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St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron Williams Honors College, Honors Research The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Projects College Spring 2020 St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death Christopher Choma [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Christianity Commons, Epistemology Commons, European History Commons, History of Philosophy Commons, History of Religion Commons, Metaphysics Commons, Philosophy of Mind Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Recommended Citation Choma, Christopher, "St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death" (2020). Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects. 1048. https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/1048 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Williams Honors College, Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. 1 St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas on the Mind, Body, and Life After Death By: Christopher Choma Sponsored by: Dr. Joseph Li Vecchi Readers: Dr. Howard Ducharme Dr. Nathan Blackerby 2 Table of Contents Introduction p. 4 Section One: Three General Views of Human Nature p. -
Unification of Italy 1792 to 1925 French Revolutionary Wars to Mussolini
UNIFICATION OF ITALY 1792 TO 1925 FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS TO MUSSOLINI ERA SUMMARY – UNIFICATION OF ITALY Divided Italy—From the Age of Charlemagne to the 19th century, Italy was divided into northern, central and, southern kingdoms. Northern Italy was composed of independent duchies and city-states that were part of the Holy Roman Empire; the Papal States of central Italy were ruled by the Pope; and southern Italy had been ruled as an independent Kingdom since the Norman conquest of 1059. The language, culture, and government of each region developed independently so the idea of a united Italy did not gain popularity until the 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars wreaked havoc on the traditional order. Italian Unification, also known as "Risorgimento", refers to the period between 1848 and 1870 during which all the kingdoms on the Italian Peninsula were united under a single ruler. The most well-known character associated with the unification of Italy is Garibaldi, an Italian hero who fought dozens of battles for Italy and overthrew the kingdom of Sicily with a small band of patriots, but this romantic story obscures a much more complicated history. The real masterminds of Italian unity were not revolutionaries, but a group of ministers from the kingdom of Sardinia who managed to bring about an Italian political union governed by ITALY BEFORE UNIFICATION, 1792 B.C. themselves. Military expeditions played an important role in the creation of a United Italy, but so did secret societies, bribery, back-room agreements, foreign alliances, and financial opportunism. Italy and the French Revolution—The real story of the Unification of Italy began with the French conquest of Italy during the French Revolutionary Wars. -
Pius Ix and the Change in Papal Authority in the Nineteenth Century
ABSTRACT ONE MAN’S STRUGGLE: PIUS IX AND THE CHANGE IN PAPAL AUTHORITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Andrew Paul Dinovo This thesis examines papal authority in the nineteenth century in three sections. The first examines papal issues within the world at large, specifically those that focus on the role of the Church within the political state. The second section concentrates on the authority of Pius IX on the Italian peninsula in the mid-nineteenth century. The third and final section of the thesis focuses on the inevitable loss of the Papal States within the context of the Vatican Council of 1869-1870. Select papal encyclicals from 1859 to 1871 and the official documents of the Vatican Council of 1869-1870 are examined in light of their relevance to the change in the nature of papal authority. Supplementing these changes is a variety of seminal secondary sources from noted papal scholars. Ultimately, this thesis reveals that this change in papal authority became a point of contention within the Church in the twentieth century. ONE MAN’S STRUGGLE: PIUS IX AND THE CHANGE IN PAPAL AUTHORITY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History by Andrew Paul Dinovo Miami University Oxford, OH 2004 Advisor____________________________________________ Dr. Sheldon Anderson Reader_____________________________________________ Dr. Wietse de Boer Reader_____________________________________________ Dr. George Vascik Contents Section I: Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1 Section II: Primary Sources……………………………………………………………….5 Section III: Historiography……...………………………………………………………...8 Section IV: Issues of Church and State: Boniface VIII and Unam Sanctam...…………..13 Section V: The Pope in Italy: Political Papal Encyclicals….……………………………20 Section IV: The Loss of the Papal States: The Vatican Council………………...………41 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..55 ii I. -
An Introduction to Catholicism
This page intentionally left blank AN INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLICISM The Vatican. The Inquisition. Contraception. Celibacy. Apparitions and miracles. Plots and scandals. The Catholic Church is seldom out of the news. But what do its one billion adherents really believe, and how do they put their beliefs into practice in worship, in the family, and in society? This down-to-earth account goes back to the early Christian creeds to uncover the roots of modern Catholic thinking. It avoids getting bogged down in theological technicalities and throws light on aspects of the Church’s institutional structure and liturgical practice that even Catholics can find baffling: Why go to confession? How are people made saints? What is “infallible” about the pope? Topics addressed include: scripture and tradition; sacraments and prayer; popular piety; personal and social morality; reform, mission, and interreligious dialogue. Lawrence Cunningham, a theologian, prize-winning writer, and university teacher, provides an overview of Catholicism today which will be indispensable for undergraduates and lay study groups. lawrence s. cunningham is John A. O’Brien Professor of Theology at the University of Notre Dame. His scholarly interests are in the areas of systematic theology and culture, Christian spirituality, and the history of Christian spirituality. His most recent book is A Brief History of Saints. He has edited or written twenty other books and is co-editor of the academic monograph series “Studies in Theology and Spirituality.” He has won three awards for his teaching and has been honored four times by the Catholic Press Association for his writing. AN INTRODUCTION TO CATHOLICISM LAWRENCE S. -
The Stained-Glass Stories of the Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul an Independent Study Project by Aidan Tait ’04
A Hundred-Year Narrative: The Stained-Glass Stories of the Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul an Independent Study Project by Aidan Tait ’04 We are so fortunate to visit daily a place as sacred as this. -Rev. Kelly H. Clark, Ninth Rector of St. Paul’s School The Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul became the focal point of the campus upon its construction and consecration in 1888. Today the Chapel Tower pales only in comparison to the School’s power plant; its hourly bells can be heard from all over the campus. Both figuratively and literally, the building cannot be overlooked in the discussion of School history. And as St. Paul’s prepares to celebrate its 150th anniversary during the 2005-2006 academic year, the Chapel of St. Peter and St. Paul remains of utmost importance in the minds of alumni, faculty, and students alike. Each year the Rector receives new students to the School by welcoming into their Chapel seats; departing seniors use their last day in Chapel to sit in the very seats they occupied as new students. Indeed, the Chapel has a sort of aura about it—of both personal and School history—that makes it meaningful and unforgettable in the minds of those who live here. While taking photographs of the Chapel one Thursday during Spring Term, I met a man from Boston who commuted daily through the area and had decided that afternoon to tour the Big Chapel. He came up to me, his eyes wide with the experience of taking in the building for the first time. -
AN HISTORICAL and THEOLOGICAL SURVEY of the CATHOLIC DOCTRINE of PREDESTINATION Andrew J
University of St. Thomas, Minnesota UST Research Online School of Divinity Master’s Theses and Projects Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity 7-2013 AN HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION Andrew J. Allen University of St. Thomas, Minnesota Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.stthomas.edu/sod_mat Part of the History of Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Allen, Andrew J., "AN HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION" (2013). School of Divinity Master’s Theses and Projects. 5. https://ir.stthomas.edu/sod_mat/5 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity at UST Research Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Divinity Master’s Theses and Projects by an authorized administrator of UST Research Online. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AN HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE CATHOLIC DOCTRINE OF PREDESTINATION Andrew J. Allen A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts in Theology Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity Saint Paul, Minnesota July 2013 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 1. Historical Overview to the 13th Century ......................................................................................6 -
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical History 1 Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical History
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical History 1 Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Ecclesiastical History ←Johann Baptist von Hirscher Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), Volume Melchior Hittorp→ 7 Ecclesiastical History by Johann Peter Kirsch I. NATURE AND OFFICE Ecclesiastical history is the scientific investigation and the methodical description of the temporal development of the Church considered as an institution founded by Jesus Christ and guided by the Holy Ghost for the salvation of mankind. In a general way the subject matter of history is everything that suffers change owing to its existence in time and space; more particularly, however, it is the genetical or natural development of facts, events, situations, that history contemplates. The principal subject of history is man, since the external changes in his life affect closely his intellectual interests. Objectively speaking, history is the genetical development of the human mind and of human life itself in its various aspects, as it comes before us in series of facts, whether these pertain to individuals, or to the whole human race, or to any of its various groups. Viewed subjectively, history is the apperception and description of this development, and, in the scientific sense, the comprehension of the same set forth in a methodical and systematic manner. The history of mankind may have as many divisions as human life has aspects or sides. Its noblest form is the history of religion, as it developed in the past among the different groups of the human race. Reason shows that there can be only one true religion, based on the true knowledge and the proper worship of the one God. -
Baylor School
Owens 1 Baylor School Hedges Library Important People in Christian History “Christianity developed out of Judaism in the 1st century C.E. It is founded on the life, teachings, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, and those who follow him are called „Christians.‟ Christianity has many different branches and forms with accompanying variety in beliefs and practices. The three major branches of Christianity are Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.” Christianity Origins, Christianity History, Christianity Beliefs. Patheos. 2012. www.patheos.com/Library/ Christianity.html. Accessed 6 Nov. 2012. Reference Collection R 103 C178c The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy R 103 E26 The Encyclopedia of philosophy. R 103 F6l8d A Dictionary of philosophy R 200.82 E56e Encyclopedia of women and world religion R 203 E56e The encyclopedia of Christianity R 203 O98o The concise Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church R 209 B274w World Christian encyclopedia: a comparative study of churches and religions in the modern world, AD 1900-2000 R 230 R521d A dictionary of Christian theology. R 230.003 W927w World Christian encyclopedia: a comparative survey of churches & religions AD 30-AD 2200 R 230.003 W927w World Christian encyclopedia: a comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world R 270 L777m The Macmillan atlas history of Christianity R 270 O88o The Oxford illustrated history of Christianity R 270.6 O98o The Oxford encyclopedia of the Reformation R 282.03 N532n New Catholic encyclopedia R 282.092 M119l Lives of the popes: the pontiffs from St. Peter to John Paul II R 282.092 S218d The directory of saints: a concise guide to patron saints R 291.03 E56e The Encyclopedia of religion R 291.03 H293h The HarperCollins dictionary of religion R 291.03 H663f The Facts on File dictionary of religions R 909.07 P337g Great events from history. -
The Dawn of All
The Dawn of All By Robert Hugh Benson The Dawn of All PART I CHAPTER I (I) The first objects of which he became aware were his own hands clasped on his lap before him, and the cloth cuffs from which they emerged; and it was these latter that puzzled him. So engrossed was he that at first he could not pay attention to the strange sounds in the air about him; for these cuffs, though black, were marked at their upper edges with a purpled line such as prelates wear. He mechanically turned the backs of his hands upwards; but there was no ring on his finger. Then he lifted his eyes and looked. He was seated on some kind of raised chair beneath a canopy. A carpet ran down over a couple of steps beneath his feet, and beyond stood the backs of a company of ecclesiastics—secular priests in cotta, cassock, and biretta, with three or four bare-footed Franciscans and a couple of Benedictines. Ten yards away there rose a temporary pulpit with a back and a sounding-board beneath the open sky; and in it was the tall figure of a young friar, preaching, it seemed, with extraordinary fervour. Around the pulpit, beyond it, and on all sides to an immense distance, so far as he could see, stretched the heads of an incalculable multitude, dead silent, and beyond them again trees, green against a blue summer sky. He looked on all this, but it meant nothing to him. It fitted on nowhere with his experience; he knew neither where he was, nor at what he was assisting, nor who these people were, nor who the friar was, nor who he was himself. -
There Should Be No Beggars How the Christian Reformations Changed the Very Fabric of Their Times and That of the Modern Christian World
There Should Be No Beggars How the Christian Reformations Changed the Very Fabric of Their Times and That of the Modern Christian World Brother Thad 2 There Should Be No Beggars Copyright 2010 Cover Image: Gallait, Louis. Monk Feeding the Poor. 1845. Neue Pinakothek. Munich, Germany. Photo credit: Don Kurtz. artrenewal.org (Author-provided member download)Web. 2 November 2010. 3 Contents Part One: The Reformers and The Reformations Introduction to Part One 4 Late Medieval Reformers 5 The Reformation in Germany 17 The Reformation on the Continent 31 The Reformation in England 46 The Catholic Reformation 63 Christianity in the New World 75 Part Two: Christianity and the Modern World Introduction to Part Two 86 Revivalism in Europe and America 87 Christianity and the Enlightenment 100 Christianity and the French Revolution 110 Nineteenth-Century Piety 123 The Churches and Modernity 143 The Missionary Movement 159 Christianity in the Twentieth Century 169 Conclusion 179 4 Introduction to Part One “There should be no beggars among Christians.” ~ Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt (1522)1 No one causative agent underlies the Protestant Reformation. However, a series of en- abling threads helps explain the rise of the Reformation and provides the necessary context to understand the Reformation’s earth-changing series of events. Part One of this book will exam- ine those causative threads as it details the Reformation and the extraordinary new religious tapestry woven by its reformers. In addition, Part One of this book will examine those who sought to unravel the new Protestant tapestry as it follows the the weft threads of the Counter Reformation. -
Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 8, World Christianities C
the cambridge history of christianity WORLD CHRISTIANITIES c.1815–c.1914 This is the first scholarly treatment of nineteenth-century Chris- tianity to discuss the subject in a global context. Part i analyses the responses of Catholic and Protestant Christianity to the intellectual and social challenges presented by European modernity. It gives attention to the explosion of new voluntary forms of Christianity and the expanding role of women in religious life. Part ii surveys the diverse and complex relationships between the churches and nationalism, resulting in fundamental changes to the connections between church and state. Part iii examines the varied fortunes of Christianity as it expanded its historic bases in Asia and Africa, established itself for the first time in Australasia, and responded to the challenges and opportunities of the European colonial era. Each chapter has a full bibliography providing guidance on further reading. Sheridan Gilley is an Emeritus Reader in Theology, Durham University. He is the author of Newman and His Age (republished, 2003) and of numerous articles on modern religious history. He is co-editor, with Roger Swift, of The Irish in the Victorian City (1985), The Irish in Britain 1815–1939(1989) and The Irish in Victorian Britain (1999), and with W.J. Sheils, of A History of Religion in Britain (1994). Brian Stanley is Director of the Henry Martyn Centre for the Study of Mission and World Christianity in the Cambridge Theological Federation and a Fellow of St Edmund’s College, Cambridge. He has written and edited a number of books on the modern history of Christian missions, including The Bible and the Flag (1990), The History of the Baptist Missionary Society 1792–1992 (1992), Christian Missions and the Enlightenment (2001) and Missions, Nationalism, and the End of Empire (2003). -
Infallibility: Who Won the Debate?
INFALLIBILITY: WHO WON THE DEBATE? The centennial of the First Vatican Council was unexpectedly marked by the outbreak of a debate over its best-known teaching.1 Infallibility had, of course, been the subject of contention during the century after its promulgation—but almost exclusively as a polemical issue between Catholics and other Christians. To be sure, historians occasionally reminded theologians that infallibility was a hotly debated topic at Vatican I;2 but what tended to be remembered about the conciliar objections was the jejune pun about Bishop Edward Fitzgerald's negative vote: the bishop of Little Rock opposing the Petrine rock.3 Since all the opposition prelates eventually accepted the definition, Catholic theologians, after Vatican I and until the eve of Vatican II, usually paid little attention to the theological significance of the minority objections or the difficulties in conscience experienced by a number of Catholics.4 In retrospect, the apparently whole-hearted acceptance ot infallibility in the decades between the Vatican councils is rather surprising, given the fact that in the early part of the nineteenth 1Cf J Fichtner, "Papal Infallibility: A Century Later," AER [The American Ecclesiastical Review ] 143 (October, 1970), 217-43; J. Ford, "Infallibility-From Vatican I to the Present," J ES [Journal of Ecumenical Studies] 8 (Fall, 1971), 768-91- A Houtepen, "A Hundred Years after Vatican I Some Light on the Con- cept of Infallibility," Truth and Certainty ¡Concilium 83 (New York: Herder and Herder, 1973), pp. 117-28. , . 2The classical history of Vatican I in English is C. Buter, The Vatican Council (London: Longmans, Green, 1930; re-issued edition, Westminster Main- land- Newman Press, 1962).