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The Church of the Fathers IORTH STREET.) ^ICHTO* The Library St. Edmund's College WARE. Avita pro fide. S7 /iy/z THE CHURCH OF THE FATHERS. LONliON: gilbert & rivington, printers, st. john's souare. THE CHURCH THE FATHERS. Who is she that looketh forth as the morning, fair as the moon, clear as the sun, and terrible as an army with banners ? LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. G. F. & J. RIVINGTON, st. Paul's church yard, and waterloo place, pall mall. 1840. TO MY DEAR AND MUCH ADMIRED ISAAC WILLIAMS, B.D., FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, THE SIGHT OF WHOM CARRIES BACK HIS FRIENDS TO ANCIENT, HOLY, AND HAPPY TIMES. ADVERTISEMENT. The following sketches, which, with two or three exceptions, have appeared in the British Magazine during 1833 and the following years, do not, as the author is very conscious, warrant a title of such high pretension, as that which was there prefixed to them, and is here preserved. But that title will at least show the object with which they were written, viz. to illustrate, as far as they go, the tone and modes of thought, the habits and manners of the early times of the Church. The author is aware how much a work is open to imperfection, and therefore to criticism, which is made up, in so great measure, of minute historical details and of translations ; nor would he subject himself either to the one or the other, did he not think that the chance of bringing out or recommend- VI ADVERTISEMENT. ing one or two of the characteristics of primitive Christianity was worth the risk of mistakes, which, after all, would but affect himself, and not his readers. As to the translations, he is very sensible what constant and unflagging attention is requisite to catch the sense of the original, and what discrimina- tion in the choice of English to do justice to it. And further, over and above actual faults, variety of tastes and fluctuation of moods among readers, make it so to translate as to one impossible please every ; and if a translator be conscious to himself, as he may well be, of viewing either original or version differently, according to the time or feeling with which he takes it up, much more will he resign him- self to such differences of judgment in the case of other minds. It should be considered, too, that translation in itself is, after all, but a problem, how, two languages being given, the nearest approxima- tion may be made in the second to the expression of ideas already conveyed through the medium of the first. The problem almost starts with the assump- tion that something must be sacrificed, and the chief ADVERTISEMENT. Vll ? In a balance question is, what is the least sacrifice of difficulties, one translator will aim at being criti- will cally correct, and become obscure, cumbrous, will aim at and and foreign ; another being English, will appear deficient in scholarship. While gram- matical particles are followed out, the spirit evapo- is new ideas are rates ; and while ease secured, intruded, or the point of the original is lost, or the drift of the context broken. Under these circumstances, perhaps, it is fair to taken lay down that, while every care must be against the introduction of new, or the omission of existing ideas in the original text, yet in a book intended for general reading, faithfulness may be considered simply to consist in expressing in English the sense of the original, the actual words of the latter being viewed mainly as directions into its meaning, and scholarship being necessary in order to full afford and gain the insight which they ; next, that, where something must be sacrificed, precision or intelligibility, it is better in a popular work to be understood by those who are not critics, than to be applauded by those who are. Vlll ADVERTISEMENT. In the present translations this principle has been taken to justify the omission of passages, and now and then the condensation of sentences, when the extract otherwise would have been too a long ; studious endeavour being all along made to preserve the sense from injury. As to the other class of imperfections, inaccuracies in historical fact, though much pains has been taken to avoid them, the reader is requested to correct the following, which has been detected while the sheets were passing through the press : —At page 143, it is said that no acts of intercourse are known to have passed between St. Basil and St. Gregory, after the appointment of the latter to the see of Sasima. An important and very interesting exception to this re- mark to —Basil went to ought have been mentioned ; see Gregory at Nazianzus, in a. d. 374, on the death of Gregory's father.—Vide Greg. Orat. 19. February 21, 1840. CONTENTS. • CHAPTER I. PAGE Ambrose and Justina 1 CHAPTER II, Ambrose and Valentinian 16 CHAPTER III. The martyrs Gervasius aud Protasius 30 CHAPTER IV. The penitence of Theodosius 43 CHAPTER V. Basil the Great 56 CHAPTER VI. Trials of Basil 67 CHAPTER VII. Labours of Basil 88 CHAPTER VIII. Basil and Gregory 116 CHAPTER IX. Rise and fall of Gregory 145 CHAPTER X. Vincentius of Lerins 166 CHAPTER XI. Apollinaris 197 Xll CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII. PAGE Augustine and the Vandals 208 CHAPTER XIII. Conversion of Augustine 225 CHAPTER XIV. Demetrias 250 CHAPTER XV. Jovinian and his companions 279 CHAPTER XVI. Canons of the Apostles 301 CHAPTER XVII. Canons of the Apostles 326 CHAPTER XVIII. Antony in conflict 339 CHAPTER XIX. Antony in calm 362 CHAPTER XX. Martin, the Apostle of Gaul .... * 385 CHAPTER XXI. Martin and Priscillian 400 THE CHURCH OF THE FATHERS. CHAPTER I. AMBROSE AND JUSTINA* " No weapon that is formed against thee shall prosper : and every tongue that shall rise against thee in judgment, thou shalt condemn." No considerate person will deny that there is much in the spirit of the times, and in the actual changes which the British constitution has lately undergone, which makes if probable, or not improbable, that a material alteration will soon take place in the rela- tions of the Church towards the State, to which it has been hitherto united. I do not say that it is out of the question that things may return to their former quiet and pleasant course, as in the good old time of TIL but the chance that will king George ; very they not, makes it a practical concern for every church- man to prepare himself for a change, and a practi- cal question for the clergy, by what instruments the authority of religion is to be supported, should the *2 AMBROSE AND JUSTINA. [CHAP. protection and recommendation of the government be withdrawn. Truth, indeed, will always support it- self in the world its native it will never by vigour ; die while heaven and earth last, but be handed down from saint to saint until the end of all things. But this was the case before our Lord came, and is still the case, as we may humbly trust, in heathen coun- tries. My question concerns the Church, that pecu- liar institution which Christ set up as a visible home memorial of truth as in and ; and which, being this world, must be manifested by means of this world. I know it is common to make light of this solicitude about the Church, under the —notion that the Gospel may be propagated without it, or that men are about the same under every dispensation, their hearts being in fault, and not their circumstances,—or for other better or worse as it be to all which I reasons, may ; am accustomed to answer, (and I do not see how I can be in error,) that, if Christ had not meant His Church to answer a purpose, He would not have set it up, and that our business is not to speculate about possible dispensations of religion, but to resign and devote ourselves to that in which we are actually placed. Hitherto the English Church has depended on the State, i. e. on the ruling powers in the country—the and the and this is so natural and king aristocracy ; religious a position of things when viewed in the abstract, and in its actual working has been pro- ductive of such excellent fruits in the Church, such of quietness, such sobriety, such external propriety conduct, and such freedom from doctrinal error, that we must ever look back upon the period of eccle- siastical history so characterized with affectionate I.] AMBROSE AND JUSTINA. 3 on the of our blessed thoughts ; particularly reigns martyr St. Charles, and king George the Good. But these recollections of the past must not engross our minds, or hinder us from looking at things as they are, and as they will be soon, and from inquiring what is in- tended by Providence to take the place of the time- honoured instrument, which He has broken (if it be yet broken), the regal and aristocratical power. I shall offend many men when I say, we must look to the people ; but let them give me a hearing. Well can I understand their feelings. Who at first sight does not dislike the thoughts of gentlemen and clergymen depending for their maintenance and their reputation on their flocks ? of their strength, as a visible power, lying not in their birth, the pa- tronage of the great, and the endowments of the Church (as hitherto), but in the homage of a multi- tude ? I confess I have before now had a great repugnance to the notion myself; and if I have over- come it, and turned from the government to the people, it has been simply because I was forced to do so.
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