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Aus dem Institut für Sportgeschichte der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln Leiter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stephan Wassong Institutional position of athletes within Montenegro’s Sport Movement Von der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Sportwissenschaft genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Marko Begović aus Podgorica, Montenegro Köln, 2019 Aus dem Institut für Sportgeschichte der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln Leiter: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stephan Wassong Institutional position of athletes within Montenegro’s Sport Movement Von der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Sportwissenschaft genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Marko Begović aus Podgorica, Montenegro i Köln, 2019 Erste Referent: Herr Univ.-Prof. Dr. Stephan Wassong Institut für Sportgeschichte Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln Zweiter Referent: Herr Univ.-Prof. Dr. Jens Flatau Institut für Sportwissenschaft Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Vorsitzender des Prüfungsausschusses: Herr Univ.-Prof. Dr. Mario Thevis Zentrum für Präventive Dopingforschung Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: Eidesstattliche Versicherung gemäß § 7 Absatz 2. Nr. 4 und 5 der Promotionsordnung der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln vom 17.05.2011: Hierdurch versichere ich: Ich habe diese Arbeit selbstständig und nur unter Benutzung der angegebenen Quellen und technischen Hilfen angefertigt; sie hat noch keiner anderen Stelle zur Prüfung vorgelegen. Wörtlich übernommene Textstellen, auch Einzelsätze oder Teile davon, sind als Zitate kenntlich gemacht worden. Hierdurch erkläre ich, dass ich die „Leitlinien guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis“ der Deutschen Sporthochschule Köln eingehalten habe. Marko Begović Köln, 2019 ii Acknowledgments I would like to recognize and express my gratitude to all those who have helped me with this process. To all who provoked and challenged me throughout my studies, to all who supported me when I most needed it, and to all who encouraged me to stay on this path. I would like to address special gratitude to my mentor, Uni.-Prof. Dr Stephan Wassong for his time, encouragement, effort, constructive suggestions, overall unlimited support. My sincere thanks go to PhD. PhD. Carole Oglesby, who inspired me from the day that we met, challenging my ideas/approach in an extraordinary and humble manner. In technical terms, my work would not be possible without, my fellow coworkers and Mr Edward Đorđević who conducted an excellent job editing and proofreading my thesis. To my family, my sister Milica and her daughters Zoi and Helena, mother Željka, father Mijodrag, girlfriend Branka and son Dušan Marko – without your understanding, support and above all, unconditional love, I would not have been able to conclude this chapter of my life. I learnt a lot from the young ones – Helena and Dušan Marko – who, from their early life, showed me that giving up is not an option. Last but not least, special gratitude goes to the participants, my fellow athletes, my countrywomen and countrymen who gave me their time, insights, shared their life stories and challenges faced in the current arrangements. My work is dedicated to you, as I am fully aware of both institutional and personal challenges that you continuously face. I believe that your effort, dedication and love for sport will be acknowledged, and you will be the future leaders of Montenegro’s Sport Movement. iii Glossary Erga omnes in relation to all Homo homini lupus est a man is a wolf to another man Hostis humani generis the enemy of mankind Iure imperii exercising state authority Ius cogens imperative norm ius gentium concept of international law based on the customs or traditions Lex generalis general legislation Lex mercatoria internationally accepted general trade practices Lex specialis law governing a specific subject matter Numerus clausus limited or defined number Pacta sunt servanda legal principle which presuppose that agreements must be kept Raison d’état national interest or state interest Terra incognita refereeing to unknown territory/field Universitas personam association of individuals (refereeing to natural entities) Universitas rerum association of organizations (refereeing to legal entities) iv Abstract There is an overall subjective consensus on the dimension, scope and importance of sport. As a vital ingredient, sport plays a crucial role in strengthening contemporary Montenegrin identity. However, research unveils a rather limited theoretical framework. The question whether sport in an organizational sense represents all its constituents or stakeholders, whether it fulfills the major prerequisite, that is, its democratic, representative capacities is not on the academic agenda. The aim of this research was to determine the institutional position of athletes within Montenegro’s Sport Movement. The results indicate that current normative settings, or legal frameworks and organizational structures are incapable to tackle all the challenges before the major constituent of the sport – athletes. Due to the heterogeneity of sport systems and the fact that there is no single model of governance, the present methodology combined both sociological and judicial approaches to form a synthesized method. It confirms that athletes are not only misrepresented, but in the most cases athletes are institutionally unable to be directly represented or even exercise basic rights. The results of the literature review showed rather heterogeneous treatments, challenges and solutions. This approach, and the results, represent a supplement to the existing knowledge in terms of regional, historical, cultural and organizational specificities. v Zusammenfassung Es existiert ein genereller subjektiver Konsens über die Dimension, den Rahmen und die Bedeutung von Sport. Als integraler Bestandteil spielt Sport eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Stärkung der zeitgenössischen montenegrinischen Identität. Die Forschung dazu enthüllt allerdings eine vergleichsweise limitierte theoretische Fundierung. Die Frage, ob Sport in einem organisationalen Sinn all seine Bestandteile und Stakeholder repräsentiert und ob er seine zentrale Grundvoraussetzung - also seine demokratische und repräsentative Kapazität - erfüllt, ist nicht Teil der akademischen Agenda. Das Ziel dieser Forschungsarbeit war es, die institutionelle Position der Athleten innerhalb Montenegros Sport-Bewegung zu determinieren. Die Resultate deuten darauf hin, dass die gegenwärtigen normativen Rahmenbedingungen oder legalen Richtlinien und organisationalen Strukturen nicht in der Lage sind, all diejenigen Herausforderungen zu lösen, denen sich die zentralen Akteure des Sports - die Athleten - gegenübersehen. Aufgrund der Heterogenität der Sportsystems und der Tatsache, dass ein singuläres Governance- Modell nicht existiert, kombiniert die hier angewandte Methodologie sowohl soziologische als auch juristische Ansätze, um eine synthetisierte Methode zu bilden. Diese bestätigt, dass Athleten nicht nur missrepräsentiert, sondern in den meisten Fällen garnicht erst in der Lage sind, direkt repräsentiert zu sein oder überhaupt elementare Grundrechte wahrzunehmen. Das Ergebnis der Literaturschau zeigte recht vielfältige Gegenmaßnahmen, Herausforderungen und Lösungen. Der hier gewählte Ansatz und seine Resultate bilden eine Ergänzung zum existierenden Kenntnisstand im Hinblick auf regionale, historische, kulturelle und organisationale Spezifika. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................... iii Glossary .......................................................................................................................................... iv Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... v List of Tables................................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... xi Chapter One: Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1 Cultural pattern ........................................................................................................................ 2 Scope of action ......................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................ 7 Democratic attitude .................................................................................................................. 7 Prerequisite for proper governance structure ........................................................................... 9 Process constituents ............................................................................................................... 13 Direct versus indirect processes ............................................................................................. 14 Relationships and membership within organizations: power structure issue ........................ 16 Ownership: rights and implications ....................................................................................... 21 Negotiated vs. imposed norms ..............................................................................................
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