II. SHORT STONE CIST FOUND IN THE PARISH OF KINNEFF AND , . By PROFESSOR R. W. REID, M.D., F.R.C.S., REGIUS PROFESSO ANATOMYF RO , UNIVERSITY OF , AND CAPTAIN THE REV. J. R. FRASER, F.S.A.SCOT., F.R.S.E., F.G.S.E. On 17th March 1923r JameM , s Scott, e CottageresidinTh t a g, Upper Main f Catterlineo s d occasio ha e searchin, b o t n r sanr gfo fo d building purposes when he came upon a large stone 4 inches from the surfac gravella f o e y mound. Being aware that suct no hstona s ewa expectee b o t thin di s mound, with familiars whicwa e h h fortunatel e h , y hacuriosite dth mako yt e further excavation broughd an , vieo t t e wth short stone cist which is described in this paper. The cist was situated in an eroded terrace of fluvio-glacial sand in a cultivated field belongin e far th f Uppem o o g t r Main f Catterlineo s , 250 feet above sea-level yard0 13 , sStonehavee westh f o t Bervio nt e road, e fiftth closh o t emileston e from d midwaan , y between Stonehave Bervied an n . The magnetic bearing of the main axis of the cist was N. 65° E. The magnetic variation for this part of Kincardineshire and for this year e truTh e . bearin 30° W ' 17 s s therefori i g 30° ' 47 eeas f northo t . The cist (fig. 1) was of an elongated form, quadrilateral in outline. The end slabs were vertical and parallel with one another. The side slabs converged toward e north-easth s t endinclined an , d towarde on s another to such an extent that the distance between them at the PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBE , 192310 R .

. (7| inchesmm floo 1 r 19 leve )s morlwa e moute ciste thath th .t f na ho The inside measurements of the mouth of the cist were :—north-east end 730 mm. (2 feet 4f inches), south-west end 838 mm. (2 feet 9 inches), south- east sid fee4 e( inch) 1 . t124 4mm , d north-wesan t sid3 e( . 1193mm feet 11 inches). The depths of the north-east and south-west ends fee2 ( inchesf . 4 t d wermm )an 0 e73 fee2 inch( . 1 t63 5)mm respectively, while the depth of each of the south-east and north-west sides was 749 mm. (2 feet 5J inches). The roof or covering was Fig. 1. Orientation of the Catterline Cist. roughly 914 mm. (3 feet) thick, and it was peculiar, when compared with the coverings of similar cists found in , in that, instead of its being formed of one layer of stones, it consisted of many such stones arranged in three layers (fig. 2). The uppermost was formed of two large flat stones lying about 102 mm.

Fig. 2. Section of the Catterline Cist. A. Sculptured Stone. B. Perforated Stone.

(4 inches) belo surface e groundwth th e uppef o eTh . r surface f thesso e stones bore scorings caused by plough and harrow irons, and were irregula roughd undee ran lyine Th .r on gsurface nex th northe f th to e - beed ha n eas d mouldeen t scratched dan glaciay db l action. This stone appearance th ha l dal beinf eo erratin ga c boulder undes bord it n an , eo r surface rude sculpturing (fig. 3). It seems likely that these sculptured SHORT STONE CIST FOUN KINCARDINESHIREN DI 9 2 .

marking beed sha n expose atmospherico dt weatherin considerabla r gfo e perio timf do e befor stone coverinp utilises eth to ewa a s da g cistfoe th r . Such figure e apparentlar s y rare on othew cisfe t ra slabs t bu , occurrences have been noted. In Anderson's Scotland in Pagan Times, pp. 87 ff., reference is made to these, and the circular figures on the cover Carnwate oth f h cist similae illustratear 8 8 genera n r. i p t da l appearance to those on this stone. The second laye s abou wa incher6 1 t s composes wa thick d f an ,o d about twenty flat stones embedded in sand. They were of irregular shape inches)6 , (2 varyin. ,mm inches6 widt0 n ( gi . 66 ho )t mm fro2 m15

Fig . Unde.3 r surfac Covef eo r Ston Catterlinf eo e Cist, showing sculpturing.

and about 51 mm. (2 inches) to 76 mm. (3 inches) thick. The largest of these inches)0 n i (2 . ,d whican , mm inches6 8 h (2 50 measure . y b ) mm 0 d66 thickness varie . (3 . J(1d mm inches)J fromm 3 inch 8 8 m3 o t ), contained n extremela y interestin n artificiaa f o g y lfeatur wa perforatio y b e n countersunk from both sides (fig. 4). The diameters of this aperture on the surfaces of the stone were 83 mm. (3J inches) and 76 mm. (3 inches), and diminished to 32 mm. (lj inch) at the point where the two countersinkings e metstoneTh .f thio s s layer showe evidenco dn f eo weathering. The third layer, which was in immediate contact with the mouth of the cist and at a depth of 914 mm. (3 feet) from the surface of the ground largeo s formetw wa , y , b dflat , roughly surfaced stones which, as they met over the middle of the cist, gave evidence of being very coarsely rabbete e north-easdTh (fig. 2) . t covering stone measured PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 10, 1923. 762 mm. (2 feet 6 inches) by 1029 mm. (3 feet 4| inches), the other 800 mm. (2 feet 7£ inches4 feet) ( d thei . y 121an ,b )r mm 9 thicknesses varied . mm 2 inches3 ( 15 . o t )mm fro 6 m7 (6 inches). All the stones which formed the sides and roof of the cist were of local origin, belonging to a belt of flaggy sandstones and conglomerates of Lower Old Red Sandstone Age tracee whicb n dhca alon slopee gth s t John'oS f s Hill abou mil1 t e distant from the mound in which the cist was found. A certain amount of dressing was evident upon the edges of the stones which formee th e lip f th do s cist, and also rude chamfering was seen on the north-west side slab at s junctioit stonesd n en wit e .hth Fig . Cove4 . r Ston Catterlinf eo e Cist with No special packing of any kind was countersunk perforation. visible betwee e adjacennth t edgef so the stones which formed the walls of the cist.

Outsid e slabeth , which formee dth ST5—- e cistnorth-eas th a larg ,f o ed en t boulde f o conglomeratr d beeha e n placed to help to keep the slab in position (fig. 2). e totaTh l e weighstoneth f o st• which compose ciste dth , includins git coverings slightls wa , y ovetonso rtw . e flooTh r (fig ) consiste5 . e th f do xinderlying glacial sand coverea y db layer inches3 ( . , abou)mm thick6 7 t , of pebbles similar to those found at present on the sea-beach about 1 mile distant. Upon the floor lay a skeleton, an incomplete urn, and a small imple- men f quartzito t e embedde- re a n di ticulated mass of roots of one of the higher plants (a Dicotyledon), which Fig. o. Catterline Cist with Skeletod nan was coated with a white chalky-look- Urn in situ. ing crystalline powder. A similar mineral substance was seen forming n incrustatioa n ovee loweth r r portioe north-westh f o n t side slab. SHORT STONE CIST FOUND IN KINCARDINESHIRE. 31 This fine white powdery substanc e observe b e s als th o wa t eo n o d crumbling edge of the urn. On chemical analysis it consisted of phosphate of lime. No charcoal was found, and careful sifting of the pebbles and e flooth sand rn o faile reveao t d presence th othely an f r eo artifacts . The skeleton lay in a crouching position upon its left side, with its front facin e south-easth g witd bacs an thit k paralle north-wese th o t l t wall of the cist, and its head lay near the north-east end. The joints of the right upper and both lower extremities were flexed, so tha righe tth t han neaheady e fronde la th rth f .o t The humerus of the left upper extremity was parallel with the trunk, the elbow and wrist being bent, with the hand situated near the middle of the left thigh bone. The incomplete urn, with its mouth directed towards the south, rested upo nflaa t stone behin skeleton e nece th d th conicaf a k o d ,an l implement of quartzite was seen lying near the left hand. The cist and its contents were presented to the University of Aberdeen by David Milne, Esq., Mains of Catterline, Kimieff and Catterline, and were remove Anthropologicae th o dt l Museu f thamo t University, where it has been reconstructed and its contents placed in position so that it magenerae seeth e yb y nb l public. Before the cist was reconstructed a careful examination of its contents was Anatommade th n ei y Departmen Universitye th followf e o t th d -an , ing is a record of the observations which were made:— Skeleton—Skull (fig. 6).—The skull is that of a male. The greater part of its left side, which lay upon the floor of the cist, had crumbled away. Small fragment e sphenoidth f o s , temporal d superioan , r maxilla were found on the floor, of the cist under the skull. On the right side a triangular portio s missini e nsquamo-mastoi th n i g d e regioth f o n temporal and adjacent angle of the parietal. Fractures are seen in the right parieta righd lan t frontal bones. Thes post-morteme ear havd ,an e increase e proces th sizn d i n ei f dryin skule o s th f l go afte s removait r l from the cist. Only a small portion of the upper maxilla remains, an s attachei d e malath o t rd e boneethmoidTh . , lacrimal, palate, and vomer are missing. Only a small fragment of the right nasal is present, articulating with the frontal bone. Externally the sutures of the vault are very delicate and intricate, the frontal and posterior two-thirds of the sagittal being completely closed. There is a circular Wormian bone, 11 mm. (^ inch) in diameter, nea e righth r t asterione pterioth t e frontaA nth . (.f 1inchs 4i mm l ) distant fro e squamosalmth . Internall e suturee vaulth th l f tyal o s are completely closed, and from this it may be inferred that the age of skule th t deata ls ovehwa r forty years, assuming tha e sutureth t f o s 32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 10, 1928. the period in which the individual lived closed at the same age as those of the skulls of the present day. All site muscular sfo r attachments ar,e strongly marked. craniue Th a capacit s mha 160f yo 0 c.c.aboud c.c an ,0 excesn i . t12 f o s the average Scottish male skull of the present day. Norma verticalis (fig. 7).—The external angular proces e frontath f o s l bon s markedli e y prominent, extendin g. ( iabou inchmm 5 t) antero- laterae craniath o t ll outline e zygomatith , c arch being visiblee Th .

Fig. 6. Skull from Catterline Cist.—Norma lateralis. superciliary ridges are also markedly projecting. The outline is roughly pentagonal, with a relatively large bi-parietal measurement as compared with the bi-temporal. The skull is brachycephalic, with a cephalic index approximately5 o8 f . Norma lateralis (figs. 6, 7).—The vault is relatively high and dome- shape s compareda d wit e moderhth n Aberdeenshire skullfrontae Th . l eminences are well marked, smooth, and rounded. The superciliary ridge e mucar s h pronounced in their whole extent inioe Th wels ni . l marked, ther flattenins ei parieto-occipitae th f go l region, whil sube eth - occipital is fuller than in the Aberdeenshire skull of the present day. SHORT STOJSE GIST FOUND IN KINCARDINESHIRE.. 33

Norma occipitalis (fig. 7).—The outline suggests that the intact norma occipitalis formed a pentagon, with vertical and horizontal diameters approximately equal. The parietal eminences are high up and well rounded. Norma frontalis. -Littl s lefef i thi o t s aspect. Face height cannot be gauged. The facial margin of the orbit is roughly rectangular, its

CATTERLINE SKULL -O

MODERN ABERDEENSHIRE SKULL

Fig. 7. Outlines of norma lateralis, norma occipitalis, and norma verticalis of Catterline Skull (continuous lines), superimposed on those of modern Aberdeenshire Skull (dotted lines). Skulls oriented in Frankfurt plane. ({.) long axi s directei s d downward outwardsd an s , but, froe incommth - pletenes s lowe it d innef o an sr r walls o reliabln , e orbital inden ca x be obtained. Norma basalis.—The digastric groove and other sites of muscular attachmen e welar t l defined detacheA . d portio e righth f tno superior maxilla shows the alveolar process supporting a canine, two bicuspid, and three molar teeth, and part of a large-sized antru f Highmoremo , into which project fangf o s the second and third molars, particularly the latter. The antrum extends well behind the fang of the third molare teet -largee Th ar h. , their grinding surface e mucsar h rubbed pulo downn t p cavitbu , y is exposed. Ther s markei e d post-mortem wasting of the outer surface of the alveolar process. Fig . Latera8 . l aspecf o t Mandible (figs. 6, 8).—This bone is well developed, mandibl f Catterlino e e with the chin prominent. All the teeth are present. Skull, superimposed on modern Aberdeenshire The largee yar , free from caries, show marked attri- example. (I.) tion exposing dentine, but the pulp cavity is in no case visible alveolae Th . r process supportin posterioo tw e gth r molars n inwara s ha d inclination e teetth , h being insid e e planeth th e f o s ascending rami. There has been much post-mortem wasting of the VOL. LVIII. 3 34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 10, 1923.

oute e mandiblere bodth plat th f o yf o e , especiall e lefth t n sideo y , the fangs of the teeth being freely exposed externally. The 'tubercles, affording attachment to the muscles of the tongue as well as other muscular markings, are very pronounced. The depressions for lodging sublinguae th submaxillard an l y salivary gland dee e continuoud sar pan s with one another. The right ascending ramus (the only one present) is somewhat broader from before backward d shortean s r from above downward modere th n si nthas i mandible t ni coronoie Th . d process, which affords attachment to the temporal muscle, seems blunter, and the notch between that process and the cohdyle is shallower, and has a sharper margin than is seen in the present-day lower jaw. Vertebrce.—The vertebrae presen firse o wholth n parn i tw ti e r ar teo cervical, six thoracic, and five lumbar. They are large bones and, with the exception of the cervical, much decayed. They are covered, particularly on their eroded surfaces, with the white powder already mentioned. Pelvis.—The first four segment e sacruth f e presento smar , wite hth exceptio righthe secondtn of the sid of e , third fourthand , , laterato l the sacral foramina. The sacral curve is very slight and the anterior sacral foramina very large bone Th s mucei . h decaye frontn e di Th . coccyx is absent. lefe tTh innominate bon complets ei portioe th sav r efo n which helps foro t pubie mth c angle s iliaIt .c foss particularls ai y cuppe hollod dan w e regiointh n over whic e iliahth c muscle glides acetabulae Th . r depres- sion is large and shallow. Of the right bone, the acetabulum with the adjacent portions of ilium, ischium, and pubis alone remains. When the sacrum and innominate bones are fitted together the measurements of the brim may be approximately obtained. The trans- 7 verse diameter is found to be 118 mm. (4T T inches), the conjugate or 3 antero-posterior . (4diameteT o mm e inches) righ0 th 11 d rt an obliqu, e . (4diametef mm inches) 7 e pelvi11 rTh .c inde s i xtherefor e 93-22. An index of 93'22 is mesatipellic, and considerably higher than that of e averagth e European male, whic(Vernau)0 8 s i h , implying thae th t inlet of the pelvis is considerably narrower than that of a present-day European male. Extremities.—All the long bones are very strong and massive, have their curvatures much pronounced, and their sites for muscular and ligamentous attachment extremely well marked. Clavicle.—Both clavicles are present, but the acromial end of the left is wanting. The length of the right clavicle is 167 mm. (6| inches). Scapula.—Both scapula e incompletear e greatee Th . r portioe th f no blade of the left bone is absent. The axillary border and lower angle e righ oth e presente fsite ar th tf origi o sd f than no , e teres muscles SHORT STONE CIST FOUND IN KINCARDINESHIRE. 35 are very conspicuous. The suprascapular notch is broad, and shallow in the portion which remains of the left bone. Humerus.—Both bone presente sar , exhibiting large deltoid eminences. The coronoi t dperforated fossano e ear lengte righe th Th f .t h o bon s ei . (13 T. mm V(13 e 7 lefinches)£mm th 34 t inches e f 1 torsioo 35 Th d . )an n angle of each humerus is 19°. Radius.—The right bone is complete. The upper third of the left is present t mucbu , h decayed lengte e righ. th Th .f tmm ho radiu3 27 s si (10 inches). Ulna.—The upper two-thirds of the right ulna and the upper third of lefe th t bon presente ear . Bot somewhae har t decayed. Bones of hand.—Of the bones of the right hand, the scaphoid, os magnum, trapezoid, metacarpal bone thumbf so , inde middld xan e fingers, together with three phalanges, and, of the left hand, the unciform, pisi- form, second, third fiftd ,an h nietacarpals foud an ,r phalange presente sar . They are somewhat decayed, and seem to suggest that they are relatively small with regard to the size of the other bones of the skeleton. Femur.—The left bone is complete. The head and neck with small trochanter lowee th d r an ,extremit e onlth ye partyar s remainine th f go right bone. These latter fragment e mucar s h decayed extreme Th . e length of the left femur is 515 mm. (20T% inches); the upper third of its shaf pronouncedls i t y flattened from .before backwards, wit hplatymeria c index of 66'25. The pilasteric index is 113'3. Tibia.—The e wholrighth f teo tibi s completeai middle th ; e thirf do e lef th e shaf t th n f fragmentsi tibio t s i a , covered wit e whitth h e phosphatic substance and embedded in a matting of roots already mentioned, and a noticeable feature is that the calcium phosphate is deposite cancelloue th n di s fragmenttissue th f eo largen si , clear crystals. The extreme length of the complete tibia is 417 mm. (16| inches). Its shaft is flattened from side to side, so that its platycnemic index is 60'71. Accordin Frenco gt h statistics, thi whiten si inde0 d 8 an , o s frot xi 0 m7 much below these figure n savagi s e e bon racese th hea s f ei Th o d. somewhat retroverted, and the middle of the anterior border of the facet for articulation wit astragalue hth unusualls si y prolonged forwardd san upwards. Fibula.—The left fibula is complete, but only the upper two-thirds e righoth f t remains. Ther s remarkablei e e flutinshafte th Th f .o g anterior border forms a projecting ridge bounding a large hollow surface for the attachment of peroneus longus and brevis muscles, and looks much more forward tha ne posterio th usual n O . r surfac e arer th e afo attachment of flexor hallucis longus is very extensive. The extreme 3 length of the fibula is 414 mm. (16T ^ inches). 36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, DECEMBER 10, 1923. Patella.—The left patella is the only one present, and the appearance aree oinsertior th f afo quadricepe th f no s extensor cruris muscle indicates that this muscl bees eha nvera y powerful one. Bones of the foot.—The astragalus and os calcis of the right foot, and tarsal al metatarsad lan l bones, with three phalange lefe th t f footso , exist. They are strong bones in a good state of preservation, with well-marked muscula articulad ran r facets. The right astragalus measures 64 mm. (2| inches) in total length. e lengtmm.'(Ts 3 nec2 it Th s f ki ho T inch) e indee th Th .s 35'9 xi d an , . angle of its neck is 10°. The left astragalus is 63 mm. (2| inches) in length, and the length of its neck is 23 mm. (^ inch). The index is 39'6, and the angle of the neck is 9°, while the modern adult European astragaloid index varies from 24 to 43 and the angle from 10° to 12°. In both astragali the trochlear surfaces projec slightlya n i t pointed fashion upon the upper surfaces of the necks of the bones. Sternum.—The presterna d mesosternaan l l portionsrare present bu t separate from one another, the level of separation being that of the second costal cartilages. The approximate length of the pre- and meso-sternal portions together is 140 mm. (5J inches), and the greatest width of the pre- sternum is 74 mm. (2^ inches) and of the mesosternum 36 mm. (If inch). Ribs.—The first and last ribs on the right side are the only ones present. On the left side the only one absent is the twelfth. The only feature particularly noticeable is that the upper edges of the necks project markedly upwards as well-marked crests, thereby affording better attachment for ligaments connecting the ribs -with the vertebrae. The stature of the individual, as calculated from the various bones, according to the formulae of Professor Karl Pearson, is :— From femur 1781 mm. (5 feet 10 inches) „ humerus f 7 ) 5 „( „ 1722 „ „ tibia 1777 „ (5 „ 10 „ ) „ radius 1752 „ (5 „ 9 „ ) The intermembral index of 67 points to the fact that the upper limbs were shorter-than the lower limbs, and in proportion to the lower limbs are shorter than those of present-day Europeans. The retroversion of the upper extremities of the tibiae, and the forward prolongatio e loweth f rno articular facet f theso s e bone thao s s t they may rest upo e astragalie neckth nth f o s , sugges e ideth ta thae th t individual may have assumed a squatting position when at rest, and havy ma e walked wit knees hhi s somewhat bent. The skeleton exhibits characters commo othee th no rt skeletal remains recovered from short cistpreserved an s e Anatomicath n di l Museuf mo SHORT STONE CIST FOUND IN KINCARDINESHIRE. 37

the University of Aberdeen. The only characters in which it appears to differ from the mthas i s heighit t fee 5 | ( tinche7 t fee inches5 0 1 o tt s s )i greater than their average heigh fee5 ( inches)t 4 t tha d capacite an ,th t y skuls oit f l (1600 c.c. large)s i r than theirs (average 1458 c.c.). Urn.—The urn (fig. 9) is an example of the low-brimmed type of

1 9. i . Inche 1. s

Fig. 9. Urn from Catterline Cist.

beaker or " drinking-cup," with a distinct neck about the junction of its uppe lowed an r r three-fourths. About three-fourth e brid th m an f o s nearly one-third of the side are missing. The external measurements are as follows:— Height ... (7. | inchesmm 1 ) 19 . Diameter of brim . . . 184 „ (7i „ ) approx. . nec.16 . k 5 „ (6i ) „ bulge . . .178 „ (7 „ ) 5 „9 (3. . f „) „. bas . e

. (thicknesTe % Th inch)mm e wal9 1 th s f .i ls o average Th e . ( TthicknesV inch)mm base 8 1 th s e.f i s o 8 3 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , DECEMBER 10, 1923.

The paste is very coarse and brick-red in colour externally, changing darkea o t r innee browth n rshown no aspect ur surface e s th Th .f o e four band f ornamentatioo s n passing horizontally roun e vesselth d , separated by unornamented areas. The pattern consists of horizontal, vertical cross-hatched an , d lines, which had evidently been executea y db notche impressee ddi clae th y n whildo e soft. Implement.—The implement (fig. 10) of quartzite, which rested near the

Fig. 10. Stone Object from Catterline Cist. (-}.) middle of the right forearm, on the floor of the cist, is part of a sea-beach pebble conicais It .shape in l , wit sidehits s very roughly chippeits dand base formee smootth y db h surfacpebblee th s extremf o It e . e heighs i t 27 mm. (1TV inch), and the diameter of its base is 42 mm. (1TV inch).

TABLE I. Measurements in mm. of Skull from Upper Mains of Catterline, Kimief Catterlined an f , Kincardinesliire. Sex ...... Male Cubic capacity ... . 1600 c.c. . . mm 4 Glabello-occipita18 . . l . length Nasio-inional length .... 179 ,, . .8 . Cephali5 approx . c inde .. x Nasio-inional longitudinal arc . . . 330 mm. -S ^ j-Symphysial height . . .30 . §;S .6Coronoi . 1 . d heigh . t I Condyloid height. . • . . .56 s aj Gonio-symphysial length . . . approx. s£ Breadth of ascending ramus . . .37 %° ICondylo-symphysial length . . . 131 SHORT STONE CIST FOUND IN KINCARDINESHIRE. 39

TABLE II. Measurement Bonef o . f Extremitiesso mm n si . Sex ...... Male Right. Left. Clavicl . e ..7 16 . Scapula Humerus7 . 34 .. 1 35 . Ulna . Radius 273 Radio-humeral index . . 77 "78 Femur:— 5 51 . Maximu... . m lengt. . h Platymeric index ...... 66'25 . Pilasteri... . c. inde . x 113'3 Humero-femora . l inde... . x. 67'4 Tibi— a: Maximum length .... 417 Platycnemic index . . . 60'71 Pemoro-tibial index ... 81 approx. 4 41 ...... Fibula , , 7 6 Intermembra . . l . index It is of interest to mention that the adjoining parishes of Kinneff and Dunnottar, particularly in the neighbourhood of the site of the Upper Mains of Catterline cist, have been very fertile in the production of cists

o similaa f r kind. ( Abou yard0 20 t s north-eas e Catterlinth f o t e site, accordine th o gt information derived from local residents, four stone cists were founn i d far the whicm in a grave Catterlinon the h pit l e discoveredciswas t . Nothing is known of what became of them or their contents except that possibl large yth e cup-and-ring-marked stone notice r BarroD y df b n o Dunnotta e farmhousth t a r f Uppeo e r Main f Catterlineo sw no d an , presented by him to the Anthropological Museum of Aberdeen University, may have been associated with these burials. That stone is now placed alongside of the Catterline cist in that Museum. At Cosey Corner, 1 mile south and near the sixth milestone from Stonehaven, several cists and urns were recovered within living memory in a gravel mound that was being removed. t John'S e caire sAbouth th yearHilopeneds n 0 no o l15 wa t sag d ,an istont thera n i s eewa cist containing " rich black earth havin mixturga e of half-burnt charcoak bone oa bitd f san so l withou kiny an tf urn.d o " (Statistical Account of Scotland, 1796.) At and near the Law of Largie, 2| miles south, others are recorded as having been found. farOe nth Auchindricf m o cisto htw s were exposed—one betweee nth 40 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , .DECEMBER 10, 1923. e farmhous f Largith o d w an e f AuchiridrichLa o e e otheth , r further north (Ordnance Survey Map, 1901). Not far from these, in a field on the farm of Pitcarry, tradition has it that a stone cist was unearthed. A stone founs cistwa d nea site Druid'f rth eo s Camp, Druidsdale. e paristh f Dunnottarn o hI d alsan o,e mile4 th withi r f o o s 3 n Catterline site, the following finds have been recorded :—Stone cist and urn found at Kernoon ; stone cist and urn on the farm of Lampool, near north-wese e Locth th f Lumgairf ho o d ten 1864n i , ; stonn eur cisd tan 200 yards north-east of the last one, in 1859; stone cist and urns at Burns' grandfather's far Clochnahillf mo ;t Brucklaywaira ston n eur cisd an t d; t Carmonta ston n ur e d cis;an t stone urnd cis t an Garbertstrypesta s ; stone cist and urn near Lindsayfield. As to the date of " short cist" burials in the North-east of Scotland, it is impossibl t presenea definity como t an o et e conclusion agree w t e ,bu with most archaeologists in thinking that these burials date about the middl r perhapeo e earlieth s re secon parth f o td millennium B.C.