound reflections ... That I have not lost the affection of my old friends proves that they did not believe me capable of an action so terrible through malice and bad intent.20 Although Drouillard had an interest in the profits he and Lisa earned during the first fall and winter hunts at Fort Remon on the Yellowstone River, the Bissonette trial had "absorbed all my savings that I had made on the upper Missouri"2 1 and he was unable to visit his family during the winter of 1808-1809. After several weeks of cordelling the massive keel boat and two large pi rogues upstream against the Despite the implications of Missouri River's powerful current, the men were exhausted and some of the equipment was begin­ the Bissonette trial, Drouillard ning to wear out. Both ropes and oars were in need of replacement and Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark decided to lay over a day not far from present-day Lexington, Missouri, to give remained on good terms with the men a chance to recuperate and build new rope and oars. In the scene above, George Drouillard Captains Lewis and Clark. On is shown returning from a hunt with another member of the expedition. Sergeant Patrick Gass, the corps' best carpenter, is making one of the 20 oars needed. August 5, 1808, he described an extensive tour he took through fourteenth of May in the year one thousand eight the country of the Big Horn River the previous winter. hundred and seven ... being feloniously, wilfully The penciled sketch of his route appears to have been and of their malice of forethought did make an assault and that the said George Drouillard with made by William Clark, but an ink copy dated September a certain rifle gun of the value of thirty dollars ... 6, when Clark was out of town, is in the hand of Governor made of iron and wood, then and there charged Meriwether Lewis.22 with gun powder and one leaden bullet ... did shoot Governor Lewis remained willing to employ and discharge ... with the leaden bullet aforesaid ... in and upon the back of him, the said Antoine Drouillard. In his memorandum book under December Bazenais between the shoulders ... 19 27, 1808, Lewis wrote, "borrowed of Genl Clark this sum [$20] which was paid to Solomon on act. of G. The case of The United States v. George Drouillard was Dreulliar who has undertaken to arrest Doct. Dunlop heard the following year. Drouillard's defense team was --"23 Presumably Drouillard did not arrest Dunlop. On impressive and spoke for two hours and fifteen minutes. April 19, 1809, Lewis received $140 dollars from John In a fur trade town where deserting engages were bad Hay of Cahokia to repay the money he spent pursuing for business, the jury took just fifteen minutes to acquit the fugitive in Illinois.24

16 ~ We Proceeded On January 2007 Drouillard returned to the upper Missouri with "attacked three American settlements on Missouri last the reorganized . He wrote to summer [or made three attacks on the same settlement] his sister, "I do not think I can return from the Upper and killed most of the men, roasted the body of the Missouri before three years and just as soon as I return principle American [Drouillard] and ate it with the most I shall be delighted to see you all . ... My respects to our savage Exultation. "28 Mother, w ho I embrace well, also all my brothers and A North West Company trader at Rocky Mountain sisters who I would very much like to see. "25 House on the upper Saskatchewan River confirmed After spending the winter of 1809-1810 at the what visiting Blood Blackfeet told him: "From the and Hidatsa villages and at Fort Remon, the Missouri Fur description the Bloods gave of the dress and behavior of Company pushed a trapping party up the Yellowstone one whom they murdered, h e must have been an officer River. About 30 men reached the Three Forks of the or a trader: they said he killed two Bloods before he fell. Missouri before the winter snow melted. They hastily This exasperated tl1em and I have reason to suppose they constructed a stockade and storehouse, and then set butchered him in a horrible manner and then ate him, out on a late-spring hunt. Trapper Thomas James and partly raw and partly boiled. They said his skin was some companions floated down the Missouri, but most exceedingly white and covered with tattoos from the hips of the trappers moved up the Jefferson. Kainaa (Blood to the feet. " 29 Blackfeet) and Atsiina (Gros Ventre) raiding south from George Drouillard repeatedly turned up in the the northern plains attacked the group on the Jefferson. journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition at crucial Company principals Pierre Menard and Reuben Lewis, times, always contributing a bit more than was expected as well as James, left graphic descriptions of the gory of him. Beyond his talent as a man hunter, Drouillard attack.26 The bodies of three men were recovered and appears to have been a trustworthy man of action. The the two who were missing were presumed captured. All captains' ability to communicate with Indians generally Missouri Fur Company activity in the area ceased and depended on Drouillard's skill as a "hand talker." His the hunters remained at the fort for a month. return from the trading post on the Yellowstone at Danger loomed, but frustrating inactivity led the mouth of the Big Horn River in 1808 contributed Drouillard to set an example that would inspire the faint­ valuable geographical data to Clark's great map of the hearted cowering behind the palisades. James described West, although the cartographer later attributed much of what transpired in May, when 21 trappers found the Drouillard's observations to John Colter. His return to courage to return to work on the Jefferson. After two the upper Missouri in 1810 represented a determination days of successful trapping: to realize the development of a region he had helped One of our company a Shawnee half-breed reveal to th e downstream world. Tragically this resulted named Druyer ana two other Shawnees went in the man hunter becoming the hunted. ahead of the main body.... We started forward in company and soon found the dead bodies of the last mentioned hunters, pierced with lances, arrows and bullets and lying near each Foundation member john C. Jackson is a researcher and other. Further on, about one hundred and fifty published author with a broad background in western yards, Druyer and his horse lay dead, the former development. mangled in a horrible manner, his head was cut off, his entrails torn out and his body hacked to pieces. We saw from the marks on the ground NOTES that he must have fought in a circle on horseback, 1 The Drouillard family already was represented west of and probably killed some of his enemies, being a the Mississippi River. George's uncle, Louis Lorimier, brave man, and well armed with a rifle, pistol, had established his business in Spanish territory at Cape knife and tomahawk.27 Girardeau. 2 Gary E. Moulton, ed., The journals of the Lew is & Clark They were attacked by Blood Blackfeet and Atsiina Expedition, 13 volumes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska who came south from the northern plains to raid. Press, 1983-2001), Vol. 2, p. 85. Lewis's entry for November 11, 1803. Members of the tribal party that killed Drouillard 3 Sheila Richey, "Lewis and Clark at Fort Massac," carried their gory war yarn to the British trading posts Continuance Magazine (Fall/Winter 2003-2004), reprinted on the Saskatchewan River. James Bird of Hudson's Bay on the Southernmost Illinois History Website at http://www. Company's Edmonton House learned that his customers southernmostillinoishistory.net/lewismassac.htm. I ' January 2007 We Proceeded On - 17 4 Baptismal records of Assumption Church as cited in Larry E: returned, Riddick and McNair conveyed those land warrants Morris, The Fate of the Corps: What Became of the Lewis and to land commissioner Frederick Bates. Clark Explorers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), 17 Missouri Gazette, October 12, 1808. p. 191. He was baptized at the Roman Catholic Assumption 18 Church in Sandwich, Upper . Affidavit of Antoine Dubreuil, United States v. George Drouillard, St. Louis Court Files, Missouri Historical Society. 5 The League of the Five (later Six) Iroquois divisions (the Great 19 Longhouse) arrogantly manipulated people like the Shawnee. Lillian Ruth Colter-Frick, Courageous Colter and Companions (Washington, Mo.: Privately published, 1997), 6 Victor Collot, A journey in North America, Containing a p. 96; St. Louis Court Records, Manuel Lisa Papers, Missouri Survey of the Countries Watered by the Mississippi, Ohio, Historical Society. Missouri, and Other Affluing Rivers; with Exact Observations 20 on the Course and Soundings of These Rivers; and on the Towns, George Drouillard to Marie Louise (Madame Jacque Parrent), Villages, Hamlets and Farms of That Part of the New-World; May 23, 1809. The letter, apparently written by a public writer Followed by Philosophical, Political, Military and Commercial or his friend Pascal Cerre, was preserved by Albert Drouillard Remarks and by a Projected Line of Frontiers and General of Windsor, , and a translation was published by O lin Limits. Illustrated by 36 Maps, Plans, Views, and Divers Cuts D. Wheeler, The Trail of Lewis and Clark, 2 volumes (New (Paris: Printed for Arthus Bertrand, 1826), Vol. 1, introduction. York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904) Vol. 1, pp. 110-111. The editor's name is not recorded. 21 Ibid. 7 Historian Annie Heloise Abel wrote, "The French designs on 22 Both maps are described in Carl I. Wheat, Mapping the Louisiana by no means ceased with the failure of this [Collot's] Transmississippi West, 1540-1861, 5 volumes (San Francisco: expedition. Collot's investigations . . . undertaken in 1796 ... Grabhorn Press for the Institute of H istorical Cartography, constitute a link between the project of [George Rogers] Clark 1957-1963), Vol. 2, pp. 209-210; John Logan Allen, Passage to invade Spanish Louisiana and the retro-cession of Louisiana Through the Garden; Lewis and Clark and the I mage of the to Napoleon, and the French activities show a continuity American Northwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, of interest in the plan of regaining Louisiana from 1789 to 1974), p. 378, n. 56. Drouillard provided William Clark with 1800." Annie Heloise Abel, ed., Tabeau's Narrative of Loisel's the first description of the country south of the Yellowstone Expedition to the Upper Missouri (Norman: University of River. During this conversation, it is likely that he also repeated Oklahoma Press, 1968, reprinted from 1939 edition), p. 14. what he had heard about American activities west of the Rocky 8 Captain Zebulon Pike to General Anthony Wayne, August Mountains. 22, 1796, Indiana Historical Society Collection, M367, Box 1, 23 Meriwether Lewis Personal Account Book, April 1807- Folder 16. 1809, Box 1, Folder 8, Meriwether Lewis Collection, Missouri 9 Pierre Drouillard's fortunes in Detroit must have declined. Historical Society. According to the Wayne County Tax List of 1802, he had no 24 Meriwether Lewis, Meriwether Lewis Memorandum Book, employees, horses or cattle. Michigan Pioneer and Historical entries for December 27, 1808, and April 19, 1809, Meriwether Society Miscellaneous Documents. He died in Detroit in April Lewis Collection, Missouri Historical Society. 1803, and it is possible George did not know of his death when 25 he signed on with the Lewis and Clark Expedition. Drouillard's letter has been published in Gordon Speck, Breeds and Half-Breeds (N ew York: Clarkston Potter, 1969), 10 James J. Holmberg, ed., Dear Brother: Letters of William pp. 91-92 and cited in Morris, Fate of the Corps, pp. 52-53 and Clark to Jonathan Clark (New Haven: Yale University Press, 224 n. 3. 2002), p. 67, n. 9. 26 Richard E. Oglesby, "Pierre Menard, Reluctant Mountain 11 Donald Jackson, ed., Letters ofthe Lewis and Clark Expedition Man," The Bulletin of the Missouri Historical Society, Vol. 24, with Related Documents, 1783-1854 (Urbana: University of pp. 16-18; Reuben Lewis to Dr. Brother, Three Forks of the Illinois Press, 1968), p. 144 and notes. Missouri. April 21, 1810, in Frick, Courageous Colter, pp. 106-107. 12 See the reproduction in M. 0. Skarsten, George Drouillard: 27 Thomas James, Three Years Among the Indians and the H unter and Interpreter for Lewis and Clark & Fur Trader, Mexicans (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984, 1807-1810, 2nd ed. (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Company, reprinted from 1846 edition), p. 46. 2003), p. 25. 28 13 Bernard DeVoto, ed., The Journals of Lewis and Clark Edmonton House Journal, May 13, 1811 , Hudson's Bay (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, reprinted edition), Company Archives, B60/ a/9, folders 13-13d. p. 18. 29 Elliott Coues, ed., New Light on the Early H istory of the 14 Moulton, Vol. 2, p. 489. Clark's entry for August 18, 1804. Great Northwest, The Manuscript journals of Alexander Henry, Fur Trader of the Northwest Company and of David 15 Congress ultimately doubled the expedition members' wages Thompson, Official Geographer and Explorer of the Same so Drouillard, initially promised $416.66, received $833.33 113. Company 1799-1814, 2 volumes (Minneapolis: Ross & Haines, Sergeant John Ordway also got involved in land speculation, 1965; reprinted from 1897 edition), Vol. 2, p. 736. In a personal purchasing the warrants of Private Silas Goodrich on September discussion with the author, novelist James Alexander Thom 29, Jean Baptiste LePage on October 20, and William Werner took exception with the tattoo, claiming that the Shawnee did on October 29, all in 1806. Jackson, "Messrs. Lewis & Clarke's not indulge in this practice. However, the author has Delaware Donation Lands," Vol. 2, pp. 381-382. and Shawnee ancestors of a contemporary period who were 16 On January 23, and May 17, 1808, before the expedition conspicuously marked.

18 ~ We Proceeded On January 2007 January 2007 We Proceeded O n - 19 A TASTE OF WHAT FOLLOWED

Early Euro-American influence on food and wine in the Northwest brought dining from bland boudin blanc to 15-course extravaganzas in a short period of time

BY P EGGY LUTZ

aptains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Throughout much of their journey, members of the reached the Pacific Coast during the miserable, Lewis and Clark Expedition had dined heartily on wild C stormy November of 1805. The inescapable chill game. On the coast, game was not plentiful and they had of the Pacific Northwest oppressed the expedition as they to look elsewhere for sustenance. Expedition members holed up for a depressing winter at . They grew to consider dog meat a great delicacy, one which they patiently awaited their opportunity to return home in the consumed whenever possible. Lewis expounded on the spring. In the meantime, they made do with a meager and salubrious qualities of the canine: "we were much more barely sufficient diet of roots, berries and dried fish for healthy strong and more fleshey than we had been since we which they traded with the Clatsop Indians. The corps' left the Buffaloe country. "3 meals included lean elk and deer meat when the hunters They sometimes consumed other small animals such as were lucky. beaver and harbor seal. 4 They also occasionally ate fresh The late author and food historian Leandra Zim H olland salmon, sturgeon and eulachon (known as smelt) during described Captain Meriwether Lewis as highly erudite their stay on the Pacific Coast. Oftentimes, the fish were and civilized, a gourmet influenced by the cosmopolitan dried, as were most of the berries they ate. President Thomas J efferson. 1 Perhaps during the dreary One exception was the fresh bearberry, which comes Fort Clatsop Christmas of 1805, Lewis's mind wandered to from the saccacommis plant. Canadian engages with the lavish celebrations back home. As Jefferson's secretary, he North West Company were known for smoking the leaves had known many intimate dinners with select guests and of this plant.5 A hospitable Clatsop chief served Clark and tables laden with the best of food and wine. Jefferson was his exploring party "Cramberries & Sackacomey berris" renowned for collecting and serving fine cognacs, sherries, on December 9, 1805 .6 Lewis described the saccacommis and wines including Madeiras, Burgundies and Sauternes.2 shrub as an evergreen with leaves that "retain their virdure" Members of the expedition endured their bleak situation throughout the winter. Its fruit ripened in September and in a rugged, distant place, but it didn't take long for remained on the bushes throughout the cold season. He said Jefferson's extravagant lifestyle to reach the West Coast. the mealy, tasteless berry was as dry as flour even in its most Expedition members' diets differed greatly from those of succulent state.7 the fur trappers, missionaries, pioneers and settlers who By early 1806, members of the corps had procured arrived on the coast a short time later. three hundred pounds of whale blubber and a few gallons

20 - We Proceeded On January 2007 of oil from the Killamox, or Tillamook, Indians who had trading outpost illustrates the sophistication of the British stripped a 105-foot-long beached whale.8 Clark described establishment. Claret, Lisbon, Madeira, port, sherry and how the natives produced the oil. The blubber was boiled Spanish red wine were listed on early supply lists. Distilled in a big, square, wooden trough by means of hot stones. liquors included brandy (cognac and Bordeaux), gin, rum When extracted, the oil was secured in the bladder and guts (Demarara, Jamaica, mixed and Indian) and whiskey.15 of the large sea mammal. The Indians preserved part of In 1836, the Whitman missionary group arrived at the blubber by cutting it into "large flickes"9 which were Fort Vancouver. Narcissa Whitman, who along with Eliza partially rendered, dried and stored. 10 As the pores of the Spalding were the first white women to cross the Rocky oily flesh shrank and closed, Mountains, wrote about an impenetrable, anaerobic the elaborate food served at self-seal resulted. Later, these the fort. She wrote that for "flickes" were exposed to breakfast they consumed " ... fire, which reopened the cells coffee or cocoa, salt salmon making them plump and and roast duck, and potatoes. tender once again.11 . . . When we have eaten our Lewis wrote that the whale supply . . . our plates are blubber "was white & not changed and we made a finish unlike the fat of Poa rk, tho' the on bread and butter." She texture was more spongey and described dinner with an even somewhat coarser." He found greater variety of food. 16 it very palatable, resembling As a member of the beaver or dog in flavor. 12 reinforcement party to the The cooked blubber was Whitman m1ss1on, Sarah dipped in the whale oil, eaten Gilbert White Smith wrote alone or with the root of a about the trials and triumphs rush the Indians called Shaw­ of her journey west in 1838. natah-que, also known by the There was a decided contrast corps as edible thistle or black between the foods she ate on root. 13 Raw, the white bulb is the trail and the lavish meals nearly as crisp as a carrot. When served at Fort Vancouver. roasted, the root caramelizes Smith's party, like the men and turns black due to its high on the Lewis and Clark sugar content. Black root was Expedition, found buffalo sweeter than any other fruit or Lewis described the saccocommis plant in detail on January 29, 1806, to be plentiful on the Great root the natives introduced to and wrote that the fruit ripens in September and stays on the bush all Plains. She wrote that they winter. "the frost appears to take no effect on it." the corps. 14 loved buffalo meat very much. She added that the men prepared buffalo by boiling or F INE DINING SOON FOLLOWED frying, occasionally chopping it like sausage, and sometimes The Corps of Discovery depended on wild game as its using it in soups.17 primary food supply for more than two years. Pioneers Lewis also was very fond of buffalo meat. During the settling the West, on the other hand, brought most of the expedition, Lewis's favorite meal was boudin blanc, a white food they would eat during their six-month, one-way, pudding prepared by Toussaint Charbonneau. Charbonneau cross-continental journey. made this French-style sausage pudding by substituting From 1825 to 1860, the Hudson's Bay Company housed buffalo meat for the favored white meat generally used. its Columbia headquarters at Fort Vancouver, about 95 Obtaining fillets from the muscle under the shoulder blade, miles upriver from Fort Clatsop. Since the large Hudson's he cut the buffalo flesh into very small pieces. After adding Bay Company was quite an important customer to French kidney suet, flour, salt and pepper, he stuffed the mixture merchants, only superior red wines were received. The into the unwashed lower extremity of the large intestine. 18 excellence of the alcoholic beverages served at this fur- Members of the expedition also enjoyed and savored a

January 2007 We Proceeded On - 21 sausage made from the buffalo's small intestine, complete on September 27, 1851, that a "spacious table" was set "(a) with partially digested grasses and cooked without any mong the dainties ... a large and well-roasted ox."23 cleansing or preparation. 19 This delicacy was similar to After clearing and cultivating the land that had provided spinach sausage because buffalo are herbivores. such a meager diet for the Corps of Discovery, early Ameri­ can settlers produced an abundance of food. In her diary of CIVILIZING THE WEST 1867, E. Stevens recorded the pleasure of foods such as pies Following the wet winter at Fort Clatsop, western made from lemons, berries and apples, in addition to plums, civilization arrived in the Northwest with surprising squash, meat and chicken. She also expounded on the excel­ speed. The 49th parallel lence of beef with cab- was established as the bage and turnips, pork boundary between U.S. and beans, pork steak, and British territory in oyster fritters, fried O regon with the Oregon cakes, boiled custard Treaty of 1846. Lewis and and crab apple jelly.24 Clark's exploration of By the end of the the West helped make it nineteenth century, possible. Portland would experi­ Jefferson's VlSlOn of ence the refined dining American dominion was that Lewis had known perhaps a part of Lew­ with Jefferson. An elab­ is's thoughts as he con­ orate farewell dinner for soled himself during their railroad magnate Henry miserable Fort Clatsop Villard exemplified the Christmas. That celebra- elegance of food in the tion consisted of a small city during this period. gift exchange and "pore The sumptuous French Elk boiled, Spilt [spoiled] fare that poured forth at fish & Some roots, a bad Eppinger's Restaurant Christmass diner. "20 His on September 16, 1883, memory held images of featured 15 exquisite fancy balls in St. Louis courses. 25 prior to their departure Today, instead of in 1804.2 1 He could not plank roads, modern foresee that similar social freeways connect the events, though on a small­ Pacific Northwest to St. er scale, would burgeon in Louis. The British Hud­ the Oregon Territory as son's Bay Company, the Americans settled the area first Western influence forty years later. of any magnitude in the Among a number of Pacific Northwest, was gala affairs in the O regon Due to its natural oils, Lewis declared the small eulachon the best fish he had an important forerunner Territory was the 1846 ball ever tasted. He drew the eulachon and described it in detail in his February 24, of the area's current so- 1806, journal entry. celebrating the birthday phistication. of former President hosted by Captain Nevertheless, it was the Christian missionaries and H.M. Knighton, the proprietor of City Hotel in Oregon American pioneers, with their simple diets, who established City.22 Another bountiful and festive event occurred on the solid foundation of Euro-American settlement in the day the first plank was laid for the Great Plank Road, O regon. Western civilization spread quickly throughout which was intended to "pave" the way from Portland to the the area after the dismal winter of exiguous fare spent by distant Tualatin Plains. The Oregon Weekly Times reported the corps within those smoky walls of Fort Clatsop.

22 - We Proceeded On January 2007 Peggy Lutz is a food historian who has her master's degree in Pacific Northwest history. She took the LCTHF member­ ship on a journey of ~ ~ authentic foods of the _,-- Corps of Discovery at the 2005 annual meeting in Portland, Oregon.

NOTES 1 Leandra Zim Hol­ land, Feasting and -. Fasting with Lewis .:. and Clark (Emigrant, Montana: O ld Yel­ lowstone Publishing, 2003), p. S. In 1806, the Corps of Discovery observed a beached whale (like this one on the Oregon Coast in 1892) that had been stripped by the Killamox Indians. Mary Gunderson, Cooking on the Lewis and Clark Expedition (Mankato, Min­ 12 Moulton, Vol. 6, p. 166. Lewis's entry for January S, 1806. nesota: Blue Earth Books, 2000), p. 14. 13 Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 183. Clark's entry for January 8, 1806. Shaw­ 3 Gary E. Moulton, ed., The journals ofthe Lewis & Clark Ex­ natah-que (the edible thistle) is Cirsium edule. pedition, 13 volumes (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 14 1983-2001), Vol. 6, p. 162. Lewis's entry for January 3, 1806. Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 226. Lewis's entry for January 21, 1806. 15 4 Ibid., Vol. 7, p. 13. Clark's entry for March 2S, 1806. The corps Lester A. Ross, Hudson's Bay Company Suppliers: Volume originally mistook the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina richardii, for I, internal use document for the National Park Service, Region sea otter, Enhydra lutris, which never leaves salt water. Moult­ 4 (National Park Service, 1979), p. 230. The Hudson's Bay on, Vol. 10, p. 162, n. 4. Lewis wrote on February 23, 1806, Company practiced a rigid policy of never supplying alcohol concerning this mix-up, "the indians here have undeceived us." to the Indians. This was in stark contrast to Lewis and Clark, Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 340. who initially used alcohol for diplomatic purposes, and later American pioneers who used alcohol to trade with the 5 Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 236-237. Lewis's entry for January 2S, 1806. natives. The corps first encountered the smoking of these leaves in 16 September 1804 when they met the Teton Sioux while traveling Narcissa Whitman, My journal, ed. Lawrence Dodd (Fairfield, up the Missouri River. Corps members refe rred to it as the Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1836), p. SS. Tetons' "tobacco." Paul Russell Cutright, Lewis and Clark 17 Clifford Drury, First White Women Over the Rockies, Pioneering Naturalists (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, Diaries, Letters, and Biographical Sketches ofthe Six Women of 1969), p. 91. Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, often mixed the Oregon Mission Who Made the Overland journey in 1836 with Cornus sericea, red osier dogwood, was referred to as and 1838 (Glendale, California: A.A. Clark Co., 1966), Vol. 3, kinnikinnick and smoked ceremonially by the Indians of the p. 89. plains. Moulton, Vol. 3, p. 30S, n. 2. Many western tribes used 18 the name kinnikinnick to refer to a mixture of bark, perhaps Moulton, Vol. 4, p. 131. Lewis's entry for May 9, 180S. with some tobacco, used for smoking. Kinnikinnick comes 19 Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 386. Lewis's entry for July 16, 180S. from the Chippewa word Kinikinigan, meaning "something 20 Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 137. Lewis's entry for December 2S, 180S. mixed by hand." Moulton, Vol. 3, p. 120, n. 7. 6 Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 118. Clark's entry for December 9, 180S. 21 Holland, pp. 91-92. "Sackacomey berris," or bearberries, are edible and commonly 22 WG. T'Vault, ed. "Washington's Ball," The Oregon Spectator, used as groundcover along the Pacific Coast today. July 9, 1846. 7 Ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 24S-246. Lewis's entry for January 29, 1806. 23 Eugene Snyder, Early Portland Stumptown Triumphant 8 Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 183. Clark's entry for January 8, 1806. (Portland, Oregon: Binford and Mort, Publishers, 1970), p. 9 Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 18S, n. lS. Clark wrote "flickes" for "flitches" 152. to describe the strips of blubber. Today this word refers to a 24 E. Stevens, "Diary, 1867" MS. Clackamas County H istorical salted cured side of bacon. Society, Oregon City, Oregon. 10 Ibid., Vol. 6, p. 183. Clark's entry for January 8, 1806. 25 Business, Miscellaneous- Restaurants. MS. Oregon Historical 11 H olland, p. 12. Society, Portland, Oregon.

January 2007 We Proceeded On - 23 Reviews New source onnatural history of expedition: Astudy of syphilis along the trail

not? Well, lots, it turns out. The Natural World of Lewis and Clark Begin, for example, at the end of the book by exam­ David A. Dalton ining the bibliography. The sources Dalton consulted University of Missouri Press come from magazines such 264 pages I $29.95 as the Journal ofAg ricultural and Food Chemistry, Nordic Journal of Freshwater Re­ t first glance, the book under review search, Weed Science, Nature Aelicits a reaction something akin to Biotechnology, Pan-Pacific "been there, done that." After all, Paul Entomologist and the Jour­ Cutright's venerable Lewis and Clark: nal of Applied Bacteriology. Pioneering Naturalists (1969 and 2003) The application of the tools covers the subject from a chronological and techniques of science viewpoint, while Raymond Darwin advocated in these journals Burrough's The Natural H istory has never before been used of the Lewis and Clark Expedition when analyzing the journal (1961 and 1995) treats the natural entries of Meriwether Lewis history observations of the Corps of and William Clark. Discovery topically. More recently O ne hundred maps, illus­ there is Lewis and Clark's Green trations, charts and tables as­ World: The Expedition and Its Plants sist the reader to understand (2003) by A. Scott Earle and James the complex world of science Reveal. Sometimes a more specialized that they enter when they approach actually expands the open this book. Dalton is an investigative field of natural history. experienced college profes­ That would be the case for: Lewis and sor and has therefore made a career out the author's personal need to take a Clark Meet Oregon's Forests: Lessons of making difficult scientific concepts political potshot at "the attitude of the from Dynamic Nature (2001) by Gail understandable to learners who come current [presidential] administration" Wells and Dawn Anzinger, Lewis to him with basic intelligence and an toward global warming (p. 218). and Clark's Mountain Wilds: A Site open mind. Thus, when he writes that Dalton asks good questions. What Guide to the Plants and Animals They Lewis and Clark introduced the fruits did Seaman eat when he ran the Encountered in the Bitterroots (2002) of the Osage orange tree to science Columbia River? N ot salmon, because by Sharon Ritter, and Lewis and Clark and notes that it is "the best example if a dog eats raw or improperly cooked on the Great Plains: A Natural H istory in North America of a fruit that now fish, then a parasitic organism called (2003) by Paul A.Johnsgard. There are lacks its dispersers due to the disap­ a fluke "may burst open, releasing also relevant articles in journals, several pearance of the megafauna" (p. 16), he the microbe that then kills the dog." having appeared in We Proceeded will explain. (p. 130) What then? Dalton cannot On. Let us not overlook H erbarium The dozen chapters that make say. The answers he can provide to of the Lewis and Clark Expedition up this volume are uneven in length, other questions are nothing less than (1999), Volume 12 in The Journals of content and difficulty. Chapter 2, fascinating. This reviewer particularly the Lewis & Clark Expedition edited for example, has as its 27-page focus liked the in-depth examination of why by Gary Moulton. In short, the the two genera, Lewisia and Clarkia. the men of the expedition suffered natural history of the Lewis and Clark Chapter 7, by contrast, is about "a Lax & heaviness at the Stomack" Expedition is not without its experts "Clark's Nutcracker and Lewis's after feasting on camas roots at the and its publications. Woodpecker" and uses only 10 pages N ez Perce camps near Weippe Prairie. So what can Dr. David Dalton, a and half as many illustrations. The It has to do with the Indian method member of the Biology Department final chapter, "Climate Change and of cooking, how inulin is a polymer at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, the Future of the American West," of fructose and the rapid growth of contribute that earlier authors have seems unnecessary and serves only intestinal bacteria. Dalton playfully

24 - We Proceeded On January 2007 calls the malady "flatulogenesis" (p. were sexually available and actively members had venereal disease symp- 64) but he gives the process a thorough involved with white men. Willey and toms three weeks after corning into airing. In the end, his recommendation Lowry gave as reasons for their sexual contact with Arikara women. Since would have been for the expedition to availability: hospitality, prostitution, Clark's entry did not say what disease eat cous biscuitroot rather than camas power transmission and simple they had or describe their symptoms, since it contains starch rather than biology. the authors cannot justify making inulin. Chapter Three, which is well such a statement. Since no evidence Admittedly, Dalton's book skips documented and enlightening, filled of syphilis was found in the Arikara from topic to topic leaving the reader a number of gaps on this subject that bones, it would be my humble opinion to apply his or her own organizational the Lewis and Clark Journals did that syphilis was rare in the Arikaras framework. However, it is exhilarating not cover in depth. I . ...._ and that gonorrhea to read. "Who knew?" is a phrase that Some of the traders ~ M · ~·""'~'I · '!:<"" most likely was the often will be scribbled in the margins. visiting the Arikaras '' •r-!~J>~ tn venereal disease ac- If your personal library needs one noted that polygyny ' • · ~,, quired by members book on the natural history of the was common, with of the Corps of Lewis and Clark Expedition, this is Arikara men having Discovery. not that book. If you already have the as many as four or Mystery of the classics, this one is a worthy auxiliary five wives. Bones includes dis- acquisition. Chapter Four, cuss10n of some -Robert Carriker "The Wages of American Indian History Professor Licentious Sex," medicinal plants Gonzaga University concerned me most and what they were of all. My first trep- used to treat. idation came with There is an inter- Mystery of the Bones the book's preface esting reference to in which the authors the "ABO" blood P. Willey and Thomas P. Lowry wrote that the exca- typing system and vations at Travelers' the ability of hu- Vallombrosa Press Rest led to the dis- mans with type "O" 196 pages I $14.95 covery of a latrine ·~ blood to show an pit with a high level increased resistance of mercury and that the mercury al­ to diseases and a better response to uthors P. Willey, a forensic most certainly came from pills admin­ treatment. The Arikaras and some re­ Aanthropologist, and Dr. Thomas istered to the men to treat syphilis. This lated tribes had a very high incidence P. Lowry, a psychiatrist with diverse is not scientifically correct as mercury of type 0 blood and may have been interests, attempt to answer the was used to treat many more common resistant to syphilis. "mystery of the bones," which is: If diseases than syphilis. For example, Though I disagree with the authors some of the Arikara Indians had syphilis Lewis and Clark brought 50 dozen on a few points, I found the book to be long before the arrival of the Lewis and of Dr. Benjamin Rush's "Thunder very readable, though a bit repetitious. Clark Expedition in October 1804, Clapper" pills, an "explosive" laxative It offers new insight and knowledge why were there no signs of acquired or made of two potent purgatives, J alap about syphilis in relation to the congenital syphilis in the large number and calomel- a mercurous chloride Corps of Discovery and the Arikaras, (300) of Arikara skeletons excavated compound. Expedition members used including the authors' thoughts as to from the Leavenworth Site cemetery Rush's pills for a variety of symptoms why the bones of the Arikaras did not (1915-1966)? including, if you can believe it, diar­ show signs of syphilis. The authors In the early sections of their rhea. Therefore this mercury would be have listed a number of references book, they quote several traders and in the latrines due to a variety of treat­ that will assist future researchers. It is explorers (Trudeau, Tabeau, Bradbury, ments. always a treat to read and learn from the Brackenridge and Luttig) who were Mercury remained in the physi­ efforts of others. I thank the authors with the Arikara Indians before or cian's armamentarium well into the for taking their time and expertise to shortly after the Corps of Discovery twentieth century. Clark's journal en­ publish this work. arrived at the Arikara villages. For the try of November 12, 1804, which said - White McKenzie Wallenborn, M.D. most part, the explorers and traders "3 men sick with__ " was quoted by Clinical Professor (ret.) observed that the Arikara women the authors to indicate that expedition University of Va. School of Medicine

January 2007 We Proceeded On ~ 25 Reviews (cont) Personal essays read like aconversation with friends around the campfire

the essay with you when Why Sacagawea Deserves the Day you come to Tennessee this Off and Other Lessons from the fall for the Foundation's Lewis & Clark Trail 41st annual meeting. Stephenie Ambrose Tubbs Many of the essays explore the story of the Bison Books Corps of Discovery in ~ 144 pages I $17.95 Montana, but they could Why Sacagawea easily apply to any state tephenie Ambrose Tubbs's new along the trail. The second Deserves Sbook, Why Sacagawea D eserves the essay, "Missouri River," Day Off and Other Lessons from the could apply equally well to ·~ the Day Off Lewis & Clark Trail, is like a good the Columbia, the Snake, conversation with a friend around the the Knife or the Yellow­ ~ andOther campfire. The 11 essays in the book stone River. H er reminder « d"""" Lessons from are the ebb and flow of scholarship, of to "open our ears" (and thoughtful opinions, and of memories our hearts) to this story & of good trails and good adventures, when it is told differently the Lewis taken with good friends. is as timely for those of us Clark Trail The essays ramble along, like a good in Washington State, as it trail story should. They are diverse, is in Montana, or Iowa or covering topics like our fascination . Stephenie Ambrose Tubht with Sacagawea, the death of our This is a book for peo­ beloved captain, Meriwether Lewis, ple who have explored the the need to listen well to the stories we trail and the story by ca­ are told, and the importance of taking noe, by horse or by foot, a dog, jerky and children with you as well as for those who, as you explore the Lewis and Clark like Thomas Jefferson, do National H istoric Trail. so from the comfort of The essays are also personal. They their own home. It is the are based on the author's years of ex­ "ah ha!" moment in our ploration and adventure on the Lewis own musings, when we nod our heads Geology information available online and Clark National Historic Trail, as agreeably, or shake our heads in dis­ The Montana Bureau of Mines and well as her years as a speaker, scholar agreement, but we still agree on one Geology has posted the results of and consultant. The research is sound, thing- this story, this trail, is a part of some of Bob Bergantino's work on and the bibliography strong. Readers our lives, and as the author reminds Lewis and Clark geology on its Web will find the bibliography includes us, a part of our children's lives, and site at: http://www.mbmg.mtech.edu/ much of the respected scholarship our children's children's lives. gmr/lewis_clark/lewis_clark.asp. we are accustomed to, from Gary E. So, pour yourself a cup of your Little information has reached Moulton to James P. Ronda to Donald favorite drink, whether it is the dram the public detailing the geography, Jackson, as well as work that encour­ the men enjoyed each evening (until geology, minerals or fossils that Lewis ages us to think outside our traditional the supply ran out in July of 1805), and Clark described in their journals. views of the story and the trail-Ru­ a pint of hot chocolate as Clark did The site explains some of the more dolph Giuliani, Richard Louv and Al­ in September 1806, or a glass of beer, important geological observations and len Pinkham. such as Collins made from soured ca­ navigational aspects the expedition Readers might not always agree mas roots in the fall of 1805, stretch recorded while in the present state with Tubbs's conclusions. Her musing out in front of your own campfire and of Montana. The site has 10 subjects: about Lewis's death, "Selected and Im­ ramble through these 11 essays, with navigation, equipment, Culbertson, planted by Nature," will surprise you the sound of Daniel Slosberg's fiddle White Cliffs, Great Falls, Gates of the .. . and give you pause to think, which in the background! Mountains, Three Forks, Beaverhead is what a good essay should do. Bring - Barb Kubik Rock, Pompeys' Pillar and Terry.

26 - We Proceeded On January 2007 Colter novel invites reader on wild ride Lewis aua C{ark, 1-iil Trail Heritage Foundation L.flJ

~lcphcn 'f. Gough Colter's Run Stephen T. Gough Colter's Run Stoneydale Press 392 pages I $24.95

wo centuries ago, in the autumn of T1808, John Colter ran his legendary race for life against fearless Blackfeet. Fittingly, author Stephen Gough in his novel Colter's Run uniquely describes this run and other historical adventures of John Colter. After Colter's days with Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery had ended, this story For a limited-time you can begins. purchase a lifetime membership Gough artfully writes, largely with the LCTHF to establish a from a fi rst-person point of view, lifelong connection with the about Colter's involvement in the upon Colter's fear, doubt, anxiety, and Foundation while demonstrating Blackfeet's battle against the Crow longing for home and family. your commitment to preserving and Flathead Indians, his run for life Colter's Run, in general, is the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the Three Forks of the Missouri, positioned in a factual framework Story and Trail. and trapping expeditions with Manuel of events with the exception of Old Lisa and, later, Pierre Menard and Toby and Colter teaming up against You will also receive: Andrew Henry. Gough brings to life the Blackfeet. Gough stated that he - A Lifetime Certificate not only the main character, but also purposely took literary liberty to - A Lifetime Membership Card many of his fellow trappers, including better develop Old Toby's character. - Lifetime Subscription to: John Potts, Peter Weiser, O ld Toby, The reader may find interesting 'We Proceeded On" & "The Orderly Report" George Drouillard, Thomas James the prologue and epilogue of Gough's - A Lewis & Clark gift package and Edward Rose. book, which include references to The author paints vivid pictures Colter's lineage. I disagree with a (Gift package depends on level selected) for the reader of the fl ora and fauna reference in the prologue to his mother - Substantial Tax Deduction against the backdrop of the Absaroka being Ellen Shields Colter. Jam es and - A one-time dues payment and Beartooth mountains, the awe-in­ Alice (Ellen's sister) Colter more likely spiring Yellowstone and the legendary were his parents. *There are 3 levels to choose from: Three Forks country. The sights and Gough's references to works Basic $995 sounds of nature's mountains, rivers, by Ruth Colter-Frick and Shirley Captain $2500 prairies, beaver, bear, bison, snow and Winkelhoch (both direct descendents President $5000 searing heat transport the reader. of Colter) add validity to the Call Rebecca West at the LCTHF Additionally, Gough has a development of a better, though Office or visit our website for more remarkable ability to captivate the incomplete, understanding of John details. reader through the dialogue between Colter. Colter and his companions, as well After reading Colter's Run, I feel 1-888-701-3434 as Colter's own thoughts. He does like I now know John Colter, not just this very effectively, which allows the know about him. This book should be www.lewisandclark.org reader to "get inside" this renowned in the history buff's library, but mostly ·Applies to one member, minimum age of 21. 's head and, at the same it simply should be read and enjoyed. time, gives opportunity to reflect - Timothy Forrest Coulter Don't Miss Out!

January 2007 We Proceeded On ~ 27 Soundings John Newman court martial revisited

BY H. CARL CAMP John Newman to the five-man panel It is a sad irony that barely more ichard Stenberg is undoubtedly that passed judgment in the case. than two months later, John Newman Rcorrect when he states in his Sergeant Nathaniel Pryor presided himself was the defe nd ant in yet WPO article (November 2008) that over the trial. Three panel members another court martial. His ignominious "John Newman primarily is were from Sergeant Charles Floyd's fall from grace for "having uttered remembered for his court martial mess; namely, Patrick Gass, John repeated expressions of a highly and subsequent expulsion from the B. Thompson and John Newman. criminal and mutinous nature" (not Corps of Discovery."l As the author The other two panel members CT ohn explicitly spelled out) was sealed by makes clear in his use of the scant Colter and John Potts) were from the unanimous decision of a court documentary materials, the Newman Sergeant John Ordway's mess. Collins martial proceeding convened by Lewis story is much more complex than that. and Hall were duly convicted of the and Clark. His sentence consisted of A sub-theme not pursued by Stenberg, alleged offenses and the court set their 75 lashes on his bare back; dismissal but which I believe worthy of closer punishment: Collins received 100 from the corps; loss of his rifle and scrutiny, is the dramatic reversal of lashes on his bare back and H all 50 accoutrements; and hard labor until he fortune suffered by Newman barely lashes, likewise on his bare back. The was sent back to St. Louis in disgrace six months after the expedition began sentences were carried out that very the following spring. 6 its historic journey. evening. 4 There are several aspects of Private Newman apparently Shortly after Lewis and Clark held Newman's court martial and its enjoyed the co-captains' confidence their first council with representatives aftermath that warrant further early on in the expedition. For example, of the Otoe and Missouria tribes attention. The nine-member panel on March 24, 1804, at Camp River just north of present-day Omaha, included two sergeants CT ohn Ordway Dubois, William Clark wrote in his Nebraska, on August 3, 1804, Private and Patrick Gass) and seven privates journal: "I sent Newman with Letters Moses B. Reed went AWOL from the (George Shannon, John Shields and to Koho [Cahokia] & to Cap Lewis at Corps of Discovery. A special detail John Collins from Sergeant Nathaniel St. Louis . ... "2 While some members of was dispatched to find and bring Pryor's mess and William Bratton, the detachment at that stage of their him back-dead or alive. Reed was Silas Goodrich, Hugh Hall and training were prone to disobedience fo und, captured and brought in for William Werner from Sergeant John and troublemaking, Newman trial. H is court martial was convened O rdway's mess). 7 With the exception seemingly was not among them. He on August 18th after "he Confessed of Patrick Gass, the captains pointedly therefore was entrusted with the that he 'Deserted and Stold a public avoided appointing any of Newman's responsibilities attending courier duty. Rifle Shot-pouch Powder & Bals' ... " messmates to serve on the court In fact, in a letter of recommendation He petitioned the court to show him martial panel. to Secretary of War Henry Dearborn as much mercy as it could under the That said, it is somewhat surprising after the Corps of Discovery returned circumstances. Reed was convicted and to find that the nine-member court to St. Louis in 1806, Captain Lewis "Sentenced ... to run the Gantlet four martial convened in the Newman case observed that "The conduct of this times through the Party & that each included John Collins and Hugh Hall. man previous to this period [his man with 9 Swichies Should punish After all, these two men had been court martial and expulsion] had been him and for him not to be considered judged guilty as charged and sentenced generally correct .. . "3 in future as one of the Party- " Little to lashes on their bare backs on June On June 29, 1804, as the Corps of else was said about the incident in 29, 1804, by the court martial on Discovery prepared to depart from any of the journals and the names of which John Newman sat in judgment. its encampment at the junction of the the men making up the court martial That raises a fundamental question Kansas and Missouri rivers, a court panel were not recorded (which is of fairness. Both men probably were martial was convened to try John somewhat surprising). Rather than still smarting, psychologically and Collins for "... getting drunk on his being turned out alone on the prairies physically, from their punishment. post this morning out of whiskey put to shift for himself, Reed was allowed Even conceding theirs was a military under his Charge as a Seminal and for to remain with the expedition through court martial under the Articles of Suffering Hugh Hall to draw whiskey the winter at and was War of that period and not a civil court out of the Said Barrel intended for sent back to St. Louis with Corporal proceeding, it seems unlikely that this the party." [i.e., members of the Warfington and the keelboat in April arrangement would go unchallenged in detachment] The captains appointed of 1805.5 today's legal environment. There were

28 - We Proceeded On January 2007 other men available to serve in place among them, but all act in unison, and NOTES of Collins and Hall from Ordway and with the most perfect harmony." The 1 Richard Stenberg, "John Newman," Pryor's messes-unless, of course, moody captain was manifestly glad to We Proceeded On, Vol. 34, No. 4 some of them had become entangled be underway once more and free of (November 2008), p. 24. 2 in Newman's allegedly "mutinous" Newman and Reed-the expedition's Gary E. Moulton, ed., The Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, 13 volumes utterances.8 principal troublemakers. As if to (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, In any event, Collins and Hall underscore Lewis's burst of optimism, 1983-2001), Vol. 2, p. 180. were only two of a unanimous nine­ the expedition was henceforth 3 Donald Jackson, ed., Letters of the man panel that found Newman guilty free of dissension of any note-no Lewis and Clark Expedition with on all the charges leveled against him. more desertions, no more mutinous Related Documents, 1783-1854, 2 In the sentencing phase, however, outbursts, no more court martial volumes (Urbana: University of Illinois some disagreement surfaced among proceedings.10 Press, 1978), Vol. 1, p. 372. the members of the court. While the Over the ensuing months, 4 Moulton, Vol. 2, pp. 329-330. Clark's captains rep orted their concurrence in particularly during the long, soggy entry for June 29, 1804. the judgment and sentence rendered winter days and nights at Fort s Ibid., Vol. 2, pp. 488-489. Clark's entry by the court martial, they also noted Clatsop, Lewis would have had for August 18, 1804. 6 Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 168-171. Clark's entry the sentence was supported by two­ ample opportunity to mull over the 9 for October 13, 1804 and Orders by thirds of its members. The court's events that led to Newman's court Lewis and Clark on the same day. sentence was carried out around noon martial and punishment. In time, he 7 On May 26, 1804, the captains' the next day. may have come to feel some remorse Detachment Orders divided the Almost immediately Newman set over the consequences of the court's permanent party into three messes about trying to rehabilitate himself judgment. Once back in St. Louis, led by Sergeants Charles Floyd, John in the eyes of the captains. While the Captain Lewis w rote Secretary of War Ordway and Nathaniel Pryor. Patrick expedition was in winter quarters at H enry Dearborn recommending most Gass was elected sergeant to fill the Fort Mandan, he apparently worked members of the Corps of Discovery vacancy created by the death of Charles hard, held his tongue and even for appropriate remuneration, Floyd. John Newman was a member subjected himself to physical harm bonuses and land grants for their of the Floyd/Gass mess. For purposes of this discussion, it is assumed that w hen he was frost-bitten on one of service while on the expedition. the membership of the three messes the expedition's winter hunts. Yet, Those recommendations included remained the same as designated under when it came time for the permanent John Newman even though he had the Detachment Orders of May 26th party to resume its westward trek in been summarily dismissed from the at the time of Newman's court martial. the spring of 1805, Captain Lewis permanent party early in the journey. Private Peter Weiser from Sergeant decided he could not risk the good This compassionate act, I believe, was Nathaniel Pryor's mess is listed among discipline and well-being of the prompted by some feelings of guilt or the panelists in the Newman trial, but the expedition by rescinding Newman's remorse or, at the very least, a concern name is bracketed, which may indicate sentence. No doubt Newman was for fundamental fairness on Lewis's he did not serve or perhaps served as deeply disappointed; nevertheless, part. H e, after all, did not extend the an alternate jurist. Moulton, Vol. 2, pp. he made himself useful as he joined same gesture to the expelled deserter, 254-255; Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 170-171. 8 Moulton, Vol. 2, pp. 254-255. Moulton Corporal Richard Warfington and the Moses B. Reed. points out, for example, that Ordway keelboat crew on their journey back One cannot help wondering what notes in his journal entry for October to St. Louis, as refl ected in Lewis's John Newman's post-expedition life 12, 1804, that "Moses B. Reed, the recommendation to Secretary of War would have been like had he been erstwhile deserter, was confined at the H enry D earborn in the earlier cited less impulsive and outspoken; had same time [as Newman]. No other letter. his critical outbursts not occurred so record or journal mentions Reed's Lewis clearly felt himself justified soon after Reed's desertion, capture, connection with the affair, and there is in taking the course of action he had court martial and dismissal; and had no indication of what his offence was." chosen in the Newman matter. On the Lewis not been so strait-laced and Perhaps he was a provocateur, or a co­ day of the permanent party's departure such a stickler for military protocol conspirator, or perhaps his confinement from Fort Mandan, Lewis penned this and discipline. was simply a precautionary move by the captains to nip in the bud any contagion euphoric entry in his journal: "The of dissension or discontent. Ibid., Vol. 3, party are in excellent health and sperits, H. Carl Camp is a member of the p. 171 , n. 1. zealously attatched to the enterprise, WPO Editorial Advisory Board. He 9 Ibid., Vol. 3, p. 170. and anxious to proceed; not a whisper is a retired political science professor 10 Ibid., Vol. 4, p. 10. Lewis's entry for of murmur or discontent to be heard (University of Nebraska at Omaha). April 7, 1805.

January 2007 We Proceeded On ~ 29 Soundings (cont.) What conspiracy? Another look at the evidence involving Lewis's death

BY THOMAS c. DANIS! concession papers (unauthorized the former lieutenant governor, with n the last edition of WPO (Letters, land deeds) of large mineral lands for these land frauds. Attorney General INovember 2008), author Kira Gale various sums of money. Jones displayed proof that Zenon offered information culled from her Jones showed Stoddard and Lewis Trudeau was "induced by the specula­ forthcoming book on the death of several of these concession papers and tors to sign a number of blank sheets Meriwether Lewis. This is the latest they agreed that the Spanish officers of paper which were used as the basis in a long history of attempts to find a had performed a criminal act upon the of large land claims." Stoddard's report motive for a possible conspiracy to became the foundation of published assassinate Governor Meriwether information on Upper Louisiana Lewis. These attempts are fine and land frauds. good, in their way, but have to To this day, no one has discovered be held to the same standards of how Jones acquired this damaging accuracy and accountability as any information and for what purpose. good history writing. Unfortunately, Not only did it condemn Trudeau, in this respect Ms. Gale's efforts at but it also ruined the reputations positing a conspiracy scenario are a and livelihoods of several Spanish failure. officers with the incoming American Gale states that General James administration. There is no doubt Wilkinson, John Smith T. and others that Jones had a vested interest in conspired to assassinate Meriwether revealing the information, for he Lewis because "their primary motive and Moses Austin were partners was the fortune to be made in the lead and joint claimants in the largest and mine district." While Gale's premise most profitable lead mine in Upp er is correct- that the Ste. Genevieve Louisiana between 1797 and 1812. mining district "became the scene of The mine covered three square miles raging mineral wars," her reasoning of land equaling 6,085 acres. regarding how the wars began and That was a huge conflict of their significance is incorrect. interest for Jones, the attorney In April 2008, I delivered a paper general of the Indiana Territory, at the Missouri Conference on to have concealed from Lewis History entitled "Land Fraud in and Stoddard. Furthermore, the Upp er Louisiana: A Misconception." Meriwether Lewis concession papers originated with From that paper, Gale's thesis emerges Austin, Jones's partner. Soulard, who relating to the disposition of the United States, which would assume lived in St. Louis, loaned Austin Spanish land grants in Ste. Genevieve, control of the Upp er Louisiana the blank concession papers as an but with a much different conclusion Territory in just a few months. Jones accommodation, to reduce the number than my own. wrote to an Indiana Territorial official of trips that he would have to make to A few paragraphs of explanation that he had "discovered that a scheme St. Louis. The papers originally were are necessary to bring this period into of iniquity had for sometime been intended principally for potential focus. In November 1803, Captains practicing on the Spanish side of the landowners who followedAustin to Ste. Amos Stoddard and Meriwether Mississippi to defraud the United States Genevieve from Virginia. Austin was Lewis met in Kaskaskia (across the of a considerable quantity of land. The to fill out the papers with the names of Mississippi River from Ste. Genevieve) method ... was to make large grants of these followers so that the land could with John Rice Jones, the attorney land to individuals dated above three be granted to them. However, Austin general of the Indiana Territory (which years ago. . . . I have therefor little put his own name on the papers and at that time also encompassed today's doubt but that proper precaution will gave them to Jones, who then showed State of Illinois). Jones reported that be taken to invalidate these iniquitous them to Lewis and Stoddard. Austin Zenon Trudeau, the former Spanish and fraudulent grants." and J ones's sole purpose was to gain lieutenant governor, in concert with In January 1804, Stoddard sent favor with the new American regime, Antoine Soulard, the surveyor general a disturbing report to President so that the U.S. government might be of Upp er Louisiana, were selling blank Jefferson connecting Zenon Trudeau, disposed to buy Austin's lead.

30 ~ We Pl"Qceeded On January 2007 Their plan worked, and they were rifle after his deeds or made Austin follow his orders without question rewarded with political positions and quiver in his boots, a strong dose of the and be able to receive orders in time salaries. President Jefferson asked rifleman in the crime-infested valleys to pull off a covert assassination, much Austin to write a dissertation on the of Ste. Genevieve was necessary so that less find Lewis on his 1809 journey lead mines, which was read before what little land the Spanish inhabitants to Washington by bush-whacking Congress a year later. Austin was possessed, they could retain. through the wilds of Tennessee. appointed as a judge in Ste. Genevieve James Wilkinson, condemned by Other minor mistakes that Gale while Jones became a prominent many historians as a shady character, made in her letter include the fact member of the Indiana legislature. was stationed in New Orleans from that Lewis did not appoint Clark as The "mineral wars" were a March 1809 until February 1810. brigadier general of the territorial direct result of Austin and Jones's militia; Thomas Jefferson did. misrepresentation to Lewis and She states that J.B.C. Lucas was Stoddard. John Smith T.'s role an honest land commissioner, but of "gangster politician" and Lucas rarely appeared to hear the Wilkinson's strong defense of the claims, and according to his fellow inhabitants prevented Austin and commissioner, Clement Penrose, the his cronies from stealing even more board made every effort not to meet land. Corrupt as Smith T. might with him. have been, he paled in comparison to Finally, for Gale to launch into the Austin and Jones. idea that certain individuals would After Lewis's arrival in St. Louis readily murder or assassinate Lewis in 1808 as territorial governor, he negates pages of historical fact. A could see, much to his dismay, that far more thorough grounding in the Jones and Austin had duped him four historic documents surrounding the years earlier. Territorial Secretary arguments and rivalries of the early Frederick Bates (his position more Louisiana Territory is a necessary step likely would be called lieutenant prior to making accusations about governor today) sided with Austin murder plots and motivations. prior to Lewis's arrival in the territory. Present-day scholars, and their When Lewis immediately unseated readers, need to be well schooled all of Austin's men from official in this rather obscure period of positions, it irritated Bates, since American history before trying to he had appointed Austin's people. sort out the truth of the complex Monument to Lewis at his gravesite in Meriwether This I ecl to th e bi tter di. sagreements Lewis Park on the Natchez Trace Parkway. set of circumstances that led to between Lewis and Bates so early Meriwether Lewis's descent into an in Lewis's governorship. If anyone Gale tries to show that Wilkinson and early grave. wanted to assassinate Lewis, Bates Lewis were enemies; however they was a far more likely candidate than had known each other for 15 years and Smith T. or Wilkinson, whose side in had been members of two elite private the mineral wars was being favored by American organizations. The two had the governor's actions. spent very little time together and their Foundation member Thomas C. Danisi Keeping this brief account of the paths seldom crossed-once for certain is a researcher and published author situation in mind, Gale's claims in the in Richmond, Virginia, for the treason with a broad background in western November issue of this magazine are trial of Aaron Burr. So, where is the development. unrealistic- that Lewis's demise was motive for murder? Can we believe due to the Ste. Genevieve lead claims, that Wilkinson was capable of ordering SOURCES American State Papers, Public Lands, John Smith T. or General James a murder by "remote control?" Gale Vol. 1, pp. 177-178 and 188-191; Thomas Wilkinson, who was the commanding says Wilkinson could have influenced C. Danisi, "Honor Without Title: A general of the Army at that time. The others to commit the murder, but a History of the French and Spanish United States Supreme Court did not letter sent one way took months to Land Grants of Upper Louisiana" confirm the Ste. Genevieve lead claims receive. It is impossible to believe (unpublished manuscript, St. Louis, until the 1830s, long after Lewis's that Wilkinson had gunmen located Missouri, 1996). death and the mineral wars. As for in various parts of the United States IMAGES John Smith T., whether he named a who would have been predisposed to Courtesy of the National Park Service.

January 2007 We Proceeded On - 31 - L&C Roundup

We Proceeded On is the Foundation's flagship quarterly magazine, L&C educator honored focusing on the latest academic research and scholarship about the stories of the Expedition, the people they met and the Trail they traversed. oundation member and longtime Feducator Claudia Crump received The average WPO reader is college-educated, over the age of 60, and Indiana University Southeast's highest travels frequently, especially to sites of historical interest. honor, the Chancellor's Medallion, The full-color magazine is distributed to over 3,500 households, for her indefatigable dedication to libraries, museums, and retail outlets nationwide. education and the community. Over an inspiring seven-decade career, Crump has "influence[d] RESERVE YOUR AD OR INSERT the way generations of teachers and in the next issue of We Proceeded On by email or students across Kenruckiana approach teaching and learning by earning the =i~.~~5~':c:' 7~9d~bresnannet, ;;1:~ ;;;;.?~ label of Indiana's Social Studies Icon," R Es ER v AT I 0 N DE AD LI NE s Tl••••111 o•t•w1so,ctA•• according to university officials. Crump taught for 25 years at ISSUE Reservation Due Ad Due Indiana University Southeast in the February December 15 January 1 School of Education before retiring in May March 15 April 1 1993. She also served as the university's August June 15 July 1 elementary coordinator. Crump November September 15 October 1 created and supervised method classes and field experiences for language Display Ad Sizes & Rates arts and social studies classes at Foundation members receive a 15% discount graduate and undergraduate levels. Repeat advertisers (non-Foundation members) who advertise at least 2 She authored programs, textbooks more times per year receive a 10% discount and numerous books and articles on the methodology of teaching social Back Cover 8 Y2x 11" bleed S60Q 2/3 vertical 4%x 9W' 5350 studies and multiculturalism. Inside Front Cover 7 Y4 x9 W' s500 1/2 horizontal 7%x4%" $300 She served as a commissioner in the Inside Back Cover 7 % 9 W' 5500 1/3square 4%x4%" 5150 Indiana Governor's Lewis and Clark x Commission during the bicentennial Full page 7 Y4 x 9 W' s400 1/3 vertical 2%x9W' s150 and continues as chairwoman of the Email your color high-resolution PDF with embedded images and fonts by Indiana L&C Foundation. Crump is the due date for that issue to: actively involved with the Foundation Wendy Raney, WPO editor, [email protected] Education Committee and currently is spearheading a cooperative education Brochure Insertion Rate project between the Foundation, Lewis and Clark Legacy Forward (Indiana) The Foundation mails We Proceeded On in an envelope, making pre-printed and the Boy Scouts of America. They inserts a cost-effective solution for some advertisers. are planning a major education event Insert your brochure: $600 per issue, plus additional postage, if any. in Indiana next fall. For inserts over 4 pages, there will be a charge for the additional postage. Mail the pre-printed inserts directly to our printer, AFTER coordinating with WPO editor Wendy Raney at [email protected]. Tom Krisak PRISM Color Corporation 31 Twosome Drive I Mooretown, NJ 08057 856.234.7515 Ext 315 / 484.571.7589 Cell [email protected] The printer must have the inserts in their office no later than the Ad Due deadlines printed above. Claudia Crump, left, received Indiana Univer­ sity Southeast's Chancellor's Medallion.

32 - We Proceeded On January 2007 Mark your calendar for the final events of the Lewis & Clark Bicentennial: October 3 - 7, 2009 OLIVE BRANCH, MISSISSIPPI & HOHENWALD, TENNESSEE The Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation invites you to our 41st Annual Meeting. We'll celebrate the life of Meriwether Lewis and commemorate the 200th anniversary of his untimely death. Check out the highlights: Optional Pre-Tour: Memphis Queen III Riverboat Trip & Ceremony at the Site of Ft. Pickering, October 4, 2009 Lewis & Clark Lectures, Presentations & Demonstrations "By His Own Hand?" Debate Travel the Chickasaw Trail & the Natchez Trace Commemorative Service at Grinder's Stand Optional Post-Tour: Natchez to New Orleans, October 8 - 10, 2009

Lewis & Clark Trail Heritage Foundation, Inc. P. O. Box 3434 I Great Falls, MT 59403 www.lewisandclark.org 888. 701.3434