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A 151–153, 156–159, 165, 171, Aapengnuo, Clement, 7, 79, 215, 216 201, 206, 207, 210, 211, 224, Abbala Arabs, 72, 101, 141, 144 227, 228, 233, 242 Abbink, Jon, 105, 106 Africa Watch, 113, 117, 125, 130, Abdul-Jalil, Musa Adam, 13, 49, 85, 133, 138 106, 107, 116, 120, 124, 144, Ajawid, 188, 193–197 188, 189, 193, 194, 196, 197, Akiwumi Commission, 96 199–203, 206–208, 220 al-Bashir, Omar, 16, 85, 86, 109, 113, Abushok, 35, 37, 38 120, 124, 128, 140, 201, 203, Abyei, 182, 183 206, 218 Abyssinia, 34, 47, 50 al-Mahdi, Sadiq, 81, 85, 86, 109–112, Accountability, 16, 18, 90, 94, 95, 114, 117, 118, 120, 125–130, 101, 132, 217, 230, 236, 242 135, 136, 141, 179, 201, 205 Addis Ababa, 13, 16, 38, 48, 82, 88, Amhara, 59, 88, 91, 94, 108, 149, 90, 147, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 184, 191, 230 157, 182, 190–192, 211, 223, Amsalu, Desalegn, 14, 88, 89 235 Ancient hatred, 2, 7 Addis Ababa Agreement, 110, 118 Andres, Aileen, 63, 66, 67, 100 Adebo, Tarekegn, 21, 87, 103, 104, Anglo-Egyptian, 33, 39 147, 153 Ansar, 117, 118, 128, 143 Administration, 6, 9, 16, 26, 30–32, Arab alliance/Arab congregation/ 34–36, 43, 47, 48, 57, 59, Arab congress/Arab gathering, 81–86, 89, 90, 93–95, 97, 103, 121, 136, 141, 205, 212 104, 106–112, 115, 120, 122, Arab and Fur peace agreement, 136 124, 128, 130, 133, 145, 149, Arab-Fur war, 97, 124, 127, 135, 233

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 261 to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 T. Etefa, The Origins of Ethnic Confict in Africa, African Histories and Modernities, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10540-2 262 Index

Arabs, 2, 11, 15, 30, 33, 43, 50, 157, 159, 184, 190, 210, 223, 59, 64, 80, 81, 86, 98, 104, 228, 234 107, 110, 113–121, 123–125, Benishangul People Liberation 127, 130, 131, 136–138, 140, Movement (BPLM), 156, 157 142–145, 153, 163, 182, 201, Blame, 3, 11, 19, 45, 97, 130, 238 202, 204, 205, 207, 212, 218, Blue Nile River, 8, 9, 30, 31, 35, 49, 232 90, 94, 177, 191, 210 Arega, Addisu, 14, 82, 90, 91, 104, Border, 5, 26, 30–34, 58, 64, 73, 78, 105, 149, 151, 152, 154–156 83, 84, 87, 88, 90, 92, 97–99, Arms, 10, 12, 13, 15, 73, 85, 88, 104, 103–105, 108, 116, 121, 123, 105, 120, 132, 141, 162, 163, 126, 129, 135, 149, 153, 156, 178, 180, 218 167, 177, 185, 195, 206, 229, Arms smuggling, 16, 26, 65, 82, 83, 236 85, 108, 137, 168, 177, 235, 236 Borderland, 8, 9, 25, 34, 37, 47, 78 Assosa, 62 Boundary, 4, 41, 47, 51, 91, 92, 97, Awi/Agaw, 14, 30, 73, 88, 156, 191 98, 101, 108, 148, 150, 156, 195, 228, 229, 232, 237 British, 4, 26, 31–33, 39–44, 50, 51, B 54, 63, 130, 180, 189, 200, 212 Babanusa, 116 British multinational Sun Biofuels, 78 Badmus, Isiaka Alani, 59, 60 Brown, Michael, 2, 8, 9, 13 Baggara/Baqqara, 16, 24, 30, 104, Bulad, Yaya Daud, 139, 202 111–118, 123–127, 130, 133, Bulan, 48, 62, 147, 210 137, 139, 141, 143, 179, 182, Bura Agricultural Scheme, 168 183, 204, 212, 213 Bahr al-Ghazal, 110, 112 Bakare, Moroda, 35, 94 C Bakheit, Yousif, 121 Capacity building, 226 Balaya, 38 Central government, 7, 25, 47, 58, Balcha, Berhanu, 156–159 64, 78, 102, 107, 108, 119, 121– Bandits/Banditry, 3, 5, 10, 19, 47, 60, 123, 125, 126, 129, 136–138, 65, 84, 98, 99, 103, 116, 129, 141, 143, 154, 157, 158, 161, 163, 165–168 175, 178, 181–185, 207, 218, Bani Halba, 139 221, 227, 231 Barta, 9, 30, 37, 156–159 Chad/Chadian, 15, 26, 29, 32, 46, Bekele, Semegnew, 79 50, 58, 64, 80, 82–85, 98, 99, Belojaganfoy, 90, 91, 93, 104, 105, 107, 110, 117–119, 123, 124, 147, 149, 150, 152, 156, 228 127–129, 135–138, 143, 203, Benishangul-Gumuz, 9, 15, 16, 26, 205, 233 29, 30, 32, 47, 53, 54, 59, 62, Chufa, Yegzaw, 38 64, 78, 87–93, 95, 96, 98, 102, Climate change, 8–13, 234 104–106, 108, 148–152, 156, Closed door policy, 44 Index 263

Collins, Robert, 13, 44, 75, 84–86, de Waal, Alex, 11, 13, 44, 49, 58, 60, 110, 112, 114, 117, 119, 120, 109, 111, 114–120, 125, 132, 124, 126–129, 135, 143, 178, 133, 140, 141, 206, 208, 212, 201, 203 213, 233, 234, 237, 240, 242 Colonial, 1, 2, 4, 17, 26, 30, 36, 39– Dibati, 147, 213 41, 43, 44, 46, 51, 52, 57–60, Dinar, Ali, 13, 30, 33, 232 63, 65, 92, 116, 121, 158, 169, Dinka, 111–116, 118, 120, 129, 138, 179, 197, 200, 224, 230, 238 179–183, 204, 207, 212, 213 Constitution, 6, 10, 66, 97, 242 Disputes, 4, 5, 14, 16, 24, 58, 72, 75, Corbera, Esteve, 69, 70, 76, 169–171 82, 92, 98, 101, 107, 111, 115, Corruption, 16, 87, 115, 168, 225 117, 145, 148, 150, 187, 188, Councils, 27, 74, 83, 85, 97, 101, 190, 192, 194–196, 199, 201, 110, 115, 124, 136, 138, 157, 206, 215, 224, 228, 229, 231, 159, 175, 190, 192–196, 204 232, 234, 242 Court, 82, 85, 86, 105, 115, 187, Diya, 188, 207 188, 191–193, 196–198, 201, Draige, Ahmed, 12, 122 203–206, 212, 231–234 Drought, 10, 70, 102, 107, 109, 116, Cromer, Lord, 32 118, 119, 123, 139, 140, 169, Crosby, Oscar, 47 195, 204–206, 217, 233 Duvail, Stéphanie, 32, 65, 66, 102

D Daly, Martin, 12, 32, 33, 39, 43, 45, E 46, 60, 61, 110, 113, 119, 139, Early warning, 12, 25, 97, 239 145, 178, 202, 204, 205, 212, East Africa, 1, 31, 40, 49, 68, 70, 72, 213 154, 236 Darfur, 2, 6–9, 11–16, 21, 24–27, Economic, 1, 2, 6, 7, 15, 18, 20, 29, 30, 32–34, 42–46, 48–51, 26, 32, 41, 45, 52, 54, 58–60, 53, 55, 58–62, 64, 67, 72, 80, 78–80, 82, 84, 98, 106, 110, 81, 83–88, 96–98, 102, 106, 116, 118, 130–133, 135, 150, 107, 109–120, 122–130, 133, 168, 174, 198, 208, 216–219, 135–137, 139–145, 153, 177, 221–225, 230, 232, 237, 239, 178, 185, 188, 197, 199–201, 241 203–206, 208, 209, 212, 213, Egyptians, 41, 50, 157 217, 218, 226, 231–237, 239, Elbadawi, Ibrahim, 7, 79, 80, 198 240, 242 El-Battahani, Atta, 13, 29, 58, 83, 85, Darfur Development Front, 122 122, 123, 127, 202–209 Dar Hagar, 59 Elders/Elder’s council, 14, 24, 72, 73, Darro-Dimtu, 149, 151 83, 85, 97, 99, 105, 115, 116, Deby, Idriss, 85, 128 120, 129, 154, 162, 168, 171, Democratic, 8, 15, 79, 86, 102, 104, 182, 187, 188, 190, 192, 193, 106, 136, 167, 198, 216–219, 196, 199, 201, 207–210, 213, 221, 242 216, 231, 232, 234, 235, 237 264 Index

Election, 3, 5, 6, 16, 19, 20, 76, 85, F 92, 96, 101, 103, 106, 108, 128, Failure, 7, 12, 19, 25, 26, 45, 49, 55, 136, 161, 162, 166, 167, 170– 61, 67, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 96, 173, 175, 181, 215, 217, 220, 97, 100, 104, 121, 144, 167, 223, 224, 226, 229, 232, 242 169, 172, 174, 183, 189, 206, El Fasher, 34 218, 220, 227, 229, 231, 234 Elites, 7, 9, 17–19, 21–24, 54, 60, 69, Famaka, 34, 36 89, 91, 108, 131, 132, 136, 138, Famine, 10–12, 80, 83, 84, 107, 109, 149, 150, 153, 156, 161, 170, 110, 116, 118, 119, 128, 129, 171, 208, 210, 215, 216, 218, 135, 138–140, 164, 168, 169, 220, 225, 227, 229, 237, 238 183, 191, 201, 203, 206, 217, El-Nur, Saf, 35, 140, 141 234 El-Obeid, 55, 122 Faris, Stephan, 11 El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman, 13, 96, Farmland, 4, 14, 15, 24, 69, 74, 89, 218 90, 99, 114, 127, 145, 161, 178, Ethiopia, 1, 8, 9, 13–16, 21, 25, 26, 179, 195, 222 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 47–54, 57, Fearon, James D., 18, 24 59, 62, 64, 65, 67–69, 72, 78, Federal/Federalism, 16, 21, 30, 46, 83, 87–90, 92, 94–96, 102, 53, 54, 60, 62, 87–90, 92–95, 103, 106, 108, 147–149, 152, 104, 105, 108, 141, 147–150, 154–159, 161, 177, 178, 184, 152, 154–158, 163, 166, 180, 189–192, 210, 211, 213, 214, 184, 207, 219, 221, 228, 229, 216, 219, 221, 223, 226–229, 234, 235, 241, 242 231, 234–237 Fekadu, Gemeda, 88, 90, 147, 149, Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary 235, 237 Democratic Front (EPRDF), 21, Flint, Julie, 58, 140, 141, 208, 212, 156 213 Ethnic confict/Ethnic/Ethnicity/ Fujii, Lee Ann, 22, 23 Ethnic clashes, 1–3, 5–11, 16–23, Funj, 30, 31, 34–36, 49, 50 25, 26, 33, 52, 58, 61, 66, 69, Fur, 11–13, 15, 16, 24, 29, 30, 33, 76, 79, 80, 83, 86, 88, 89, 41, 62, 72, 86, 101, 114, 117– 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 101, 102, 130, 133, 136–140, 143–146, 105, 107, 108, 121, 123, 126, 178, 179, 189, 200, 202, 205, 132, 133, 139, 141, 142, 159, 206, 212, 213 161, 162, 167–169, 177, 190, 207, 209, 210, 212, 215, 216, 218, 220, 221, 228–230, 233, G 240–242 Gada, 40–42, 52, 63, 102, 192 Ethnic diversity, 7, 9, 198, 215 Gaddaf, Muammar, 11, 81, 111, 117, Excessive force, 172, 227, 230, 239 123, 128, 137 Exclusion, 1, 8, 9, 18, 25, 53–55, 64, Galessa, 213 79, 86, 106, 108, 120, 122, 123, Galole, 31, 92, 173 219, 224 Garissa, 68, 92 Index 265

Garsen, 63, 92, 163, 166, 176 Guba, 30, 31, 34–39, 47–51, 190 Gasa, 27, 192, 195, 196, 211, 214 Gumuz, 8, 9, 14–16, 18, 21, 26, Gate keepers, 51 30, 31, 34, 36, 48, 51, 53, 54, Gebremichael, Mesfn, 16, 87, 89, 78, 79, 82, 87–91, 93–95, 99, 93–95, 105, 234 103–105, 108, 135, 147–159, Genuine, 26, 79, 80, 167, 168, 196, 177, 184, 185, 189–191, 210, 199, 217, 219, 221, 225, 229, 211, 213, 214, 223, 228, 229, 236, 240–242 234–237 Gezira, 58 Guyo, Fatuma, 41, 51 Ghule, 36 Gibe Oromo states, 49 Globalization, 69, 77, 98, 108, 162, H 163, 168, 169, 199 Hagar, 59 Godhana, Dhadho, 92, 173–175 Haji, Yusuf, 92, 173 Gojjam, 35, 37, 38, 62, 90, 91, 93 Hakura, 119, 194, 195 Golden triangle, Arab triangle, 44 Hamdan, 31, 34–38, 48 González-Ruibal, Alfredo, 78, 79, 94, Hamitic myth, 238 223, 229, 234, 235 Harir, Sharif, 11, 119–121, 126, 137 Goriba Gudina, 153 Haro Limmu, 21, 87, 90, 147 Governance, 10, 16, 20, 25, 47, 70, Hassan, Ibrahim Suleiman, 6, 13, 71, 80, 83, 94, 99, 106, 107, 17, 58, 96, 140–142, 147, 212, 126, 192, 198, 202, 214, 216, 217–220, 231, 234 233, 240 Hayu, 192 Government, 2, 3, 8–18, 20, 21, 24– Heligoland Treaty, 39 26, 34, 36, 37, 40, 43–48, 54, Hilal, Musa, 81, 141, 142, 144, 235 57–59, 61, 64–69, 71–78, 80–92, Hola town, 163 94–107, 109–112, 114–118, Horawata, 91, 105, 152, 235 120–127, 129–133, 136–145, Horn, 10, 12, 25, 50, 70, 72, 109, 147, 148, 153, 155, 157, 159, 165, 178, 180, 199, 203, 221, 162, 165, 167, 169, 171–175, 231, 235–238, 242 178–185, 187, 189, 194, 196, Human Rights Watch, 116, 125, 130, 199–209, 211–214, 216–219, 138, 139, 141–143, 145, 146, 221–228, 230–241 157, 172, 174, 227 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, 8, Humr, 110, 115, 131, 180–183, 31, 78 208 Grassroots, 82, 123, 141, 151, 185, 187, 191, 192, 196, 198, 203–206, 216, 231–234 I Grievance, 6–8, 15, 18, 26, 55, 57, Ibisa, 27, 196, 214 82, 97, 102, 120, 122, 139, 148, Ijara, 68, 92, 173 161, 165, 170, 213, 216, 217, IMF-SAPs, 77 225, 230, 238, 240 Inclusive, 242 266 Index

Incorporation, 25, 26, 29, 32, 42, Justice, 2, 77, 80, 87, 92, 95, 96, 102, 46–48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 200 111, 143, 146, 175, 187, 189, Independence, 5, 7, 19, 26, 43–46, 197, 200, 205, 208, 213, 214, 55, 57–61, 63, 65, 77, 116, 223, 229, 235, 236, 239 122, 124, 125, 165, 180, 181, Justice and Equality Movement, 130, 199–201, 218, 223–225, 238, 143 239 Indian Ocean, 31, 40, 63, 177 Indigenous, 7, 13, 42, 58, 68, 70, 79, K 83, 97, 102, 110, 115, 117, 135, Kagwanja, Peter Mwangi, 69, 98, 162, 156, 179, 187, 196, 199, 201, 163, 165, 166, 169, 171 206, 209, 216 Kahl, Colin, 1, 19 Infrastructure, 1, 25, 45, 53, 57, 58, Kailek town, 145, 146 63, 69, 77, 79, 100, 107, 108, Kamashi, 82, 93, 147, 150, 151, 190, 156, 168, 216, 240 211 Institution/Institutional, 3, 4, 6, 12, Kankure, Kanani Jibat, 21, 87, 103, 19, 27, 29, 42, 44, 52, 55, 66, 104, 147 79, 82, 83, 86, 89, 95, 97, 101, Kassala, 44 104, 107, 108, 115, 122, 132, Kefale, Asnake, 148, 150, 151 140, 148, 152, 165, 167, 187, Keller, Edmund, 55, 59 189–192, 197, 198, 201, 203, Kelly, Hilarie, 40, 63 207–209, 211, 216, 217, 219, Kenya, 2–6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 221, 224, 225, 229, 231, 239, 19, 20, 25, 26, 31, 32, 39–41, 240 51–54, 57, 62–72, 74, 76, 77, Intergovernmental Authority on 83, 92, 97, 98, 100–102, 106, Development (IGAD), 12, 217, 137, 161–163, 165–169, 172, 236 173, 175, 178–180, 184, 185, Islamic Legion, 85, 86, 119, 120, 123, 195, 198, 208, 212, 214, 216, 124, 128, 143 219, 221–223, 225–228, 231, Ismagilova, Roza, 215, 216 235–237, 241 Kenyan African National Union (KANU), 20, 167 J Kenyan Jurists, 17, 20 Janjaweed, Janjawiid, 8, 26, 81, 82, Kenyatta, Jomo, 17 109, 119, 120, 124, 139, 140, Kenyatta, Uhuru, 95 142–147, 218, 235 Khalid, Mansour, 6, 11, 217 Jebel Marra, 15, 25, 29, 41, 123–127, Khalifa, 39, 125 133, 136, 141, 145, 206 Khartoum, 12, 32, 35, 43–45, 47, Juba River, 40, 42 57–59, 61, 64, 84, 110, 112, Judiya, 27, 187–190, 193–197, 199, 118, 121–123, 126, 127, 130, 205, 206, 208, 209 136, 138–141, 144, 157, Index 267

200–202, 207, 209, 212, 213, Law and order, 12, 43, 83–85, 94, 218, 231–233, 237 96, 97, 101, 109, 118, 135, 140, Khomosha, 30, 36 146, 233 Kiambere dam, 168, 222 Law enforcement, 16, 26, 62, 105, Kibaki, Mwai, 67, 68, 97, 100, 165, 114, 146, 153, 173, 216, 172 225–227 Kiir River, 116, 117, 195 Libya, 29, 58, 64, 81, 83, 85, 102, Kijo, 192 107, 111, 117–121, 123, Kilelengwani, 176 126–129 Kimenyi, Mwangi S., 5, 16, 75, 76 Local government, 36, 83, 86, 91, 97, Ki-Moon, Ban, 11 115, 120, 122, 123, 144, 150, Kipini, 166 193, 196, 201, 204, 205, 228, Kirchner, Katja, 5, 52, 97, 211 232 Kobbe, 50 Long history of confict, 2, 3, 6 Komey, Guma Kunda, 67, 182 Kordofan, 33, 44, 45, 67, 84, 110, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 119, M 121, 122, 180, 188, 208, 212, Maathai, Wangari, 59, 60 213 Malkas, 15, 161 Korokoro, 4 Mamdani, Mahmood, 6, 7, 22, 44, 46, Kosti, 44 58–60, 187, 189 Kuperman, Alan, 6, 221 Mangama, 27, 190, 214 Manipulation, 1, 8, 20, 21, 46, 58, 75, 83, 84, 107, 115, 124, 158, 185, L 187, 202–205, 211, 216, 231, Laitin, David D., 18, 24 234, 237 Lamu, 5, 63, 68, 77 Mankush, 38 Land adjudication, 65, 66, 68, 74, 75, Marginalization/Marginalized, 1, 6, 169–171 8, 13, 18, 25, 26, 29, 42, 53, 54, Land/Land grab, 3, 6, 8, 14–17, 58, 60, 77, 107, 108, 121, 126, 24–26, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 44, 144, 167, 175, 217, 219, 221, 49, 58, 65–79, 90, 91, 96, 99, 225, 239, 242 101, 106, 108, 116, 119, 120, Markakis, John, 1, 21, 48, 53, 72, 78, 123, 126, 127, 140, 143, 145, 102, 103, 154, 178, 210 149, 152, 154, 169–171, 175, Martin, Pilly, 3, 7, 12, 74, 97, 100, 178–180, 183, 184, 194, 195, 101, 192 198, 201, 205, 215, 222–226, Masalit, 13, 30, 33, 86, 123, 139, 228, 232, 233, 241 141, 144, 204 Land Review Commission, 169 Matadheda, 27, 97, 192, 195, 196, Lavers, Tom, 184 211 268 Index

Matakkal, 48, 94, 191, 192, 211, 223 N McCauley, John, 8, 79 Nairobi, 2, 5, 10, 25, 57, 65, 69, 71, Mechanism, 7, 8, 27, 42, 71, 73, 87, 146, 163, 167, 226 88, 97, 101, 102, 108, 110, 114, Naqamte, 35, 94, 152 115, 117, 135, 138, 177, 179, Nasir, Fadllala Burma, 110, 111 185, 187–189, 191, 196–199, National Islamic Front (NIF), 12, 205, 206, 208, 215–217, 221, 102, 113, 114, 133, 139, 157, 231, 232, 234, 235, 239 201–203, 206, 220 Menelik, 31, 37–39, 47 Native Administration (NA), 43, 49, Mercenaries, 98, 99, 105, 128, 166, 107, 114, 115, 144, 189, 195, 167, 236 197, 200–203, 206, 208, 213 Michu, 27, 152, 191, 192, 211, 214 Natsios, Andrew, 29, 44, 45, 64, 124, Migrants, 15, 59, 90, 98, 99, 119, 139, 146 123, 127, 166, 171, 203, 207 Nazir, 181, 193, 196, 200, 212, 213 Milishiyat, 119 Ndung’u, Njuguna S., 5, 16, 68, 69, Militia, 8, 13, 14, 16, 26, 80, 81, 87, 75, 76 93, 102, 103, 107–114, 116– Ndung’u Report, 223 120, 124, 125, 127, 129–133, Neglect, 6, 8, 13, 18, 25, 26, 34, 37, 135, 139–141, 143, 144, 146, 42, 45, 46, 51, 53, 55, 58, 64, 151, 153, 158, 165–167, 172, 65, 77, 106, 108, 189, 199, 201, 175, 179, 182, 195, 204, 205, 219, 239 209, 211, 228, 232, 239 Neighbors, 2, 21, 24, 25, 64, 111, Missiriya, 110, 112, 181 113, 131, 138, 146, 166, 182, Mobilization, 7, 20, 69, 141, 142, 184, 185, 204, 232 145, 200 Nimayri, Jaafar, 83, 85, 102, 110, Mohamed, Adam Azzain, 13, 60, 115 114–118, 122, 128, 133 Moi, Daniel arap, 97, 100, 167, 179 Non-Arabs, 2, 11, 64, 80, 81, 86, Mombasa, 16, 63, 65, 77, 163, 166, 107, 115, 120, 121, 123, 126, 168, 171 130, 131, 140, 177, 203, 205, Mombasa Republican Council, 175 213, 217, 218, 234, 237 Mondo, Luigi, 34, 35, 38 North Darfur, 13, 29, 30, 101, 119, Morton, James, 14, 86, 216, 233 140, 143, 144, 147, 179, 189, Muglad, 111, 113 195, 220, 235 Multiparty, 5, 20, 92, 101, 161, 162, Northern Frontier District (NFD), 51 165–167, 224 Nuba Mountains, 67, 110, 112, 124, Mumias Sugar Company, 66, 68 182, 183, 202 Murahaleen, 26, 109, 111, 113, 114, Nyala, 29, 55, 114, 136, 144 116, 117, 119, 129, 130, 132, 133, 138, 140, 143, 146, 179, 204, 213, 232 O Muslims for Human Rights O’Fahey, Sean Rex, 12, 61, 62, 119, (MUHURI), 65, 166 232, 233 Myers, Linda, 198, 231 Omda, 193, 200 Index 269

Omdurman, 39, 84, 125 Persecution, 128, 229 Orma, 2, 3, 6, 10, 15–17, 31, 40, 42, Pickmeier, Uli, 3, 4, 69 51–53, 63, 65–76, 92, 94–97, 99, Pokomo, 2–6, 8–10, 14, 16, 17, 26, 101–103, 162–165, 167–177, 31, 32, 41, 42, 44, 53, 63, 65, 179, 180, 192, 195, 198, 199, 68–76, 92, 94–96, 99–102, 137, 226 161–164, 166, 168–180, 183, Oromia, 8, 9, 18, 21, 25–27, 30, 35, 192, 196, 198, 199, 224, 226, 37, 49, 51, 54, 82, 83, 87, 88, 235, 241 90–93, 95, 96, 102, 104, 108, Polarization, 108, 133, 163, 219 135, 147–151, 153, 154, 156, Political/Politics, 1–9, 11–21, 23, 25, 158, 159, 184, 187, 192, 226, 26, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 52, 228, 229, 236, 239, 240, 242 54, 57–59, 61, 63, 65, 66, 69, Oromo, 2–6, 8, 9, 14–18, 21, 26, 74, 75, 79, 80, 82, 84, 89–91, 30–32, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44, 94, 96–98, 100, 101, 103, 49–51, 53, 54, 65, 70–73, 75, 106–108, 117, 118, 121–125, 82, 87–91, 93–95, 102–105, 108, 127, 131–133, 135, 148, 149, 135, 137, 147–156, 159, 161, 151, 153, 155–159, 161–163, 162, 168, 175, 177–179, 184, 165–170, 172–175, 178, 181, 189, 191, 192, 196, 198, 199, 183–185, 187, 198, 203, 204, 210, 211, 213, 215, 216, 221, 207–209, 211, 212, 215–223, 224, 227–230, 235–237, 241 225–227, 230–233, 235, (OLF), 15, 237–240, 242 102, 103, 108, 154, 168, 178, Political solutions, 217 210, 237 Popular Defence Act, 113 Orvis, Stephen, 161, 162 Practical Action, 164, 165 Precursor, 12, 26, 89, 106, 109, 239 Prendergast, John, 59, 113, 140 P Prins, Adriaan Hendrik Johan, 162 Pan-Arab ideology, 85, 111, 120 Prunier, Gérald, 44 Pastoral/Pastoralist, 3, 5, 10, 14, 26, 31, 32, 40, 49, 51, 52, 58, 63, 66–68, 70, 72–75, 99, 100, 108, Q 117, 124, 126, 136, 164, 165, Qarsa Dalatti, 104 171, 180–182, 224 Pawe, 62, 147 Peacebuilding, 12, 22, 82, 187, 199, R 203 Rebels, 15, 40, 80, 85, 110, 123, Periphery, 21, 25, 42, 45, 47, 49, 127–129, 135, 143–145, 181, 53–55, 58, 64, 78, 185, 217, 239 205, 206, 221, 237 Perpetrators, 197, 226, 235 Red Sea, 31, 34, 49, 50, 127 270 Index

Region/Regional, 1, 2, 6, 8–17, 25, Shinn, David, 231 29–32, 34, 36–39, 41–43, 45–53, Siyaha, 189, 190, 195 58–66, 69, 70, 75, 77, 78, Smalley, Rebecca, 69, 76, 169, 170 80–82, 84, 87–95, 98–100, 102, Somalia, 26, 32, 42, 52, 65, 98, 108, 103, 105, 106, 108, 117, 119, 162, 166, 171, 175, 177, 180, 121–123, 125–127, 129, 136– 203, 236 138, 141, 147–154, 156–159, Somalis, 32, 42, 65, 99, 162, 163, 163, 165, 167, 168, 171, 175, 165, 175 180, 182–184, 189–191, 196, South Darfur, 29, 30, 46, 113, 141, 200, 201, 205–208, 210, 214, 143, 146, 212, 213 217, 218, 222, 223, 226, 228, South Sudan, 15, 29, 64, 80, 89, 113, 119, 230, 234, 236, 237, 242 124, 139, 202, 204, 212, 237 Responsibility, 10, 18, 94, 95, 98, Soyinka, Wole, 81 101, 129, 136, 137, 165, 188, Spaulding, Jay, 31, 35 194, 206, 217, 230, 235, 236 Sudan, 6, 8, 11–13, 15, 16, 21, 26, Revenge, 24, 128, 156, 176, 178, 29–32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 42–48, 179, 181, 197, 212, 213 50, 51, 53, 54, 57–64, 67, 69, Riverine/Riverain, 59, 61, 122, 127 72, 78, 80, 81, 83–86, 88, 96, Rizayqat/Rizaiqat/Riziygat, 114, 106, 107, 110–130, 132, 136, 130, 131, 204, 212 138–147, 154, 157, 161, 178– Rwanda, 22, 216, 238, 240 180, 182, 183, 188, 200–205, , 7, 21, 220, 238, 214, 217–221, 223, 224, 226, 240 228, 231–234, 236, 237 Sudanic Africa, 49, 50 Sudan Liberation Army, 109, 143 S Sudan People’s Liberation Army Sachs, Jeffrey, 11 (SPLA), 110 Saeed Mahmoud Ibrahim Mussa Sugge, 153, 229 Madibu, 212 Sahel, 81, 127 Salih, M.A. Mohamed, 115, 180 T Sambanis, Nicholas, 5, 7, 15, 76, 80, Tafa, Bairu, 59 198 Takla Haymanot, 35, 37, 38 Sassigga, 90 Tana and Athi River Development Schuver, Juan, 34 Authority (TARDA), 67 Security personnel, 166, 216 Tana Delta, 2–6, 8–10, 14, 17, 25–27, Sennar/Sinnar, 30, 31, 35, 36, 45 29, 31, 32, 41, 42, 44, 52, September laws, 110 63–65, 68–71, 74, 77, 79, 83, Sese, Tijani, 133 92, 96–99, 101–103, 108, 137, Shambas, 15, 161 162, 166, 168–171, 173–177, Shartay, 193 183, 184, 187, 192, 208, 211, Shinasha, 30, 37, 156, 157, 159, 191, 212, 222–224, 226, 227, 230, 210, 211 235, 236, 239–242 Index 271

Tana River, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 16, W 31, 32, 40–42, 51, 62, 63, 65, Wadai, 49, 50, 64 67–72, 74, 75, 77, 92, 94–101, Wajir, 68 162–166, 168, 169, 171, 174, Wallaga State Farm, 90 177–179, 185, 192, 198, 222, Wanbara, 37, 38, 47, 62, 153 224, 227 Wanyande, Peter, 25, 242 Tanner, Victor, 53, 85, 116, 124, 144, Wardei Oromo, 17, 99, 163 188, 189 “War of the Tribes”, 129, 178 Tigrian Peoples’ Liberation Front Wasara, Samson, 10, 70, 109, 236 (TPLF), 157, 158 Weldemariam, Alemayehu, 88 Tissa, 190 Werner, Alice, 4, 42, 162 Tolle, 149, 150, 152 Wild West, 84 Townsend, Norman, 4, 41, 63, 71, Williams, Paul, 23, 25 72, 75, 102 Wingate, Reginald, 32 Traditional, 14, 15, 34, 41, 66, 71, Witu, 40 75, 83, 85–87, 89, 97, 100, 101, World Bank, 5, 69, 76, 77, 168, 170, 111, 115, 116, 130, 144, 178, 222, 240 187, 189, 191, 196–205, 208, 209, 211, 212, 231–234 Transparent, 78, 222, 242 Y The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Yaso, 21, 87, 90, 103, 105, 147, 149 Commission, 76 Yohannes IV, 38 Tubiana, Jérôme, 53, 61, 62, 85, 116, Young, Helen, 21, 61, 131 119, 124, 144, 188, 189, 233 Young, John, 62, 149 Turco-Egyptian, 34, 36, 37, 43, 180

Z U Zaghawa, 13, 30, 128, 131, 189, 204, Umma, 61, 64, 84, 85, 102, 111, 208, 236 117, 118, 122, 128, 130, 133, Zalingei, 46, 125, 136 136, 139, 201, 206, 209 Zanzibar, 39–41, 49 Zartman, William, 18, 23, 230, 240 Zeleza, Paul, 2, 57, 74 V Valley of the Nile, 44 Violence, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 16, 18–21, 23, 25, 26, 73, 75, 76, 79, 80, 83, 88, 89, 91–94, 96–101, 106, 135, 147–149, 155, 158, 159, 161–165, 167–169, 171–174, 176, 178, 180, 187, 188, 192, 196, 208, 213, 216, 221, 224–227, 229–232, 239–242