Oct. to Dec. 2013 1 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct

Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 1 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 2 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 3

AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index

01. AZwH´$_oUH$m /Index ...... 01

02. j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ...... 07

03. oZUm©`H$ _ S>b ...... 08

04. ‡d∑Vm gmWr ...... 10

(Science / ndkmZ)

05. Miraculous Plant Crescentia Cujete Found In Dhar (M.P.) ...... 12 (Prof. Nirbhay Singh Solanki, Prof. S.C. Mehta)

06. Ethnomedicinal Plants Used As Antipyrtic Agents Among The Bhil/bhilal Tribe ...... 14 Of Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh (Prof. Govind waskel, Prof. Sarika Tundele)

07. Study Of Traditional Worshiping Plant Of Barwaha (district-khargone M.P.) ...... 17 (Pro. SarikaTundele, Pro. Govind Waskel)

08. Biodiversity In Algal Pond Water And Its Physico-Chemical Factors ...... 19 (Dr. Darasingh Waskel, Tarachand Nargawe)

09. Conservation of ethnobotanical plants in Patalkot Chhindwara M.P. (Droupadi Parte) ...... 22

10. A Study Of Water Pollution With Special Refrence Barwaha City...... 24 (Prof. Ramesh Kumar Auchat, Prof. J.L. Solanki)

11. Advanced Oxidation Processes for waste water treatment (Smt. Sunaina Chouhan) ...... 27

12. Role Of Non Governmental Agencies In Conservation Of Environment And The ...... 29 Problems Faced (Dr. Madhu Sthapak)

13. Air Pollulation, Causes, Problum, Effect (Prof. B.K. Rawat, Prof. Shailendra Sissodiya) ...... 32

14. ]{b d•j H$m bm{H$ dmZÒ[nVH$$(Ethnobotanical) _hÀd, Edß gßajU: EH$ —oÓQ> (S>m∞. e°b ]mbm gmßKr) ...... 34

(Home Science / J•h ndkmZ)

15. A Study On Effect Of Awareness Upon Nutritional Status Of Breast Cancer Patients ...... 36 (Dr. Archana Kushwah, Dr. Manju Dubey)

16. A Study of the Effect of Parental Encouragement on the Educational Development ...... 38 of the Students of Secondary Stage (Mrs. Asmita Dubey)

17. Quality Crisis In Higher Education in India Problems and Challenges in the ...... 43 Education System of India (Mohini Sakargayen) 18. CÉoejm _{ß gßdmXhrZVm : EH$ MwZm°Vr (gd}jU A‹``Z) (S>m∞. AH$rbm Hw$a°er,S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er) ...... 46 19. _‡ H{$ BßXm°a gß^mJ H{$ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ emarnaH$ odH$mg Edß [m{fU ÒVa H$m ...... 48 VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (3 g{ 14 df© Am`w dJ©) (lr_Vr _m{ohZr gH$aJm`{ß, S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 4

20. [mR>embm H{$ ]OmE ]¿M{ H$m_ [a Om ah{ h° (S>m∞. gr_m H$X_)...... 50 21. Ωdmob`a eha H$r oH$em{a ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ [m{fU gß]ßYr kmZ [a [m{fU oejm H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z ...... 53 (S>m∞. ZrÍ$ oÃ[mR>r, S>m∞. _ßOw Xw]{) 22. d{VZ^m{Jr _ohbmE± Edß Ï`mdgmo`H$ g_m`m{OZ H{$ gßX^© _{ß EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. JrVmbr g{ZJw·m)...... 55

(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)

23. Economical Analysis of Production and Marketing of Banana Crop in Nimar Anchal ...... 56 Dr. Pratap Rao Kadam)

24. A Study Of Skill Gap Analysis With Special Reference To Barwani District ...... 61 (Dr. Sapna Soni, Dr. D.C. Kumrawat, Prof. Shikha Kumrawat)

25. Impact Of FII On Stock Market Return & Volatility ...... 64 (Dr. Ratneshwar Prasad Dwivedi, Abhay Kumar Pandey) 26. Economic development through social Enhancement - Role of Information and ...... 66 communication Technology (ICT) (Dr. Jaya Sharma)

27. Channels of Business Communication (A brief in vertical channel) ...... 69 Dr. Vivek Kumar Patel * Dr. Pallavi Mishra **

28. River Corridor Planning And Management (Dr. Praveen Ojha) ...... 72

29. Green Marketing - New Initiatives With Challenges In India (Dr. L.N. Sharma) ...... 74

30. Status Of Women And Their Active Role In Building Modern India ...... 77 (Dr. Vimmi Behal, Dr. O.P.Sharma)

31. Environmental Planning: An Overview (Praneeta Ojha) ...... 79

32. Fdi In Retail Is A Boom For India (Dr. Vimmi Behal, Dr. Anil Shivani)...... 81 33. ]wahmZ[wa oOb{ _{ß [`©Q>Z Edß H•$of H$r gÂ^mdZmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. h{_ogßh _ S>bm{B©)...... 82 34. J´m_rU _ohbm gep∑VH$aU - EH$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞. g[Zm gm{Zr) ...... 84 35. ^maV _{ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg Xa : Xem Edß oXem (S>m∞. JU{e ‡gmX Xmda{) ...... 87 36. nObm ghH$mar H{$›–r` ]¢H$ _`m©nXV ndnXem ¤mam F$U ndVaU Edß F$U dgybr H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z ...... 89 (2005-06 g{ 2011-12 H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞µ [rµ EZµ d°Ì`, ^maVr Ia{) 37. H$[mg ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r o_eZ H$r gßd’©Zerb Edß odH$mg[aH$ JoVodoY`m{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>m∞. b˙_rM›– JwﬂVm) ...... 91 38. Yma oOb{ _{ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m{ ‡XŒm odŒmr` ghm`Vm/ ...... 94 F$U H$m odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z(‡m{.]r.Eg. oggm°oX`m, S>m∞. E_.H{$. O°Z) 39. OrdZ ]r_m Ï`dgm` _{ß oZOrH$aU H$m ‡^md (YraO Z{Jr) ...... 96 40. _hmÀ_m JmßYr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm (_Za{Jm) : J´m_rU am{OJma H$m EH$ ge∫$ AmYma (S>m∞. A^` _yßJr) .. 97 41. Jar]r d ^yI H$m AW©emÒÃ : EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. JU{e ‡gmX Xmda{) ...... 99 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 5

42. ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ß H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß H$[mg C⁄m{J H$m `m{JXmZ- EH$ g_rjmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>m∞. E_.Ama. _hmb{) ...... 101 43. ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ H$r H$[mg C⁄m{J _{ß ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwflVm)...... 103 44. Zmar CÀ[r∂S>Z Am°a em{fU H{$ odÈ’ ge∑V H$X_ (S>m∞. gwZrb _m{a{)...... 106 45. gmd©OoZH$ C[H´$_ - H$b AmO Am°a H$b (S>m∞. oXZ{e Hw$_ma Mm°Yar) ...... 108 46. ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam gßMmobV C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_mß{ H$m _hÀd (amH{$e ]K{b, ‡m{. _m{hZ dmÒH{$b) ...... 110 47. [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$m J´m_rU OrdZ _{ß ‡^md - odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>>m∞. Jm{[mb Om`gdmb) ...... 113 48. _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma H$r H•$of F$U `m{OZmE± (AoXoV lrdmÒVd)...... 115 49. 21dt eVm„Xr _{ß _.‡. H{$ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß _{ß hm{Q>b g{dm j{Ã (S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S{>`, S>m∞. ‡^m [m S{>`) ...... 117 50. H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg _{ß ^yo_ gwYma H$m ‡`m{J ∑`m{ß Ag\$b ahm? EH$ _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>m∞. AmZßX oVdmar) ...... 119 51. Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H{$ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV - EH$ A‹``Z (Zmo∂O`m em`_m) ...... 121 52. J´m_rU odH$mg H{$ ]XbV{ Am`m_ (S>m∞. E_. Eb. gm{Zr)...... 123 53. AZwoMV ‡mH•$oVH$ Xm{hZ g{ [nadoV©V hm{Vr ^maVr` Obdm`w (S>m∞.Ama.gr. Jw·m) ...... 125 54. _mXH$ –Ï` H$m g{dZ : H$maU Edß ‡^md _Zm{d°kmoZH$ Edß gm_moOH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. AmZßX oVdmar) ...... 126 55. Yma oOb{ _{ß H•$of odH$mg h{Vw MbmB© JB© odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H$m odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (‡m{. amO{e _B©S>m) ...... 127 56. ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ H{$ J´m_rU Jar] [nadmam{ß H{$ ob`{ ÒdU©O`ßVr J´m_ Òdam{Jma `m{OZm EH$ daXmZ...... 129 (]∂S>dmZr oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß) (lr_Vr B›Xw S>mda, S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb JwflVm)

(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)

57. Impacts of Global warming on tourism (Special reference to Gwalior district) ...... 132 (Dr. Vasudha Agrawal) 58. _‹`‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm [a [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$m ‡^md (]bam_ ogßJm{oV`m, H$odVm Ywd}) ...... 135 59. gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (‡m{. AmB©.Eg.[ßdma, S>m∞.H{$.Ama. Hw$_{H$a) ...... 139 60. ^maV _{ß am{OJma Am°a AmoW©H$ d•o’ (amd{›– ogßh [Q{>b) ...... 142 61. N>Va[wa oOb{ _{ß AgßJoR>V j{Ã H$m AmH$ma (S>m∞. O{. [r. o_lm, AZy[ ew∑bm) ...... 144 62. Yma oOb{ _{ß H•$of H{$ ]XbV{ ÒdÍ$[ H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. Eg.Eg. ]K{b) ...... 146 63. oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. eo∫$ O°Z) ...... 148 64. ^maV _ß{ J´m_rU Jar]r C›_ybZ _{ß am{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. Ama. Eg. _ S>bm{B©) ...... 151 65. ^maVr` gßX^© _{ß gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m∞. grVmam_ Jm{b{) ...... 154 66. AmYwwoZH$ ^m{JdmXr g‰`Vm : O°d ododYVm H{$ odZme H$r [yd© Km{fUm (Am^m AmZßX) ...... 156 67. C⁄_erbVm H{$ ‡]ßYH$r` C[H$aUm{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z (S>m∞. amO{›–Hw$_ma e_m©) ...... 158 68. d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ [na[{˙` _{ß _mZdr` _yÎ`m{ß H$m AoÒVÀd (S>m∞. A_m{b _mßOa{H$a) ...... 160 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 6

69. _ohbm geo∫$H$aU : odo^ﬁ Am`m_ (gr_m ZmJa) ...... 161 70. _nhbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Òdm∞H$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞µ Eµ H{$. O°Z) ...... 162 71. gp„gS>r,H°$e gp„gS>r Am°a ]°qH$J odH$mg (S>m∞. O`‡H$me o_l) ...... 163

(Political Seience / amOZroV odkmZ )

72. ^maVr` [na‡{˙` _{ß _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. ^mdZm `mXd) ...... 165 73. d°oÌdH$ AmVßH$dmX H{$ Xm°a _{ß bm{H$VßÃ (S>m∞. gwZrVm oÃ[mR>r)...... 167 74. ^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß H$m AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU (oZ`mO Ah_X A›gmar, am_Or JJ©) ...... 169 75. ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$r gßÒWm H{$ C[H$aU H{$ Í$[ _{ß bm{H$m`w∫$ H$m [X (_‹`‡X{e H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) ...... 171 (S>m∞. [yoU©_m Jm°∂S>, S>m∞. H$mo_Zr [ßdma) 76. odÌd amOZroV [a AmVßH$dmX H$m ‡^md (S>m∞. aOZr Xw]{{)...... 173 77. ^maV _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma Edß ZmJnaH$m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. AbH$m ^mJ©d) ...... 174

(History / BoVhmg)

78. The Jats And The Importance Of Their History (Prof. Akash Tahir) ...... 176 79. d°ÓUd Y_© H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg (‡m{. OJ_m{hZ ogßh [yfm_) ...... 179 80. JwÈdmUr _{ß doU©V Ïò∫$[aH$ _yÎ` d Ûr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y : EH$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞. aod›– ogßh) ...... 182 81. N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _{ß amOZroVH$ gßM{VZm H$r CÀ[pÀV (S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z) ...... 184 82. Am`m} H$m CX≤J_ ÒWb Am`m©dŒm©, A›` Ajam{ß _{ß ^maVdf© (S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmna`m, S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma od_b) ...... 186 83. Ωdmobà H$m Vm{_a amOdße (S>m∞. ew∑bm Am{Pm ) ...... 188 84. amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß AÂ]{S>H$admX H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. h{_bVm AmMm`©) ...... 189 85. Cfirgdr gXr H$m ^maV Am°a _mZdmoYH$ma (S>m∞. h{_bVm AmMm`©) ...... 191 86. _ S>b{Ìda ZJa oÒWV ""o]óQ>eH$mbrZ Ade{f'' (S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a) ...... 192

(Geography / ^yJm{b)

87. [nadV©Zerb ^yo_ C[`m{J Edß [`m©daUr` ‡^md (gmJa oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d * ^mdZm [Q>{b) ...... 193 88. Ob gßgmYZ H$m gßajU Edß ‡]ßYZ IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß (amOmam_ Am`©)...... 196 89. H$m]©Z Ï`m[ma Edß ^maV H$r oÒWoV (S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d) ...... 199 90. _‹` ‡X{e H{$ J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß [{`Ob C[b„YVm (S>m∞µ ‡^mH$a n_l) ...... 201

(Sociology / g_mOemÒÃ) 91. OZOmVr` g_mO _{ß CÉ oejm H$r g_Ò`mEß (S>m∞. lroZdmg o_l, S>m∞. ]r.EZ.[Q{>b) ...... 203 92. XobV g_mO H{$ ‡d∫$m : S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a (S>>m∞. gßO` Ia{) ...... 205 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 7

93. ^maVr` _ohbmAm| H{$ CÀWmZ _| oejm AoZdm`©-S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a ...... 207 (S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda{, ‡m{. H{$.Eg. oggm{oX`m) 94. J´m_ oVÎbm°a IwX© _| "_ohbm gep∑VH$aU' EH$ g_mOemÒÃr` A‹``Z (‡m{. H´$mßoVqgh [ßdma) ...... 208 95. _roS>`m H$m ]mOmarH$aU Edß _yÎ`hrZVm (S>m∞. ]r.EZ. [Q{>b, S>m∞. lroZdmg o_l) ...... 212 96. OmoV ‡Wm- ^maVr` g_mO, oZaßVaVm Edß [nadV©Z H{$ _‹` EH$ g_mOemÒÃr` A‹``Z (S>m∞. apÌ_ Xw]{) ...... 214

(English Literature / AßJ{´Or gmohÀ`)

97. Manju Kapoor's Difficult Daughters : A Personification of New Women ...... 216 (Dr. Amitabh Dubey)

98. The Message of Environmental Conservation from Kalidas's Abhigyan Shakuntalam...... 218 (Dr. Sumanlata Gupta)

99. Concepts Of Tradition And Modernity In The Novels Of Shashi Deshpande (Mamta Garg) ...... 221

100. Interpreters and Translators : A Profession Enhancing Business Relations...... 224 (Ms. Vanashree Godbole)

101. Kamala Das'An Introduction : An Attempt to Assert The Feminine Identity Against ...... 226 Social Norms (Dr. M.P. Sharma)

102. Oughtths And Influences That Made The Frail Mohan Das- Mahatma Gandhi : ...... 229 An Overview (Dr. B. Shrivastava)

103. Indian Words in Indian English Fiction (Dr. Sudhir Dixit) ...... 230

(Hindi Literature / oh›Xr gmohÀ`)

104. _mZdVmdmXr gßV XmXyX`mb (S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er) ...... 232 105. ]wßX{br bm{H$ H$WmAm{ß _{ß bm{H$mXe© (S>m∞. b˙_rH$m›V MßX{bm) ...... 234 106. BoVhmg Am°a gmohÀ` : EH$ Adbm{H$Z (‡m{. ‡{_bVm oVdmar) ...... 237 107. ‡mMrZ `yZmZr oMßVZ _{ß ﬂb{Q>m{ H$r ^yo_H$m (S>m∞. Za{›– ogßh) ...... 239 108. [a_mb amgm{ H$m bm{H$VmoÀdH$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞. Jm`Ãr dmO[{`r) ...... 241 109. qhXr Zm_ H$m BoVhmg Am°a CgH$r Ï`m[H$Vm EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ odd{MZ (S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b) ...... 243 110. CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_mO H$m H$m{bmhb -gßX^© aKwdra ghm` H$r H$ndVm (S>m∞. gß‹`m nQ>H{$H$a)...... 245 111. Yyo_b : ‡hma Am°a [Xm©\$me H{$ H$od (S>m∞. gwerb „`m°hma) ...... 247 112. ^rb OZOmoV H{$ [d© Edß CÀgd (‡m{. _ram Om_m{X) ...... 248

(Drawing/ oMÃH$bm) 113. _‹`‡X{e _{ß bm°h YmVwoeÎ[ Am°a gm_moOH$ gß^mdZmE± (S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd)...... 249 114. ]ßoX`m{ß H$m{ oX`{ OmZ{ dmb{ H$mÓR>H$bm Edß VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡oejU (_‹`‡X{e H$r odo^ﬁ O{bm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß ) ...... 252 (e°b{›– Zm_X{d, S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 8

115. ^∫$m_a H$mÏ` Am°a CgH{$ aMo`Vm AmMm`© _mZVwßJ (lr_Vr AoÒ_Vm Mm°Yar, ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd) ...... 255 116. ^rb oMÃmßH$Z : ZE Am`m_ (oeIm Q>hZ≤JwoZ`m, S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd) ...... 257 117. Jm{ß S> oMÃ e°br _{ß C^aVr H$bmH$ma ""H$bm]mB©'' (lr_Vr AmaVr AJ´dmb, S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd) ...... 259 118. VmOwb _gmo∂OX H$m AbßH$aUmÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[ (\$arXm ZB©_, S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd)...... 261 119. H$bmJwÈ S>m∞.b˙_rZmam`U ^mdgma H{$ oMÃ (''oed-[md©Vr"" _{ß fSß>Jm{ß H$r C[mX{`Vm) ...... 264 (a_meßH$a o_l, S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd)

(Education / oejm) 120. AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß H$r [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm H$m oejU [yd© d oejU [ÌMmV≤ ...... 265 VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z Edß [m{fU oejm H{$ ‡Mma _{ß CZH$m `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. F$Mm g∑g{Zm, S>m∞. Zo_Vm g∑g{Zm)

(Other / A›` )

121. g_mO _{ß Zmar H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV Edß g_Ò`mEß (S>m∞. Eg.Eg. ]K{b, Xro· `mXd) ...... 267 122. "H$_mar' d°dmohH$ gßX^© _{ß (S>m∞. gwerb gm{_dßer)...... 269 123. O°Z Xe©Z Am°a odÌd emßoV (AoZb Hw$_ma ogam°oR>`m, S>m∞. od^m dmgwX{d) ...... 273 124. Am‹`moÀ_H$ C[bo„Y H$m gÂ‡À`` (oXZ{e oVdmar, ‡m{. ‡drU Xm{gr) ...... 275 125. Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ oVÎbm°aIwX© H$r _ohbmAm{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A‹``Z (]´˜Xr[ AbyZ{, S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{) ....278

(Naveen Shod Sansar / ZdrZ em{Y gßgma)

126. Membership Cum Author's Bio-data Form ...... 280

odZ_´ AZwam{Y gÂ_mZZr` em{YmoW©`m|, "ZdrZ em{Y gßgma' H{$ _mM© 2014 H{$ AßH$ _| em{Y [Ã ‡H$meZ h{Vw em{Y [Ã ^{OZ{ H$s AßoV_ oVoW 10 \$adar 2014 oZYm©naV H$s JB© h°$& AV: Am[g{ AZwam{Y h° oH$ Bg oVoW H{$ [yd© A[Zm em{Y [Ã ‡{ofV H$a gh`m{J ‡XmZ H$a|$& oOgg{ h_ _mM© H$m AßH$ 15 _mM© 2014 g{ [yd© Am[ VH$ [hßwMm gH{$$& - gÂ[mXH$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 9

j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b AßV©amÔ≠>r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National) _mZX≤ (01) lr Aem{H$Hw$_ma...... EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[a{e›g _°Z{Oa, E∑eZ Q≠>{qZJ g{›Q>a ob. b›XZ, `yZmB©Q>{S> qH$JS>_ (02) lr IJ{›–‡gmX gw]{Xr ...... groZà gm∞`H$m{bm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g{›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z{[mb (03) ‡m{. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_{gam ..... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡_m{X Hw$_ma amKd .... em{Y oZX{eH$, ¡`m{oV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd...... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (06) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), X{dr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S>{ ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr...... A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$m{Q> (JwOamV) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. V[Z Mm°a{ ...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, odH´$_ odÌd od⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$m{bm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e e_m© ...... A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` Ia{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ... [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© ..... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (15) ‡m{. AoIb{e OmYd...... [´m‹`m[H$, ^m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O{. `m{JmZ›X_≤ _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) ^maV (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z ...... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (17) [´m{. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV{ Z{eZb H$m∞b{O, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV (18) ‡m{.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. oed Hw$_ma Xw]{ ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, ^yJm{b, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>m{b (_.‡.) ^maV (20) ‡m{. S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr ...... g{dmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (21) [´m{. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ...... A‹`j oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J{´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gm{bX{dmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) ^maV (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ .... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.H{$. Mm°aog`m ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. odd{H$ [Q>{b...... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. oXZ{eHw$_ma Mm°Yar ... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` emgH$s` H$›`m _hnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV

gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA) _mZX≤ (01) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ..... oZX{eH$, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$na`a _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV (02) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ...... oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (03) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eg.H{$. Om{er ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb` aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r.EZ. [m S>{` .... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$ÓVm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV (05) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e T> S> ...... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (06) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr ...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb` ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV (07) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$ d_m©...... [´mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb` g|Ydm (_.‡.) ^maV (08) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.H{$. _{hVm ...... A‹`j, agm`Z Edß O°odH$ agm`Z A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV (09) ‡m{. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>{b...... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw]{...... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb` Ωdmob`a (_.[´.) ^maV (11) ‡m{. S>m∞.E.H{$. Mm°Yar ...... ‡m‹`m[H$, _Zm{odkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV (12) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$.Eb. OmQ> ...... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, ^m°oVH$s od^mJ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 10

oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board) _mZX≤ *** odkmZ gßH$m` *** JoUV:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß em{Y gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^m°oVH$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.H{$. S>]H$am, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. aod H$Q>ma{, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_{e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) agm`Z:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.H{$. XmZJ∂T>, g_›d`H$ amÔ≠>r` Bp›Xam Jm±Yr _w∑V odÌdod⁄mb`, H{$›– Zr_M (_.‡.) dZÒ[oV:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. AoIb{e Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‡moUH$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. Ama.H{$. ^Q≤Q>, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O{., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) gmßpª`H$s:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. a_{e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) g°›` odkmZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) Ord agm`Z:- ...... (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. dr. Hw$bl{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ...... (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _{oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) *** dmoU¡` gßH$m` *** dmoU¡` :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∑H$∂S>, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Vm[amd H$X_, _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr em.H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.) *** ‡]ßY gßH$m` *** ‡]ßY :- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_{Ìda gm{Zr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) *** Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` *** Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$o[bX{d e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) *** odoY gßH$m` *** odoY:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.) *** H$bm gßH$m` *** AW©emÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ...... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b{e lrdmÒVd, odO`mamO{ emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb` _wama, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) amOZroV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. adrß– gm{hm{Zr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh amd, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) g_mOemÒÃ:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmewVm{f Ï`mg, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, oMÀVm°∂S>J∂T> (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 11 oh›Xr:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. M›Xm Vb{am O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) AßJ´{Or:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.) gßÒH•$V:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) BoVhmg:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _XZbmb [ßdma, [yd© ‡mMm`© emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^yJm{b:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{d{›– H$m°a, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>r.S>r. odÌdH$_m©, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) Xe©ZemÒÃ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_›V Zm_X{d, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) _Zm{odkmZ:-...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. gam{O H$m{R>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) oMÃH$bm:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) gßJrV:- ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´m{da (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _{aR> (C.‡.) *** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` *** Amhma Edß [m{fU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. ‡JoV X{gmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) S>m∞. _Yw Jm{`b, Òdm_r H{$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZ{a (amO.) ...... (3) S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.) _mZd odH$mg:- ...... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, Om{Y[wa (amO.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) [mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:-... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© H$›`m emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ...... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aam{am, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.) *** oejm gßH$m` *** oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{a_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm) (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [{g{o\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) *** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` *** emarnaH$ oejm ...... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [{g{o\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` *** J´›Wmb` odkmZ ...... (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)

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‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤) (01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. JwO{oQ>`m ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (02) ‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) (03) S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV ...... kmZm{X` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _{Z{O_|Q> EßS> Q>{∑Zm{bm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.) (04) ‡m{. S>m∞. X{drbmb Ahra...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (05) lr Amerf o¤d{Xr ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (06) ‡m{. S>r.Eg. o\$am{oO`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am_[wam, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.) (07) lr C_{e e_m© ...... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.) (08) ‡m{. S>m∞.[r.S>r. kmZmZr ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (09) [´m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (10) ‡m{. S>m∞. jroVO [wam{ohV ...... O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) (11) [´m{. S>m∞. amO|– lrdmÒVd...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.) (12) ‡m{. S>m∞.gr.E_. _{hVm ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Omdam, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) (13) ‡m{. S>m∞. dm`.H{$. o_lm ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (14) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwa{e H$Q>mna`m ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (15) ‡m{. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ ...... emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) (16) ‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.) (17) ‡m{. S>m∞.J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ...... emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (18) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (19) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z...... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (20) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÍ$Um Xw]{ ...... emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (21) ‡m{. Am^m XrojV...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (22) ‡m{. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mh{Ìdar...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.) (23) ‡m{. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r ...... Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a (24) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV ...... emgH$s` hm{bH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (25) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` AJ´dmb...... emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (26) ‡m{. S>m∞. bVm O°Z ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (27) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$hH$em ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) (28) S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{...... [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.) (29) S>m∞. AoXoV X{gmB©...... lr Aaod›Xm{ BßÒQ>rQ>ÁyQ> Am∞\$ _{oS>H$b gmB©›g, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (30) S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm{_mZr...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇ, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (31) S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> ...... emgH$sg EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (32) S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßd{a, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.) (33) ‡m{. S>m∞.gwZrbHw$_ma ogH$adma ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (34) [´m{. S>m∞. Or.gr. _{hVm...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm Pm]wAm (_.‡.) (35) S>m∞. AO` H$mb{...... emgH$s` H•$.[. ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) (36) S>m∞. _ßOw amOm{na`m...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) (37) S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er...... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.) (38) S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr...... _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) (39) S>m∞. ‡drU Am{Pm ...... lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (40) S>m∞. Eg.H{$. lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` odO`m amO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (41) S>m∞. AZy[ _m{K{ ...... emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) (42) ‡m{. _h{eM›– JwflVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 13

(43) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (44) [´m{. S>m∞. H{$.Ama. Hw$Âh{H$a ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.) (45) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. `mXd ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm°Z (_.‡.) (46) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZQ>dabmb JwﬂVm ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (47) ‡m{. S>m∞.adt– H$m›h{a{...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (48) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOwbm Om{er ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, AßO∂S> oObm ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) (49) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ram Om_m{X ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) (50) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg. ^mQ>r ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, AbramO[wa (_.‡.) (51) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>{` ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.) (52) S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.) (53) S>m∞. amd{›–qgh [Q>{b ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) (54) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwﬂVm...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (55) S>m∞. oXbr[ JJ© ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` [Mm{a, oObm-amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.) (56) ‡m{. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm{Xm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.) (57) lr_Vr ^maVr Ia{ ...... Eg.Eg.Eb. O°Z ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, odoXem (_.‡.) (58) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[{`r ...... emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) (59) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$.Eb. gmhˇ ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) (60) ‡m{. S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{ ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.) (61) [´m{. S>m∞. ene‡^m O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.) (62) ‡m{. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.) (63) ‡m{. S>m∞. odZrVm aKwdßer ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.) (64) S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma od_b ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmX{hr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.) (65) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_aHw$_ma O°Z ...... emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.) (66) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmZßX oVdmar ...... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) (67) S>m∞. E.H{$. O°Z ...... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (68) S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.) (69) ‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd e_m©...... emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (70) ‡m{. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd ...... emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.) (71) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßX{bm...... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (72) S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJm{oV`m ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) (73) ‡m{.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.) (74) S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ...... emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) (75) S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _hˇJßO, oObm- ardm (_.‡.) (76) S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m©...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.) (77) S>m∞. A_m{b _mßO{H$a ...... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) (78) S>m∞. gwZrb gm{_dßer ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z{[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.) (79) S>m∞. BeaV ImZ ...... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`g{Z (_.‡.) (80) [´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB©...... emgH$s` N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>) (81) S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ...... Bp›Xam Jm±Yr Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (82) lr_Vr gw_Z doe>...... amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.) (83) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ...... amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.) (84) S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI...... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞b{O, O`[wa (amO.) (85) S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ...... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.) (86) ‡m{. ‡Xr[ qgJ ...... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm) (87) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb...... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 14

Miraculous Plant Crescentia Cujete Found In Dhar (M.P.)

Prof. Nirbhay Singh Solanki * Prof. S.C. Mehta **

Abstract- Crescentia cujete L. found in dhar city first time. This Plant has many uses for cure the Diseases. Crescentia plant mainly native of central and south America. The fruit of these plant use in making musical instruments and beautiful utensils . The whole plant is very important for Human being. So we can say that it is miraculous for us.

Introduction Methodology : I took some photographs by Digital Camera Crescentia cujete is a genus of flowering plant in the family and made some specimen. of Bignoniaceae. It is small tree of multiple uses , originating SCINTIFIC NAME - Crescentia Cujete Linn. from tropical America, now widely distributed in the tropics. COMMON NAME- Calabash tree(eng.), Kalebas(eng.), The Calabash tree grows to 30 feet often with multiple trunks. Ayle(eng.), Cujete(span.),Hu lu shu (chin.). The rangy twisting branches have simple elliptical leaves OTHER VERNACULAR NAME clustered at the nodes. DUTCH: Kalebasboom. Study Area FRENCH: Cacebassier. Dhar District: - Dhar town Dhar district is located at 22 degree GERMAN: Kalebassenbaum. to 22 degree 49 minutes north latitude and 75 degree 6 SPANISH: Calabacero,Morro,Jicara. minutes to 75 degree 42 minutes east longitude . Average SYNONYMS- Crescentia acumiata, C. angustiforia. altitude of Dhar district is 588 meters above sea level. Scintific Classification ò KINGDOM-Plantae-plants. ò SUBKIONGDOM-Tracheobionta-Vascular plant. ò SUPER DIVISION-Spermatophyta-seed plant. ò DIVISION-Magnoliophyta- flowering plants. ò CLASS-Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons. ò SUBCLASS-Asteridae. ò ORDER-Scrophulariales. ò FAMILY-Bignoniaceae. ò GENUS-Crescentia L.Crescentia ò SPECIES-Crescentia Cujete L. Botanical Discription plant:crescentia cujete is popular species of the genus an ever green plant of medium growth rate, reaching between 20-30ft tall in the wild. It is multitrunked, with a rough bark and long spreading branches forming a broud , roundish to irregular open crow measuring 25-30 ft wide. Leaf:Leaf foliage is bright green with simple leaves arranged along the arching branches with close-set cluster of leaves at the node Flower : calyx two parted equal and deciduoas

* Asst. Prof. of Botany Govt. P.G.college Dhar (M.P.) **Prof. of Botany Govt. P.G. College Jaora (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 15 corolla large, some what campanulate,the tube unequal Anti-Venom Activity ,ventricose and in curved the border 5 eleft,its segments In almost every part of the world where venomous snake occur denately sinuate or torn .stamen 4 some time 5 as long as numerous plant species are used as folk medicine to treat the corolla two of them shorter anther incumbent. stigma snake bite. Ayurveda state usages of specific plants against bilamiated Fruit: The fruit berry large, 1 celled reasembling a specific snake bite, hence the present study was carried out guard, with a solid bark within pulpy many seeded to evaluate the antivenom activity of ethanolic extract of USES crescentia fruit in experimental animal. Making Musical Instruments Anti-Cancer The fruit also serve as Percussion Instruments. A hollowed Department Of Science & Technology (DOST), Philippine out fruit with grooves are rubbed with a stick the guard Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) study produces a rasping sound that serves as an accompaniment shows that extracts of calabas fruit & leaves have the ability for song or dance. A rattle called a Maraca is also made to prevent blood vessel growth and development and could from this spherical fruit. be used to help in prevent cancer cell in the human body. In ancient time in India , the people made a musical In some countries the dried shell of the fruit is used to make instrument called as VEENA. bowls and fruit containers, decorated with paintings or Health Benefits Of Calabas Tree carvings. ò The pulp of the fruit has medicinal properties and acts as Discussion a remedy for respiratory problem such as asthma and This plant is very useful in Biomedical research field and in cough. making different arts .By this plant we can pure our ò It contains hydrocyanic acid which is considered as a surroundings .We can prevent ourselves from different types purgative. of diseases by using it. ò The leaves of the calabash tree are used to reduce Blood Refernces Pressure. ò Andrew F .michaux The North America Sylva published by Philadelphia D Rice & A.N.HART 1859 ò The bark is used to clean wounds and also to treat ò Tolu.odugbemi (2008) A Text Book of Medicinal plant from Nigeria hematomas and tumors. ,University of Lagospress ò Calabas fruit found potential in lowering Blood sugar that ò www.bottel tree. Com.sg/..p=469 can be use in treating hyperglucemia ò www.stuartxchange.com/cujete.html ò scienceray.com/bilogy/crescentia-cujete-the-calabash-tree ò Calabas fruit believe to have laxative anti inflammatory & ò www.fruitsinfo.com/calabash-tree-tropical-fruits.php. hypoglycemic (Blood sugar lowering) effect of its many ò www. mb. com. ph/cancer.cure -seen-in-miracl- tree/ uses, calabas fruit is regarded as miracle fruit in southern ò www.ar journal.org/index.php/article/view/524 philippins. ò www.worldgayon.com/2013/10/calabash-fruit ò www.google.com.in ò www.wikipedia

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Ethnomedicinal Plants Used As Antipyrtic Agents Among The Bhil/Bhilal Tribe Of Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh

Prof. Govind waskel * Prof. Sarika Tundele **

Materials and Methods Abstract- An ethno-medicinal survey of different villages Extensive field trips were conducted for collecting the of Dhar district of M.P. was conducted between july information of herbal treatment for fever. The information was 2009 to june 2012.Result of this survey indicate that the collected with help of interview and questionnaires for the 30 plants species are used for the treatment of different purpose of present study. A standard method given by type of fevers prevalent among the tribal. In the present Kaushik (1983) was followed with some modification. The paper the information related to the Botanical Names with ethnomedicinal information specially related to treatment local names and parts of plant used and method used in of fever were collected from the Bhil/Bhilala tribe people of fever has been discussed. Nilda/Surani village of Dhar District of M.P. Locals of the Key Words- Ethno-medicinal plants, Bhil/Bhilala tribe, Fever, Nilda/Surani village used thirty plant species for the treatment Phyto-chamistry, Pharmacology of fever collected information is given in the Table No.1 Introduction- Dhar district is located nearly 60 km. From Result and discussion Indore (m.p.).The district is bounded on the North by ratlam, Thirty plants species of 19 families have been recorded from Ujjain Mandsaur district on the East by Indore district of on the study area of Dhar forest for the treatment of fever by the the west by Jhabua, Alirajpur and on the south by khargone, tribe. Four families are dominant Fabaceae and khandwa district. It covers the total area of 815359 sq. Kms. Caesalpiniaceae. Plants of family Moringaceae vegetabl. The district is located at lat 220 1'14 and 230 9'49N and long Plants of family Boraginaceae, Annonaceae, Meliaceae , 740 28'27" and 750 42' 43' E .The forest of Dhar district is Sapotaceae, Anacardiaceae, use for fruits . Plants of family mostly deciduous types. In summer temperature is extended Caesalpiniaceae are used in headak. up to 450C .The average annual rainfall is 975 mm. Dhar are Different parts of different plants are used in the treatment of the main tribe of different villages of the district. According to hadck like Leaves,Roots, Seeds and Bark. one to two days 2001 census, the population of Bhil/Bhilala tribe in the district are normal period of treatment. Boiling of plant parts are a was 17.40 lac constituting about 29% of the total population. common method to make a decoction medicine for hadck. The villages are in remote areas. There are little facilities for Krishna and Singh (1987) explained about ethno-medicinal health care. Tribes are mostly depending on forest products plants of Sikkim state. Tamuli &Saikia(2004) recorded several for their life. Ethno-botany has introduced numerous little- plant species of north Kachar district of Assam, used by the know or unknown uses of plants. Chopra et al. (1980) local people and Zene sssNaga Tribe of Assam. Kumar and described about some important plant species which is used Chauhan (2005) reported about medicinal plants of Bharatpur for certain diseases by local people. Hooker (1897) published district of Rajasthan used by the local people of the district. the flora of British India. Jain (2002, 2004) gave a detailed Malaiya & Seema (1992) Conducted antimicrobial evaluation account on Indian ethno-botany. Khumbmayung et al. (2005) of certain medicinal plants of ethnobotanical importance. recorded ethno-botanical plants of Manipur state. Upadhyay People are largely depending on herbal medicine for their & Singh (2005) Noted Geographical and environmental healthcare Jain & Fillipps (1991), Mayaiya & Seema (1992), variation in medicinal plant properties and suggested towards Prajapati (2007). Folk medicinal are still in the practice improving the quality of ethno-botanical survey. Ethno- (Chakravarty 1975). A large number of indigenous herbal botanical survey of Bundelkhand regions was done by Saxena drugs are used as remedies, especially by the rural folk. and Vyas (1981). Study of available literature revealed that Plant species show unreported medicinal uses in Tribal very little ethno-botanical study has been conducted in this Villages (Pal & Jain 1998), (Trivedi & Prajapati 2006). area. During study period (2009-2010) some new and The paper reported 52 interesting ethno-medicinal plants used interesting ethno-medicinal uses of plants have been in the treatment of different type of hadck by the Bhil/Bhilala recorded. tribe of Dhar District(M.P.) .Devi(1980) reported some plant

*Assistant Prof. of Botany, ** Asst. Prof. of Botony Govt. Jawaharlal Nehru Govt. College, Barwaha (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 17 species of Manipur. People of Manipur use the plant species ò Devi,L.D. (1990).Folflore medicines of ethnobiological importance in for health purpose. Hemoborn & Goel (2005) reported some Manipur:Volume 1.Imphal. medicinal plant species of Muddas.kanjal(1940) studied plant ò Hembron,P.P. and A.K. Goel (2005). Horopathy; Ethnomedicinal of Muddas. Ethnobotany17:89-95. species of Assam and listed some plant species of medicinal ò Hooker,J.D.(1872-1897). The Flora of British India.Vol. 1-7.London. values. ò Jain,S.K.(1967).Ethnobotany Its scope and study Indian Acknowledgement museum.bult.2:39-43. Authors are thankful to Shri K.P.Sharma forest officer for ò Jain,S.K. (2004).(ed.) Amanual of Ethnobotany Scientific Publishers, conducting the field work, Dr.V.K.Krishna jodhur.pp 144 M.G.M.College,Itarsi for critical evaluation of the paper and ò Kanjilal, U.N. et al; (1934-40). Flora of Assam Vol. I-IV; Govt.of Assam. encouragement and people of Nilda village(DharDistrict) for ò Krishna,B and Singha (1987). Ethnobotanical observation in Sikkim, their valuable information for providing valuable inputs. J.Econ Tax. Bot. 9:1-7 (18) Bibliography ò Kumar, S.and A.K.K. Chauhan(2005). Medicinal plants used by local ò Chopra R.N. Nayer,S.L. andChopra I.C (1980).Glossary of medicinal inhabitants in Bharatpur distric, Rajastan. Ethnobotany, 17:179-183. plants, New Delhi. ò Upadhyay ,R. and Jaswant singh (2005). Ethnomedicinal plant uses of plant from Tikri forest of Gonda district. Ethnobotany, 17:167-170.

(1.) Annona squamosa (L. (2.) Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

(3.) Bambusa arundinacea (Retz) wild (4.) Tamarindus indica L. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 18

Table No. 1

SN. Local name Botanical name Family Useful part 1. kurshaniemli Adinsonia digitata Bombacaceae Fruit,wood 2. Bel Aegle marmelos Ruteceae Fruit,wood,Leaf,Root 3. Mhaneem Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Bark 4. Kala Siruas Albizoia lebbeckbenth Mimosaceae Bark,Flower,Seed 5. Dawda Anogeissus latifolia Cambetaceae Root,Bark,Leave Fruit 6. Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Whole plants 7. Semal Bombex ceiba Bombaceae Whole plants 8. Salai Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Bark,Gum,Resin 9. Sisam Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Root,Leave,Bark,Heartwood 10. Fansi Dalbergia paniculata Fabaceae Root,Leave,Bark,Heartwood 11. Kabit Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruit &Leave 12. Gular Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Bark,Fruit,Latex,Root 15. Anjan Hardwickia binata Leguminosae wood 16. Mahwa Madhuca indica Sapotaceae Bark,Flower,Seed Fruit,Heartwood 17. Bakayan Melia qzedararach L. Meliaceae Bark 19. Jamun Syzygium cumini L. Myrtaceae Bark,Leave,Fruit 20. Emil Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpiniaceae Root,Fruit,Seed,Leave 21. Teak Tectona grandis L.F. Verbenaceae Whole plants 22. Arjun Terminalia arjuna Combretaceae Bark 23. Bahara Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Bark,Fruit 24. Harra Terminelia chebula (Retz) Combretaceae Fruit 25. Khair Acacia catechuL.F. Wild Mimosaceae Bark & Hearwood 26. Babul Acacia nilotica delile Mimosaceae Pods,Leave,Bark,Gums 29. Dhak,( palas) Butea monosperma( Lam.) Taub. Fabaceae Bark,Leave,Gum,Flowers,Seeds 30. Awala Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Eupharbiaceae Fruit 32. Dham Grewia tilifolia vahl Tiliaceae Bark,Fruit 34. Karanj Pongania pinnata (L.) PIERRE Fabaceae Root,Bark,Leave,Flower,Seed,Oil 35. Sitaphal Annona squamosa (L.) Annonaceae Root,Leave,Fruit,seeds 36. Asthara Bauhinia variegate (L.) Caesalpiniaceae Roots,Bark 37. Badi dudhi (black) Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae Bark,Seeds 38. Amaltas Cassia fistula (L.) Caesalpiniaceae WholePlants 41. Amm Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Roots Bark,Leave 42. Khirni Manilkara hexandar (Roxb.) dubard Sapotaceae Bark, Fruits 43. Bans Bambusa arundinacea(Retz) wild. Bambusaceae Roots,leaves spouts 45. Gondi Cardia macleoli Boraginaceae Fruit 46. Toon Cerda toona Roxb. Ex Rottler Meliaceae Fruit,Leave 47. Surjana Moringa tinctoria Moringaceae Fruit,Root,Bark 48. Sahijan Moringa oleifera (Lam.) Moringaceae Root,Bark,Seed,Leave Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 19

Study Of Traditional Worshiping Plant Of Barwaha (district-khargone M.P.)

Prof. SarikaTundele* Prof. Govind Waskel **

used in a particular festival occasion, importance of the plant Abstract : - BARWAHA is located at Latitude: 22° 16' or its part in traditional use, beliefs and benefits were collected 46" N, Longitude: 76° 05' 12" E in west nimar. It has an through personal interview with the head of the family in elevation/altitude of 181 meters above sea level. Barwaha selected village Barwaha, District -Khargone, State, Madhya is rich in biodiversity. From the ancient time plants have Pradesh. Plant species or part used was collected from the played an important role in human civilization they played person interviewed. Local name and location of specimen, is varied role ranging from food to Medicines. The present noted at the time of interview . study was carried out during 2012-13. The present study Materials And Method - In many vratas /fasts done by Hindu deals with role of trees in worshipping. One of the roles of females such as Durva astmi, Vad savitri, Sitra satami trees plant worshipping has been common in the third or fourth are worshipped. The most important occasion of tree worship millennium B.C. This paper highlights on the importance is during Holi festival.(Such as Acacia sp., Aegle marmelos, of some plant known to be traditionally used in Barwaha. Mengifera indica) are worshipped. In a number of regions of Tree occupies the important place in the India certain trees are still worshipped different festival certain history of India. In ancient time kadam tree is popular for plants flowers and leaves are offered daily in the worship of lord Krishna, Pipal tree occupied a very important place God. There are very few ceremonies or festivals of Hindus during the Vedic period. The present taxonomic account which can be completed without the help of the trees. The is based on field survey in the Barwaha.The present paper following is the list of plants used in worshipping gods. In deals with total 35 angiospermic plants like Mangifera this paper, I reported certain plant species or parts used in indica L, Ficus racemosa L., Ficus religiosa L., etc. used different festivals are tabulated in Table. It was observed that by villagers of Barwaha. local people use 35 plant species belongings to 29 genera Keywords: Worshipping, Traditional Uses, Angiospermic and 24 families during festival occasions. These species Plants, Festival belonged to different growth and life forms. In most of the Introduction - Tree worship is an integral part of Hinduism. festivals flower is common. But fruits, whole plant and leaves Underlying the central concept that God exists in eveything, are used, however occasionally. trees are held in a special esteem as they provide food, Result And Discussion - The Vat Savitri festival falls on the oxygen, shelter, etc. From ages, we have been worshipping full moon day of the month of Jyeshtha, around June. On this certain kinds trees and plants and attributing each one of day, women fast and worship the Vat tree to pray for the them to be the favourite of a particular God. Traditional use growth and strength of their families, like the sprawling tree of many plants and their parts during some festival occasion which lives for centuries. Newly married women visit a nearby by local community is quiet common. In India amongst Hindus Vat tree and worship it by tying red threads of love around it. many plant species are associated with religious function, They offer flowers and sweets to the tree. When the moon rituals and also in celebration of festivals. After being in rises full and resplendent on the horizon, special feasts are contact with a particular plant, people come to know its shared by families. The pipal tree or asvatta (Ficus religiosa) significance and benefits and then they start to use them for has had a conspicuous position in the cultural landscape of medicines food, textiles and other uses. Due to availibity of north India and human collective memory for more than 5,000 plants this has given a place to such plant in our great Hindu years. It was depicted even on Mohenjo Daro seals. Buddha cultures byworshiping them and one of to conserve them from himself found enlightenment under a pipal tree. Buddha is being extinct. Such useful plants have been recorded in the reported to have been born in a sacred grove, Lumbinivana, religious book and knowledge transmitted them generation to full of sal trees. For Hindus the bel tree, Aegle marmelos, is generation. This work attempts to identify plant species associated with Shiva, tulasi with Vishnu, and fig (Ficus traditionally used for worshiping god by local community on glomerata) with Dattatreya, the son of Trimurty. The necklace certain festival occasion. of rudraksha (Elaeocarpus spp.) adorning Shiva's neck MATERIALS AND METHOD Information of plant species also highlights his links with the forest. Various trees,

* Assistant Professor of Botany ** Assistant Professor of Botany, J.N. Govt. College, Barwaha (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 20 fruits and plants have special significance in Hindu ritual. Hindu References: religious scripts, stories, and rituals have attempted to drive * Gupta, S.M. 2001. Plant myths and traditions in Crooke, W., home the importance of preserving nature by deifying it through * "Tree and Serpent Worship",Folklore of India, pp 237-259, New the centuries. Delhi * Plant myths and traditions in India - Arvind Gupta * Malla, Bansi Lal (2000), Trees in Indian Art, Mythology and Folklore Dagar, J.C.,"Trees and shrubs in . . . . .Religion and Mythology",Tree World, Vol. 3, No. 6., pp. 3-4,1995 * Chakraverty, R.K., and Mukhopadhyay, D.P,"The Great Banyan Tree",Bulletin Of Botanical Survey of India, Vol. 29, No.1-4, pp 59- 70, Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta,1987 * Amrita,"Temples of Nature",Discover India, Vol.12, No.3, pp.20- 22,1999. * Agrawala, V.S.,"Ancient Indian Folk Cults",Prithivi Prakashan, Varanasi, India,1970 * Agarwal, S.R.,"Trees, Flowers and Fruits in Indian Folk Songs, Folk Proverbs and Folk Tales",Glimpses of Indian Ethnobotany, pp 3-12, Oxford & IBH Publishing House, New Delhi., * Dagar, J.C.,"Trees and shrubs in Religion and Mythology",Tree World, Vol. 3, No. 6., pp. 3-4,1995.

There are many plants and their parts are used on various festive occasions by local community of Barwaha ,which are listed below in the table 1 :-

Botanical Name Family Common Name Parts used Festival Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.)Thw .. Annonaceae ...... False Ashoka/Debdaru ...... Wood/leaves ...... Dusshera/Diwali festival Capparis decidua ...... Capparaceae ...... Kerda/kair/Karir ...... Plant ...... Sitala satami Gossipium herbasium L ...... Malvaceae ...... Kapas/cotton ...... Seed/cotton ...... All festival Hibiscus rosa sinensis ...... Malvaceae ...... China rose/Gurdhal ...... Flower ...... Ganesh/Lashkmi pujan Hibiscus schizopetalus ...... Malvaceae ...... Latkan Gurdhal/Japenese latern .. Flower ...... All festival Aegle marmelos ...... Rutaceae ...... Bael ...... Fruit,leaves ...... Shivratri/Shiv pujan Citus medica ...... Rutaceae ...... Lime/nimbu ...... Fruit ...... All festivals Mangifera indica ...... Anacardiaceae ..... Mango ...... Whole Plant ...... Holi/Diwali/all festivals Butea monosparma ...... Papilinioceae ...... Palaash ...... Flower ...... Holi Acacia arebica ...... Mimosaceae ...... Babul ...... Wood ...... Holi Acacia nilotica ...... Mimosaceae ...... Babul ...... Wood ...... Holi Prosopis cineriria ...... Mimosaceae ...... Sami/shami ...... Wood/Flower...... Holi Prosopis spicigera ...... Mimosaceae ...... Sami/Shami ...... Wood ...... Holi Rosa alba ...... Rosaceae ...... Rose ...... Flower ...... All Festivals Cucurbita maxima Duch...... Cucurbitaceae ...... Cucumber ...... Fruit ...... Vastupujan, Janmaastami Mimosops elengi ...... Sapotaceae ...... Maulsari/Bakula ...... Flower ...... All festival Jasminum flexile vahi, symb...... Olenaceae ...... Juhi ...... Flower ...... All festival Jasminum multiflorum ...... Olenaceae ...... Mogra ...... Flower ...... All festival (Burn.f.)Andr Nyctanthus arbortristis L ...... Olenaceae ...... Parijat ...... Flower ...... All festival Nerium indicum ...... Apocyanaceae ..... Lal Kaner ...... Flower ...... Ganesh pujan Plumeria rubra forma ...... Apocyanaceae ..... Champa ...... Wood/ Flower ...... All Festival tricolor(R&s.)Woodrow Nelumbo nucifera ...... Nelumbonaceace .. Kamal/Lotus ...... Flower ...... Vishnu/Lashmi pujan Calotropis prosera ...... Asclepidiaceae ..... Akuaa ...... Flower ...... Shivratri,Shivpujan, Hanuman Jayanti Datura innoxia ...... Solanaceae ...... Datura ...... Flower ...... Shivratri Ocimum sanctum ...... Lamiaceae ...... Tulsi ...... Leaves ...... All festival Piper betel ...... Piperaceae ...... Paan ...... Leaves ...... Navratri, Diwali, Ganesh churti etc. Bellis perennis ...... Asteraceae ...... Sevanti/common daisy ...... Flower ...... All festivals Ficus benghalensis ...... Moraceae ...... Vad ...... Whole Plant ...... Vadsavitri Ficus relegiosa L...... Moraceae ...... Pipal ...... Whole Plant ...... Vad savitri Musa paradisiacal ...... Musaceae ...... Kela ...... Leaves/Fruit ...... All festivals Tagetus erecta ...... Asteraceace...... Genda ...... Flower ...... All festivals Panadanus odoratissimus ...... Pandanaceae ...... Kewra...... Flower ...... Kewra tijj Cynodon dactylon ...... poaceae ...... Dhub ...... Whole Plant ...... Ganesh chaturthi, Shiraadh Areca catechu ...... Arecaceae...... Supari ...... Nut ...... Navratri / Ganesh Pujan Cocos nucifera ...... Arecaceae...... Nariyal ...... Fruit ...... All Festival Zizipus jujuba ...... Rhamnaceae ...... Ber ...... Fruit ...... Shiv ratri Nelumbo nucifera ...... Nelumbonaceae .... Kamal/lotus ...... flower ...... All festivals Bellis perennis ...... Moraceae ...... Sevanti/common daisy ...... flower ...... All festivals Ficus racemose ...... Moraceae ...... Goolar ...... Fruits ...... Brahma,Vishnu,Shiva, Trinity Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 21

Biodiversity In Algal Pond Water And Its Physico-Chemical Factors

Dr. Darasingh Waskel * Tarachand Nargawe **

Hosmani and Vasanth Kumar (1996). Abstract - An ecological study of two ponds water of See Tabel No. 1 Dhar town MP. Verious Physico-chemical parameters were Result And Discussion -The results of the analysis of the analyzed at seasonal (Rainy,Winter and Summer) 2011- two ponds are given in Table-2 and 3. All physic- chemical 2012. Algal diversity in relation to pollution has also been factors showed higher values in Kalika pond wich were discussed. Group Euglenophyceae are poorly represented compared to Sitapat pond during study period. Algae,the indicating that organic pollution is slightly redused. Group prime and nature component of natural water, are the main Chlorophyceae were that most dominant in the study period. primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Howewewr,their Group Cynophyceae dominated during Winter season. diversity, population and abundance are related to certain Group Bacillariophyceae were less singnificant. The most environmental factors. Hosmani and Bharathi (1977), important parameters operating in Kalika pond and Sitapat Naganandani and Hosmani (1990), Sreenath (1994) and Anil pond are pH, Turbidity, Specific conductivity,Total kumar (1998) have stressed the inport ance of alkalinity, hardness, TDS, Nitrate, Sulphate and Phasphate. Desmids water temperature, Co2,DO, Nitrate and Phosphate in the occurred in fairly good numbers, which is an indicators abundance of algal growth.Group Euglenophyceae are poorly that the ponds water are Oligotrophic and tending to represented in the pond water indicating that organic pollution become eutrophic. may be slightly low. Harish (2002) concluded that phosphates, Keywords: Diatom,Physoco-chmical factors,oligotropic, Nitrates and Nitrites control the growth of euglenoids in eutropic. polluted water. The distribution of euglenophyceae in Sitapat Introduction: In an investigation of two ponds water of Dhar pond is 1.11% as compared to 2.31% in Kalika pond. town, many species of algae were recorded.The algal flora Chlorophyceae were the most dominant group throughout were identified with the help of key's given by Smith (1950), the study period. The Chlorophyceae dominanted in the Prescott (1951), Adoni (1985). Several workers have studied number of genera, however their percentage composition was the Ecology of fresh water algae, a few of interest one are of 11.87% in Sitapat pond and 20.62% in the Kalika pond. The Munawar (1970), Singh (1960), Zafar (1964), Hosmoni and chlorophyceae are the indicators of healthiness of the Bharathi (1982). Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed ecosystem are also responsible for addition of high amounts by following the standards methods of APHA (1992), Trivedi of oxygen to the water body. Tripathi and Pandey (1990), and Goel (1984). Sunitha (2005), Susheela and Kiran (2006) are also similar Materials And Methods: The present study was carried reported. out in the Kalika pond and Sitapat pond Dhar town.The The distribution of Cynophyceae in Sitapat pond is 6.87% as physical and salient features of the two ponds are described compared to 9.64% in Kalika pond. Cyanophyceae compaired in Table -1. Sampling was done between seasonally second dominant group of algae.Cyanophyceae were found (Rainy,Winter and Summer seasons) for two years 2011- maximum in summer season and minimum in rainy season, 2012. Physico-chemical parameters were analized by when Phosphate and BOD were higher in these seasons. following the standards methods of APHA (1992). The sample Goutam Ranjan (2007), U.Anita (2007), Milind S. Hugare were taken in 1-litre plastic bottles.The water samples for (2008), reported maximum in summer season and minimum algae study were preserved by using 10 ml of Lugol's solution in the rainy season. and examind under a compound microscope. The plankton The Bacillariophyceae constituted important part of algae. samples were collected following Welch (1953) and Lind The distribution of diatoms in Sitapat pond in 6.42% as (1979) by filtering 40 lit. of water through small plankton net compaired to 8.38% in Kalika pond. The minimum diatoms made up to Bolting silk no. 25 (64 u mesh size). The plankton was found in summer season and maximum in winter season. was identified with help of key's by Smith (1950), Adoni (1985), Tripathi and Pandey (1990), Naganandani and Hosmani (1998)

* Department of Zoology ** Department of Chemistry Maharaja Bhoj Govt.P.G. College, Dhar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 22 observed that diatoms were maximum during winter and saturation index and its influence on phytoplankton.poll,Res.,15(3): summer seasons. Rajendra Nair (1990) and Hosmani (1975) 285-288. reported that diatoms population were directly correlated to ò Hosmani,S.P. and Bharati,S.G.(1977). Hydrobiological studies in ponds and lakes of Dharwar,III. Occarance of two Euglenoid blooms. Phosphate content. In the present study, diatoms growth Science J.,30:151-156. was directly proportional to Phosphate and Nitrate content. ò Singh,B.N. and Swarup,K. (1979). Limnological studies of Suraha Certain physico-chemical parameters like Total alkalinity lake (Balia): The periodicity of phytoplankton, J.Indian. (vollenweider 1966), phosphate (Ohle 1955), Nitrogen and Bot.Sco.,58:319-329. Phosphorus (palmer 1980), and Chloride (Beeton 1965) have ò Zafar,A.R. (1964). n the Ecology of the Algae in certain fish ponds been reported a bearing on the trophic status of both ponds. of Hyderabad, India,I. Physic-chemical complexes, Hydrobiologia, 23:179-195. In the present study, concentration of Nitrates and Phosphate ò Trivedy,R.K.and Goel,P.K. (1986). Chemical and Biological Methods usually remained much above the eutrophication level. Beeton for water pollution studies, Environmental publications, karad,pp. (1965) opined that increased concentration of chloride and 94-96. phosphate could be used as an index of eutrophication. High ò Munawar,M. (1970). Limnological studies on fresswater pond of values of alkenity, phosphate, chloride, sulphate reported in Hyderabad India. The Biotope, Hydrobiologia, 35:127-162. the present study, thus indicate the eutrophic nature of these ò WHO, (2004).Guidelines for drinking water quality thireded recommendations. Geneva: World Health Organisation. ponds. ò Chandra R. Nishadh K.A. and Azeez, P.A.,(2009). Monitoring water Conclusion:-Through all these observations, it can be quality of coimbatore wetlands, Tamil Nadu,India. Environ. Monit. concluded that many physico-chemical parameters are Assess.,64,1007-1066. necessary for existence of diatoms. pH and Oxidizable organic ò Basavaraja Simpi, S.M. Hiremath,KNS Murthy, K.N.Chandrashekar matters coupled with low concentration of Nitrates and appa, Anil N patel, E.t. Puttiah, (2011). Analysis of water quality dissolved oxygen and high concentration of nitrate and using physic-chemical parameters Hosahalli Tank in S.Himoga District, Karnataka, India,11(3). phosphate fevour the growth of algae. (See Table No. 2 & 3) ò Dwedi, B.K. and G.C.pandey (2002). Physico-chemical factors and References:- algal diversity of two ponds (Giriji kund and Maqubara pond ), ò Palmer,C.M.(1980). Algae and water pollution. Castle House Faizabad. poll.,R.S.,21:361-370. publications Ltd., England pp.123. ò Pani S.and Misra S. M. Impact of Artificial Aerotion/Ozonisation on ò Smith, G.M. (1950). The fresswater algae of United states. McGrow algal community structure of a tropical europhic lake Eco.Env. and Hill Book Company Inc., New York. Cons. 9(1),31-34,(2003). ò Anil kumar, S. (1998). Fress water algae of Hassam ò K.Shanthi, Ramaswamy and Lakshmana perumalswamy,(2002). District,Karnataka,India ph.D.theses,Mysore University. hydrobiological studies of singanallur lake at Coimbatore, India J. ò APHA, (1995). Standard Methods for examination of water and Nature of environ. And poll.Tech.,1(2),97-101. Wastewater,19th Edition,APHA. ò Rajendra Nair,M.S. (1999). Seasonal variation of phytoplankton in ò Harish, (2002). Limnology of ponds and lakes of Mysore relation to physico-chemical factors in a village pond at India Karnataka,India,ph.D thesis, Mysore University. (vidisha). Indian. J. Ecotoxical.Environ.Monit.,9(3):177-182. ò Homani,S.P. and Vasant kumar,L.(1996). Calcium carbonate

Table.1: Salient features of the ponds Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 23

Table 2: Seasonal Variation in physico-chemical and algal diversity in Sitapat pond.

Note:-TL=Taste less

Table 3: Seasonal Variation in physico-chemical and Algal diversity in Kalika pond

Note:-TL=Taste less Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 24

Conservation of ethnobotanical plants in Patalkot Chhindwara M.P.

Droupadi Parte * region by the tribal is one of the important aspects of Abstract- Ethnobotanical survey of Patalkot about 45 ethnobotany apart from making an inventory of plants wed species, belonging to 40 genera under 24 families naturally by the tribal's as food, medicine and various other purposes growing and cultivated frequently used ethnobotanical in this region. plants was collected. They are used for different The species are arranged alphabetically followed by the family ethnobotanical purposes by the local tribal name, local name and purpose of conservation: communities.The study main purpose to public awareness. Discussion & conclusion Cultivation and conservation on a sustainable basis with The plants are provided food, fiber, fodder, shelter, timber, in the environment protection. fuel and many others Key words: Conservation, Ethnobotany, Material culture, products of human needs. They also had healing and curing Patalkot. abilities. The tribal's are associated with plants so they do Introduction not cut the plants, they worship and protect them .These Patalkot is one of the remote tribal rich district of way tribal's people should be encouraged for conservation. Chhindwara.The place is located at a distance of 62 K.M. They also prevents cutting of plants and help in their From the district headquarter in the north-west direction and conservation. 23 km from Tamia in North east direction. It is famous for its Acknowledgements forest wealth and the main tribe in the area is Bharia and The author is thankful to the tribals' people of Patalkot for Gond. They treat varies aliments with plant-based remedies their precious information and support. on the basis of their rich knowledge about the plant species Reference found in forest. The agricultural practices and other activities 1. Ahirwar, R.K.,Parna, I.C.& Singh,G.K.,(2012). Conservation of of primitive man provide valuable clues to conservation of plant medicinal plants In District Anuppur M.P.(India); Indian J.Applied resources. Conservation values assigned by the traditional &Pure Bio.Vol.27 (1), 43- 48(2012) . societies through cultural religious association. Many festivals 2. Bhakat, R.K., Sen, U.K. & Pandit P.K.2OO8.Role of sacred groves in Conservation of plants. Indian Forester 134(7):866-874. are associated with the significance of plants such as Hariyali, 3. Dashora, K., Bhardwaj & Gupta Anjali 2009.Conservation ethics of Harchhath, Haritalica, Govardhan puja, Mahashivratri, Plants in India.J.Econ.Taxon.Bot. Vol.33 No.4 (2009):841-845. Badadev pujan etc.are the festivals where offerings many 4. Jain, S.K.1963a.Magico-religious beliefs about plants among the fruits, flowers, leaves, food grains and vegetable. The tribal's tribals of Bastar, Madhya Pradish.Q.J.Myth. Soc.54: 73-94. are associated many festivals with plants, specific plants 5. Maheshwari, J.k.1995.Ethnobotany in Development and conservation are associated with particular day and God-Goddess and of Resources.In: A Manual of ethnobotany (2ed.) S.K.Jain pp-112-120 them worshipped. There are several myths associated with 6. Sahu, T.R.1999.Biodiversity conservation of Bastar (M.P.) in tradition plant species help in there conservation. and Religious context.pp.55-64.In: Biodiversity, Toxonomy and Ecology. During field work, observation of the conservation values of a (R.K.Tandon and P.Singh.Eds.) .Scientific publishers Jodhpur.

Sr. Botanical name Local name Family Useful parts Purpose for conservation

1 Acorus calamus L. Buch Araceae Rhizome For diseases. 2 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Bel Rutaceae Leaf ,Fruit Dedicated to Lord Shiva. 3 Agave angustifolia Haw. Ketkis Agavaceae Whole plant For forming hedge. 4 Amaranthus viridis L. Chaulai Amaranthaceae Leaf For vegetable. 5 Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Blume Suran Araceae Corm For vegetable 6 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Satavar Lilliaceae Root For diseases. 7 Boswellia serrata Roxb.ex.Colebr. Salai Burseraceae Stem Stem for Marriage. 8 Buchanania lanzan Spreng. Char Anacardaceae Fruits For Fruits.

* Govt. P.G.College, Chhindwara (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 25

9 Bauhinia purpurea L. Keolar Caesalpiniaceae Leaf Vegetable 10 Bauhinia vahlii Wight.&Arn. Mahul Caesalpiniaceae Leaf, Stem Leaves for Pattal (Food plate), Fiber 11 Calotropis procera (Ait.)R.Br. Aak Asclepiadaceae Flowers and latex Flowers for worship Lord Shiva and latex for diseases. 12 Chlorophytum borivilianum Safed musli Liliaceae Root Tuber For medicine Sant.&Fernandez 13 Crotalaria juncea L. Sanai Papilionaceae Stem For fiber 14 Cynodon dactylon (L.)Pers. Doob Poaceae Leaf blade To convert simple water into holly water. 15 Datura metal L. Datura Solanaceae Flowes,Fruit For worship Lord Shiva. 16 Dillenia indica L. kalle Dilleniaceae Stem For diseases. 17 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Suarukh Dilleniaceae Stem For diseases. 18 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Tendu Ebenaceae Leaf For making Bidi. 19 Dendrocalamus strictus Bans Poaceae Stem For basketry (Roxb.) Nees 20 Euphorbia neriifolia L. Thuhar Euphorbiaceae Whole plant For forming hedge. 21 Euphorbia nivulia L. Sehud Euphorbiaceae Whole plant For forming hedge. 22 Ficus benghalensis L. Bargad Moraceae Whole plant As an abode of departed souls and Gods. 23 Ficus religiosa L. Peepal Moraceae Whole plant As an abode of departed souls and Gods. 24 Gloriosa superba L. Kalihari Liliaceae Whole plant Warship in "Haritalika" 25 Lawsonia inermis L. Mehndi Lythraceae Whole plant Hedge, leaf for dye. 26 Madhuca longifolia var. Roxb. Mahuua Sapotaceae Flower For food,alchohalic beverage latifolia (Roxb.)Chev. 27 Mangifera indica L. Aam Anacardiacee Stem ,Fruits Stem for marriage, fruits for food. 28 Moringa oleifera Lamk. Munga Moringaceae Fruits For vegetable 29 Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Meethi neem Rutaceae Leaf For Condiments. 30 Ocimum sanctum L. Tulisi Lamiaceae Whole plant As a very Sacred plant. 31 Oryaza rufipogon Griff. Pasai dhan Poaceae Grain Used during festival & to break the Harchhath fast. 32 Panicum paludosum Roxb. Kutki Poaceae Grain For food 33 Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Kodo Poaceae Grain For food 34 Phyllanthus emblica L. Gaertn. Amla Euphorbiaceae Whole plant For diseases and worship. (Emblica officinalis) 35 Pennisetum honenachacheri Mawai Poaceae Leaf sheaths For rope 36 Phoenix acaulis Roxb.ex. Buch-Ham. Chhind Arecaceae Leaf For broom and mat making 37 Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Karanj Papilionaceae Fruits Used skin diseases. 38 Ricinus communis L. Arandi Euphorbiacae Seed, Twig Keep away evil spirits, seed oil used as lubricants. 39 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken. Kushum Sapindaceae Whole plant For collection of Lac. 40 Semecarpus anacardium L. Bhelwa Anacardiaceae Twig Use twig in Hariyali festival. 41 Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. Sal Dipterocarpaceae Whole plant Leaf for Pattal, gum offered to God, Goddess. 42 Sterculia urens Roxb. Kullu Sterculiaceae Gum For medicine 43 Terminalia alata Henye ex.Roth. Saja Combrataceae Whole plant Sacred plant, worship as "Bada Dev" 44 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.)Roxb. Baheda Combrataceae Fruits Used for diseases. 45 Zea mays L. Makka Poaceae Grain For food. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 26

A Study Of Water Pollution With Special Refrence Barwaha City

Prof. Ramesh Kumar Auchat * Prof. J.L. Solanki **

Introduction - When insoluble solid particles, Soluble, Salts, Causes Sewages (Waste Water), Garbage low level radio active The specific contaminants leading to pollution in water include substances, industrial wastes, Algae, Bacteria etc. Go into a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical or Water, Water gets polluted. sensory changes such as elevated temperature and This type of pollution is called water pollution Water pollution discoloration. While many of the chemicals and substances is the contamination of water bodies. Water pollution occurs that are regulated may be naturally occurring (calcium, when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly inter sodium, iron, manganese, etc.) the concentration is often Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. the key in determining what is a natural component of water, lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater). Water and what is a contaminant. High concentrations of naturally pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or occurring substances can have negative impacts on aquatic indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to flora and fauna. remove harmful compounds. Water pollution affects plants Oxygen-depleting substances may be natural materials, such and organisms living in these bodies of water. In almost all as plant matter (e.g. leaves and grass) as well as man-made cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species chemicals. Other natural and anthropogenic substances may and populations, but also to the natural biological cause turbidity (cloudiness) which blocks light and disrupts communities. plant growth, and clogs the gills of some fish species. Water pollution is a major global problem which requires Many of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). Alteration of water's physical chemistry includes acidity It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause (change in pH), electrical conductivity, temperature, and of deaths and diseases and that it accounts for the deaths of eutrophication. Eutrophication is an increase in the more than 14,000 people daily. concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper extent that increases in the primary productivity of the toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrheal sickness every ecosystem. Depending on the degree of eutrophication, day. Some 90% of China's cities suffer from some degree of subsequent negative environmental effects such as anoxia water pollution and nearly 500 million people lack access to (oxygen depletion) and severe reductions in water quality safe drinking water. may occur, affecting fish and other animal populations. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in Chemical and other contaminants developing countries, developed countries continue to struggle Muddy river polluted by sediment. Photo courtesy of United with pollution problems as well. In the most recent national States Geological Survey.Contaminants may include organic report on water quality in the United States, 45 percent of and inorganic substances. assessed stream miles, 47 percent of assessed lake acres, Organic water pollutants include: and 32 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles ò Detergents were classified as polluted. ò Disinfection by-products found in chemically disinfected Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired drinking water, such as chloroform by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support a ò Food processing waste, which can include oxygen- human use, such as drinking water, and/or undergoes a marked demanding substances, fats and grease shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities, ò Insecticides and herbicides, a huge range of such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae organohalides and other chemical compounds blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes ò Petroleum hydrocarbons, including fuels (gasoline, diesel in water quality and the ecological status of water. fuel, jet fuels, and fuel oil) and lubricants (motor oil), and

* J.N. GOVT. College Barwaha (M.P.) * *J.N. GOVT. College Barwaha (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 27

fuel combustion byproducts, from stormwater runoff Sampling ò Tree and bush debris from logging operations Sampling of water for physical or chemical testing can be ò Volatile organic compounds such as industrial solvents, done by several methods, depending on the accuracy needed from improper storage. and the characteristics of the contaminant. Many ò Chlorinated solvents, which are dense non-aqueous contamination events are sharply restricted in time, most phase liquids may fall to the bottom of reservoirs, since commonly in association with rain events. For this reason they don't mix well with water and are denser. "grab" samples are often inadequate for fully quantifying * Polychlorinated biphenyl contaminant levels. Scientists gathering this type of data * Trichloroethylene often employ auto-sampler devices that pump increments of ò Perchlorate water at either time or discharge intervals.Sampling for ò Various chemical compounds found in personal hygiene biological testing involves collection of plants and/or animals and cosmetic products. from the surface water body. Depending on the type of A garbage collection boom in an urban-area stream in assessment, the organisms may be identified for biosurveys Auckland, New Zealand . (population counts) and returned to the water body, or they Inorganic water pollutants include: may be dissected for bioassays to determine toxicity. ò Acidity caused by industrial discharges (especially sulfur Physical testing dioxide from power plants) Common physical tests of water include temperature, solids ò Ammonia from food processing waste concentrations and turbidity. ò Chemical waste as industrial by-products Chemical testing ò Fertilizers containing nutrients--nitrates and phosphates- See also: water chemistry analysis and environmental which are found in stormwater runoff from agriculture, chemistry.Water samples may be examined using the as well as commercial and residential use principles of analytical chemistry. Many published test ò Heavy metals from motor vehicles and acid mine methods are available for both organic and inorganic drainage compounds. Frequently used methods include pH, ò Silt in runoff from construction sites, logging, slash and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) chemical oxygen burn practices or land clearing sites. demand nutrients (nitrate and phosphorus compounds), Macroscopic Pollution in Parks Milwaukee, WI metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), Macroscopic pollution-large visible items polluting the water- oil and grease, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), and may be termed "floatables" in an urban stormwater context, pesticides. or marine debris when found on the open seas, and can Biological testing include such items as: Main article: Bioindicator Biological testing involves the use ò Trash or garbage (e.g. paper, plastic, or food waste) of plant, animal, and/or microbial indicators to monitor the discarded by people on the ground, along with accidental health of an aquatic ecosystem. For microbial testing of or intentional dumping of rubbish, that are washed by drinking water, see Bacteriological water analysis. rainfall into storm drains and eventually discharged into Control of pollution surface waters Domestic sewage ò Nurdles, small ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets Main article: Sewage treatment .Deer Island Waste Water ò Shipwrecks, large derelict ships. Treatment Plant serving Boston, Massachusetts and vicinity. Measurement Domestic sewage is 99.9 percent pure water, while the other Environmental Scientists preparing water autosamplers 0.1 percent are pollutants. Although found in low Water pollution may be analyzed through several broad concentrations, these pollutants pose risk on a large scale. categories of methods: physical, chemical and biological. In urban areas, domestic sewage is typically treated by Most involve collection of samples, followed by specialized centralized sewage treatment plants. In the U.S., most of analytical tests. Some methods may be conducted in situ, these plants are operated by local government agencies, without sampling, such as temperature. Government frequently referred to as publicly owned treatment works agencies and research organizations have published (POTW). Municipal treatment plants are designed to control standardized, validated analytical test methods to facilitate conventional pollutants: BOD and suspended solids. Well- the comparability of results from disparate testing events designed and operated systems (i.e., secondary treatment Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 28 or better) can remove 90 percent or more of these pollutants. for domestic and/or industrial heating purposes. Some plants have additional sub-systems to treat nutrients Agricultural wastewater and pathogens. Most municipal plants are not designed to Main article: Agricultural wastewater treatment Riparian buffer treat toxic pollutants found in industrial wastewater.Cities lining a creek in Iowa with sanitary sewer overflows or combined sewer overflows Nonpoint source controls employ one or more engineering approaches to reduce Sediment (loose soil) washed off fields is the largest source discharges of untreated sewage, including: of agricultural pollution in the United States. Farmers may ò utilizing a green infrastructure approach to improve utilize erosion controls to reduce runoff flows and retain soil tormwater management capacity throughout the system, on their fields. Common techniques include contour plowing, and reduce the hydraulic overloading of the treatment crop mulching, crop rotation, planting perennial crops and plant installing riparian buffers.Nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) ò repair and replacement of leaking and malfunctioning are typically applied to farmland as commercial fertilizer; equipment animal manure; or spraying of municipal or industrial ò Increasing overall hydraulic capacity of the sewage wastewater (effluent) or sludge. collection system (often a very expensive option). Nutrients may also enter runoff from crop residues, irrigation A household or business not served by a municipal treatment water, wildlife, and atmospheric deposition. Farmers can plant may have an individual septic tank, which treats the develop and implement nutrient management plans to reduce wastewater on site and discharges into the soil. Alternatively, excess application of nutrients. To minimize pesticide domestic wastewater may be sent to a nearby privately owned impacts, farmers may use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) treatment system (e.g. in a rural community). techniques (which can include biological pest control) to Industrial wastewater maintain control over pests, reduce reliance on chemical Main article: Industrial wastewater treatment Dissolved air pesticides, and protect water quality. flotation system for treating industrial wastewate . Some References industrial facilities generate ordinary domestic sewage that 1. Pink, Daniel H. (April 19, 2006). "Investing in Tomorrow's Liquid can be treated by municipal facilities. Industries that generate Gold". Yahoo. http://finance.yahoo.com/columnist/article/trenddesk/ wastewater with high concentrations of conventional pollutants 3748. 2. West, Larry (March 26, 2006). "World Water Day: A Billion People (e.g. oil and grease), toxic pollutants (e.g. heavy metals, Worldwide Lack Safe Drinking Water". About. http:// volatile organic compounds) or other nonconventional environment.about.com/od/environmentalevents/a/waterdayqa.htm. pollutants such as ammonia, need specialized treatment 3. "A special report on India: Creaking, groaning: Infrastructure is systems. Some of these facilities can install a pre-treatment India's biggest handicap". The Economist. December 11, 2008. http:/ system to remove the toxic components, and then send the /www.economist.com/specialreports/ partially treated wastewater to the municipal system. displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749787. "China says water pollution so severe that cities could lack safe supplies". Chinadaily.com.cn. Industries generating large volumes of wastewater typically June 7, 2005. operate their own complete on-site treatment systems. Some 4. "As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes". The New industries have been successful at redesigning their York Times. August 26, 2007. manufacturing processes to reduce or eliminate pollutants, 5. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, through a process called pollution prevention. Heated water DC. "The National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress for generated by power plants or manufacturing plants may be the 2002 Reporting Cycle - A Profile." October 2007. Fact Sheet No. EPA 841-F-07-003. a b United States Geological Survey (USGS), controlled with: Denver, CO (1998). "Ground Water and Surface Water: A Single ò cooling ponds, man-made bodies of water designed for Resource." Circular 1139. cooling by evaporation, convection, and radiation 6. Clean Water Act, section 502(14), 33 U.S.C. § 1362 (14). ò cooling towers, which transfer waste heat to the 7. CWA section 402(p), 33 U.S.C. § 1342(p) atmosphere through evaporation and/or heat transfer 8. EPA. "Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff." Fact Sheet No. EPA-841-F-05-001. March 2005. ò cogeneration a process where waste heat is recycled

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Advanced Oxidation Processes for waste water treatment

Smt. Sunaina Chouhan *

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) constitute a promising biological degradation processes. The destruction of toxic technology for the treatment of wastewaters containing non- pollutants as also that of the simple biologically recalcitrant easily removable organic compounds. All AOP are designed compounds must be therefore demanded to other, non to produce hydroxyl radicals. It is the hydroxyl radicals that biological technologies. These technologies consist mainly act with high efficiency to destroy organic compounds. AOP of conventional phase separation techniques (adsorption combine ozone (O3), ultraviolet (UV), hydrogen peroxide processes, stripping techniques) and methods which destroy

(H2O2) and/or catalyst to offer a powerful water treatment the contaminants (chemical oxidation/ reduction). Chemical solution for the reduction and/or removal of residual organic oxidation aims at the mineralization of the contaminants to compounds as measured by COD, BOD or TOC. This paper carbon dioxide, water and inorganics or, at least, at their presents a general review of efficient advanced oxidation transformation into harmless products. Obviously the methods processes developed to decolorize and/or degrade organic based on chemical destruction, when properly developed, pollutants for environmental protection. Advanced oxidation give complete solution to the problem of pollutant abatement processes hold great promise to provide alternative for better differently from those in which only a phase separation is treatment and protection of environment, thus are reviewed realised with the consequent problem of the final disposal.It in this paper. An overview of basis and treatment efficiency has been frequently observed. that pollutants not amenable for different AOPs are considered and presented according to biological treatments may also be characterised by high to their specific features. chemical stability and/or by strong difficulty to be completely Textile wastewater includes a large variety of dyes and mineralized. In these cases, it is necessary to adopt reactive chemicals additions that make the environmental challenge systems much more effective than those adopted in for textile industry not only as liquid waste but also in its conventional purification processes. A lot of researches have chemical composition. Main pollution in textile wastewater been addressed to this aim in the last decade pointing out came from dyeing and finishing processes. These processes the prominent role of a special class of oxidation techniques require the input of a wide range of chemicals and dyestuffs, defined as advanced oxidation processes (AOP) which which generally are organic compounds of complex structure. usually operate at or near ambient temperature and pressure. Because all of them are not contained in the final product, Advanced oxidation processes although making use of became waste and caused disposal problems. Major different reacting systems, are all characterized by the same pollutants in textile wastewaters are highsuspended solids, chemical feature: production of OH radicals. They are also chemical oxygen demand, heat, colour, acidity, and other characterised by a little selectivity of attack which is a useful soluble substances. The removal of colour from textile industry attribute for an oxidant used in wastewater treatment and for and dyestuff manufacturing industry wastewaters represents solving pollution problems. The versatility of AOP is also a major environmental concern. In addition, only 47% of 87 enhanced by the fact that they offer different possible ways of dyestuff are biodegradable. Conventional oxidation for OH radicals production thus allowing a better compliance treatment have found difficulty to oxidize dyestuffs and with the specific treatment requirements. AOPs can provide complex structure of organic compounds at low concentration effective technological solutions for water treatment. Such or if they are especially refractory to the oxidants. solutions are vital for supporting and enhancing the IN the last 10 years, a rather fast evolution of the research competitiveness of different industrial sectors, including the activities devoted to environment protection has been recorded water technology sector, in the global market. The main goals as the consequence of the special attention paid to the of academic, research and industrial communities through environment by social, political and legislative international the development and implementation of environmental authorities leading in some cases to the delivery of very severe applications of AOPs will be: regulations. The fulfilment of severe quality standards is 1. New concepts, processes and technologies in wastewater especially claimed for those substances exherting toxic treatment with potential benefits for the stable quality of effects on the biological sphere preventing the activation of effluents, energy and operational cost savings and the

*Asst. Prof. (Chemistry), Govt P.G. College, Khargone (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 30

protection of the environment; accelerated by combining O3, H2O2, TiO2, UV radiation,

2. New sets of advanced standards for wastewater treatment; electron-beam irradiation and ultrasound. Of these, O3/H2O2,

3. New methodologies for the definition of wastewater O3/UV and H2O2/UV hold the greatest promise to oxidize treatment needs and framework conditions; textile wastewater.Advanced Oxidation Processes represent 4. New know-how for contributing to enhancing the water a powerful treatment for refractory and/or toxic pollutants in industry competitiveness. textile wastewaters. By properly combining ozone, hydrogen A suitable application of AOP to waste water treatments must peroxide and UV different AOP techniques have been consider that they make use of expensive reactants as H2O2, developed thus allowing to make choice the most appropriate and/or O3 and therefore it is obvious that their application for the specific problems. Taking into consideration that the should not replace, whenever possible, the more economic efficiency of AOPs is compound specific, the final choice of treatments as the biological degradation. A list of the different the AOP system can be made only after preliminary laboratory possibilities offered by AOP is given in the Advanced Oxidation tests. There are many research needs to be done in field of Processes refers to a set of chemical treatment procedures AOPS for textile wastewater to provide: designed to remove organic and inorganic materials in waste ò Study the efficiency of different candidates' process under water by oxidation. One such type of process is called In different controlled conditions. Situ Chemical Oxidation. Contaminants are oxidized by four ò Identification of intermediates and byproducts and their different reagents: ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and toxicity. air, in precise, pre-programmed dosages, sequences, and ò Study the sequences operation effect of the AOPs agents. combinations. ò Identification of scale-up parameters and criteria for cost advanced oxidation processes (AOPS) have been developed effectiveness. to generate hydroxyl free radicals by different techniques. References ;- (1) Sharma sandip,ruparelia j.p.,patel l.,-A general review on Advanced AOPS processes are combination of ozone (O3), hydrogen Oxidation Processes for waste water treatment,Institute of peroxide (H2O2) and UV irradiation, which showed the greatest promise to treat textile wastewater.These oxidants effectively Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad -382 481,08-10 December,2011. decolorized dyes, however did not remove COD completely (2) R. Andreozzi, V. Caprio, A. Insola, R. Marotta, ?Advanced oxidation Textile Wastewater Characteristics Composite textile processes (AOP) for water purification and recovery, Cat. Today wastewater is characterized mainly by measurements of 53, pp.51-59,1999. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen (3) Altinbas U., Domeci S. and Baristiran A. (1995), Treatability study of demand (COD), suspended solids (SS) and dissolved solids wastewater from textile industry, Environmental Technology, 16, (DS). hydroxyl free radical (HO.) as strong oxidant to destroy 389-394. (4) Arslan I., Isil A.B., Tuhkanen I.A. (1999), Advanced oxidation of compound that can not be oxidized by conventional oxidant. synthetic dyehouse effluent by O3,H2O2/O3 and H2O2/UV Advanced oxidation processes are characterized by processes, Environmental Technology, 20, 921-931. production of OHo radicals and selectivity of attack which is (5) Arslan I.A. and Isil A.B. (2001), Advanced oxidation of raw and a useful attribute for an oxidant. The versatility of AOP is biotreated textile industry wastewatewith O3, H2O2,/UV-C and their also enhanced by the fact that they offer different possible sequential application, J Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, ways for OHo radicals. Generation of HO· is commonly 76, 53-60.

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Role Of Non Governmental Agencies In Conservation Of Environment And The Problems Faced

Dr. Madhu Sthapak*

being of the society. Abstract - Non-Government agencies or voluntary Key Words : Environment, NGOs, Conservation, sustainable organizations can play a very important role in development, Evaluation environmental protection and management. These agencies Introduction are free from government control and they can take At the beginning of the 21st century environmental issues decisions on their own and can undertake activities which have emerged as a major concern for the welfare of people. they like. The non governmental or voluntary agencies are In India, the concept of environment protection can be seen spread all over the country; they can communicate with starting from the period of Vedas. As per Rigveda people in their own language. O mother earth let thy bosom be Voluntary organizations have played a very important role free from sickness and decay in our country in creating mass awareness towards May we through long life environment. They have made people aware of the Be active and vigilant environmental problems which are caused due to neglect And serve thee with and uncontrolled exploitation of natural resources. They Devotion have also helped a lot in controlling these problems. :Rigveda Chipko, appiko movement, silent valley, March to Western The emergence of NGOs represents an organized response Ghats movement attracted attention all over the country. by civil society especially in those areas in which the state Bharat jan Vigyan jatha organized in 1987 was an effort by has either failed to reach or done so in adequately. The voluntary organization to educate people about science Importance of public awareness and NGOs involvement in including environment. environmental protection is acknowledged worldwide. NGO's At present, a very large number of non governmental have been taking a number of steps to promote discussionand organizations are active in our country in different areas of debate about environmental issues, outside the broad general concern. The voluntary organization are making spheres of popular media and the educational system. extensive contribution but they also face difficulties first of all Advocacy and awareness is especially crucial in promoting they often do not have adequate trained personnel to carry concepts such as sustainable development, natural resource out various programmers another difficulty is that they have conservation and the restoration of Ecosystems. NGOs can no easy access to authentic information and data. Above all sensitize policy makers about the local needs and priorities. these. Organizations have to always work under great financial They can often intimate the policy makers about the interests constraints. of both the poor and the ecosystem as a whole. In providing They have to raise funds on their own. Administrative support training facilities, both at community and government levels, at local level is not available to voluntary organizations, the NGOs can play a significant role. They can also contribute reason is that generally their activities are against the interest significantly by undertaking research and publication on of powerful people such as forest contractors, industrialists, environment and development related issues. It is necessary colonizers ect. Some of the important Non governmental to support and encourage genuine, small, local level NGOs organizations working in the field of environment are:- in different parts of the country which can (1) Kerala Sastra Sahitya parihsad, Trichur (Kerala) provide much needed institutional support specific to the local (2) Dasholi Gram Swaarajya Mansal, Gopeshwar (U.P.) needs. NGOs can make the following Contributions. (3) Delhi Science forum (New-Delhi) Conducting education and citizen awareness programs in (4) Sanjeev Seva. Samiti (Udaipur) Rajsthan the field of environment. (5) The Kubda milk producers copperative Ltd. Kubda, Fact - finding and analysis. Mehsana (Gujrat) More NGO'S will be welcome for well Filing public interest litigations.

* Professor of Botany, Govt. Arts & Commerce College , Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 32

Innovation and experimenting in areas which are difficult for awareness and NGOs involvement in environmental protection government agencies to make changes. is acknowledged world wide. NGOs have been taking a Providing expertise and policy analysis. number of steps to promote discussion and debate about Providing factual and reliable information with a network of environmental issues, outside the broad spheres of popular professional expert staff Remaining independent while media and the educational system. Advocacy and awareness passing relevant information to the public andgovernmental is especially crucial in promoting concepts such as bodies. Solidarity and support to environmental defenders sustainable development, natural resource conservation and Working in collaboration with the government for capacity the restoration of ecosystems. NGOs can sensitize policy building and promotion of community participation in makers about the local needs and priorities. They can often environmental awareness and protection and Working out at intimate the policy makers about the interests of both the the grass root level and reaching far - flung areas with or poor and the ecosystem as a whole. In providing training without the government invitation. Having due regards to the facilities, both at community and government levels, NGOs importance of the role of NGOs in motivating the society for can play a significant role. They can also contribute participation in environmental conservation programs the significantly by undertaking research and publication on Ministry has launched several programs, which are being environment and development related issues. It is necessary implemented with their active participation. These programs to support and encourage genuine, small and local level NGOs aim at spreading environmental consciousness not only in different parts of the country which can provide much needed among the student community, professionals and other institutional support specific to the local needs. The secondary intellectuals but also general public. data available regarding the achievements of environmental NGOs embrace a wide array of agencies within and across NGOs has been discussed and analyzed. different countries of the world. At their broadest NGOs are Moreover, father of Nation, Mahatma Gandhi also focused simply agencies or groups, which are different from his work on environment along with freedom movement, government bodies. However, NGOs are distinctive in equality and social justice. As per Father of the Nation containing a voluntary component and also because they do "the earth provides enough not operate for profit. Over the past quarter of a century and to satisfy every man's need, especially during the past few decades there has been a but not for every man's greed". rapid growth in the numbers of NGOs involved in the : Mahatma Gandhi development, in the number of people working for NGOs and Late Prime Minister Nehru and Mrs. Gandhi relentlessly in the amount of money that flows into these voluntary campaigned for protection, conservation and development of agencies working in the activities such as -Disaster the environment. They brought in several legislations and management and relief, development, public health, policies concerning environment. Sundarlal Bhauguna through rehabilitation, environment protection etc. However, this paper Chipko movement campaigned for protection of environment. focuses on the role played by NGOs particularly in the Annahazare campaigned for rain water harvesting. Arundati protection of environment.1 The protection of environment is Roy and Medha Patkar campaigned against major dams. a pressing issue. Every person, organization and institution Aims and objectives of Environmental NGOs has an obligation and duty to protect it. Environmental ò Conducting education and citizen awareness protection encompasses not only pollution but also programmers in the field of environment, sustainable development and conservation of natural ò Fact - finding and analysis resources and the ecosystem. Today, the necessity of ò Filing public interest litigations environmental awareness and enforcement is more ò Innovation and experimenting in areas which are difficult demanding and urgent than ever before. Despite provisions for government agencies to make changes in in Indian Constitution providing for Environmental protection ò Providing expertise and policy analysis and many statutory provisions, the environment degradation ò Providing factual and reliable information with a network continues. The main cause for environment degradation is of professional expert staff lack of effective enforcement of various laws. The emergence ò Remaining independent while passing relevant of NGOs represents an organized response by civil society information to the public and governmental bodies especially in those areas in which the state has either failed ò Solidarity and support to environmental defenders to reach or done so in adequately. The importance of public ò Working in collaboration with the government for capacity Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 33

building and promotion of community participation in key arbitrating agents within the field of environmental policy. environmental awareness and protection and By interrelating global and local concerns, NGOs find ò Working out at the grassroots level and reaching far flung themselves able to not only emphasize important ecological areas with or without the government invitation issues, but also raise consciousness about the environment. Clean-India It can be assessed by the above discussion that the very Deeply concerned with the deteriorating environmental existence of NGOs and the role played by them in the situation in the country, Development Alternatives initiated protection of the environment is not only important but also the CLEAN-India (Community Led Environment Action necessary because no government alone with any amount Network) program with five schools in the national capital in of laws and acts can achieve the objectives of environment 1996. Today, CLEAN Delhi has about forty schools regularly protection without individual and public participation which involved in monitoring water and air quality in over 150 can be achieved only through a network of motivated and locations spread across Delhi. Over 2000 children have been dedicated voluntary organizations, like the NGOs. directly trained on environmental assessment and References improvement activities. They keep vigil, assess environmental 1. Hontelez John, 'Friends of earth International' in Sunderlal Bahuguna, quality, plead, cajole and lead the community in monitoring Vandana Shiva , M.N. Buch (ed.) Environment crisis and sustainable environment. Action programs like solid waste management, development, Natraj publisher, Dehradun, (1992). 2. Pathak Bindeshwar, ' Sulabh International and rural sanitation' in plantation drives, energy conservation, paper recycling, etc. R.K Gupta, S.P Srivastava. (ed) Action sociology and dynamics of to improve local environmental conditions have also been rural development, Ajanta Publication, Delhi, (1989). initiated by schools, resident welfare associations, business 3. http://www.ambedkar.org/news/NGOs.htm and industrial associations as well as individual households. 4. Gemmill, Barbara and Abimbola Bamidele-Izu, The Role of NGOs Campaigns against the use of polybags, firecrackers during and Civil Society in Global Environmental Governance, in Esty, Daniel Diwali and toxic (chemicalbased) colors during Holi and for C. and Maria H. Ivanova (ed.), Global Environmental Governance. Options and Opportunities, (New Haven) Yale School of Forestry saving the city's 'Green Treasure' are also carried out. The (2002). experience in Delhi indicates that when environment 5. http://www.humanrights.gov/2012/01/12/fact-sheet-non- assessment is community based, it mobilises the community governmental-organizations-ngos-in-the-united-states/ to review the local environmental conditions and take requisite 6. Anheier, H. and Themudo, N.(2002) Organisational forms of global measures, without waiting for undue external support. civil society: Implications of going global. In: Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Encouraged by the Delhi experience, NGOs from different Kaldor, M, ed 2002 7. Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) Beyond the Magic Bullet? towns have operationalised the CLEAN-India program. The Lessons and Conclusions. "In: Edwards, M. and Hulme, D., ed. present CLEAN-India Centers are : Delhi, Shillong, Faizabad, 2002." The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK: Earthscan Ladakh, Bangalore, Berinag (Kumaon Hills), Jhansi, Sagar, Publications Ltd. Chapter 12. Bilaspur, Lalitpur, Madurai and Thiruvananthapuram. Almost 8. Neera Chandhoke. (2005) "How Global Is Global Civil Society?" 100 NGOs from across the country have expressed their Journal of World-Systems Research, 11, 2, 2005, pp.326-327. interest to initiate the program in their respective towns. 9. Jenkins, R. (2001) Corporate Codes of Conduct: Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. "Technology, Business and Society Programme Conclusion Paper Number 2." United Nations Research Institute for Social Environmental non-governmental organizations, in recent Development. years, have grown in size and in number as a result of 10. Weber, N. and Christopherson, T. (2002) The influence of non- governmental negligence towards the environmental crisis. governmental organisations on the creation of Nature 2000 during NGOs have grown in importance to a point where the act as the European policy process. Forest policy and Economics. 4(1), pp. 1-12.

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Air Pollulation, Causes, Problum, Effect

Prof. B.K. Rawat * Prof. Shailendra Sissodiya ** Introduction: - Air pollution in India is serious issue with the are inefficient and other offer significant potentials for CO2 major sources being fuel wood & bio mass burning, fuel emission reduction. Through better technology compared adulteration vehicle emission and traffic congestion. It the to the average emission from coal fired, oil fired and natural third largest after China, and the United States? The air gases fired through power plant in europium union (prevention and control of pollution) act was passed in 1981 countries. to regulate air pollution and their some measurable India thermal power plant emits 50 to 120 % more CO2 improvement; however the 2012 environmental performance per KWH produced. This is significant part to inefficient index ranked India as having the poorest relative air quality to thermal power plant in stalled in the prior to its out of 132 countries. economic liberalization in 1990. Environmental performance index:- 3. Some Indian taxies and auto rickshaw run on adulterated The Environmental Performance Index (E.P.T.) is a method fuel blends, adulteration of gasoline and diesel with lower of quantity flying and numerically benchmarking the prize fuel in common in south Asia including India some environmental performance of a state policies, this index was adulterants increase emission of harmful pollutants from developed from the pilot environmental performance first vehicle worsening urban air pollution. Financial incentive published in 2002 and design to supplement the arising from differential taxes are generally the primary environmental forget set forth in the united nation millennium causes the fuel adulteration in India and developing development goals. countries gasoline carries much high taxes then diesel As on Janurary2012 four EPI report has been released- the which intern is taxed more then developing Vero sine. pilot environment performance index and 2008 and 2012. EPI Meant as a cooking fuel, while some solvent lubricant for the 2012 report a new pilot trend EPI "was developed to carry little are no taxes. rank country based on the environmental performance As fuel prizes raise the public transport driver cuts cost changes occurred during the last decade allowing to establish by blending the chapter hydrocarbon into highly which country are improving and which are the decline, hydrocarbon. The blending may be as much as 20 to 30%. In the 2012 EPI ranking the top five countries Switzerland, 4. India is the world largest consumer of fuel good, agriculture Latvia, Norway, Luxemburg and Costa Rica. The bottom five waste for energy purpose, from the most recent available countries were South Africa, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, nation wide study. India used 148.7 Mega tone coal. Turkmenistan and Iraq. The United Kingdom was ranked ninth Replacement worth of fuel wood and bio mass annually place, Japan 23rd place, Brazil 30th place, The United States for the domestic energy used. 49th, China 116th and India came in 125th countries based India national average annual capita consumption fuel on this pilot trends EPI. wood agriculture waste and bio mass were 206 Kg coals Causes of air pollution:- equivalent in 2010 terms which India population increased The main causes of air pollution in India to about 1.2 billion the country burns over 200 million 1. Traffic congestion is severe in India cities and town. Traffic tone coal. replacement worth fuel wood and bio mass congestion is caused for several reasons some of which every year to meet its energy need for cooking and other are increased in number of vehicle per Kilometer of available domestic use the study found that the house hold roads and lack of intercity divided lane highway and consume around 95 million tone of fuel wood. intercity express way network, lack of intercity. Express 5. With the last fifteen years of economic development and way traffic accident, and enforcement of traffic laws. regulatory reforms India has made progress in improving 2. India was 3rd largest emitter of CO2 in 2009 at 1.65 Gt. its air quality. per, year, after china (6.9 GT per year) and the United The percentage of the average emission sampled at much State 5.2 Gt. per year. With 17% of world population, location overtime, and data analyzed by scientific method India contributed some 5 % of human source of CO2 by multiple agencies including the world. The table include emission compound to China 2.4 % share. us average value for Sweden in 2008 observed and On per capita basis India emission where the analyze by some method over 1955-2008 average nation transportation (car, train, two wheeler, airplane) India coal wide table of major air pollutant have draped by between fired, oil fired and natural gases fired thermal power plant 25 to 45% in India.

* Geology ** Botnoy, Govt. PG College, Sendhwa (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 35

TABLE NO.01 pm2.5 increase the overall risk of non accidental mortality Air Pollution Details Between 1995-2012 by 6% per a 10 microgram/m3 increase. 5. Effect on children: - Details 1995 2005 2008 2008-12 around the world living in cities with high exposed to air Pollutant pm 10 109 67 59 11 pollutant are at increased risk of developing asthma (Microgram per pneumonia and other lower respiratory infection. cubic meter) 6. Reduction efforts:- Pollutant, Co2, 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.2 Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources include Emission (Kg per 2005 primary regulation expending regulation to new sources ppm of G. D. P. {such as cruise and transport shop from equipment and small gasses pined equipment}. Health Mortality rate 100 73 67 3 Preventions of air pollution:- (Under per 1000) Some significant ways to reduce air pollution air pollution Pollutant Methane, 68.8 64.4 N. A. 28.1 are to drive less even a little less and to drive smart taking Agriculture emission fewer trips in your car or truck were help to reduce air pollution, 1. Walk or ride bicycle. Pollutant nitrous oxide 75.2 73.4 N. A. 60.2 2. Shopping by phone and mail. Agriculture emission 3. Ride public transit. Effect of air pollution - 4. Tele communicate Air pollution is a significant risk factor for multiple health 5. Accelerate gradually condition including respiratory infection. 6. Use curies control on highways Heart disease and lung cancer according to WHO the health 7. Obey the speed limit effect cause by air pollution may include difficulty in breathing, 8. Combine your errands into the one trip wheezing, coughing, asthma and aggravation exciting 9. Replace your car air filter respiratory and cardiac condition. 10. Keep your tires properly inflated. 1. Effect of cardiovascular health:- Conclusion:- Air pollution in also emerging as a risk factor for strokes, Major human activity like industry agriculture health care particularly in developing countries which polluting level transport dwelling and energy generating are the cause of is highest. pollution 2. Effect on cystic fibrosis:- many industry like textiles paper steel sugar, petroleum food A study from around the year 1919 to 2000, by the chemical and cement industries are the cause of air pollution unnecessary of Washington. Showed that patient near water pollution and soil pollution modern agriculture en and around particulate air pollution had on increase risk courage the large scale are fertilizer and pesticide is primary of pulmonary exacerbations and decreases in lung cause of the pollution of air is the major cause human health function, problem such as respiratory problem lung ,thought, cancer 3. Effect of COPD and asthma:- etc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] includes Reference:- disease such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema. 1. Centeral pullulating control board of India. 4. Link of cancer:- 2. Enviroment and forest ministry of India a review of evidence regulatory weather ambient air 3. Air pollination link to heart disease American heart association may pollutions exposed is a risk factor for cancer in 2007. 10, 2010. Found solid data to conclude that long term exposure to 4. Air quality and heart (W.H.O issue).

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]{b d•j H$m bm{H$ dmZÒ[nVH$$(((Ethnobotanical))) _hÀd, Edß gßajU: EH$ —oÓQ> S>m∞. e°b ]mbm gmßKr * ‡mo·ÒWmZ- em{Y gmamße- ]{b ^maVr` _yb H$m d•j h°& [wamVZ H$mb g{ hr Am`wd}X, ]{b H{$ d•j OßJbm{ß _{ß [mE OmV{ h°& ]{b H{$ d•j ¡`mXmVa oh_mb` H$r MaH$ gßohVm Edß gwlwV _{ß ]{b H$m{ [maß[naH$ Am°fYr` [m°Y{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß AÀ`ßV VamB©, _‹`‡X{e, o]hma, N>ŒmrgJ∂T>, CŒma ‡X{e, CŒmamßMb AmoX ^mJm{ß H{$ JwUH$mar _mZm J`m h°& ]{b d•j H{$ g^r ^mJ O∂S>, VZm, [Œmr Edß \$bm{ß H$m KZ{ OßJbm{ß _{ß AoYH$Vm g{ [mE OmV{ h°&444 C[`m{J Am°fYr H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& ]{b _{ß EßQ>r S>mBo]oQ>H$, EßQ>r AmH•$oV- Am∑grS{>ßQ>, EßQ>r\ß$Jb, EßQ>r Bß‚b{_{Q>ar, EßQ>r[mà{oQ>H$ JwU [mE OmV{ h°& ]{b [VPS>r d•j hm{Vm h°& BgH$r D∞$ßMmB© 8 g{ 10 _rQ>a VH$ hm{Vr h°& BZH{$ \$bm{ß H$m C[`m{J H$„O, S>m`na`m, oS>g{›Q≠>r Edß [{oÒQ>H$ AÎga BZH$m VZm _O]yV hm{Vm h°& AmoX [{Q> g{ gß]ßoYV odH$mam{ß H{$ ob`{ oH$`m OmVm h°& BZ_{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ [oŒm`m±- EÎH{$bm`S>, ÒQ>ram`S> Edß ∑`y_{naZg [m`{ OmV{ h¢& Am°fYr H{$ Abmdm ]{b ]{b H$r emImAm{ß _{ß 3 `m 4 `m H$^r-H$^r [m±M [ÃH$ hm{V{ h¢& [oŒm`m{ß H{$ H$m C[`m{J A›` H$m`m~ _{ß ^r oH$`m OmVm h°& oh›Xy bm{H$ H$WmAm{ß H{$ ]rM H$m±Q{> hm{V{ h°& BZH$r [oŒm`m{ß H$m{ _gbZ{ [a odoeÓQ> JßY oZH$bVr h°& AZwgma ]{b H$m{ Ymo_©H$ d•j H{$ Í$[ _{ß AÀ`ßV [odÃ _mZm J`m h°& \y$b- H$s-dS© \$adar _mh _{ß BZ d•jm{ß _{ß gwßJoYV \y$b AmV{ h¢ Om{ g\{$X `m hÎH{$ ha{ aßJ ]{b, EÎH{$bm`S>, ÒQ>ram`S>, ∑`y_{naZg H{$ hm{V{ h°& [naM`- \$b- odÌd ÒdmÒœ` gßJR>Z ¤mam bJ^J 20 hOma [m°Ym{ß H$r OmoV`m{ß H$m ]{b H{$ \$b ]∂S>r J{ßX H{$ g_mZ 5 g{ 15 g{._r. Ï`mg H{$ hm{V{ h°& \$bm{ß H$m Am°fYr` [m°Y{ H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& ^maV _{ß bJ^J 2500 oN>bH$m H$R>m{a hm{Vm h° Om{ [H$Z{ [a [rbm-ZmaßJr aßJ H$m oXImB© X{Vm h°& [mX[ OmoV`m{ß H$m C[`m{J X{er Edß Am`wd}oXH$ XdmB©`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[`m{J \$bm{ß H{$ AßXa JyX{Xma ^mJ _{ß ]hwV g{ g\{$X aßJ H{$ ]rO oXImB© X{V{ h°& Om{ oH$`m OmVm h°&111 Am`wd}oXH$ Am°fYr` VWm Ymo_©H$ _hŒmm H$m{ X{IV{ hwE ]{b _m{Q{> a{e{Xma am{_m{ g{ oKa{ ahV{ h°& BgH{$ Jrb{ JyX{ H$r "o]Îd[{oeH$m' VWm H$m{ ^maV _{ß bm{H$ dmZÒ[oVH$ _hÀd[yU© [m°Ym _mZm J`m h°& gyI{ JyX{ H$m{ ]{boJar H$hV{ h°& Hw$N> oH$Ò_ H{$ ]{b H{$ AmH$ma N>m{Q{> hm{V{ h¢& ]{b H$m dmZÒ[oVH$ Zm_ Aegle Marmelos (L) h°& `h Í$Q{>gr Hw$b H{$ B›h{ß "H$R> ]{b' H$hV{ h°& A›VJ©V AmVm h°& ]{b H$m{ oh›Xr _{ß ]{b, ]{b oJar, gßÒH•$V _{ß o]Îdm, ]{b H{$ d•jm{ß H$m{ ]rOm{ß ¤mam ‡doY©V oH$`m OmVm h°& `{ oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma AßJ´{Or _{ß Jm{ÎS>Z Eo[b, CXy© _{ß ]{bIm_, JwOamVr _{ß o]Îdm\$b VWm Co∂S>`m H$r ^yo_ _{ß CJmE Om gH$V{ h¢& BZ_{ß Vm[_mZ ghZ H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm 70 g{ _{ß ]{bm{ H$hm OmVm h°&222 480 VH$ hm{ gH$Vr h°& ]{bm| H{$ H$É{ \$b C‘r[Z, [mMH$ J´mhr, VWm [H$m hwAm \$b a{MH$ VWm amgmòZH$ gßJR>Z- [{Q> gß]ßYr odH$mam{ß O°g{ S>m`na`m, oS>g{›Q≠>r, [{oflQ>H$ AÎga AmoX H{$ obE ]{b _{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ amgmòZH$ VÀd [mE OmV{ h°& BZH{$ \$bm{ß _{ß oMoH$Àgm ‡Umbr _{ß C[`m{Jr hm{Vm h°& [oŒm`m{ß H$m ag Kmd R>rH$ H$aZm, EJ{obZ, EJ{oboZZ, o]ÎdrZ, _ma_{bm{ogZ, _ma_{bmZ, \´{$JamBZ, _Yw_{h am{J _{ß _yÃ _{ß eH©$am H$m{ H$_ H$aVr h°& O∂S>m{ß H$m C[`m{J Kmd âZ{ _{ß oS>∑Q>m_mB©Z AmoX EÎH{$bm`S> [mE OmV{ h°&555 [oŒm`m{ß _{ß ogH$o_oZH$ EogS> oH$`m OmVm h°& ÒQ{>am∞b Edß EJ{obZ [m`m OmVm h°& BZ_{ß J{b{∑Q>m{O Eamo]Zm{g, `yam{oZH$ ]{b H$m d•j dm`w_ßS>b _{ß Ï`m· amgmòZH$ ‡XyfU Edß odf°br J¢gm{ß H$m{ EogS> AmoX [m∞br g{H$amBS> [mE OmV{ h°& ]rOm{ß _{ß [mbro_oQ>H$ Edß ÒQ>rnaH$ Adem{ofV H$a [`m©daU H$m{ ew’ H$aVm h°& ]{b _{ß gy`© H{$ ‡H$me _{ß EogS> VWm obZm{obH$ V{b [m`m OmVm h°&555 BgH{$ \$b H{$ JyX{ _{ß 9 ‡oVeV Am∑grOZ CÀgoO©V H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm A›` d•jm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ hm{Vr Q{>oZZ hm{Vm h°& h° AV: `{ [`m©daU H$m{ Òd¿N> Edß Amam{Ω`dY©H$ ]ZmV{ h¢&333 ]{b{ H{$ \$b _{ß 61.5% Z_r, 1.8% ‡m{Q>rZ, 0:dgm, 1.7% IoZO dJr©H$aU dmZÒ[oVH$ Zm_ - AmòJb _ma_{bm{g (L) bdU, 2.9% \$mB]a, 31.8% H$m]m{©hmBS≠>{Q> hm{V{ h°& BZ_{ß _wª` Í$[ g{ OJV - [mX[ H{$oÎg`_, \$mÒ\$m{ag, H{$am{oQ>Z, na]m{‚b{odZ Edß odQ>mo_Z gr AmoX [m{fH$ C[OJV -Q≠>{oH$`m{]m`m{›Q>m VÀd ‡_wI Í$[ g{ o_bV{ h°&666 C[dJ© - am{oOS>r Am°fYr` C[`m{J JU -g{o[›S{>Îg (1) S>m`na`m Edß oS>g{›Q≠>r- Hw$b - Í$Q{>gr ]{b H$m H$Ém VWm AY[H$m \$b S>m`na`m Edß oS>g{›Q≠>r _{ß g]g{ ¡`mXm dße -EJb ‡^mdr C[Mma h°& Bg_{ß \$bm{ß H$m gyIm [mdS>a H´$m{oZH$ oS>g{›Q≠>r VWm H$o„ÒV OmoV - _ma_{bm{g H{$ ob`{ AÀ`ßV H$maJa og’ hwAm h°&777 * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dZÒ[oVemÛ) emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r ]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 37

(2) EßQ>rS>mò]oQ>H$/hmB©[m{ΩbmB©ogo_H$ ‡^md- g_` ^r C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h° Bg d•j H$m CÑ{I d{X, [wamU, Òwd}X Edß ]{b H{$ [Œmm{ß H{$ ag H$m Am`wd}X Am°foY H{$ Í$[ _{ß _Yw_{h H$r ]r_mar H{$ _hm^maV O°g{ Ymo_©H$ emÛm{ß _{ß ^r oH$`m J`m h°&151515 ob`{ AÀ`ßV C[`m{Jr hm{Vm h°& ]{b H$r [Œmr H{$ ag _{ß _yÃ _{ß eH©$am H$m{ H$_ oZÓH$f©- H$aZ{ H{$ JwU hm{V{ h°& BZH$r [oŒm`m{ß H{$ ag H$m C[`m{J a∫$ _{ß H$m{b{ÒQ≠>mb H$m{ ]{b H{$ d•j H{$ ]hwC[`m{Jr JwUm{ß VWm bm{H$-dmZÒ[oVH$ _hÀd H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^r oH$`m OmVm h°&888 [oŒm`m{ß H{$ ag H$m{ `yZmZr Am°fYr X{IV{ hwE Bg{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ gßª`m _{ß am{o[V Edß gßaojV oH$`m OmZm [’oV _{ß ^r _Yw_{h H$r Xdm H{$ obE BÒV{_mb oH$`m OmVm h°& MmohE& Bg d•j H$r [maß[naH$ bm{H$ Am°fYr` C[`m{oJVm H$m{ d°kmoZH$m{ß (3) EßQ>r_mBH$m{o]`b / EßQ>r\ß$Jb ‡^md- ¤mam ^r odõ{ofV Edß ‡_moUV oH$`m Om MwH$m h°& M∞yßoH$ `h d•j oH$gr ‡H$ma ]{b H$m ag EßQ>r_mBH´$m{o]`b VWm EßQ>r\ß$Jb ‡^md H$m{ ‡Xoe©V H$aVm H$r ^yo_, ode{f Í$[ g{ ]ßOa Edß AZC[OmD$ O_rZ _{ß ^r AmgmZr g{ D$Jm`m h°& `{ ]°∑Q>rna`m Edß dmàg H$r odo^fi OmoV`m± O°g{ ÒQ{>\$mBbm{H$m{H$g Om gH$Vm h°& AV: ]S>∂{ ÒVa [a Bg{ gßdoY©V H$aH{$ Bg [maß[naH$ d•j H$m{ Amna`g, ÒQ{>. E[rS>o_©oS>g ‡m{oQ>`g dÎJ{nag, BÌM{naoM`m H$m{bmB©, gßaojV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& VmoH$ AmoXdmgr Edß XyaÒW j{Ãm{ß H{$ Jar] gmÎ_m{Z{bm, Edß ]{grbg g]oQ>obg O°g{ gy˙_ Orod`m{ß Edß OrdmUwAm{ß oH$gmZ BgH$m X°oZH$ OrdZ _{ß C[`m{J H{$ gmW Ï`dgmo`H$ bm^ b{ gH{$ß& oOZ g{ AmßVm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV am{J CÀ[fi hm{V{ h° BZ H{$ odam{Y _{ß A[Zm ‡^md References: ‡Xoe©V H$aVm h°&999 1. Prakash V. (1998) Indian Medicinal plants- current status, I Ethno (4) H$o„O`V _{ß- botany , 10:112-121. 2. Purohit S.S. and Vyas S.P. (2004) In: Aegle marmelos correa ex ]{b H{$ [H{$ hwE \$b H{$ [Î[ a{MH$ H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h°& BZH{$ \$b H{$ JyX{ H$m Roxb (bael) medicinal plant cultivation. A scientific approach, C[`m{J H$aZ{ g{ AmßVm{ß _{ß Í$H{$ hwE _b H$m{ oZH$mb H$aH{$ H$o„O`V H$r Agrobios, 280-285. 101010 oeH$m`V H$m{ Xya H$aVm h°& 3. Sharma P.C., Bhatia V., Bansal N. and Sharma A. (2007) A review (5) ObZ{ [a- on bael tree, Natural product radiance 6 (2): 171-178. N>ŒmrgJ∂T> _{ß [aß[amJV Am°fYr H{$ Í$[ _{ß BZH{$ \$b H{$ gyI{ [mdS>a H$m{ 4. Jauhari O.S., Singh R.D. and Awasthi R. K. (1969), Survey of some gagm{ß H{$ V{b H{$ gmW o_bmH$a Ob{ hwE ^mJm{ß _{ß bJm H$a C[MmnaV oH$`m important varieties of bael. 11 11 5. Govindachari T.R. and Pramila M.S. (1983) Some alkaloids from OmVm h°& Aegle marmelos, Phytochem, 22 (3): 755-757. (6) [{oflQ>H$ AÎga- 6. Shankar G. and Garg K.L. (1967) In nutritional value of some important ]{b H$r [oŒm`m{ß H$m{ amVâ [Œmr _{ß o^Jm{H$a aIZ{ H{$ ]mX BgH{$ [mZr H$m fruits, Hand book of horticulture, 37-41. g{dZ H$aZ{ g{ [{oflQ>H$ AÎga H$m C[Mma oH$`m OmVm h°&121212 7. Brijesh S., Daswani P., Tetali P. Anita N. and Birdi T. (2009) Studies (7) ÌdgZ gßH´$_U- on the antidiarrhoeal activity of Aegle marmelos & unripe fruit BgH$r [oŒm`m{ß H{$ ag H$m{ H$mbro_M© H{$ gmW BgH$m H$m∂T>m ]ZmH$a X{Z{ g{ validating its traditional usage, BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 9 (47): 47. 777 ÌdgZ gßH´$_U VWm H$\$ AmoX am{Jm{ß H$m{ C[MmnaV oH$`m OmVm h°& 8. Arumugam S., Subramanian K., Kadalmani B., Ahmad A.B.A etal (8) ¡da ZmeH$ (EßQ>r[mà{oQ>H$) VWm EZmbJ{ogH$ ‡^md- (2008) Antidiabetic activity of leaf and callus extract of Aegle ]{b H{$ ag H$r ¡da ZmeH$ _mZm J`m h°& Bg_{ß ag H$m{ ¡da g{ [ro∂S>V marmelos in rabbit, Science Asia, 34: 317-32. am{Jr H$m{ X{Z{ [a ¡da H$m{ H$_ oH$`m OmVm h°&131313 9. Sarkar B.K. and Solanki S.S. (2011) Isolation characterization and A›` C[`m{J- anti bacterial activity of leaf extract of bael (Aegle marmelos), ]{b H{$ d•j H{$ ‡À`{H$ ^mJ H$m C[`m{J odo^fi H$m`m~ H{$ ob`{ oH$`m International journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 2 (12): 1303- 1305. OmVm h°& BgH$r H$mÓR> [rbr `m Ywga g\{$X hm{Vr h° oOgH$m C[`m{J J•h 10. Roy S.K. and Singh R.N. (1980) Studies on changes during oZ_m©U, Jm∂S>r VWm H•$of H{$ C[H$aU AmoX ]ZmZ{ _{ß oH$`m OmVm h°& BZH$r development and ripening of bael fruit, Punjab Horticulture Journal, 1414 [oŒm`m{ß VWm emImAm{ß H$m C[`m{J [ewAm{ß H{$ Mma{ H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°&141414 20 (3&4): 190-197. Q>hoZ`m{ß H$m C[`m{J XmßVm{ß H{$ obE ]é H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°& [oŒm`m{ß 11. Oudhia P. (2005) Bael (Aegle marmelos) as medicianal herb in H$m ag ZhmZ{ H{$ [yd© bJmZ{ g{ eara _{ß [grZ{ H$r XwJ™Y Zht AmVr& \$bm{ß H{$ Chhatisgarh, Research notes article 107, www.botanical.com. JyX{ g{ [m°oÓQ>H$ ea]V ]Zm`m OmVm h°& BgH{$ VZ{ g{ Jm{ßX ‡m· hm{Vr h° 12. Benerji M., maiti M., Sem M. and Dutta P.C. (1982) Pharmacognosy of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Seed ; A new protein source, Acta 222 oOZH$m C[`m{J ]wH$ ]mBoSß>J VWm oM[H$mZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°& pharm Hung, 52 (3): 97-101. ]{b H$m Ymo_©H$ _hÀd- 13. Veerappan A., Shingeru M. and Renganathan D. (2005) Studies oh›Xy [wamUm{ß H{$ AZwgma ]{b H$m{ ^maV _{ß EH$ [odÃ Ymo_©H$ d•j H{$ Í$[ on anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties of the _{ß _mZm OmVm h°& BgH$r oÃ[Ur© [oŒm`m{ß H{$ H$maU Bg{ oÃ[Ã H$hm OmVm h°& leafs of Aegle marmelos Corr., journal of Ethnophrmacology, 96 (1- [odÃ d•j H$r dOh g{ Bg{ _ßoXa Edß Ymo_©H$ ÒWbm{ß _{ß bJm`m OmVm h°& 2): 159-163. [m°amoUH$ H$WmAm{ß H{$ AmYma [a BZH{$ [oŒm`m{ß H$m{ ^JdmZ oed [a M∂T>m`m 14. Dastur J.S. and Taraporewale D.B. (1968) Useful plants of India and Pakistan, A popular hand book of trees and plants of industrial OmVm h°& AV: Bg{ oedXw´_ ^r H$hm OmVm h°& BZH$r [oŒm`m{ß H{$ ]J°a oed economic and commercial utility, Sons & Co. ltd, Bombay, 15-16. H$r [yOm [yU© Zht _mZr OmVr& ohßXy Y_© H{$ AZwgma BZH{$ d•j H$m{ ^JdmZ 15. Dey K.L. and Bahadur R. (1973) Aegle marmelos;In Indigenous H°$bmeZmW H$m Xygam Í$[ _mZm OmVm h°& BZH$r [oŒm`m{ß H$m{ _ßÃm{Éma H{$ drugs of India, II Edn., Pama primlane, 12-13. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 38

A Study On Effect Of Awareness Upon Nutritional Status Of Breast Cancer Patients

Dr. Archana Kushwah* Dr. Manju Dubey**

Introduction Results & Discussion :- Cancer, a major killer, the most dreaded among diseases, is Table No.1 fast engulfing the globe, posing the real challenge to the Status of awareness level of breast cancer patients. ingenuity of human beings. The number of cancer patients is increasing day by day and if diagnosed in the early stage Awareness Number Percentage then it may be cured completely. groups of women of awareness Breast cancer is the second most common type of cancer High 46 15.33 after lung cancer. Hence, it is necessary to bring awareness Medium 242 80.67 in the women about treatment, appropriate diet during the treatment, side effects of the theraphy, Remedies and Low 12 4.00 precautions to be taken during the treatment,in the women Total 300 100.00 who are affected with the breast cancer. Objectives:- 80.67% breast cancer patient exhibited medium awareness (1) To assess the awareness status about the disease of about breast cancer, 15.33%, breast cancer patients. 4.00% breast cancer patient having high awareness and low (2) To assess the impact of awareness about the disease awareness respectively. Status of awareness about breast upon the nutritional status of breast cancer patients in cancer is shown in below bar diagram.? Gwalior city. (3) To provide the suggestion to the women about the awareness regarding nutritional status of breast cancer patients. (4) To provide the information that how women of Gwalior are aware of the occurrence, suffering & precautions of breast cancer. Hypothesis:- To carry out the study null hypothesis was formulated "There is no significant effect of high, medium, low awareness groups upon the mean scores of nutritional status of breast cancer patients". Methodology:- The study was conducted upon 300 breast cancer patients living in Gwalior city. Schedule was made to collect information on awareness, regarding causes, preventions, side effects of treatment their remedies and adequate diet during treatment. Nutritional status was assessed by clinical examination. After the collection of data tabulation and analysis of data has been carried out by one way ANOVA to test the non significance of hypothesis.

* Researcher ** Prof. and head dept of home science, Govt. K.R.G. P.G. College Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 39

Table No.2 patients about the disease would have non significant effect Summary of one way ANOVA upon the nutritional on their nutritional status. status of breast cancer patients with regard to high, Suggestion:- medium, low awareness groups. ò Patient should consume more protieneous food like, cereals, dal, milk without fat, paneer, egg, fish etc. Source df Sum of Mean f-value Remark ò Patient should not consume ghee, oils and fried items. of variance squares sumof ò If Weight of patient is high than use of suger should be squares in limited quantity. Nutritional 2 201.939 100.970 ò Diet of patient should be full of minerals &vitamins. status ò Every day 4 to 5 ltrs. liquid should be taken. Error 297 3296.448 11.099 9.097* P<0.05 ò Consumption of food containing baking soda should be Total 299 3498.387 limited. ò Avoid consumption of spicy food. P value is significant at 0.05 level References 1. Ackerman, L. V. and Delrgato. J. A. cancer diagnosis treatment and From the table no. 2, it is evident that f-value is =9.097* is prognosis, 3rd edition, C. V. Hosby Co. Saint Louis-1962 significant at 0.05 level with df=2/297. This shows that there 2. Bajpai S.R. Method of social survey & Research, Kitab Ghar Mestor is a significant difference in the mean scores of nutritional Road, Kanpur 16th Edition, 2000 status of breast cancer patients among high, medium, low 3. Carlson Rw, Anderson Bo, Carter WB, Edge SB, et al. breast cancer. Clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl compr canc. Netw. awareness groups. Thus the null hypothesis stated that:- 2009d Feb; 7 (2) : 122-92 [Pubmed] "There is no significant effect of high, medium and low 4. Chelebowski RT, Kullar LH, prentice RL, Manson JE, Gah M, et al. awareness groups upon the mean scores of nutritional status breast cancer after use of estrogen plus progestin in of breast cancer patients" is rejected. In order to know which postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 5; 360 (6): 573-87 group is healthier we have further analyzed the date with the [Pubmed]. help of Duncan test. 5. Chandra A.K. Cancer of the Breaths, J. Indian M.A., - 1971 6. Egan R.L. Memmography and diseases of the breast cancer -1968 Table No.3 7. Egan R.L. Macmohan B, "Breast cancer of menopausal ages" Cancer N Subset for alpha = .05 P.P-1037-1044,-1975. 8. Kumar Cotren Robbins Basic Pathology, 6th Edition A Harcourt Awareness 1 2 1 Publishers international Company Low 12 18.58 9. Parker Ellen The Book of Health The American Health Foundation all Rights, Reserved 1981 Medium 242 21.26 10. Ruth H. Grobstein. M.D., Ph.D The breast Cancer Book-2005 High 46 22.89 11. Trivadi, R.N. & Sukla, D.P. Research methodology Published - College Book Depot, 83 Tripolia Bazar, Jaipur Sig. 1.000 .071 12. The complete book of cancer preventions Page- No. 7-11 Rajendra Publishing house Pvt. Ltd. Seaface Road, Worli Bombay. The above table shows that no group is significantly healthier 13. www.cancer.gov-National Cancer Institute than the other. 14. www.Cancer.org-American Cancer Society Conclusion:- At the end we can conclude from the above 15. www.asco.org-American Society of clinical oncology. discussion that the awareness among the breast cancer 16. www.Breast cancer.org 17. www.Indian women health

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 40

A Study of the Effect of Parental Encouragement on the Educational Development of the Students of Secondary Stage

Mrs. Asmita Dubey *

Introduction: (iii) To study the effect of Parental Encouragement on the How the parents can create interest in their wards for learning? boys/ girls of private Higher Secondary Schools. How children can learn more effectively? These questions (iv) To study and compare between the boys and girls of point out to the importance of the encouragement. The most private Higher Secondary Schools with respect to the effective learning takes place, when there is maximum mental effect of Parental Encouragement. activity, which is attainable through strong encouragement. (v) To study the effect of Parental Encouragement on the Thus, encouragement is a golden road of educational academic achievement of boys/girls of Govt. Higher development. Parental encouragement is of great importance Secondary Schools. in the all round development of the child. (vi) To study and compare between the boys and girls of To speak out more truly "Encouragement is the art of Govt. Higher Secondary Schools with respect to the stimulating interest in the children where there is no interest effect of Parental Encouragement on the academic or where it is unfelt by the pupil." In addition to the following achievement. parental encouragement refers to the treatment which is (vii) To study the effect of Parental Encouragement on the originated from the parents towards the child with a view to academic achievement of boys/girls on private Higher enhance the possibilities of future occurrences of good Secondary Schools. behaviour by care, concern, approval and guidance. (viii) To study and compare between the boys & girls of Private Parents who are involved in the task of helping their child to Higher Secondary Schools with respect to the effect of aim higher and to achieve better would like to have a knowledge Parental Encouragement on the academic achievement. of the extent of influence correlated exert on achievement. Hypotheses of the study :- Under these conditions the following research questions The present research work is based on the verification of the emerged in the mind of the researcher- following null hypotheses:- (i) What is the effect of Parental encouragement on the (i) There will be no significant difference in the effect of students? Parental Encouragement on the boys/girls of Govt. Higher (ii) Is there any difference between the boys and girls with Secondary Schools. respect to the effect of Parental Encouragement? (ii) There will be no significant difference in the comparison (iii) What is the effect of Parental Encouragement on the between the boys and girls of Govt. Higher Secondary academic achievement of the students? schools with respect to the effect of Parental (iv) Is there any difference between the boys and girls with Encouragement. respect to the effect of Parental Encouragement on the (iii) There will be no significant difference in the effect of academic achievement? Parental Encouragement on the boys/girls of Private Statement of the Problem- Higher Secondary Schools. The title of the problem is - "A study of the effect of Parental (iv) There will be no significant difference in the comparison Encouragement on the Educational Development of the between the boys and girls of private Higher Secondary students." (Secondary Stage XI) schools with respect to the effect of Parental Objectives of the study - Encouragement. The main objectives of the study are- (v) There will be no significant difference in the effect of (i) To study the effect of Parental encouragement on the Parental Encouragement on the academic achievement boys/girls of Govt. Higher Secondary Schools. of boys/girls of Govt. Higher Secondary Schools. (ii) To study & compare between the boys and girls of Govt. (vi) There will be no significant difference in the comparison Higher Secondary Schools with respect to the effect of between the boys and girls of Govt. Higher Secondary Parental Encouragement. schools with respect to the effect of Parental

* PGT-English, Gwalior Glory H. S. School, Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 41

Encouragement on the academic achievement. 80 74.70 74.38 (vii) There will be no significant difference in the effect of 75 (Q3) 73.69 73.15 High P.E. Parental Encouragement on the academic achievement 70 72.73 71.90 of boys of private Higher Secondary Schools. (viii) There will be no significant difference in the comparison 60 70.80 69.40 between the boys and girls of Private Higher Secondary 50 (Mdn.) 68.50 66.70 Average P.E. Schools with respect to the effect of Parental 40 65.50 64.00 Encouragement on the academic achievement. 30 61.90 61.30 Variables :- A variable is a characteristic which takes on different values 25 (Q1) 60.90 59.55 for different sample subjects on for all the observed units. 20 59.25 57.00 Low P.E. In this study the researcher has taken: (a) Dependent variable: academic achievement. 10 47.00 47.20 (b) Independent variable: Parental Encouragement 5 32.95 42.34 Very Low P.E. (c) Moderate variable : Both the sexes i.e. boys and girls of Analysis of Data :- The collected data has been analysed the age group 16 to 18 years. Methods of Investigation:- The researcher has adopted the using statistical techniques such as Mean, Standard survey method to carry out the study. The methods followed Deviation, Quartile deviation, t-test and Bar diagram. The numerical results thus obtained have been interpreted in selection of the sample, collection of the data, scoring and analysis are as follows:- meaningfully. Tools used in the present study:- Tables and Interpretation of Data:- (i) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the boys of The standardized test of Dr. R.R. Sharma has been used for measuring the amount of encouragement. The result of High Govt. Higher Secondary Schools. School Board Examination, 2006 has also been collected Table-1 to measure the academic achievement of the students. Quartile norms of the Parental Encouragement Data collection :- Scale (PES) of Govt. Boys. For the purpose of collecting the data, the test was distributed Quartiles Scores No. of boys Percentage to a sample of 100 students (50 boys & 50 girls ) of class XI, Q1 66.02 6 24 which were randomly selected from two Government and two Q2(Mdn.) 68.86 9 36 Private schools of Gwalior city. Scoring Procedure :- Q3 72.67 7 28 There are three response alternatives in each item of the Q4 3 12 scale. The subject has to choose only one alternative. The Mean 69.2 100 total score for each item ranges from 0 to 2, where as the grand total of the PES ranges from 0 to 80. Higher Scores on The result shows significant difference in the effect of the PES reveal greater amount/higher degree of P.E., where Parental Encouragement on the boys of Govt. Higher as lower scores reveal the lower degree/ amount of Secondary Schools. encouragement. (ii) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the girls of For meaningful interpretation, the percentile norms are given Govt. Higher Secondary Schools. in the following table. Table-2 Quartile norms of the Parental Encouragement Percentile norms of the Parental Scale (PES) of Govt. Girls Encouragement Scale (PES) Quartiles Scores No. of boys Percentage Percentiles Scores Interpretation Q1 64.06 7 28 Boys Girls Q2(Mdn.) 68.92 7 28 99 79.25 79.25 Q3 72.96 7 28 95 78.30 78.20 Very High P.E. Q4 4 16 90 77.10 76.95 Mean 68 25 100 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 42

The result shows no significant difference in the effect of The result shows significant difference in the effect of Parental Parental Encouragement on the girls of Govt. Higher Encouragement on the girls of Private Higher Secondary Schools. Secondary Schools. (vi) Comparison between the boys and girls of Private Higher (iii) Comparison between the boys and girls of Government Secondary Schools with respect to the effect of Parental Higher Secondary Schools with respect to the effect of Encouragement. Parental Encouragement. Table-6 Table-3 Quartile norms of the Parental Encouragement Quartile norms of the Parental Encouragement Scale (P.E.S.) of Private Schools' students. Scale (PES) of Govt. Schools' students Quartiles Scores No. of students % Quartiles Scores No. of students % Boys Girls Boys Girls Q1 Boys Girls Boys Girls Q1 Q1 60.31 55.25 6 6 24 66.02 64.06 6 7 26 Q2 (Mdn.) 66.38 61.07 7 7 28 Q2 (Mdn.) 68.86 68.92 9 7 32 Q3 69.86 65.75 7 10 34 Q3 72.67 72.96 7 7 28 Q4 5 2 14 Q4 3 4 14 Mean 63.88 59.76 25 25 100 Mean 69.2 68 25 25 100 The result shows no significant difference in the comparison The result shows no significant difference in the comparison between the boys and girls of Private Higher Secondary between the boys and girls of Govt. Higher Secondary schools with respect to the effect of Parental Encouragement. Schools with respect to the effect of Parental (vii) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the academic Encouragement. achievement of the boys of Govt. Higher Secondary Schools. (iv) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the boys of Table-7 Private Higher Secondary Schools. Showing the mean and standard Deviation of Table-4 the academic achievement of the Govt. Boys getting Quartile norms of the parental Encouragement High Parental Encouragement and Low Scale (P.E.S.) of Private Boys. Parental Encouragement Quartiles Scores No. of boys Percentage Government Boys (N = 25) Q1 60.31 6 24 High P.E. (n = 13) Low P.E. (n = 12) Q2(Mdn.) 66.38 7 28 Mean 75.70 59.81 Q3 69.86 7 28 S.D. 7.11 7.5 Q4 5 20 t-test 5.44 Mean 63.88 25 100 N= 25, df = 23 (df = degrees of freedom) The result shows significant difference in the effect of Parental The result shows no significant difference in the effect of Encouragement on the academic achievement of the Parental Encouragement on the boys of Private Higher Government Boys. Secondary Schools. (viii) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the academic (v) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the girls of achievement of the girls of Govt. H.Sec. Schools. Private Higher Secondary Schools. Table-5 Table-8 Quartile norms of the Parental Encouragement Showing the Mean and Standard deviation of Scale (P.E.S.) of Private Girls the academic achievement of the Govt. Girls Quartiles Scores No. of girls Percentage getting High P.E. and Low P.E. Q1 55.25 6 24 Government Boys (N = 25) Q2(Mdn.) 61.07 7 28 High P.E. (n = 10) Low P.E. (n = 15) Q3 65.75 10 40 Mean 70.48 52.6 Q4 2 08 S.D. 7.0 3.65 Mean 59.76 25 100 t-test 7.45 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 43

N = 25, df = 23 Private Girls (N = 25) The result shows that there is significant difference in the High P.E. (n = 12) Low P.E. (n = 13) effect of Parental Encouragement on the academic Mean 77.13 61.67 achievement of the Government Girls. (ix) Comparison between the boys and girls of Govt. Higher S.D. 4.48 4.80 Secondary with respect to the effect of Parental t-test 8.35 Encouragement on the academic achievement. N = 25, df = 23 Table-9 The result shows significant difference in the effect of Parental Showing the Mean and Standard Deviation of the Encouragement on the academic achievement of the Private academic achievement of the Govt. boys and girls School girls. (xii) Comparison between the boys and girls of Private Higher Government Boys (N = 50) Secondary Schools with respect to the effect of Parental High P.E. (n = 29) Low P.E. (n = 25) Encouragement on the academic achievement. Mean 68.07 59.75 Table-12 S.D. 10.95 10.49 Showing the Mean and Standard Deviation of t-test 2.74 the academic achievement of the Private Higher N = 50, df = 48 Secondary School boys and girls The result shows significant difference in the comparison Private Students (N = 50) between the boys and girls of Govt. Higher Secondary Boys (n = 25) Girls (n = 25) Schools with respect to the effect of Parental Encouragement Mean 71.28 69.09 on the academic achievement. S.D. 7.91 9.17 (x) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the academic achievement of the boys of Private Higher Secondary t-test .90 Schools. N = 50, df = 48 The result shows no significant difference in the comparison Table-10 between the boys and girls of private Higher Secondary Showing the Mean and Standard Deviation of the Schools with respect to the effect of Parental Encouragement academic achievement of the private school boys on the academic achievement. getting High P.E. and Low P.E. Major Findings:- Private Boys (N = 25) The major results show that there is no difference in the High P.E. (n = 15) Low P.E. (n = 10) amount of Parental Encouragement received by the Govt. Mean 76.70 63.10 boys and girls, at the same private boys and girls also show S.D. 3.85 5.5 no difference in the amount of Parental Encouragement received by them. t-test 6.8 The academic achievement of the Govt. boys and girls show N = 25, df = 23 a great difference in the amount of Parental Encouragement The result shows significant difference in the effect of Parental received by them. The mean of the academic achievement of Encouragement on the academic achievement of the private the Govt. boys show that they get more amount of Parental school boys. Encouragement than girls. Whereas the academic (xi) The effect of Parental Encouragement on the academic achievement of the Private boys and girls show no difference achievement of the girls of Private Higher Secondary in the amount of Parental Encouragement received by them. Schools. Suggestions (for parents):- Table-11 ò The parents should motivate their wards to show better Showing the Mean and Standard Deviation performance. of the academic achievement of the private girls ò Parents should help, guide and coax the child, so that getting High Parental Encouragement. and he/she may not feel disheartened at a particular point of Low Parental Encouragement difficulty. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 44

ò The parents should become more conscious of the improvement in the student. responsibilities towards their children in moulding and Recommendations for further study:- shaping their academic performance. Parental Encouragement is a very important topic for the ò Parental Encouragement plays a great role in high research study as it plays a great role in a child's high achievement of a student, so the parents should achievement, but it has been neglected and not given much encourage their children to achieve better. importance in the research study in India. This topic needs a ò The parents should keep positive attitude and motivate vast study. The following areas of future research work have their child to show better performance. been suggested- ò The family structure exerts a greater influence on child's ò Similar studies can be under taken on pre-primary, personality, so a healthy atmosphere should be created primary, middle, high school, secondary and college level. in the family to develop fully the personality of the student. ò Some other factors like- teacher, family, environment etc. ò The members of the family must try to make the child also affect the educational development of a student. So feel stable and confident by giving him importance in the these topics can also be undertaken as research study. family, as due to lack of emotional stability the child ò 'Encouragement techniques' can also be the topic of may lose the capacity of doing good. further research. ò Parents should visit their ward's school regularly for their References better performance. ò Asthana, Bipin, 2007 'Measurement and Evaluation in Psychology ò Parents should help their children to achieve their desired and Education.' goal. ò Baron, R.A., 2001 'Essentials of Educational Psychology' Pearson Education, Inc. and Dorling, Kinderley, Publishing Inc. ò Parents should help their children in choosing the ò Garrett, H.E. 2005: ' Statistics in Psychology and Education', London appropriate subject according to their interest. Longmans Green co. ò Parents should appreciate their child on his/her better ò Good, C.V., 1945 'Dictionary of Education Mc Gram Hill Book Co., performance. USA ò The parents must try to recognize the nature of the child ò Karlinger, F.N., 1964 'Foundation of Behaviour Research', Indian and consequently make use of the praise or reproof in Report ò Koul Lokesh, 2004: 'Methodology of Educational Research', New encouraging and inspiring him. Delhi Vikas Publishng House Pvt. Ltd. ò The parents should be very careful in using rewards or ò Mouly, G.J., 1964 'The science of education 'Research' New Delhi, punishment as an incentive to encourage their children. Eurasian Publishing House ò Wise parents should try to make use of the competition ò NCERT, 2006 'Indian Educational Abstracts' based on co-operation and the feeling of 'we' and 'us'. ò W.B. John, 1963 'Research in Education', Prentice Hall of India (P) Ltd., New Delhi. ò The parents should try to inculcate the feeling self-

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 45 Quality Crisis In Higher Education in India Problems and Challenges in the Education System of India

Mohini Sakargayen*

Introduction The private schools are "relatively unaffected" but their low India is still lagging behind in providing basic education to its standards remain low. They have also shown a "downturn" in children. A recent study by the United Nations Educational, math beyond number recognition. The poor quality of Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has placed education and rate of decline are however not uniform across India fourth from the bottom in terms of the number of children India. Some states are low in quality, but are staying where out-of-school. However, on a positive note, the study also they are (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh) while says that India has made good progress in getting children some have higher levels of education, which are neither into classrooms. improving nor deteriorating (Himachal Pradesh, Kerala and The political will to provide wider access to education, in the Punjab). It also says that the decline is more noticeable since form of the Right to Education Act, has helped reduce the 2010, when the RTE came into effect, indicating targets of number of out-of-school children from 20 million in 2000, to blanket coverage compromising quality and standards. 2.3 million in 2006 and 1.67 million in 2010-11. This has At a college level - helped push the country up by one position to fourth from India's higher education system is the world's third largest in bottom, with Ethiopia (1.7 million out-of-school children) taking terms of students, next to China and the United States. Unlike its earlier place. Nigeria, with 10.54 million out-of-school China, however, India has the advantage of English being the children is at the very bottom of the list, while Pakistan comes primary language of higher education and research. India second-last with 5.43 million. However, with about 57 million educates approximately 11 per cent of its youth in higher children being out of school globally in 2011, the world is far education as compared to 20 percent in China. The main from achieving the target of ensuring that all children get proper governing body at the tertiary level is the University Grants schooling by 2015 - one of the millennial development goals Commission (India), which enforces its standards, advises of the UN. the government, and helps coordinate between the centre It begins at the school level and the state. Universities and its constituent colleges are In 2008, only about 50 percent of Standard 3 students could the main institutes of higher education in India. read a std. 1 text, but by 2012, it declined to 30 percent - a One of the most dismaying news that the country had this fall of 16 percent. About 50 percent of the std. 3 kids cannot year was that we have over two crore students, 33 central even correctly recognize digits up to 100, where as they are universities and 16IITs, not a single university or IIT or NIT supposed to learn two digit subtraction. In 2008, about 70 has found place in the list of top 200 universities of the world. percent of the kids could do this. Not only that the country is Also, out of every thousand students eligible in the age-group unable to improve the learning skills of half its primary school between 18 and 24, access to higher education in India is children, in the last four years, it has fallen to alarming lows. only seven against 21 in Germany and 34 in the US. Similar deterioration in standards of education was also noted The growth of higher education in India has been largely guided among std. 5 students. Importantly, the report notes that the by the serviceable prerequisite of the economy. After decline is cumulative, which means that the "learning decline" independence, the role of the state in planning out a gets accumulated because of neglect over the years. The development path and also in building higher education poor quality of education from std. 1 pulls down their rate of institutions was guided by mutuality of purpose. Most learning progressively so that by the time they are in std. 5, observers of higher education in India feel that performance their level of learning is not even comparable to that of std. 2. of higher education institutions has been less than

*Asst. Professor of Home Science M.L.C. Govt. Girls College, Khandwa (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 46 satisfactory in terms of access, equity and quality. Now there or about the lack of cleanliness in the schools. The children is an urgent need to work for the development of the carry lunch and water bottles to schools to avoid the mid- educational sector to meet the need of the emerging day meals because there have been cases where students opportunities, increasing younger generation population and have fallen ill after eating the meals. challenges of the 21st century. Suggestions - Education system is a business opportunity - Considering the above problems, we are putting some of the The present system of higher education does not serve the suggestions: purpose for which it has been started. In general education A. For Primary Education - itself has become so profitable a business that quality is lost ò Strengthening and improvement in public school system in the increase of quantity of professional institutions with by reviewing state syllabus at par with C.B.S.E. syllabus. quota system and politicization adding fuel to the fire of spoil ò Teachers' ability to teach the students should be checked system, thereby increasing unemployment of graduates every year by conducting exams, as most of the teachers without quick relief to mitigate their sufferings in the job market are incompetent due to lack of skill, knowledge, of the country. absenteeism, laziness and lack of accountability. Employability factor for companies - ò There should be a system where students and parents Around 25% of engineering graduates are directly employable can judge about their teachers, their school, curriculum (Infosys, an IT giant, last year sorted through 1.3 million etc. on half and yearly basis to take corrective steps. applicants only to find that around two percent were qualified ò A complaint/suggestion register should be made available for jobs.) Quality of education delivered in most institutions in every school with a stamp and signature of education is very poor. While India has some institutions of global repute department. delivering quality education, such as (Indian Institute of ò A special toll free helpline should be provided to let the Management) IIMs and (Indian Institute of Technology) IITs, district and state authorities know the schools' problem. we do not have enough of them. It has very narrow range of ò Improving teaching and technical skill like computers etc. course options that are offered and education is a seller's the teachers need to retrain in Information Technology market, where is no scope of incentive to provide quality and modern methods of teaching and increase efficiency education. There is clearly a lack of educated educators and in classroom teaching so that students need not depend teaching is not an attractive profession. It's a last choice in on home work and tuition. terms of career. Number of Ph.D.'s produced each year is ò Other major recommendation is that students should get very low and those required by academia is far higher. In any one or two basic technical skills at school level itself. fact, at many institutions fresh graduates are employed to It'll be helpful for the students in further studies. teach, leading to poor quality of classroom instruction. B. For College Education - Lack of information - ò Industry and Academia should connect to ensure While some things have changed post the implementation of curriculum and skills in line with requirements. the RTE Act, lack of awareness about the various provisions of ò Vocational and Diploma courses need to be made more the RTE Act - not only among parents but also school authorities attractive to facilitate specialized programs being offered themselves - remains the big challenge. For instance, none of to students. the schools had even heard of, let alone formed, School ò Incentives should be provided to teachers and Management Committees (SMCs). The intent behind the SMCs researchers to make these professions more attractive was to bring parents on board and make them part of the decision- for the younger generation. making process. But such committees are non-existent. Schools ò Efforts are required to improve the country's innovative are not even aware of it. The Act says that schools have to form capacity, yet the efforts should be to build on the existing SMCs, arrange for awareness programs and enroll parents in strengths in light of new understanding of the such committees. But that is not happening. Parents are not researchinnovation-growth linkage. aware about quality of the mid-day meals that is being served ò Methods of teaching through lectures will have to Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 47

subordinate to the methods that will lay stress on self- education must be given. study, personal consultation between teachers and It is such a tragedy that by next year, when UPA seeks pupils,and dynamic sessions of seminars and workshops. fresh mandate for all its welfare schemes, 41 percent of the Methods of distance education will have to be employed primary school children will be paying for their education and on a vast scale. there is no guarantee that what they learn is of any quality or ò A combination of arts subjects and computer science consequence. At this rate, sooner than later, India's education and science and humanities or literature should be sector will resemble its crumbling public health system in introduced so that such courses could be useful for the which three-fourth of the people pay for their health students to do jobs after recruitment in some companies expenditure. which would reduce unnecessary rush to higher Finally, education should be for the flowering of personality education. but not for the suppression of creativity or natural skill. In the ò Academic and administrative audit should be conducted globalized world opportunities for the educated people are once in three years in colleges by external experts for naturally ample in scope. As a result business process ensuring quality in all aspects of academic activities. outsourcing (BPO) activities have increased competition in ò Fees for education in general should not be high; the world trade leading towards the production of quality goods especially, the fees for higher studies should be within and their easy availability everywhere in the world market. the reach of every class of people in the nation. That is the way the world can be developed for peace, ò Meritorious doctoral students should be recognized prosperity and progress by able and skillful men. through teaching assistantships with stipends over and We need an educational system that is modern, liberal and above the research fellowships Identifying talented, can adapt to the changing needs of a changing society, a meritorious students and encouraging them through changing economy and a changing world. recognition is very important to attract students into The thrust of public policy for higher education in India research and teaching. has to be to address these challenges. However, one ò Examination reforms, gradually shifting from the terminal, university can't make much difference. If the government annual and semester examinations to regular and welcomes more such initiatives, the future will be ours. continuous assessment of student's performance in We will be able to match and compete with other countries learning should be implemented. and the dream to be the world's greatest economy won't Conclusion - be difficult to achieve. While physical expansion of education infrastructure is "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can necessary, at the same time emphasis on the quality of use to change the world." -Nelson Mandela

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 48 CÉoejm _{ß gßdmXhrZVm : EH$ MwZm°Vr (gd}jU A‹``Z) S>m∞. AH$rbm Hw$a°er * S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ** ΩmwUdŒmm Z H{$db oH$gr H$m`© H$m JwU h°, Ao[Vw dh VÀgß]ßYr H$m`© H$m{ 2. 99 ‡oVeV od⁄mWr© A[Zr Í$oM H{$ hr odf` MwZV{ h¢& Am°a AoYH$ oZImaZ{ H$m Zm_ ^r h°& oH$gr H$m`© H$m{ oH$VZ{ A¿N{> VarH{$ g{ oH$`m Om` oH$ dh R>m{g VWm ÒWmB© hm{V{ hwE CX≤X{Ì` H$r `Wm{oMV ‡mo· _{ß ghm`H$ hm{& CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm ‡]ßYZ H{$ A›VJ©V :- 1. CÉ oejm H$m gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ T>m±Mm 2. oOÂ_{Xmna`m± 3. odoY`m± 4. gßgmYZ h_mar CÉ oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm ‡]ßYZ H$r oOÂ_{Xmar H{$ A›VJ©V oejmWr©, oejH$ Am°a [mbH$ d Ao^^mdH$ _hÀd[yU© oÃH$m{U h°& h_mam ‡ÒVwV em{Y[Ã Bgr JwUdŒmm oÃH$m{U [a H{$o›–V h°& ^maVr` oejm ‡Umbr _yÎ` AmYmnaV Edß _ZwÓ` AmYmnaV oejm 3. 50 ‡oVeV od⁄mWr© oZò_V H$jm _{ß OmV{ h¢& ‡Umbr h°& Mmh{ JwÍ$Hw$b hm{ `m ÒdVßÃ ^maV H{$ ‡maßo^H$ oejU gßÒWmZ, 4. 40 ‡oVeV od⁄mWu [mR>ÁH´$_ ([∂T>mB©) H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` dhm± N>mÃm{ß H$r g_P _{ß ‡oVÓR>m Am°a Jna_m gdm}[na ahr h°& odJV≤≤ Hw$N> JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß ^mJ b{V{ h¢& XeH$m{ß g{ oejm OJV _{ß ]mOma, am{OJma, ^y_ S>brH$aU Am°a gyMZm H´$mßoV 5. 80 ‡oVeV od⁄mWr© [mR>ÁH´$_ H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a A›` g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ gÂ]›Y H{$ ‡^md Z{ oejm H$r AdYmaUm H$m{ [nadoV©V oH$`m h¢, oejm _{ß oS>J´r ‡m· _{ß oejH$ Ao^^mdH$ g{ gÂ[H©$ Zht H$aV{ h¢& H$aZm `mßoÃH$ ‡oH´$`m ]Z J`m h°& Ohm± ‡d{e, [arjm, [arjU Am°a [naUm_ 6. 100 ‡oVeV od⁄mWu oS>J´r b{Z{ H{$ ]mX Zm°H$ar H$aZm MmhV{ h¢& H{$ ]mX Zm°H$ar H$r ^mJ_^mJ h°& oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H$r ]∂T>Vr hwB© gßª`m, ‡ÌZ:- oH$g j{Ã _{ß Zm°H$ar H$aZm MmhV{ h°? oejH$m{ß H$r CÀ‡{aH$ H$r ^yo_H$m g{ [bm`Z, Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$r goH´$`Vm H$m CŒma:- H{$db 40 ‡oVeV od⁄mWu Ò[ÓQ> j{Ã ]Vm [m`{& 60 ‡oVeV Z{ A^md Am°a ‡]ßYZ H{$ AZwCŒmaXm`r Ï`dhma H$r MwZm°Vr h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ CŒma Zhr oX`m & g]g{ ]∂S>r MwZm°Vr oejH$ Am°a od⁄mWr©, oejH$ Am°a Ao^^mdH$ Edß oejH$ Am°a g_mO H{$ ]rM gßd{XZhrZVm H$m ]∂T>Vm Xmàm h°& AV: C¿M oejm _{ß JwUdŒmm H$r gßH$Î[Zm H$m{ gmH$ma H$aZ{ _{ß gßdmXhrZVm H$r oÒWoV gd©Wm EH$ ]∂S>r MwZm°Vr âm H$m`© h°& dV©_mZ CÉ oejm [yU©V`m [arjm H{$o›–V hm{ OmZ{ H{$ H$maU ' H{$Â[g H$ÎMa ' g_m· hm{ ahm h°& oejm gß‡{fU Edß gßdmX h°& `h H{$db kmZ H$m hÒVmßVaU Zht h°& AV: dV©_mZ _{ß oejmWr©, oejH$ Am°a Ao^^mdH$ H{$ ]rM gßdmX hm{Zm AÀ`mdÌ`H$ h°& dV©_mZ CÉ oejm [nad{e _{ß oejH$ Am°a oejmWr© H{$ ]rM JoVam{Y H$m AV:hrZ ogbogbm H$m`_ hm{ ahm h°& Bg{ am{H$Z{ H{$ C[m`m{ß H{$ obE oejmodX≤ Edß g_mO oMo›VV h¢& Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ]rM H$r A›VaßJVm Am°a odÌdgZr`Vm ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ K{a{ _{ß h°& CÉ oejm H$r JwUdŒmm Am°a _yÎ` H{$ obE [mbH$m{ß g{ ‡m· Vœ` - `h A¿N>m gßH{$V Zhr h°& 1. 50 ‡oVeV [mbH$m{ß H$r ]Ém{ß g{ [∂T>mB© gÂ]›Yr ]mV hm{Vr h¢& 50 BgH{$ ‡_moUH$ A‹``Z h{Vw I S>dm eha H{$ 160 oZXe©Z H$m M`Z ‡oVeV H$^r H$^r MMm© H$aV{ h¢& oH$`m J`m& Bg_{ß 60 od⁄mWr© 50 oejH$ Edß 50 [mbH$m{ß H$m{ ob`m J`m& 2. 80 ‡oVeV [mbH$m{ß H$m{ ]Ém{ß H{$ H$m∞b{O H{$ ‡maÂ^ hm{Z{ H$m oZpÌMV AmQ©>g, H$m_g©, gmB›g Edß hm{_gmB›g Mmam{ß \°$H$ÎQ>r g{ 15-15 od⁄moœm©`m{ß g_` Zhr _mby_ Wm& 50 ‡oVeV H{$db BVZm ]Vm [m`{ oH$ gw]h H$m{ MwZm J`m& B›hr od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ [mbH$m{ß g{ Edß _hmod⁄mb` H{$ 30 Edß bJVm h° AWdm Xm{[ha _{ß bJVm h°& A›` _hmod⁄mb` H{$ 20 oejH$m{ß g{ ‡ÌZmdbr âdmB© JB©& ‡m· Vœ`m{ß H{$ 3. 40 ‡oVeV Ao^^mdH$ g{_{ÒQ>a ‡Umbr H{$ ]ma{ß _{ß ]Ém{ß g{ [yN>V{ h¢& AmYma [a dJr©H$aU Edß odÌb{fU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ [naUm_ ‡m· oH$`{ J`{& 60 ‡oVeV H{$db `h OmZV{ h¢ oH$ g{_{ÒQ>a ‡Umbr _{ß gmb _{ß Xm{ ]ma 1. 99 ‡oVeV od⁄mWr© odf` M`Z A[Zr _Or© g{ H$aV{ h¢& H{$db EH$ [arjm hm{Vr h°& 100% Ao^^mdH$ g{_{ÒQ>a [’oV H$m{ CoMV _mZV{ h¢, ‡oVeV A[Z{ _mVm o[Vm H$r gbmh g{ odf` M`Z H$aV{ h°& ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgg{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ EH$ gmW [∂T>mB© H$m ]m{P Zht [∂T>Vm h¢& * ghm. ‡m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ od^mJ, _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.) ^maV ** ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr od^mJ, emgH$r` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`,_y›Xr I S>dm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 49

4. 40 ‡oVeV Ao^^mdH$ ]Ém{ß H{$ [mR>ÁH´$_ Edß H$m∞b{O H$r A›` Ao^^mdH$ g{ gÂ[H©$ Zhr H$aV{ h¢& JoVodoY`m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmZH$mar aIV{ h¢& 20 ‡oVeV Zhr Edß 30 4. oZò_V H$jm _{ß C[oÒWV Zhr hm{Z{ [a 90 ‡oVeV oejH$ [mbH$m{ß ‡oVeV Z{ H$m{B© CŒma Zhr oX`m& H$m{ gyoMV H$aV{ h¢& ‡oVoH´$`m ÒdÍ$[ N>mÃmE± H$jm _{ß AmZ{ bJVr h¢& 5. 50 ‡oVeV oejH$ _mZV{ h¢ oH$ g{{_{ÒQ>a [’oV g{ oejm H$r JwUdŒmm _{ß gwYma hwAm h¢, Am°a 50 ‡oVeV Bg{ Zhr _mZV{ h¢& 50 ‡oVeV oejH$ g{_{ÒQ>a [’oV g{ g›VwÓQ> h¢& C[`©w∫$ Vœ`m{ß H{$ AmYma [a oZÓH$f© - CÉ oejm H$m{ H{$db [arjm, _yÎ`mßH$Z Am°a [naUm_ VH$ gro_V Zht aIm Om gH$Vm h°& od⁄mWr© H$m{ goH´$` kmZoH´$`m Am°a oM›VZerb ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE '' _m°obH$ J´›Wm{ß H{$ A‹``Z h{Vw ‡{naV H$aZm AÀ`mdÌ`H$ h°& Ï`mª`mZ e°br _{ß Hw$N> E{g{ ‡ÌZ aI{ß Om{ JmBS>, 20-∑d{ÌMZ `m A›` gmYZm{ß g{ [a{ odf` H$m{ Im{bV{ h¢& A[Z{ Am°a od⁄mWr© H{$ AZw^dm{ß H$m{ kmZ _{ß emo_b H$a{ß& '' Vm{ CÉ oejm _{ß JwUmÀ_H$ [nadV©Z hmß{J{& A¿N{> oejH$m{ß VH$ od⁄mWr© Òd`ß OmE Am°a CZg{ grI{ß Edß gßdmX H$r ‡oH´$`m H$m{ ]hmb H$a{ß& A¿N{> oejH$ Om{ [∂T>mB© obImB©, X{e XwoZ`m Am°a OrdZ g{ OrdßV naÌVm aIV{ h°& d{ N>mÃm{ß g{ gßdmX _{ß odÌdmg aIV{ h¢& CZH{$ ohV H{$ obE gX°d V°`ma ahV{ h°& 5. 40 ‡oVeV Ao^^mdH$ oejH$ Ao^^mdH$ _roQß>J _{ß OmV{ h°& 20 A‹``Z A‹`m[Z H$r ZB© VH$ZrH{$ß oejm _{ß AmB© h¢& ∑`m d{ [`m©· hm{ ‡oVeV Zhr OmV{ Edß 40 ‡oVeV Z{ H$m{B© CŒma Zhr oX`m& gH$Vr h° ? O°g{ BßQ>aZ{Q> `m „bmoJßJ `m A›` VH$ZrH{$ß& B›h{ß OrdZ Am°a g_` H{$ AZwÍ$[ aIZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Vm{ h°, b{oH$Z kmZ H$r XwoZ`m _{ß BZH{$ ‡`m{J H$m{ hr oejm H$m g]g{ß ]∂S>m [°_mZm Z ]Zm`m Om`{& òX A‹`m[H$m{ß Am°a N>mÃm{ß _{ß gßdmX Zhr hm{Jm Vm{ VH$ZrH$r j{Ãm{ß _{ß hm{ ah{ odH$mg g{ kmZ Vm{ ‡m· hm{ gH$Vm h°, b{oH$Z A‹`m[H$r` gßdmXhrZVm g{ od⁄mWr© _{ß gßd{XZerbVm H$m oZa›Va A^md hm{Jm& Om{ CÉ oejm H{$ amÓQ≠>r` _hÀd H{$ obE g]g{ ]∂S>r hmoZ h°& gwPmd :- 1. oejH$ N>mÃ AZw[mV 1:30 hm{ VmoH$ oejH$ ‡À`{H$ od⁄mWr© g{ ‡À`j gÂ[H©$ _{ß ah{Jm& oh›Xr BßoΩbe H$r H$jmAm{ß _{ß Ohm± 80 ]É{ hm{V{ h°, '' 6. oejm H{$ ÒVa _{ß oJamdQ> H{$ ob`{ 50 ‡oVeV Ao^^mdH$ od⁄moW©`m{ß oejH$ H{$db gr.gr.B©. H{$ g_` erQ> [a hÒVmja b{V{ g_` Ïò∫$JV H$m{ Xm{fr _mZV{ h¢& 30 ‡oVeV oejH$ od⁄mWu Xm{Zm{ H$m{ Xm{fr _mZV{ Í$[ g{ ]É{ g{ o_bVm h°& '' h¢ Am°a 20 ‡oVeV Z{ H$m{B© Odm] Zhr oX`m& 2. '\$rÎS> dH©$' H$m{ AoYH$ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m OmZm MmohE& oOgg{ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ AZw^d ]VmZ{ H{$ A‰`mg g{ ]m{bZ{ H$r j_Vm H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_b gH{$ß& Ao^^mdH$m| H$m 3. JmBS>, 20-∑d{ÌMZ ‡oV]o›YV H$r OmE±& A¿N>r [mR>Á [wÒVH{$ß ‡oVeV od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ C[b„Y H$amB© OmE& Bg h{Vw J´›Wmb`m{ß H$m odH$mg AmdÌ`H$ h°, VmoH$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ [wÒVH{$ß AmgmZr g{ C[b„Y hm{ gH{$& 4. H$jm _{ß [∂T>mB© H{$ gmW gmW od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ g_woMV _mJ©Xe©Z ‡XmZ H$aZm MmohE& 7. 90 ‡oVeV An^^mdH$ oejH$m{ß g{ Ïò∫$JV Í$[ g{ Zhr o_bV{ h¢& 5. od⁄mmoW`m{ß H$m gVV≤ _yÎ`mßH$Z [mR>ÁH´$_ H{$ AoVna∫$ ^r hm{Zm MmohE& 8. 50 ‡oVeV Ao^^mdH$ ]Ém{ß ¤mam A¿N{> AßH$ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE 6. Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$r ‡À`{H$ g{_{ÒQ>a _{ß H$_ g{ H$_ EH$ _roQß>J AdÌ` hm{Zr MmohE& od⁄mmoW©`m{ß H$m{ Am°a 50 ‡oVeV oejH$ H$m{ oOÂ_{Xma _mZV{ h¢& 7. 75 ‡oVeV C[oÒWoV H$m oZ`_ H$R>m{aVm H{$ gmW bmJy oH$`m OmE& 9. Am[H$m ]Ém am{O H$m∞b{O OmVm h°? Bg [a 80 ‡oVeV Z{ hm± _{ß CŒma 8. Xm{ odf` _{ß [yaH$ H$r [mÃVm g_m· H$r OmE& oX`m, 20 ‡oVeV Z{ H$m{B© CŒma Zhr oX`m& _hof© Aaod›X Z{ ]hwV [hb{ _mZm Wm - '' h_ bm{Jm{ß Z{ Bg X{e _{ß oejm oejH$m{ß g{ ‡m· Vœ` - H$m{ kmZ ‡mo· H{$ gmW CbPm oX`m Am°a kmZ ‡mo· H$m{ EH$ _mÃ gßH$rU© VWm 1. 100 ‡oVeV oejH$ `h _mZV{ h¢ oH$ dh od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß JwUdŒmm d•o’ AoeÓQ> AW© Ò_•oV _{ß [na^mofV oH$`m h°& N>mÃ H$m{ kmZ ‡XmZ H$aZm h{Vw ‡`mg H$aV{ h¢& AmdÌ`H$ h°, oH$›Vw Cgg{ AoYH$ AmdÌ`H$ h°, CgH{$ A›Xa A[Z{ kmZ 2. 40 ‡oVeV JwUdŒmm h{Vw oH$`{ J`{ ‡`mgm{ß H$m naH$m∞S©> aIV{ß h¢& H$r ' ‡`m{J eo∫$ ' H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm& '' 3. 70 ‡oVeV [mR>ÁH´$_ d A›` H$oR>ZmB© H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß oejH$, gßX^©- Ï`p∑VJV gd©{jU Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 50 _‡ H{$ BßXm°a gß^mJ H{$ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ emarnaH$ odH$mg Edß [m{fU ÒVa H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (3 g{ 14 df© Am`w dJ© ) lr_Vr _m{ohZr gH$aJm`{ß * S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr ** odÌd H{$ odH$ogV Edß odH$mgerb X{e dV©_mZ _{ß ]Ém{ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ hm{V{ Om ah{ß h°$& `yZrg{\$, odÌd ÒdmÒœ` gßJR>Z, VWm odo^fi X{em{ß _{ gaH$mar ‡`mg, gm_moOH$ gßJR>Z AmoX A›` `m{OZmEß ]Ém{ß H{$ ôdÓ` oZ_m©U _{ß gh^moJVm H$m oZdm©h H$a ah{ h°$& CÎb{IZr` h° oH$ ]Ém{ß H$r XwoZ`m H$m EH$ ^mJ E{gm h° Om{ C[`w©∫$ gwodYmAm{ß g{ dßoMV h° `m gaH$mar ‡`mg AWdm gßJR>Z CZ VH$ [hw±MZ{ _{ß g\$b Zht h°$& ‡À`{H$ X{e _{ß 'oZ:e∫$' ]Ém{ß H{$ ‡oV gaH$mar ‡`mgm{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm AmVr Om ahr h°$& emarnaH$ oZ:e∫$ (_yH$ ]oYa, —oÓQ>hrZ Edß JoVH$ oZ:e∫$) H{$ obE oejm _{ß N>mÃd•pÀV Edß A›` gwodYmE± h°$& AmOrodH$m h{Vw Zm°H$ar _{ß AmajU, Ï`m[ma Ï`dgm` _{ß ‡m{ÀgmhZ AZwXmZ oX`m Om ahm h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]Ém{ß H$m{ âU-[m{fU h{Vw oZoÌMV AZwXmZ H{$ AoVna∫$ H$m{B© A›` gwodYm Zht h°$& '_mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]Ém{ß H{$ obE C[b„Y [wZdm©g C[am{∫$ J´m\$ _{ß 3 g{ 14 df© Am`wdJ© h{Vw dOZ H{$ Am`.gr.E_.Ama. H{$›–m{ß H{$ gßMmbZ H$r oÒWoV X`Zr` h°$& ""Xw]©b Ïò∫$ dh Ïò∫$ h° oOZ_{ß H{$ ‡oV[moXV _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` Edß _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ÒWm`r _›XVm AWdm gro_V _mZogH$ odH$mg [m`m OmVm h¢$& gro_V _mZogH$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H{$ dOZ H$m oddaU oX`m J`m h°$& odH$mg ]mÎ`H$mb g{ hm{Vm h°$& _mZogH$ Í$[ g{ Xw]©b Ïò∫$ Òd`ß A[Zm H$m_ ehar, J´m_rU Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ã H{$ Hw$b 210 gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß H$aZ{ Am°a A[Zr Òd`ß H$r hr ghm`Vm H$a [mZ{ H{$ A`m{Ω` hm{V{ h°$&'' g{ 10 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` g{ H$_ dOZ H{$ h¢ em{Y H$r C[H$Î[Zm - _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ dht Hw$b 210 _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 57.14 ‡oVeV emarnaH$ odH$mg _{ß Ag_mZVmE± [m`r OmVr h°$& ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` g{ H$_ dOZ dmb{ h°$& gm_m›` em{em{em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì`- ehar, J´m_rU Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ã H{$ 3-14 df© Am`w dJ© H{$ 210 ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 42.86 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ emarnaH$ odH$mg H$m A‹``Z $& gm_m›` dOZ dmb{ h¢$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 1.43 ‡oVeV em{Y odoY - g_J´ H{$ MwZmd H{$ obE ]hwÒVar` C‘{Ì`[yU© oZXe©Z [’oV ‡oVgmXH$ hr _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` dOZ dmb{ h°$& VrZm{ß hr j{Ãm{ß H{$ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h°$& Bg ‡H$ma C‘{Ì`[yU© oZXe©Z odoY H{$ AmYma gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 47.14 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a [a ehar, J´m_rU Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ã g{ H´$_e: 70,70,70 ]É{ AWm©V≤ gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ dOZ dmb{ h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ Hw$b 210 ]Ém{ß H$m M`Z em{Y h{Vw oH$`m J`m$& eara H$r d•o’ d odH$mg 41.43 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ dOZ dmb{ h°$& dßemZwH´$_ Edß dmVmdaU [a AmYmnaV hm{Vm h¢$& eara H{$ odH$mg [a Amhma ZdOmV oeew H$m dOZ 6 g{ 8 [mC S> AWm©V≤ 2.7 oH$bm{ g{ 3.6 oH$bm{ Edß [m{fU H$m ^r ‡^md [∂S>Vm h¢$& hm{Vm h°$& ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H{$ odH$mg _{ß dßemZwH´$_ _hÀd[yU© hm{Vm h°, dht emarnaH$ odH$mg H{$ A‹``Z _{ E›W´m{[m{_{oQ≠>H$ _{Oa_{ßQ> _wª` ^yo_H$m dmVmdaU H$r ^yo_H$m ^r _hÀd[yU© hm{Vr h°$& ]mbH$ H{$ emarnaH$ odH$mg _{ß oZ^mVm h°$& em{Y A‹``Z _ß{ Adbm{H$Z H{$ g_` [m`m oH$ ehar, J´m_rU gßVwobV ^m{OZ H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m hm{Vr h°$& emarnaH$ odH$mg H{$ A›VJ©V Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ã H{$ gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$m hr E›W´m{[m{_{oQ≠>H$ _{Oa_{ßQ> dOZ H$m _mZH$ g{ H$_ `m AoYH$ hm{Zm dßemZwH´$_ g{ AoYH$ Amhma [a Am`.gr.E_.Ama. H{$ ‡oV[moXV _mZH$ g{ H$_ `m AoYH$ h°$& oZ^©a hm{Vm h°$& Bg em{Y A‹``Z H{$ obE E›W´m{[m{_{oQ≠>H$ _{Oa_{ßQ> odoY ¤mam AmßH$∂S>m{ß em{Y A‹``Z _{ß ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H{$ oZÓH$f© H{$ AZwgma gm_m›` H$r ‡mo· H$r JB© h° $& emarnaH$ odH$mg _m[Z _{ß oOZ _m[m{ß H$m C[`m{J ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$r A[{jm _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H{$ dOZ H$m ‡oVeV oH$`m J`m h¢ d{ Bg ‡H$ma h¢ : dOZ, Dß$MmB©, h°S> gaH$_\∞$a{›g, M{ÒQ> Am`.gr.E_.Ama. H{$ ‡oV[moXV _mZH$ H$r VwbZm _{ß gm_m›` g{ H$_ Edß gaH$_\∞$a{›g Ed Am_© gaH$_\∞$a{›g & gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ _{ß H´$_e: 57.14 ‡oVeV Edß 41.43 ‡oVeV h°$& dOZ H$m A‹``Z _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 98.57 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$m dOZ dOZ gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$ Agm_m›` h°$& Agm_m›`Vm H$m _yb H$maU Hw$[m{fU h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ gm_m›` g{ H$_ 10.0 57.14 ‡oVgmXH$ Hw$[m{f m H{$ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡H$ma AÎ[ [m{fU Edß AoV [m{fU g{ gm_m›` 42.86 1.43 JógV [m`{ JE$& gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ 47.14 41.43 ehar, J´m_rU Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ã H{$ gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$r VwbZm Hw$b 100 100 oZYm©naV _mZH$ g{ H$aZ{ [a _mÃ 42.86 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ gm_m›` * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.) ^maV ** g{dmoZd•Œm ‡m‹`m[H$ (Ωm•hodkmZ od^mJ) BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 51 dOZ H{$ [m`{ J`{ $& dht gm_m›` g{ H$_ Edß g_m›` g{ AoYH$ H´$_e: 10 H´$_e: 57.14 Edß 41.43% h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$r Dß$MmB© ‡oVeV Edß 47.14 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ Agm_m›` H$m oeH$ma h°$& _{ß Hw$b 98.57% ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$r Dß$MmB© Agm_m›` h°$& `hmß± Agm_m›`Vm ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 57.14 ‡oVeV gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$ ^r Hw$[m{fU g{ H$m H$maU dßemZwH´$_ H{$ Abmdm Hw$[m{fU h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$ [ro∂S>V h°$& A‹``Z g{ ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$ Hw$[m{fU H{$ Xm{Zm{ß ‡H$ma AÎ[ [m{fU Edß AoYH$ [m{fU g{ [ro∂S>V h°$& AÎ[Hw$[m{fU H$r A[{jm Mma JwZm AoYH$ AoV[m{fU Hw$[m{fU g{ [ro∂S>V oZÓH$f© -_mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ emarnaH$ h°$& `h Hw$[m{fU ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H{$ ImZ-[mZ H$r ]Xbr hwB© AmXVm{ß H{$ H$maU odH$mg H$r oÒWoV :- h°$& j{Ãr` A‹``Z H{$ g_` Adbm{H$Z Edß MMm© H{$ Xm°amZ [m`m J`m oH$ [naUm_m{ß H{$ AmYma [a ehar, J´m_rU Edß AmoXdmgr VrZm{ß hr j{Ãm{ß _{ß gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$ Ka{by ^m{¡` [XmWm~ H$r A[{jm dV©_mZ _{ß ‡MobV g{ 57.14 ‡oVeV _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$ ]É{ emarnaH$ odH$mg H{$ \$mÒQ> \y$S> H$m C[`m{J AoYH$ H$aV{ h¢$& oZYm©naV _mZH$ g{ o[N>∂S{> hwE h¢$& [nadma _{ß N>m{Q{> `m ]∂S{> A›` ÒdmÒœ` Dß$MmB© H$m A‹``Z ]mbH$ H$r C[oÒWoV Edß _mVm-o[Vm H$r _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ H$r Dß$MmB© gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$ g_woMV X{I^mb H{$ ‡oV _mVm-o[Vm Ao^^mdH$m{ß _{ß CXmgrZVm CÀ[fi gm_m›` g{ H$_ 11.43 57.14 H$aVr h°$& [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$m H{$ emarnaH$ gm_m›` 42.38 1.43 odH$mg H{$ ob`{ AmdÌ`H$ [m{fH$ VÀdm{ß H$r CgH{$ Amhma g{ [yoV© Zht hm{ ahr gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ 46.38 41.43 h°$& Bg ‡H$ma CoMV [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ A^md _{ß _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß Hw$b 100 100 ]mobH$m emarnaH$ odH$mg H{$ j{Ã _{ß oZYm©naV _mZH$ g{ o[N>∂S> ah{ h°$& oOgH$m _wª` H$maU _mVm-o[Vm H$m oZÂZ e°ojH$ ÒVa, [nadma H$r oZÂZ gm_moOH$- AmoW©H$ oÒWoV, CoMV X{I^mb H{$ ‡oV CXmgrZVm, AkmZVm Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md h°$& gwPmd -J^m©dÒWm _{ß CoMV X{I^mb H{$ ‡oV gH$mamÀ_H$ [hb _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` g_wXm` _{ß ode{fH$a _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ÒdmÒœ` Edß [m{fU oejm X{Zm h°$& Bg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ J^m©dÒWm _{ß gßVwobV Amhma H{$ _hÀd, Zerb{ [XmWm} H$m ^´wU H{$ odH$mg [a [∂S>Z{ dmb{ hmoZH$maH$ ‡^md, gßH´$m_H$ Edß dmàb am{J g{ ]Mmd Ed ßerK´ C[Mma H$m _hÀd, oZò_V Ï`m`m_, ÒdmÒœ`dY©H$ dmVmdaU _{ß ahZm, VZmd[yU© oÒWoV`m{ß g{ ]MZm Edß Q>rH$mH$aU H$m _hÀd BZ ]mVm{ß H$r OmZH$mar AmgmZr g{ Xr Om gH{$Jr$& gmW hr g_{oH$V ]mb C[am{∫$ J´m\$ _{ß 3 g{ 14 df© Am`wdJ© h{Vw Dß$MmB© H{$ Am`.gr.E_.Ama. odH$mg `m{OZm H{$ A›V©JV OZZr gwajm `m{OZm, OZZr E∑g‡{g `m{OZm, H{$ ‡oV[moXV _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` Edß _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ Jm{X âmB© `m{OZm, ÒdmÒœ` [arjU, ode{fk gwodYmEß, am{J oZam{YZ, ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$r Dß$MmB© H$m oddaU oX`m J`m h°$& ‡gd gh`m{Jr `m{OZm Edß oeew H{$ ÒdÒœ` OrdZ _{ß ‡W_ ÒVZ[mZ H{$ ehar, J´m_rU Edß AmoXdmgr j{Ã H{$ Hw$b 210 gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß _hÀd H$r OmZH$mar AmgmZr g{ Xr Om gH{$Jr$& g{ 11.43 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` g{ H$_ Dß$MmB© gaH$mar Edß J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß H$r _mV• Edß oeew H$Î`mUH$mar dmb{ h¢ dht 210 _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 57.14 ‡oVeV `m{OZAm{ß H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm bmZm ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` g{ H$_ Dß$MmB© dmb{ h°$& gaH$mar _mV• Edß oeew H$Î`mUH$mar `m{OZmE± `yoZg{\$ Edß g_{oH$V gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 42.38 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ _mZH$ H{$ AmYma ]mb odH$mg `m{OZm H{$ gmW o_bH$a gÂ[yU© ^maV df© _{ß bmJy H$r J`r h°$& [a gm_m›` Dß$MmB© dmb{ h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ _mÃ 1.43 oOZ_{ß oeew O›_ H{$ [yd© J^©dVr _mVm H{$ ob`{ odo^fi `m{OZmE± Mbm`r Om ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ hr _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` Dß$MmB© dmb{ h°$& AWm©V≤ ahr h¢$& dht oeew O›_ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ amÓQ≠>r` Q>rH$mH$aU `m{OZm, [yaH$ [m{fU, VrZm{ß hr j{Ãm{ß g{ gm_m›` ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 46.19 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ Amhma `m{OZm, am{J oZam{YZ, ÒdmÒœ` [arjU, ode{fk gwodYmEß, embm _mZH$ H{$ AmYma [a gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ Dß$MmB© dmb{ h°$& _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ [yd© oejm Edß Hw$[m{fU J´ÒV hm{Z{ [a [m{fU [wZ©dmg H{$›– H{$ A›VJ©V ‡oVgmXH$m{ß _{ß g{ 41.43 ‡oVeV ‡oVgmXH$ gm_m›` g{ AoYH$ Dß$MmB© [m{fU C[Mma `m{OZmEß Mbm`r Om ahr h°$& oOg ‡H$ma g{ gm_m›` ]¿Mm{ß H{$ dmb{ h°$&O›_ H{$ g_` oeew H$r Dß$MmB© 18 g{ 20 BßM hm{Vr h°$& ZdOmV H$Î`mU H{$ obE ÒdmÒœ` _{b{ Edß ÒdmÒœ` oeodam{ß H$m Am`m{OZ hm{ ahm h¢ AdÒWm g{ [na[π$Vm VH$ Dß$MmB© _{ß oZaßVa d•o’ hm{Vr h°$& O›_ H{$ g_` Cgr ‡H$ma ode{f Í$[ g{ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ]mbH$ Edß ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ ob`{ ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H$r A[{jm bÂ]{ hm{V{ h°$& oeew H$r Dß$MmB© dßemZwH´$_U ^r ÒdmÒœ` _{b{ Edß ÒdmÒœ` oeodam{ß H$m [•WH$ g{ Am`m{OZ oH$`m OmZm H$r ‡oH´$`m [a oZ^©a hm{Vr h°$& gmW hr Dß$MmB© [a [nadma H$r AmoW©H$- Mmoh`{ ∑`mß{oH$ BZ ]¿Mm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmE± gm_m›` ]¿Mm{ß H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV, [m{fU ÒVa Edß dmVmdaU H$m ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°$& AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß g{ o^fi hm{Vr h°$& BZ _{bm{ß `m oeodam{ß _{ß _mVm-o[Vm Edß em{Y A‹``Z _{ß ‡m· [naUm_m{ß H{$ oZÓH$f© H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_m›` H$r A[{jm Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$Vm H$r erK´ [hMmZ H{$ VnaH$m{ß g{ AdJV _mZogH$ oZ:e∫$ ‡oVgmXH$m{ß H$r Dß$MmB© H$m ‡oVeV Am`.gr. E_. Ama. 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H•$ÓU_yoV© - AmZ boZ™J (AZw.) 1992, H•$ÓU_yoV© \$mC›S{>eZ BßoS>`m, 1 hm± 9 3.6 dmamUgr, [•. 1-24 * Hw$fl[wÒdm_r ]r - BZ BZQ≠>m{S>∑eZ Qy> gm{eb gmBH$m{boO, ]mÂ]{, 2 Zht 241 96.4 Eoe`m [p„bqeJ hmCg 1961 * Zram X{gmB© - dm{_Z BZ _mS©>Z BßoS>`m ]Â]B©, ]m{am E S> `m{J 250 100 H$m{ [o„beg©, ‡mBd{Q> obo_Q{>S> 1957 [•ÓR> 25 * ‡o_bm H$[ya - X M{oOßJ ÒQ{>Q>≤g Am∞\$ doH©$ßJ dr_{Z BZ Bo S>`m oXÎbr,odH$mg [o„boeßJ hmCg, 1974 * e_m©.H{$.EZ. - odÌb{fU :- [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$m{ gwIr ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE dV©_mZ Zm°H$ar ^maVr` g_mO Edß gßÒH•$oV H$mZ[wa, 1962, [•. 411 * od^mJm‹`j (J•hodkmZ) _mIZbmb MVwd}Xr emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`,I S>dm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 58

Economical Analysis of Production and Marketing of Banana Crop in Nimar Anchal

Dr. Pratap Rao Kadam *

Methodology Adopted: cane, cotton, pulses, oil seeds or many it be banana crop. Various methods of research have been adopted to collect Alongwith farmer awareness being a reason behind it, market the data for the financial analysis of production and marketing pressure, financial institutions, employment national and of the banana crop in the Nimar region. The complete international marketing conditions has also been instrumental information related to this research was gathered from different in this change. sources. One to one discussion, questionnaire, group Taking into consideration: discussions, related publications and the information received All these reasons one by one, factual conclusions where from the institutions concerned, had been the base of arrived at. Today the farmers are less inclined towards the collection of the data computation and survey methods have traditional farming and more interested in the cash/commercial been resorted to where found suitable. crops. The following graph shows the decline in the area of The largest holding in M.P. for the commercial crop Banana traditional crops. is in the Nimar Region. Primary data has been gathered by Area of traditional crops of the entire Nimar Region. questionnaire, observation and interviewing those who are (Rakba in hector) engaged in this activity directly or indirectly co-operation has Year Wheat Peddy Millet Maze Gram Pulse Pulse been extended by the farmers, labourers, agriculture (Jwar) Arhar Urad scientists, banks, traders, consumers, agencies as (Cajamus middlemen, wholesalers, peddlers and those who run fruit indicus) shops. 2007-08 113082 17887 100081 28159 21274 24574 9794 From plantation to consumption all the aspects of the 2008-09 93700 16897 94186 28744 75146 24877 8514 commercial crop banana have been mentioned as under. 2009-10 132201 16334 98635 28016 27105 23679 8310 2010-11 145482 15317 81316 34178 26823 22668 8472

Source- Supdt., Land records Khandwa, Burhanpur, Khargone, Barwani, M.P.

Selection of the subject: The subject 'A financial analysis of the production and Marketing of banana crop in Nimar Region' has always been the matter of interest and curiosity for me. Banana, being the major commercial crop of this region, many economic, marketing and employment related activities are linked to it directly or indirectly. As a bumper banana crop strengthens the economic activities, marketing, commercial banking and employment related activities of this region, at the same time any fall in the crop affects all the region adversely. The same phenomenon The above table shows that the area of cultivation of Peddy, inspired me to analyze the factors of selection of the subject, Millet, gram, pulses among traditional crops. Though the area I resolved to study it. of wheat and maze has increased but taking into. While referring the data of previous years I found that the Consideration the overall area of traditional crop, it has either area of traditional crops has gradually reduced and for cash reduced continuously or the growth is meager as compared crops it has gradually increased. May it be soyabean, sugar to that of cash crops.

* M.L.C. Govt. P.G. Girls College, Khandwa (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 59

Area of cash crops of the entire Nimar Region. crop banana. (Rakba in hector) 11) Other crops can be taken alongwith the commercial crops. Year Soya- Sesame Ground Sugar Cotton Banana 12) Financial position of the farmers has improved due to bean seed nut cane commercial crops. 2007-08 208956 4636 16967 2189 245863 16300 13) Knowledge of marketing management is emmencely 2008-09 209207 4587 15738 2422 252590 18600 beneficial in commercial crops. 2009-10 220391 3942 15519 6808 318143 20200 14) Higher financial assistance is granted for compnercial 2010-11 219283 3342 15063 8482 323867 26350 crops than for traditional crops. Source- Supdt., Land records Khandwa, Burhanpur, Khargone, Barwani, M.P. 15) Commercial crops need more amount of water for irrigation. 16) Storage facility is a must in commercial crops. Banana cultivation area and development of the Nimar Region Introduction: Banana is an important commercial crop all over the world. The history of banana crop traces long back. It is mentioned in not only in the 'Arthshastra' of Kautilya but also in the holy scripture 'the Ramayana'. Its reference is available in the 'Arth Shastra' of Kautilya during 400 to 300 B.C. Carring of banana fruit can be noticed in the historical caves of Ajanta and Elora. Some scholars consider it to be a produce of Malasia and The reasons for Farmers' inclination towards cash crops some of them accept its origin in Assam (India). Apart from has been shown through the following graph. this, possibilities of its advent is considered to be in Thailand or the mountainious regions of Indo China. Where from it may have reached hot zones and Africa, Australia and Newzeland. Thereafter it must have advanced to Philipine and Hawai Island. Wherever it may have originated from, it is found in every country on the globe and consumed by everybody. Conception: Ingrediants of the Fruit 'banana' 1) The farmer is more inclined towards the commercial Ingrediants In percent Ingradiants In percent farming instead of the traditional farming. Moisture 60.4 Carbohidrate 36.4 2) Commercial crops are more lucrative than the traditional crops. Protein 1.3 Calcium 0.01 3) The government tends to encourage the commercial Fats 0.2 Phosphorus 0.05 farming as well. Minerals 0.7 Iron 0.4 4) Banks and loan providing institutions prome. Commercial farming. 5) The labourers engaged in commercial farming get higher wages as compared to traditional farming. 6) More employment opportunities in commercial farming. 7) Interest component on loans in commercial farming is higher which increases the cost. 8) The farmers borrow from other institutions instead of banks, where as the bank loans is cheaper. 9) Requirement of labourers is always there in the banana trade. 10) There is a demand all through the year for the commercial Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 60

Fixed capital is the capital which is required , certainly in all the conditions. Working capital is the part of capital, which is required to meet day to day expences.

Both fixed capital and working capital is equally important in the production of banana crop. Ploughing the field according to the advice of agriculture scientists from time to time. So that the plant, can be prepared timely, is important. Irrigation and fertilizers are the crucial factors after plantation. A slight omission in this aspect can adversely affect the production of Banana. Wholesome ingradiants of banana (per 100 gm.) Working capital is equally important. Safety of the plant so as to get the quality crop at appropriate time is the purpose Calorific Value 153 of providing working capital. Any laxity in maintenance, Vitamin 'A' unit Trace harvesting, transportation can cost the farmer heavy. Vitamin 'B' m.g. 150 Nikotenic Amla 0.3 Banana crop matures in 15 to 18 months. As a result, the Raiboclevin m.g. 30 cost of Aadan is higher as compared to other crops. Vitamin 'C' mg. 1 Particulars of cost of production per hectare is shown below in the table and graph. Various products from banana Banana Banana chips, banana fig, banana flour, Particulars of Cost banana papad, banana halwa (a desert), S.N. Particulars Amount Percentage banana cake 1 Ploughing the field, plantation, 3157.71 10.46 Banana stem and leaves Organic manure/fertilizer (Leaves and harvesting, carriage etd. stems of one hectare area of banana 2 Expenses for bullocks, 2072.26 6.86 can make 100 tonnes of wormy labour charges etc. compost) 3 Cost of machienery 1033.65 3.42 Residue of banana plant Oyster mushroom 4 Purchase of saplings 4448.19 14.74 Banana stem and stalk Banana powder, banana canning 5 Organic manuqre, YM compost 3154.59 10.45 synthetic fibre 6 Fertilizers (As recommended) 7548.67 25.01 Banana crush Fast color by colour manufacturing 7 Irrigation 3021.57 10.01 companies 8 Depreciation, small reforms 950.63 3.15 and land revenue Banana stem and leaves Card board, hand paper 9 Interest on working capital 4799.68 15.90 Banana fruit Wine, whisky, fooder Total Cost 30186.95 100.00 Banana leaves Leaf cups, leaf plates, mats, fodder

Fixed and working capital: Both fixed capital and working capital is required for the production of banana crop. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 61

The condition of banana farmers is no different from other The yield is instant after the crop is ready. farmers of the country. The labour and hard work of the entire The another reason is that the farmers don't hesitate to spend family including himself, his wife, children, and other family more on this crop because the profit percentage is higher in members is never taken into account in cost particulars comparison to other crops. That is why the farmers enjoying although they are equally engaged in the same agriculture advanced irrigation facility prefer this crop. task. This factor applies equally on any other farmers of the Retrospection: country as well as the farmers of the Nimar region. This also Burhanpur, a district of East Nimar of the Nimar region is the affects the financial, social and political status of the farmers. largest producer of banana in the state. Banana of about 25 Despite the presence of financial institutions in the banana to 30 crore Rupees is sent to the various provinces of India. prolific areas of the Nimar region, mostly the farmers take Approximately 60 to 70 thousand people including the farmers, financial assistance from other sources instead of public sector labourers, banana traders, employees and labourers of banks and pay out a large amount as interest. This phenomen transport sector are engaged in this activity. The farmer has came to the fore while analyzing the expenses list. prospered because of banana crop only. In short we can call Local market of Banana producer it to be the lifeline of the Nimar region. The government is also earning revenue of lacs of rupees from Banana trade. Rail transport earns the carriage and freight to transport this produce. The Krishi Upaj Mandi Burhanpur books the income of 1.5 to 1.70 crore every year from this business. This MANDI (market) has broketn a record income in the state by dint of Banana trade. Despite all the achievements, this trade has not flourished as it should have only the government can be held responsible if the reasons are paid attention to 1) Political and Natural reasons 2) Responsibility of the government or Expectation from the government Three channels have been observed for sale of banana by 3) Irrigation crisis the producing farmers. The same has been shown in the 4) Non Export of banana fruit above sketch. First channel being through the middlemen 5) Marketing related reasons wholesaler and retailer the produce reaches upto the end 6) Because of rival commercial grops. user that is consumer. Secondly, through local wholesaler Conclusion: to commission agent and retail trader to the consumer. It can be deduced after studying all the above six points that Thirdly, they can chose the channel through co-operative the commercial crop banana is in the state of crisis presently. society to the wholesaler, retail trader and to the consumer. Co-operation of government is necessary to resolve it. To Here, the local consumer gets the produce directly through provide adequate facilities to the farmer is the responsibility local retail traders; local commission agent or local wholesaler of the government. who has bought or received the goods on certain conditions Resolving the problem of irrigation and expedition of opening but the consumers in far flung areas. Who are in other cities the first Ripening centre for banana development which is or states, can be targated through the third channel only i.e. already under process, are the expectations from government middlemen or the co-operative societies. authorities, the ripening centre is going to be opened in the (See Table No. 1) Barwani District of the Nimar region. To find out a solution for Financial Status: non export of banana, "APK Banana World Group" will conduct Financial status of the banana producing farmers of the Nimar a special visit to launch this ripening centre. The process region is better as compared to other farmers. Banana being should be speeded up by the government so as to make the a cash commercial crop that brings the cash payment is the export possible very soon and the farmers may get a higher prime reason for this. As the crop ripes, the produce is ready price of their produce. for sale to the KELA GROUPS or traders in the field itself. Besides this, the government should solve the marketing Drying and gathering is not as tradious as it is in other grops. problems and try to do away with the agency system or Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 62 middlemen system to save the farmer from exploitation. that the farmer are not deprived of the better price and return Multipurpose utility of banana crop should be promoted. So on their produce thereby fortifying the prosperity of the farmer.

Table No. 1 Income and expenditure of banana farming

Major crop First Jadi Second Jadi Grand Total Sr. Particulars No. Tissue Tissue Tissue Tissue culture culture culture culture Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional

01 Distance (in ft.) Row to row 5 6 ------Plant to plant 5 5 ------

02 No. of plants 1742 1452 1742 1452 1742 1452 --

03 Cost of cultivation 22 36 19 24 19 24 -- (Rupees per plant)

04 Cost of cultivation 38324 52272 33098 34848 33098 34848 104520 121968 (Rs. Per acre)

05 Gestation 18 12 12 9 12 9

06 Weight of an average 15 25 16 26 15 25 46 76 bunch per plant No. of Non crop plants 174 0 174 0 174 0 Produce per acre 23.52 36.30 25.08 37.75 23.52 36.30 72.1188 110.352 (metric ton)

07 Sale price (per m.t.) 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000

08 Total income 70551 108900 75254.4 113256 70551 108900 216356.4 331056

09 Net income 32227 56628 42156 78408 37453 74052 111836.4 209088

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 63

A Study Of Skill Gap Analysis With Special Reference To Barwani District

Dr. Sapna Soni * Dr. D.C. Kumrawat ** Prof. Shikha Kumrawat *** effectiveness of the U.S. manufacturing industry Abstract - Education and training create assets in the It doesn't help that today the skills gap is hitting where it form of knowledge and skills which increase the productive hurts the most. Manufacturers are having the hardest time capacity of manpower and this is referred to as human filling skilled production jobs that fuel their ability to innovate capital. Education is considered to be a process of skill and grow, even in the face of high unemployment. formation and in this aspect it is treated at par with the By that same token, their efforts to develop the skills of process of capital formation. Economists argue that as current employees are falling short. Meanwhile, the demand for educational training increases, the systems manufacturing industry itself is evolving at such a rapid need to meet the country's requirement for people with clip that companies are putting themselves at risk of falling high levels of skill and knowledge. But the major stumbling behind too far, too fast. block in this growth path is the inadequate skill set of the Literature Reviews:- workforce. Mr. Manish Sabharwal, Chairman, Team Lease Services Skill Gap is the difference in the skills required on the job speaking on 'Employment to Employability', at the CII Global and the actual skills possessed by the employees. A skill Summit on Skills Development, held in New Delhi on gap analysis is a business tool used to assess the September 17-18, 2008 said, "Success comes from three difference between the current state and a future goal state. Es, they are 'Education', 'Employability' and 'Employment'. This tool can be used to assess the current skills As per Nasscom Press Information note "From India's young possessed and identify areas for improvement. This tool demographic profile which is an inherent advantage, to its will basically help an organization in refining and defining vast network of academic infrastructure that churns out 3.1 the skills the agency needs, now and in the future. million graduates annually, to its English speaking workforce, Keywords:- Education, skills, skill gap analysis, capital the country offers an unmatched mix of human -power benefits formation. to organizations." Despite the strong fundamentals, there Intoduction:- are already growing concerns about parts of the existing Education is regarded as one that contributes to social, available talent pool being unsuitable for employment due to political and cultural and economic transformation of a country. a skill gap. The social sector of a country, namely, health, rural Objectives:- development, education and employment generation has ò Socio-economic profile - demography, economic profile assumed great significance in the new economic regime. of Barwani district The prosperity of any nation is intrinsically linked to its human ò Identify developmental opportunities keeping in mind resources. Human capital is one of the most important assets factor endowments and stakeholder perspectives. of a country and a key determinant of a nation's economic Methodology- performance. ò This study is analytical and comprises secondary data An increase in the human development index would lead to which is collected from books and periodicals, journals, high levels of economic growth of the country. literature review and content analysis, Websites and Overall, our survey findings are remarkably consistent with newspaper. previous Skills Gap studies, with 67% of respondents reporting Social Profile of BARWANI Distt. a moderate or severe shortage of available, qualified workers Barwani was formed on 25th May 1998 by carving out of and 56% anticipating the shortage to grow worse in the next West-Nimar and Khargone district. Barwani is situated on three to five years. the south-west side of Madhya Pradesh with river Narmada In addition, our survey indicates that 5% of current jobs at at its northern border. respondent manufacturers are unfilled due to a lack of qualified District is surrounded by Satpura (in South)and candidates. These results underscore the tenacity of a Vindhyachal (in North) forest ranges. The district covers worsening talent shortage that threatens the future an area of 3,665 sq km. The district is bound in the north

* Professor of Commerce ** Asst. Professor of Commerce SBN Govt. College, Badwani (M.P.) INDIA *** Guest Faculty of BBA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 64 by Dhar district, in the south and east by Khargone state average of 38%. district405 of Madhya Pradesh and west by Dhule district Generally, five types of soils are found in the district namely of Maharashtra State. Kali-I, Kali-II, Kali-III, Halki Khadri and Bardi. The soils of Barwani district are classified as medium black cotton soils, District M.P. Barwani containing nearly 50% silt and clay together. Mostly the soils Population(2011) 72,597,565 1,385,659 are lighter, open and drained. Alluvial type of soil is found on Decadal Population 20.3% 27.5% both the sides of the river Narmada and in some patches on Growth Rate(2001-11) the banks of its tributaries like Goi, Deb & Bour. This type of soil is deep fertile & well drained. Population Density 236 256 The soils of the rest of the district are mostly shallow & poor Per Sq.km(2011) in fertility.415 Shallow soil constitutes 65.66 percent of total Level of Urbanization(2011) 27.6% 22.3% soil available in Barwani. The total area irrigated by canals is 4.95 km2 of the total area sown, of 2,325.82 km2.The total Gender Composition- 930 981 area irrigated by tube wells is 119.42 km , by open wells Female Per 1000 Male 216.86 km2 and by ponds & Tanks 385.11 km2. The total Population(2011) area under assured irrigation from various sources is 655.38 Proportion of ST 20.3% 67.0% km2. This is only 28.17% of the net sown area. Hence, almost Population(2001) 72% of the sown area in the district is rain-fed. Dairy farming, Literacy Rate(2011) 70.6% 50.2% goatery and sheep rearing are key agri-allied activities in the district. Cotton is cultivated on 23.84% of agriculture land, Male-Female Literacy 20.5% 14.2% Sorghum is cultivated on 20.35% of agriculture land and Maize Rate Gap(2011) is cultivated on 14.2% of total agriculture land. Chilli is another Censuses Profile 2011 major crop in Barwani and is grown on 6.8% of agriculture The district has a population of 13.85 lakhs as of 2011. land. There are 4,34,350 cattle, 98,304 buffaloes and 1,62,150 Barwani has population density of 256 per sq km which is goats present in Barwani. Between 2002-03 and 2006-07, higher than the state average of 236 per sq km. Urbanization usage of tractors in the district grew at 6.4 percent CAGR, in Barwani is lower than that of state average, with only 14.7% indicating healthy growth in the extent of mechanization. of population living in urban areas - in contrast to average MP However, the presence of 1.3 tractors per sq km of agricultural urban population of 27.6%. As of 2011, gender ratio of the land in Barwani, still indicates low level of mechanization in district stands at 981 females per 1000 male population the district. Agricultural products are marketed through whereas child sex ratio (0-6 years) is lower at 940 girls per Madhya Pradesh Agricultural Products Marketing Committee. 1000 boys. The committee District Economy- management has markets (Krishi Upaj Mandi) at Barwani, The district economy had registered a growth rate of 10.5411 Anjad (Thikri Tehsil), Sendhwa, Barwani (Tehsil Sendhwa) percent CAGR between 2003-04 and 2008-09 as in and Khetia (Tehsil Pansemal). Being the district head quarter, comparison to the state growth rate of 9.07% during the same Barwani is having a semi developed market. Other places period. Tertiary and Primary sectors are the key drivers of like,Sendhwa and Rajpur also have similar types of market. the district economy, contributing 45 and 39 percent Workforce Distribution in the district respectively to the district income, while growing at 10.16 Current Employment Scenario in Barwani and 9.56 percent CAGR respectively, over the past 5 Work participation rate in the district (48.43 percent) is years412. Though in absolute value terms, secondary sector relatively higher than the state average of 31.7 percent. had grown at a faster rate (14.01 percent), given the Percentage of people employed as agricultural workers contribution of secondary sector of around 16% of the GDDP, accounts to 84.35%427 of the total working population, it is less significant to the overall district's economic growth. indicating high level of worker participation in the primary The district per capita income is INR 14,837, which is much sector. Worker participation is low amongst women at 43.71 less than the state average of INR 24,709. percent in comparison to male WPR at 53.01 percent Typical Agriculture and allied sectors migration in Barwani is outbound. Unskilled labour move Total geographical area of Barwani district is 3665 km². Forest towards Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra for industrial and area is 6.67% of total land in the district, whereas area under construction jobs. Migration in Barwani not only occurs both cultivation is 63.5% of total district land. Net sown area in search of livelihood, and for extra income generation. constitutes 88% of total cultivable land. Also, 19% of Inbound migration is negligible in the district.429 Barwani cultivated land is dual cropped which is low in comparison to has 69 slum pockets and 21,033 slum population. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 65

Estimation of Supply of Manpower in Barwani ò Employment in manufacturing driven by . food processing According to KPMG Estimates, Barwani district has a and textile industry significant demographic dividend, with rising working age ò Low per capita income and limited employment population and a sizeable population in the lower working opportunities in organized sectors compared to working age spectrum. By 2022, there will be 6.9 lakh431 people age population growth participating in the labour market system of the district. ò District youth aspirations to migrate and work in cities Ensuring adequate skilling of the available workforce will ensure for better livelihood opportunities increased Productivity in the district economy, thus propelling Barwani is a district with immense agricultural potential, state growth. especially in cotton production. Hence building a support District Estimated Working Labour Work Increm- infrastructure and identifying key possibilities from existing Population Age Pop- Force Force ental synergies will be the key to Barwani's development. 2022) ulation (2022) (2022) Supply Conclusion (2022) during Human resources, in terms of quality and quantity, are India's 2012-22 biggest assets. A favourable demographic structure (with Barwani 1718342 1082555 690591 643959 253817 about 50 percent of the population below 25 years of age) adds to this advantage. However, to capitalize fully on this District Specific Recommendations opportunity and not face the possibility of a skills-shortage, Barwani, being an agrarian district, has more employment it is essential to gear up the education system through opportunities in the primary sectors. Formal employment in innovative initiatives the district is limited due to shortage of organized players in Refrences:- services sector and large industrial units. Significant training ò www.ijmbs.com/23/ipadmini.pdf from Government initiatives is expected to be targeted towards agri-Allied activities and construction. However, within ò www.drrodenglish.blogspot.com the services sector, employment generation is expected to ò Teichler, "Research on the relationships between higher happen in the informal segment of retail industry, where there education and the world of work; past achievements, is limited penetration of training. Recommendations for skill problems and new challenges", Higher education, 1999, development in the district are made considering the following Vol. 38, pp. 169-190 points related to skill ecosystem in the district. òYorke, M., "Employability in higher education: what it is - ò An agrarian economy what it is not", Enhancing Student Employability ò Retail, Banking and Education sectors to provide Coordination Team (ESECT), The Higher Education significant employment opportunities after Agri-Allied Academy, 2006. activities ò http://www.rajivudyogasri.gov.in

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Impact Of FII On Stock Market Return & Volatility

Dr. Ratneshwar Prasad Dwivedi * Abhay Kumar Pandey **

months following it is 0.137 %. When the returns for 24 Abstract :- Foreign institutional investors have gained a months before 0.223 % and after FIIs entry 0.102% are significant role in Indian capital markets. Availability of compared, the returns subsequent to opening up are found foreign capital depends on many firm specific factors other to decrease. The post than economic development of the country. In this context FIIs entry average returns decrease further to 0.032% as this paper examines the contribution of foreign institutional compared to 0.198% for the pre-FII entry period when a 36 investment particularly among companies included in Stock month horizon is considered. market return and returns. Also examined is the Table 1 relationship between foreign institutional investment and BSE Sensex : Average Daily Return Before firm specific characteristics in terms of ownership structure, and After the Entry of FIIs . financial performance and stock performance. It is observed that foreign investors invested more in companies with a Period Average Average Levene Statistic higher volume of shares owned by the general public. daily return daily return (2-tail p value ) Before entry After entry Introduction :- 12 months 0.150 0.137 -0.0283(0.9774) Foreign institutional investors is a legal entity such as an investment fund or mutual fund that puts money into a 24 months 0.223 0.102 -1.3244(0.1854) business venture or project in a country other than the one in 36 months 0.198 0.032 -2.2742(0.0230) which the investors lives or its based. FII have influenced Full period 0.203 0.045 -2.4362(0.0148) stock market Development i.e return & volatility in India. An insight into this issue is of great importance for policy makers The Mann-Whitney test reveals that the null hypothesis , in the developing countries who may be weighing the costs i.e., there is no significant difference in the average daily and benefits of various economic liberalization initiatives. return before and after the entry of FIIs, is strongly supported There are many the increased capital flows that are many two -tail probability is 0.9774 only for the 12 month period. the increased capital flows that are typically the product of The evidence in favour of the null hypothesis considerably liberalization can make policy makers nervous. reduces when 24 months two -tail probability is 0.1854 and Since the beginning of liberalization(1991) FII flows to India 36 months periods two-tail probability is 0.0230 are have steadily grown in importance, any economy in the world considered. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected in these is major affected by the foreign investment and the movement cases . This means that the returns in the post-FII period of its capital market, as an indicator of performance of its have decreased significantly although it took some time for various companies in a particular industry. The dawn of 21st the effect of the FIIs investments to manifest itself. The effect century has shown the real dynamism of stock market and strengthened with the passage of time. the various benchmarking of sensitivity index (Sensex) in Impact of FII investments on Volatility :- terms of its highest. Table 2 summarizes the volatility of daily returns for various Impact of FII investment on -Average Return :- periods before and after the entry of FIIs. The daily volatility Table 1 Shows the relative average returns during various for the 12 months prior to entry of FIIs is 3.361 %, whereas periods before and after the entry of FIIs. the statistical for the 12 months after the entry of FIIs is 1.839 % . The significance of difference in the mean returns of the corresponding values for 24 month and 36 month periods are corresponding periods is tested by using the Mann Whiteney 2.712% and 1.639 % and 2.908 % and 1.523% respectively. U test., the U test like the Kruskall-Wallis test, is a rank It is clear from the table that there has been a significant sum test but it is use when only two populations are to be drop I stock market volatility after the entry of FIIs in the compared. market. The modified Levene statistic rejects the null The average daily return for the 12 months prior to the entry hypothesis of equal volatility for all the periods (two-tail of the FIIs is calculated to be 0.150%, whereas for the 12 probability for all the periods being near zero).

* Prof & HOD Comm., Govt.S.K.N.College, Mauganj, Rewa ** Research Scholar APS University, Rewa (MP) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 67

This is consistent with the empirical evidence available from no increase in market volatility. However, whether their entry other developing markets. For example, Richards10 found has been a factor in decreasing volatility, cannot be said no evidence to support the hypothesis that volatility in with certainty. There could be other factors as well, which emerging markets increased in recent years concurrent with might have been responsible for decreasing volatility in the the boom in foreign portfolio investment inflows. Indeed, his post FII period. it is found that Indian market has become results suggest a decline in absolute volatility. IMF11 also larger in size and more liquid in the post liberalization period found that absolute volatility of stock market returns did not .The expansion of the Indian stock market in post liberalisation increase during periods of high and volatile portfolio inflows period is truly impressive but in terms of quality there has in Korea, Mexico and Thailand. Bekaert and Harvey as well been a regress. Trading has become increasingly observe that the volatility of returns remained unchanged or concentrated in some sectors and companies and the higher declined in 13 countries out of their sample of 17 countries volatility in the market, without corresponding higher returns, after liberalization of their capital market. Kim and Singal, portends greater risk and more instability for investors. based on average volatilities, suggest that openings up of Reference :- the market lead to rise in stock prices and fall in volatility. 1. Nagaraj , R (1996): 'Indian Capital Market Growth: The relationship is though not contemporaneous. Trends,Explanations and Evidences',Economic and Political Weekly, Table 2: 35,September. 2. Singh , A (1977) : 'The Stock Market ,Industrial Development and the BSE Sensex: volatility of Daily Returns Financing of Corporate Growth in India' in D Nayyar (ed), Trade and Before and After the Entry of FIIs Industrialisation Oxford University Press. Period Average Average Levene Statistic 3. Nagaishi Mokoto (1999) : Stock Market Development And Economic daily return daily return (2-tail p value ) Growth -Dubious Relationship , Economic And Political Weekly, Before entry After entry July 17,1999 P2004-12. 4. Demirgue-Kunt , A And R Levine (1996) : " Stock Market Development 12 months 3.361 1.839 27.154 And Financial Intermediation: Stylished Facts" WBER, No .2 May 24 months 2.712 1.639 38.196 Vol.10.No.2 5. Biswas Joydeep (2005) : "Fpis And Stock Market Behaviour In A 36 months 2.908 1.523 67.264 Liberalized Economy : An Indian Experience " , Asian Economic Full period 2.907 1.605 162.87 Review August , Vol.47,No2. 6. Indian Securities Market -A review , Vo.IIX 2010 from In their analysis certainly there is no evidence that market www.nseindia.com. opening have harmful effect on domestic investors either in a 7. A Hand book annual report 2009 & 10 . return or risk dimension. However, a study by Levine and 8. www.sebi.gov.in Zervos, which found that external liberalization increased asset 9. "City development " , A report to the Durbar of Indore by Patrick Geddes . Part I Indore :Historic Development ,1918 . price volatility, is an exception. 10. Source : M P Stock Exchange , Annual Report 2009-10. Conclusion :- 11. Sorce: Bombay Stock Exchange . The Stock Market in India , Bombay It is firmly proved that due to the entry of FIIs there has been 1992 .

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Economic development through social Enhancement - Role of Information and communication Technology (ICT)

Dr. Jaya Sharma*

As to talk of India, we have been facing many problems since Abstract - "India has been an under developed economy independence. With the passage of time our country realized for many year and is still underdeveloped. India's economy that we are not lacking in resource but we are lacking in had suffered a long period of stagnation under the British utilizing them. We had a plenty of natural resource and human Rule only after Independence this long spell of stagnation resource but due to lake of proper management neither we was broken. After independence India faced many social could explore our natural resource nor could we provide problems which kept Government concentrating on them employment to our human capital. As a result instead of instead of its economic development, But after about two economic development we faced many social problems like years with the development of economic planning in terms poverty, illiteracy, inequality, terrorism, child labor, of five year plans India got an era of economic development. environmental problems etc. Thus it became important to This beginning of development also experienced many plan economic development with social enhancement in the problems like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment which form of making our country free from the basic social problems. stopped the acceleration of development. A great volume of population and poverty has been major This was the time when the country experienced that obstacle for the economic development of India. But there without social development it is not possible to progress are some changes with the development of technology and economically. As a result all the major planning and increase in the literacy rate it is now turning to a growing activities of the government were based on social economy, which has more literate population and wide upliftement of the people. The present paper is an attempt technological base to give it the strength of emerging as a to find out how economical development of a country like major power in the world. India can be done through social enhancement and role of Information and communication technology which is formally the Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) known as ICT has become the backbone of economic to achieve social development by helping in eradication of development in today's world. Previously it was being used many social problems." as the business resource for the basic business operations, Key Words: Economic Development , ICT, Enhancment but now it has captured the overall business environment. Economic development generally relates with increase in the Every aspect of economy like Agriculture, Industries, economic terms like the Gross Domestic Product or the Gross Infrastructure, services etc. is somewhere has the involvement National Product. These two involves many other developing of ICT in today's world. ICT involves innovation in factors which are responsible for the overall results like microelectronics, computing ( hardware and software), structure of production, employment, and also share of telecommunications, and opto-electronics- microprocessors, agriculture. When Indian economic development was planned semiconductors, fiber optics.1 It has been recognized that and applied as the first five year plan and even in the second ICT plays an important role in bridging the divide between the five year plan also it was realized that above 50 percent of poor and the non-poor and haves and have-nots. Pursuing the population had not benefited at all from economic growth with the same objective the advancement of ICTs in the form during the period. Now, the question arises that what was of communication and internet facility are proving to be very the problem behind it? helpful in providing various services to all like education, health Perhaps the narrow definition of economic development care, banking etc. needed to be changed at that time and there was a need to Although only the 11th biggest economy in the world, India is apply new dimensions like reduction or elimination of poverty, the second fastest-growing behind China. According to a study inequality and unemployment in the context of getting a fast by Morgan Stanley, driven by a sterling demographic dividend, growing economy. The same was the situation form many of continuing structural reform and globalization, India is poised the developing counties of the world during 1950s to 1960s. to accelerate its growth rate to 9-9.5% over 2013-15.2 The So, these new dimensions which related with the social main target of Indian economy has been eradication of poverty development were accepted by many of the developing and optimum utilization of national resources. There have counties for their economic development. been efforts from international level also to eradicate the

* Asst. Professor of commerce, Govt. Girls college Sehore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 69 barriers to development. Specially in case of poverty the We can take the example of an effort made by the United Nations summit on the Millennium Development goals, Government to provide wheat and Rice at a reduced rate from 20-22 September 2010, concluded with the adoption of for the people below poverty line. The massive positive global action plan to achieve the eight anti -poverty goals by effect of this scheme has been possible only through the the 20153. technological advancement which has spread the The world member agreed on the following eight goals: information to the last point of the society and all are 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. aware of this. 2. Achieve universal primary education. Previously the government help could not reach the target 3. promote gender equality and empower women due to the intermediatories who misguided people and 4. Reduced child mortality kept all the money with them instead of providing to the 5. Improve maternal health society. 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases, Through reducing cost of transaction it can help the 7. Ensure environmental sustainability & traders and farmers also the farmers can get the expert 8. Develop a global partnership for development. advice about various corps online and get better The present paper tries to suggest how ICT can help in production also the requirements of the market can be achieving the above goal more effectively. ICT can help to forecasted. In this way the ICT is helping in getting achieve the above goals (which targets at social upliftment of information about the production, distribution and people) as it enables rapid, easy and efficient exchange of utilization of the products to all. information around the world. Latest improvement and 2. It is has been proved over the past few years that only if advancements in the technology are affecting the application any country wants to sustain its economy and develop ,acquisition, creation, and sharing of knowledge, which in there is a strong need of literate population for this. turn affect a wide range of economic and social activities According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EUI) Indian some among them are like how industries, service providers is expected to be the world's fastest growing economy and government are organized and how they are performing by 2018. India has been suffering from acute shortage of their duties? trained teachers but through virtual and distance learning The technological advancements are reducing transaction method of ICT we can overcome the problem and the costs, ending time and distance barriers, enabling the mass people from remote villages and avail better teaching production of goods and services. experience. This is going to be a major step towards The following is a brief explanation how the goals of social achieving 100% literacy. Many students from the far enhancement can be achieved more effectively involving the distance areas are now able to get the latest educational new Information and communication Technologies:- information and are being equally benefited. 1. India faced poverty and hunger due to improper methods 3. Women empowerment has become the word of the day of agriculture and distribution of agriculture products this everyone is aware of it and is talking about it thanks to problem has been resolved up to a large extend only the advancement through ICTs. The tendency of through the ICT. In order to eradicate poverty and hunger differentiation between boy from a girl child is changing the ICT can help through increasing access to relevant only through the awareness spread through the new market information. Through ICT it is now possible to technology. Various programmes are being telecast know about the prices of goods and services so that no which guide people about the equality of all. The effects one can take extra money form the people who do not of these programmes are being displayed in the society. know the actual price of a particular product. The Eleventh Women are getting aware of their rights and are now Five Year Plan (2007-12) of India highlights the need for coming forward. India has also awakened and people inclusive growth. In the Foreword to the Eleventh Five are considering boys and girls equal. Girls are getting Year Plan document, Hon'ble Prime Minister emphasized same rights even at some points more rights than boys. the need to ensure that growth must be widely spread Especially the poor girls are being given more attention. so that its benefits, in terms of income and employment, The state government of Madhya Pradesh has launched are adequately shared by the poor and weaker sections various schemes like Ladli lakshmi Yojna, Gaon ki Beti of our society. For this to happen, the growth must be Yojna, Pratibha Kiran Yojna to facilitate the girls and inclusive in the broadest sense. It must occur not just in provide them better educational and social environment. our major cities but also in our villages and small towns4. 4. To reduce the child mortality awareness campaigns are Government is also spreading information through audio run. Information is spread through various communication and visual sources so that the poor people can fulfill their measures regarding child diagnosis and specialist need and can be benefited through the government efforts. consultation. This helps people form remote areas contact Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 70

for care and nutrition of child. Also the traditional watch and security provided by the measures of ICT. assumptions regarding child care are being replaced by 8. In order to develop a global partnership for development the new consultation and scientifically proven methods. among the world the ICT has been a major tool. The People are taught by live examples and old assumptions Globalization concept could be possible only with ICT. are checked in front of them. The affect of live The latest technologies without the barriers of time and demonstrations related to child care help people save distance are helping the world become a global village their children from many diseases. and India is also in the race. We have been benefited 5. The maternal mortality rate is also going down the data from the positive impact of globalization only because from the Ministry of public health and welfare shows that we are today developed in the field of Information and the MMR ( Maternal Mortality Rate) have gown down in communication Technology. comparison to 2004-05 in the year 2010-11. The factors The above discussion are very limited the role of ICT is behind it are better dissemination of information, much more than what we discussed but the main part of knowledge and facilities to people which ultimately is this is that without ICT no social enhancement can be due to the ICT. even planned . We have to get into ICT for any 6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases ICT development. As the case suggests for Economic has been very helpful people are aware of this diseases development it becomes a must to develop socially first and have trust about their treatment. In India there has and to gain social development the dissemination of been a time when people used to boycott the sufferer of information in a right way is essential which can be such diseases but with updated information and live promptly done only through the Information and discussion with the experts the society is helping people communication Technology. fight with such diseases. References: 7. To ensure environmental sustainability again involves 1. UNDP , human Development Report 2001 (New York , 2001), p.30. people's participation and co-operation. Large campaigns 2. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/indicators/ are run with the target of saving the environment and India-to-become-worlds-fastest-growing-economyby-2013-15- people engage in it because they are able to see how Morgan-Stanley/articleshow/6322333.cms. much damage it can cause if we loose our environmental 3. United Nations: The Millennium Development Goals report, 2010 4. Planning Commission: Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012), sustainability. The wild life saving campaign and many Foreword more programmes are successful only through proper

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Channels of Business Communication (A brief in vertical channel) Dr. Vivek Kumar Patel * Dr. Pallavi Mishra ** Introduction:- Communication is as old as human being on receiver reach to fulfill it.' this earth. It is communication (with the metal faculty and ò 'Communication doesn't mean manipulation of ideas but physical senses) which is only responsible for the human's cooperation to unite the past, present and future for the progress on this earth. Communication is the most important better cause of humanity.' factor in today's world. The term communication comes from ò 'Communication is a goal to achieve something, to do the Latin word 'communism' or 'communicated' which means something and fulfill something.' to share, make common or to ease the difficulty. In every All the above definitions prove the objectives of walk of life, communication plays very significant role in order communication:- Strictly speaking, we all are aware the to generate ideas and thoughts, to express emotions and fact that nothing inherent in this world, everything is subject feelings, to develop the organizational and to share or to change. Human being can not be static and on the country exchange the knowledge and information. Without he is progressive for this change so many factors are communication one cannot imagine any type of progress in responsible which incurrage or compel instigate to go forward any branch of knowledge or in any organization (government, and accept or reject certain conditions of mental and physical institution, family, social and political institution, etc.). No activity. We have so many examples of great people, human being is without communication. Even he is at rest, scientists are leaders who become great because of certain he communicates with himself. Although he appears silent, negetive conditions or out of advice impect on them. he communicates secretly with his inner voice. Here, only I want to intract with you with only one channal of Communication doesn't mean only talking to someone. It communication which is very important for improving the includes verbal and non-verbal element. Communication is relationship and meking the progress of any organization. everywhere wherever we are. Generally I so many problem relating to the various types of Communication is life blood of any business organization. relationship including family, Institutions, and other organisation. The process of retention or detention of any employee in an I hope following aspects and point will help you think better and organization depends largely on communication as it provides control your communication in order to settle you on the path of information about internal and external activities of the meaningful progress with your organisational objectives. organization which can be either favorable or unfavorable to Organisational Communication is of two types:- that organization. Business objectives of an organization can a) Verbal (Oral and written) be achieved by collective efforts, which are possible only b) Non- verbal (Body Movement and visual) through exchange of facts thoughts, opinions or emotions of Communication is divided in two ways:- persons in that organization are also included. a) Formal :- A type of organisation communication trough Definitions cited below provide us a sense for the meaning of proper channel with certain norms and objectives. communication:- b) Informal:- A type of unofficial communication. (i.e. ò 'Communication is interdependent and interrelated rumour, back-biting, hearsay, friendly talk, etc.) aspect of sharing and exchanging information'. Formal Channels Include:- ò 'Communication is a process for generation knowledge'. ò Downward channel ò 'Communication is not a linguistic tool were, but a social phenomenon.' ò Upnward channel ò 'Communication is a democratic process of sharing ideas ò Vertical channel intended to specific meaningful progressive end.' ò 'Communication is nothing but the survival identity of an ò Horizontal channel individual, a group, organization or a nation.' ò 'Communication is an intellectual gap where sender and ò Diagonal channel

* Asst. Prof. of Commerce, Govt. College Kotma, Distt.- Anuppur (M.P.) INDIA ** Guest Faculty Dept. of Commerce, Govt. S.K.N.P.G. College, Mauganj, Distt. - Rewa (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 72

Formal channel Is as follows :- You must have understood the above two way process of ò Grapevine communication which percolates from the higher to lower Vertical channel of communication:- one and is forwarded toward the higher one.if vertical channel When senior, elders, higher authority, or commanding is in smooth flow,it maintains a perfect balance in the process authority or superiors communicate with the junior, younger and progress of communication. or lower ones or inferior and vice-versa ,this is called vertical Advantages of Vertical Channel of Communication:- Channel of communication. Communication starts from the ò This is one of the best channels of communication. higher level to the lower level and the lower level respond it ò It is democratic communication. effectively and democratically. ò It removes inequality regarding to caste, religion, class, This channel is consider to be the best channel of age or qualification. communication as it is for both sides. It is a balanced network ò It creates awareness for human values. of downward and upward channel of communication. Without ò It brings out the dormant qualities and potentiality. downward channel of communication,vertical channel of ò It respects all and creates no hierarchy. communication. Without downward channel of ò It satisfies the situational need. communication, vertical channel of communication is ò It provides opportunity to express. impossible.it is this channel which brings out the human ò It creates a fellow-felling telling us that we are for other resources from the human being. Because of this, everyone and not for ourselves. get the opportunity to share and to involve in the progress of ò It tells us our responsibility and love for our country. the organisation. All barriers are removed and harmony is ò It creates confidence among all. created which celebrates the value and respect for human ò It is a model for progress. being. We know we all are eqal, but because of certain genetic ò Knowledge is imparted, shared and understood. and socioenvironmental condition we differ in some respects. ò It is effectively used in family and for social and These differences should not become barriers in the progress professional interaction. of communication. We should keep in mind the term 'human ò It removes tension. resource'. It points out that everyone has something which ò It avoid mental slavery and creates self respect. can be used in the progress of the organisation. ò It is true discipline. Example:- 1. ò This is true adjustment, allows to know others and gives Principal proper feedback. ò This maintain a harmony and good relationship. ò This removes personal differences. Head of the Departments + Non Teaching Staff ò This helps to plan strategy, conduct meeting, and instruct concerned persons. Problems generally faced in the process of Teaching Staff Members communication :- ò The meaning of communication is not understood properly by both sides. Students ò Due to gap in communication (no network of Example:- 2. communication ) Board of Director ò Only for the sake of impression, respect, authority. ò Fear to destroy status. ò Hierarchical mind-set up. Managing Directors ò Others progress is not desired. ò Fear to spoil(children, students, employs, or juniors) Departmental Managers ò Because of jealousy.

ò No development, no knowledge, no cultivation of Supervisors thoughts. ò Narrowness of professionalism. ò No sharing no understanding. Clerks & Operatives ò False discipline. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 73

ò Worshiping makes man slave. ò Respect elders but avoid fear. Do not five too much ò Identity crisis. importance to someone. ò For the sake of personal interests. ò Express what you think for the betterment of the situation, ò Negative attitude. either in written or in oral. ò Always in doubt. ò Develop a balanced and positive personality. Barriers to communication:- ò Avoid biasness and preconceptions. There are some underlying barriers to communication which ò Show readiness to accept the responsibility related to obstruct the smooth flow of communication. Study the the organisation assigned by the concerned authority. following barriers: ò Do hard-work as you are new and in the learning stage. ò Linguistic barriers (never avoid duty). ò Environmental barriers ò Be honest and avoid laziness. ò Technical barriers ò Not for salary but for duty. ò Mental barriers ò Be punctual and disciplined. ò Cross-cultural barriers ò Abide by the rules and regulatons. ò Socio-psychological barriers ò Inform your seniors regarding to leave for absence or any After all we want the progress of any organisation including other concerned activity. family. In order to overcome these barriers to communication ò Take prior [ermission for taking any steps. and problems generally faced by the higher one or seniors, ò Understand the difference between personal liberty and followings are important suggetions which will help to professional liberty. eradicate such complexities and to achieve the target the ò Improve your professional weakness (like drafting, organisation wants. speaking, etc). ò To possess analytical ability for the criticism or doubts. ò Understand the professional relationship. ò To maintain impartiality and objectivity. ò Avoid the sense that I can do better than the senior or ò To control the temper and maintain play way and free will elders (though you have better skill) instead, you spirit. concentrate on your work and do progress in it so that ò To develop reasoning ability and qualities of leadership. you will be understood by the seniors because of your ò Ti keep yourself unaffected and intact. hard work and honesty. ò To develop knowledge of inter-cultaralism and Conclusion:- multiculturalism. Communication is a two way process of exchanging and ò To learn human psychology with human weaknesses. sharing information, ideas, thought and feelings. Successful ò To avoid bias or preconceptions (gender, age, caste, communication conveys effective feedback. There are so religion, culture, etc ). many complexities and difficulties.i if you want to win the ò To know the objectives and ultimate goals of the situation with your objectives, you have to be very cautious organisation. and careful in using the process of communication. First,you ò To develop knonledge of law and scientific temper. have to understand and to develop the above mentioned Suggestion :- suggestions. Following are the suggestions for the lower ones, juniors and Thus, we have to understand the very philosophy that man is younger ones to involve in the process of vertical channel of maker and unmaker and very responsible for his actions. communication in order to develop the spirit of progress. After all what we face is the result of our action. That's why ò Remove false impression of age, caste, qualification, we have to follow the principle of live and let live. gender, caste or any other negative aspects. References:- ò Feel eqal and democratic. ò http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/communication. ò Consider a part of the organisation. ò Dr.n.mishra, business organisation and communication, SBPD publishing house, 2013 section B page no.01. ò Avoid worshipping seniors, elders or superiors.aviod ò P.D. chaturvedi, business communication: concepts, cases and mental slavery. application, dorling Kindersley pvt. Ltd. 2009. ò Follow the good qualities of seniors. Learn from the good ò Murphy herta A, effective business communication, Tata Mcgrah hill leaders. publication, new delhi 2008. *************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 74

River Corridor Planning And Management

Dr. Praveen Ojha *

The river corridor is a primary tool in avoidance strategy to agencies, federal agencies such as US Fish & Wildlife restore and protect the natural values of rivers and minimize Service, environmental organizations in New Hampshire and flood damage. "River corridor" means all land, inclusive of other local river groups. Implementing river corridor plans will islands, not regulated under the Metropolitan River Protection require a long-term commitment and without a corridor plan, Act, or the Coastal Marshland Protection Act, in areas of a encroachments will continue, compounding the cost of flood protected river and being within 100 feet horizontally on both covey, and necessitating river management that is both sides of the river as measured from the river banks. River economically and ecologically unsustainable. There are six corridor delineations are based primarily on the lateral extent basic tasks in developing a management plan: of stable meanders, the meander belt width, and a wooded 1. Getting Organized riparian buffer to provide stream bank stability. An important 2. Identifying River Values and Threats way to keep rivers from becoming unbalanced or to allow 3. Setting River Corridor Management Goals and Defining them to re-establish balance is to protect their 'riparian Management Options corridors'- the river channel, the banks on either side and 4. Creating the Plan areas close to the river that carry excess water during storms 5. Getting the Plan Approved and heavy rains. River protection and corridor management 6. Implementing and Updating the Plan elicit many different, and sometimes conflicting, ideas and The rivers coordinator, with the cooperation and assistance perspectives. The most meandering plans emerge from a of the office of state planning, shall develop detailed guidelines process which reshapes these conflicting ideas into a for river corridor management plans, including but not limited coherent whole. Improved water quality has led to competing to model shoreline protection ordinances. The rivers river uses, such as water withdrawal for public water supplies coordinator shall hold a public hearing regarding the proposed or snow making, and maintaining adequate water levels for guidelines and model ordinances. The rivers coordinator shall aquatic life. In 1988, the legislature recognized these various provide technical assistance to regional planning demands by enacting The Rivers Management and Protection commissions, municipalities, and river corridor commissions Act, which established the Rivers Management and Protection and shall encourage the development and implementation of Program. The Act is designed to help communities river corridor management plans. accommodate a wide range of uses without adversely affecting The Rivers Management and Protection Act stipulates that the very qualities that make rivers such rich resources. river corridor management plan include discussion and The Rivers Management and Protection Program are description of: administered by NHDES through a State Rivers Coordinator. ò permitted recreational uses and activities The Rivers Coordinator assists individuals and groups with ò permitted non-recreational uses and activities river nominations and management plans, regardless of ò Existing land uses whether the river is designated under the Rivers Management ò Protection of flood plains, wetlands, wildlife and fish and Protection Program. When a river is nominated into the habitat, and other significant open space and natural Rivers Management and Protection Program, it is classified areas as natural, rural, rural community, or community. Each ò Dams, bridges, and other water structures category reflects a different degree of development within the ò Access by foot and vehicles river corridor and has different protection measures associated ò Setbacks and other location requirements with it. The same river may have more than one classification. ò Dredging, filling, mining, and earth moving For example, the river may originate in a remote, forested, ò prohibited uses essentially "natural" setting, become more "rural" as it flows The plan is an excellent tool for planning and managing through an agricultural area and "community" where it flows development within the corridor and is intended to advise through an urban centre. The Rivers Coordinator helps groups local government in land use planning and decision-making. connect with resource people at NHDES and other state The plan may also recommend appropriate actions at the

* Prof. and Head, Faculty Of Commerce, Dr. Bhagwat Sahai Govt. College , Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 75 state and federal levels. It is most effective when there is and, if temporary, the length of time of the impact. coordinated; inter municipal cooperation as well as individual 6. The plans shall consider the preservation of significant town action in implementing the plan. The State of Vermont state historical and archaeological resources within the utilizes the river corridor planning process to identify "key river corridor. attenuation assets." Attenuation areas are based on the river 7. The plans shall consider the effect of activities within corridor delineation laid out in this Guide and include riparian river corridors on immediately adjacent sensitive natural floodplains, wetlands, and vegetation, connected to areas. The plans shall establish the government's geomorphically sensitive streams that store flood flows and policies regarding such adjacent sensitive natural areas sediments and reduce the transport of organic material and rather than identifying specific sites. nutrients from the watershed. Focusing the limited The department shall prepare and adopt a long-range conservation dollar on the protection of key attenuation comprehensive plan for each designated river or segment assets, and the ecological processes they provide, is a critical which shall address the management and protection of component of our watershed and corridor plans to reduce instream values and state lands within the corridor. State flood and fluvial erosion hazards and provide for water quality land within the designated river corridor shall be administered and habitat improvement. and managed in accordance with the plan, and state River Corridor Protection Plans shall provide for the management of fisheries, streams, waters, wildlife, and construction of road crossings and utility crossings of river boating shall be consistent with the plan. In developing this corridors, provided that construction of such road and utility plan, the department shall cooperate with the department of crossings shall meet all requirements of the Erosion and resources and economic development, the department of fish Sedimentation Control Act of 1975, and of any applicable and game, the office of state planning, the department of local ordinances on soil erosion and sedimentation control. agriculture, and the local rivers management advisory River Corridor Protection Plans shall address, at a minimum, committee. the following considerations with regard to river corridors: One of the most important goals of a river corridor 1. The plans shall consider the effect of activities in the management plan should be increasing public awareness river corridor on public health, safety, welfare, and the and understanding of the river, its many resources and the private property rights. impact of our actions on the river and its resources. 2. The plans shall consider any characteristics of the river Educational programs should be tailored to the intended corridor that make it unique or significant in the audience: riverside landowners, recreational users, elected conservation and movement of flora and fauna including officials, school children, civic groups, business and industry, threatened, rare, and endangered species. The plans conservation and preservation groups, and many others. shall establish the local government's policies regarding A very effective way to engage the community and improve such flora and fauna rather than identifying specific sites aesthetics and the water quality of the river is to conduct a containing such species. river cleanup. Improving recreational access to the river can 3. The plans shall consider the effect of any activities within be a very effective way of bringing people in contact with the the river corridor on the function of the protected river and unique resources of the river. Several land conservation river corridor including the flow and quality of the river techniques can be used, each with different levels of capital water, erosion and shoaling of the river bed or margins, cost and control over use and management. and to the navigability of the river. References 4. The plans shall consider the effect of activities in the 1. www.vtwaterquality.org/rivers.com river corridor on fishing or recreational use of river corridors. 2. www.des.nh.gov/organization/commissioner/pip/publications 5. The plans shall consider whether the effects of activities 3. www.crjc.org/corridor-plan/plan 4. Wetlands and River Corridor Management: Proceedings of an in the river corridor are temporary or permanent in nature International Symposium - Jon A. & Sally Daly Kusler.

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Green Marketing - New Initiatives With Challenges In India

Dr. L.N. Sharma *

Introduction indicates people are concerned about the environment and According to the American Marketing Association, green are changing their behavior. As a result of this, green marketing marketing is the marketing of products that are presumed to has emerged which speaks for growing market for sustainable be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates and socially responsible products and services. a broad range of activities, including product modification, History changes to the production process, packaging changes, as Green marketing was given prominence in the late 1980s well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing and 1990s after the proceedings of the first workshop on is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and Ecological marketing held in Austin, Texas (US), in 1975. contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence Several books on green marketing began to be published of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached thereafter. According to the Joel makeover (a writer, speaker to this term. Other similar terms used are Environmental and strategist on clean technology and green marketing), Marketing and Ecological Marketing. green marketing faces a lot of challenges because of lack of Thus "Green Marketing" refers to holistic marketing concept standards and public consensus to what constitutes "Green". wherein the production, marketing consumption an disposal The green marketing has evolved over a period of time. of products and services happen in a manner that is less According to Peattie (2001), the evolution of green marketing detrimental to the environment with growing awareness about has three phases. the implications of global warming, non-biodegradable solid First phase was termed as "Ecological" green marketing, waste, harmful impact of pollutants etc., both marketers and and during this period all marketing activities were concerned consumers are becoming increasingly sensitive to the need to help environment problems and provide remedies for for switch in to green products and services. While the shift environmental problems. Second phase was "Environmental" to "green" may appear to be expensive in the short term, it green marketing and the focus shifted on clean technology will definitely that involved designing of innovative new products, which take prove to be indispensable and advantageous, cost-wise too, care of pollution and waste issues. Third phase was in the long run. "Sustainable" green marketing. It came into prominence in Keywords: Green marketing , Global warming , Ecological the late 1990s and early 2000. marketing , Corporate Social Responsibility , Green Marketing Green marketing is a vital constituent of the holistic marketing Mix, Marketing Audit. concept. It is particularly applicable to businesses that are Why Green Marketing? directly dependent on the physical environment; for example, It is really scary to read these pieces of information as industries like fishing, processed foods, tourism and adventure reported in the Times recently: "Air pollution damage to people, sports. Changes in the physical environment may pose a crops and wildlife in the US totals tens of billions of dollars threat to such industries. Many global players in diverse each year". "More than 12 other studies in the US, Brazil businesses are now successfully implementing green Europe , Mexico , South Korea and Taiwan have established marketing practices. links between air pollutants and low birth weight premature Why Is Green Marketing Chosen By Most Marketers? birth still birth and infant death". Most of the companies are venturing into green marketing As resources are limited and human wants are unlimited, it because of the following reasons: is important for the marketers to utilize the resources a. Opportunity efficiently without waste as well as to achieve the In India, around 25% of the consumers prefer environmental- organization's objective. So green marketing is inevitable. friendly products, and around 28% may be considered healthy There is growing interest among the consumers all over the conscious. Therefore, green marketers have diverse and fairly world regarding protection of environment. Worldwide evidence sizeable segments to cater to. The Surf Excel detergent which

* Professor of Commerce, Govt. P.G. College, Neemuch (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 77 saves water and the energy-saving LG consumers durables Countries Ranked According To Their Response are examples of green marketing. Level On Green Marketing We also have green buildings which are efficient in their Rank Countries use of energy, water and construction materials, and 1 India which reduce the impact on human health and the 2 UK environment through better design, construction, 3 US operation, maintenance and waste disposal. In India, the green building movement, spearheaded by the 4 Thailand Confederation of Indian industry (CII) - Godrej Green 5 Australia business Center, has gained tremendous impetus over 6 Canada the last few years. From 20,000 sq ft in 2003, India's green 7 China building footprint is now over 25 million sq ft. source:- google.com b. Corporate Social Responsibility Top 10 Companies That Practicing India Green Many companies have started realizing that they must 01. Suzlon Energy behave in an environment-friendly fashion. They believe both 02. ITC Limited in achieving environmental objectives as well as profit related 03. Tata Metaliks Limited (TML) objectives. 04. Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited (TNPL) The HSBC became the world's first bank to go carbon-neutral 05. Wipro Technologies last year. Other examples include Coca-Cola, which has 06. HCL Technologies invested in various recycling activities. Walt Disney World in 07. Oil and Natural Gas Company (ONGC) Florida, US, has an extensive waste management program 08. IndusInd Bank and infrastructure in place. 09. IDEA Cellular c. Governmental Pressure 10. Hero Honda Motors Various regulations rare framed by the government to protect Green Marketing Mix consumers and the society at large. The Indian government Every company has its own favorite marketing mix. Some have 4 P's and some have 7 P's of marketing mix. The 4 P's of green too has developed a framework of legislations to reduce the marketing are that of a conventional marketing but the challenge production of harmful goods and by products. before marketers is to use 4 P's in an innovative manner. These reduce the industry's production and consumers' Product consumption of harmful goods, including those The ecological objectives in planning products are to reduce detrimental to the environment; for example, the ban resource consumption and pollution and to increase of plastic bags in Mumbai, prohibition of smoking in conservation of scarce resources (Keller man, 1978). public areas, etc. Price d. Competitive Pressure Price is a critical and important factor of green marketing Many companies take up green marketing to maintain their mix. Most consumers will only be prepared to pay additional competitive edge. The green marketing initiatives by niche value if there is a perception of extra product value. This value companies such as Body Shop and Green & Black have may be improved performance, function, design, visual appeal, prompted many mainline competitors to follow suit. or taste. Green marketing should take all these facts into e. Cost Reduction consideration while charging a premium price. Reduction of harmful waste may lead to substantial cost Promotion savings. Sometimes, many firms develop symbiotic There are three types of green advertising: - relationship whereby the waste generated by one company 1. Ads that address a relationship between a product/service is used by another as a cost-effective raw material. and the biophysical environment For example, the fly ash generated by thermal power plants, 2. Those that promote a green lifestyle by highlighting a which would otherwise contributed to a gigantic quantum of product or service solid waste, is used to manufacture fly ash bricks for 3. Ads that present a corporate image of environmental construction purposes. responsibility Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 78

Place 3. Using more environment-friendly raw materials at the The choice of where and when to make a product available production stage itself. will have significant impact on the customers. Very few 4. Explore possibilities of recycling of the used products customers will go out of their way to buy green products. so that it can be used to offer similar or other benefits Benefits Of Green Marketing with less wastage. Today's consumers are becoming more and more conscious Marketing Strategies For Indian Companies about the environment and are also becoming socially The marketing strategies for green marketing include: - responsible. Therefore, more companies are responsible to 1. Marketing Audit (including internal and external situation consumers' aspirations for environmentally less damaging or analysis). neutral products. Many companies want to have an early-mover 2. Develop a marketing plan outlining strategies with regard advantage as they have to eventually move towards becoming to 4 P's. green. Some of the advantages of green marketing are, 3. Implement marketing strategies. 1. It ensures sustained long-term growth along with 4. Plan results evaluation. profitability. Conclusion 2. It saves money in the long run, thought initially the cost Now this is the right time to select "Green Marketing" globally. is more. It will come with drastic change in the world of business if all 3. It helps companies market their products and services nations will make strict roles because green marketing is keeping the environment aspects in mind. It helps in essential to save world from pollution. From the business accessing the new markets and enjoying competitive point of view because a clever marketer is one who not only advantage. convinces the consumer, but also involves the consumer in 4. Most of the employees also feel proud and responsible marketing his product. Green marketing should not be to be working for an environmentally responsible considered as just one more approach to marketing, but has company. to be pursued with much greater vigor, as it has an Challenges Ahead environmental and social dimension to it. With the threat of 1. Green products require renewable and recyclable global warming looming large, it is extremely important that material, which is costly. green marketing becomes the norm rather than an exception 2. Requires a technology, which requires huge investment or just a fad. Recycling of paper, metals, plastics, etc., in a in R & D. safe and environmentally harmless manner should become 3. Water treatment technology, which is too costly. much more systematized and universal. It has to become 4. Majority of the people are not aware of green products the general norm to use energy-efficient lamps and other and their uses. electrical goods. 5. Majority of the consumers are not willing to pay a premium Marketers also have the responsibility to make the consumers for green products. understand the need for and benefits of green products as Paths To Greenness compared to non-green ones. In green marketing, consumers Green marketing involves focusing on promoting the are willing to pay more to maintain a cleaner and greener consumption of green products. Therefore, it becomes the environment. Finally, consumers, industrial buyers and responsibility of the companies to adopt creativity and insight, suppliers need to pressurize effects on minimize the negative and be committed to the development of environment-friendly effects on the environment-friendly. Green marketing products. This will help the society in the long run. Companies assumes even more importance and relevance in developing which embark on green marketing should adopt the following countries like India. principles in their path towards "greenness." References:- 1. Adopt new technology/process or modify existing ò www.wikipedia .com and www.google.com ò green marketing in india pavan mishra* & payal sharma** technology/process so as to reduce environmental ò green marketing by susan ward, about.com guide impact. ò jacquelyn ottman on www.greenmarketing.com 2. Establish a management and control system that will ò green marketing in india- mrs. r. sudha ,coimbatore lead to the adherence of stringent environmental safety ò www.greenmarketing.net/stratergic.html ò www.epa.qld.gov.au/sustainable_ industries norms. ò www.chillibreeze.com Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 79

Status Of Women And Their Active Role In Building Modern India

Dr. Vimmi Behal * Dr. O.P.Sharma **

Role of women in modern India can be called phenomenal. Mother Teresa, P T Usha, Ms Subbulakshmi, Kiran Bedi, Dr. Women is the magnificient creation of god, a multi faceted Padmavati, Sushma Swaraj, the great environmentalist and personality with the power of benevolence, adjustability, activist, have become great names in different fields of their integrity and tolerance. She is companion of man gifted with work. Now with the encouragement of co-education, women equal mental faculty a protector and provider, the embodiment have cast off the age old inferiority complex and are marching of love and affection. The role given to women in a society is side by side with men in every walk of life. Women are actually a measuring role and true index of its civilization and cultural proving to academically better and socially more active. When attainment. we come across the results of competitive examinations in Our women have a great part of play In the progress of our all India civil services and Indian Universities we are happily country, as the mental and physical contact of women with surprised to note that women capture most of the merit seats. life is much more lasting and comprehensive than that of They are making sustained efforts to scale the leaders of men. For nothing was it said, " The hand that rocks the cradle social progress by dint of this zeal and dynamism. They are rules the world ". In the apron string of women is hidden the contributing extensively towards the social transformation and revolutionary energy , which can establish paradise on this building of the nation. earth - Dr. Rajendra Prasad Women writers like Mahashweta Devi, Pratibh Roy, Arundati The transition of women from the past to present is worth Roy have established in the modern literary world and mentioning. Woman who once considered to be master in contributed to the Literacy excellence of the nation. It is the art of home making are now considered to be the forces heartening to know that today we have in India the educated that shape a country with the dawn of freedom, particularly women who are very keen on taking up administration work. during India's national struggle, the position of women took a In the field of healthcare also women as doctors and nurses turn for the better. Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. Rajendra Prasad can give a healing touch to patients. It has been found that began to think deeply about the urgent need of women's women on account of their tender hearts are better nurses emancipation. They realized that so long as women of the and due to their naturally delicate and soft hands they are country were not uplifted and granted quall status with men better doctors. Therefore it can be said, " A woman Voice in all walks of life - political, social, economic, domestic is cure and her touch in balm." educational, India could neither progress nor make any Even in the area of family planning women can render significant advance in any field . admirable service of explaining to the village women the Indira Gandhi, our late minister was held in high esteem the importance of family planning by taking into them confidence world over. Vijaya lakshimi Pandit created a record by and can guide them be creating awareness about different becoming the first women of the united Nations General methods of birth control. If all educated women accept the assembly. In the modern age, we find the role of women in challenge of time and make up their mind to serve the nation every filed. The myth that certain fields were only meant for in checking the population growth. men has been demolished by women. Women have proved Really women are less selfish and more dedicated to duty to be more Vibrant dynamic, sincere and perfect in every and have much patience them by nature. We must Liberate field . They have the ability to immerse themselves wholly in Indian women of many social taboos, mere legislation cannot any task they undertake. empancipate the lot of our women. This needs a radical Modern women in the present age occupy top rank and attain change in our mental make up our and our social structure. immense success in all the field such as sports, politics, In order to give them more scope of participation in the performing arts, police, administration, medicine and etc. economic growth of the country, the government has

* Prof. ** H.O.D. Govt. College, Kalapipal (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 80 implemented major program like Mahila Samridhi Yojana , Women runs to extremes, takes advanced measures of the Women's developemtn corporation etc. progress of the country with their power of mental strength According to Rabindranath Tagore , " Women is god's and extraordinary talent . best creation" she adds beauty and charm to every Despite hurdles like male indifference towards them, women aspect of life. have proved their worth as teachers, administrators , officers, Modern women have risen far above the domestic drudgery. entrepreneurs, doctors, nurse and almost in all the spheres They are educated and aware enough to deal with any of activity contributing to social transformation and nation situation competently. It reminds one of Lord Byron, who building. said, " There is a tide in the affairs of women God knows 'Mother Day' is a real tribute to women who shaped nowhere ". generation after generation . It is high time we enact the As a result of the efforts of Gandhiji, the position of women legislation for reservation for women in parliament. Women has changed and they are gradually emerging as a force in have proved their credentials in Panchyats and municipalities. social, cultural as well as political fields of our country. The References :- talent , patience inner strength , power of tolerance, insight, 1. Human development report United Nations development programme efficiency of a responsible and good women helps in the 2013. 2. Women in history (National resource centre for women) 24 Dec. governance of the country and its overall progress. 2006. Ralph Waldo Emerson says, " A sufficient measures of 3. Kumar radha (1993) The history of doing an account of women's civilization is the influence of good women''. Victor right and feminism in India. Hugo once said , " Men have sight, women insight". 4. A.K.Shiva Kumar( 2001) women in India How free ? How equal .

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Environmental Planning: An Overview

Praneeta Ojha *

A successful city cannot operate efficiently in isolation from safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country". its environment. It must balance social, economic and Environmental protection is a fundamental duty of every citizen environmental needs. A successful city must offer investors of this country under Article 51-A(g) of our Constitution which security, infrastructure and efficiency, and should also put reads as follows: "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India the needs of its citizens at the forefront of all its planning to protect and improve the natural environment including activities. Poor urban planning and management can have forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for grave results for the economy, the environment and society. living creatures." Poorly managed settlements will be unable to keep pace Guiding Principles for Environmental Planning with expansion, and subserviced slums will proliferate, 1. During reconstruction, there are two principal bringing with them poor health, poverty, social unrest and environmental concerns: restoring damage to the economic inefficiency. Environmental hazards are responsible environment from a disaster and minimizing the for the most common causes of ill-health and mortality among environmental impact of the reconstruction process itself. the urban poor. Over the years, together with a spreading of 2. Site planning in new settlements should be governed by environmental consciousness, there has been a change in ecological concerns. the traditionally-held perception that there is a trade-off 3. Construction methods, building designs, and choice of between environmental quality and economic growth as materials all have an environmental impact; they should people have come to believe that the two are necessarily be based on local practices while being eco-friendly. complementary. The current focus on environment is not new- 4. Disaster debris is a valuable resource that should be environmental considerations have been an integral part of reused during reconstruction whenever possible. However, the Indian culture. The need for conservation and sustainable materials that can be harmful to workers or the use of natural resources has been expressed in Indian environment, such as asbestos or toxic substances, scriptures, more than three thousand years old and is must be managed carefully. reflected in the constitutional, legislative and policy framework There are several planning tools and techniques that can be as also in the international commitments of the country. encouraged on a county-wide or watershed scale for reducing Environmental activities can be targeted at different levels. impervious area and soil loss due to erosion and hence, Cities can also use different instruments to integrate the protecting sensitive open space associated with site environment into urban planning and management development. Four environmental planning approaches: approaches: policy instruments, process instruments, comprehensive planning, local integrative ordinances, planning instruments and management instruments. Even preserving open space, and minimizing land disturbances, before India's independence in 1947, several environmental provide a variety of source control alternatives to traditional legislation existed but the real impetus for bringing about a forms of costly treatment mitigation. A fifth planning approach, well-developed framework came only after the UN Conference performance criteria, provides a flexible mechanism to on the Human Environment. A policy framework has also encourage the use of general goals when considering site been developed to complement the legislative provisions. The specific conditions. The chosen tool and/ or technique will Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution and the National differ greatly among communities based on their given Conservation Strategy and Policy Statement on Environment circumstances. and Development were brought out by the MoEF. The success Community participation is absolutely critical at each stage of environmental control measure can only be understood by of environmental planning and assessment. Public hearings, proper monitoring of the environmental parameters. held to inform the community of environmental assessments The State's responsibility with regard to environmental and planned actions, can bring together all stakeholders, protection has been laid down under Article 48-A of our including project proponents, environmental agencies, NGOs, Constitution, which reads as follows: "The State shall citizens, and project-affected persons. Lack of basic endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to infrastructure such as water, sanitation, and waste

* Research Scholar, Jivaji University, Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 82 management can cause serious environmental and of environmental issues in the affected area and can identify environmental health problems and can lead to low occupancy how incentives for environmentally sustainable reconstruction rates of new and reconstructed housing. Sphere standards, can be incorporated in the reconstruction policy. Identify the which establish minimum health, sanitation, water supply, legal framework for environmental management to be applied and housing standards for humanitarian operations, can be in reconstruction early on, how it will be implemented and by useful as a frame of reference in reconstruction. whom, and how it will be monitored and evaluated. Mobilize Important Laws regarding environment are - the post-disaster debris management effort immediately after 1. The Electricity Act, 2003 the disaster, carrying out a rapid planning exercise if a debris 2. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 management plan was not in place before the disaster. Ensure 3. Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 that the environmental requirements for reconstruction are 4. Air (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act 1981 effectively and continually communicated to all agencies 5. Water (Prevention & Control ) Act 1974 participating in the reconstruction program. In developing the 6. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 reconstruction policy, government, UN shelter cluster 7. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002hazardous Wastes partners, and environmental organizations should work (Management And Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003 together to minimize the environmental impact and maximize 8. Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation And Control) the local sustainability of the building materials and practices Rules, 2000 to be used. Use the environmental review process to evaluate Challenges in Environmental Planning the ecological footprint of a relocation site or in-situ Ignoring environmental issues in any phase of reconstruction reconstruction project and to select the site, develop and not involving environmental experts in decision making mitigation measures for the project and its construction, and at the policy and programmatic level. Delays in conducting adjust project parameters. the environmental assessment increase environmental risks Many communities have been dealing with the challenges of created by the disaster. Dangerous or hazardous rubble and balancing the need to protect the environment and quality of debris (such as toxic or ignitable substances, asbestos, life with economic growth and development. In some areas explosives, collapsing buildings) are not handled with caution, of the state, more intense land development activities have with negative effects on communities and the environment made it necessary to consider alternative ways to promote Damage to infrastructure leads to secondary impacts like the protection of natural treatment functions, surface flow fire and floods before problems are identified and addressed. pathways and absorbing capacities of the environment. The Political and institutional factors, rather than community and two key concepts underlying the planning tools and environmental priorities, drive site-selection decisions. Poor techniques presented in this publication revolve around planning permanently destroys environmental assets, such promoting the reduction of imperviousness and minimizing as endangered habitats, coastal sand dunes, and mangroves. necessary disturbances associated with land development. Infrastructure and site development negatively affect By linking land use and water quality together through groundwater quality and quantity. Social and cultural assets comprehensive and integrated local planning, communities are destroyed because of ad hoc development planning. can create opportunity for balancing the "best of both worlds." Community participation in environmental decision making Environmental planning at both the watershed and site scale is downplayed because of political and commercial interests. provides a way to integrate local development initiatives with Local building practices are combined in an unsafe way with the protection of sensitive open spaces and the other multiple practices promoted by external actors. Commercial interests benefits provided to communities by this common theme. influence material and technology selection, with negative References ramifications on the environment and community. 1. www. web.mit.edu/dusp.com Recommendation and Conclusion 2. www.tandfonline.com/loi Include government staff and consultants in the environmental 3. www.arch.virginia.edu 4. Times of India assessment teams so that they acquire firsthand knowledge 5. Environmental Land Use Planning and Management - John Randolph

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FDI In Retail Is A Boom For India

Dr. Vimmi Behal * Dr. Anil Shivani **

Foreign direct investment refers to foreign capital that is multi-brand retailers , entering India later would be a invested to enhance the production capacity of the economy. significant disadvanges and they would try and introduce a However, FDI in retail is different from the investment in lot of innovations, they would invest heavily into an do end corporate, manufacturing or infrastructure sectors. Retail can supply chains including world class cold storage faculties. be single or multi brand and may be described as a sale to 5. Low spillage and wastage - In India the supply chain is the ultimate consumer at a margin of profit. considered highly inefficient due to the huge wastage While the FDI in single brand retailing was allowed earlier, during the transportation. The global world class retailers FDI in multi brand retailing is being allowed now. These means would introduce quality standards that are second to none a retail store with foreign direct investment can sell multiple and would lead to more farm produce reaching the end brands under one roof. consumable condition. The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented with around 97% Disadvantages :- of its business being run by unorganized retailers. With the 1. Our interest rates today are as high as 14 to 16 %how entry of FDI, the retails sector will become organized. Foreign do we compete with the economies which have a 4% investment in food based retailing would ensure adequate interest rate. flow of capital into the country and its productive use. 2. Existence of Indian biggies :- already multiple Indian FDI will promote welfare of farmers by agriculture growth and corporate are well entrenched in to the Indian market thereby increasing their income level. Indian farmers at present with their organized multi- brand retail offerings. Under , realize on 1/3rd of the final price paid by the consumer as this situation is an FDI influx truly required ? That is one against 2/3rd realized by farmers in the countries with a of the biggest questions that are being asked. greater share of organized retail. FDI will assist in reducing 3. Little incremental value: - The cities of the move say the dominance of value chain by intermediaries. that India as a country requires different fundamentals to FDI in retail will make the consumer happy as well. In the survive and deliver value to the consumer. The last mile absence of intermediaries, the consumer will end up paying delivery of a lot of goods happen to the consumer in India lower prices for a better product. In the unorganized sector , and not the oter way round thus far in a lot of cases. consumer has to argue and fight a lot in case he has to 4. Will prices reduce for consumers: - not at all will there return some faulty product to the retailer. This process will is a net gain for consumers in term of price saving ? Not be standardized. at all. Not even the biggest supporters of FDI in retail Allowing FDI in multi-brand retail will bring about supply chain claim that the consumer will spend less from his/her improvement, investment in technology, manpower and skill pocket due to this FDI in retail influx. development , upgrade in the agricultural sector and benefits Conclusion :- Government is taking this decision in good to the government through greater GDP and tax income . faith. Few persons and lobbies controlling the rates of food The organized sector will also lay stress on producing more commodities in India. And bringing more competition in and will generate more employment in production as well as market will bring better prices for buyers as well as seller for retail industry. commodities. Parties protesting against FDI's in retail have Advantages :- choice to not allow. FDI's in the state they should make a 1. This will bring modern technology to the country & more regulatory body for the commodity trade as we have for cellular option for the consumer. services. 2. Improves rural infrastructure. It would help build Bibliography :- infrastructure and create a competitive market. Websites :- 3. Enable our farmers to get better prices for their crops. 1. www.cci.in 4. More investments in the end supply chain for the foreign 2. www.rbi.org.in 3. www.retailguru.com

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Vœ`mÀ_H$ odÌb{fU g{ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°$& df© 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 (1) oejm - _ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$r oXem _{ß oejm [hbm [m`XmZ _ohbm 27.7 54.4 47.7 58.2 65.7 78.2 h°$& X{e _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r gmjaVm-Xa _{ß ]∂T>m{Œmar hwB© h°$& X{e _{ß 2011 H$r [wÍ$f 18.1 25.0 24.3 23.1 27.5 30.4 OZJUZm H{$ AmYma [a Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 1 Aa] 21 H$am{S> Hw$b OZgßª`m h° VmobH$m H´$. 03 oOg_{ß 62 H$am{S> 37 bmI [wÍ$f, 58 H$am{S> 65 bmI _ohbmE± h°$& oOg_{ß H$m`© _{ß bJr _ohbmE± [wÍ$fm{ _{ß gmjaVm H$r Xa 80.53 VWm _ohbmAm{ß _{ß _ohbm gmjaVm Xa 2001 H$r VwbZm _{ß 6 ‡oVeV gmjaVm Xa 54.16 g{ ]∂T>H$a 60.02 _ohbmE± J´m_rU ehar ‡oVeV hm{ JB©$& `h ZJar` Edß J´m_rU Xm{Zm{ hr j{Ãm{ß _{ß CfiV oejm, gVV≤ ‡oeojV 10.31 30.52 oejm, d _ohbm gmjaVm H{$ gVV≤ ‡`mg H$m [naUm_ h°$& `hm± Bg gÂ]›Y A‡oeojV 89.69 69.48 _{ß `h H$hZm o]ÎHw$b CoMV hm{Jm oH$ _ohbm gmjaVm Xa, OZgmßoª`H$r` amÓQ≠>r` Z_yZm gd}jU 100 100 Ï`dhma H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°$& Ûm{V :- amÓQ≠>r` Z_yZm gd}jU O°g{ odo^fi em{Ym{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ _ohbm gmjaVm Am°a ‡OZZ j_Vm AmO ehar H{$ gmW gmW J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ^r _{hZV Am°a H$m_ H{$ _{ß ZH$mamÀ_H$ gÂ]›Y [m`m OmVm h°$& AWm©V oeojV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ g›VwobV AmoW©H$ ZOna`{ g{ X{Im OmZ{ bJm h°$& CZH$r AmoW©H$ JoVodoY`m{ß, `m AmXe© [nadma (AoYH$V_ Xm{ ]É{) X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ h°$& `hr Zht ‡oejU, ZdodH$ogV ‡m{⁄m{oJH$r d ghO F$U gwodYm H$m bm^ CR>m oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß gd©oejm Ao^`mZ, _{ß (14 df© oZ:ewÎH$) AoZdm`© J´m_rU _ohbmE± ^r am{OJmaaV≤ hm{ ahr h°$& ImgH$a J´m_rU Hw$Q>ra VWm oejm AoYoZ`_ bmJy hm{Z{ Edß ÒdOmJÍ$H$ hm{Z{ g{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ^r A] AoV bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ j{Ã _{ß Mw∂S>r dmb{ hmW ^r AmJ{ ]∂T{> h°$& `h ^r J´m_rU ]mobH$mE± Ka{bw H$m_H$mO, H•$of `m A›` H$m`m} H{$ ÒWmZ [a A‹``Z h{Vw _ohbmAm{ß H{$ gabrH$aU H$m EH$ ^mJ h°$& AmO g_J´ H$m`©erb _ohbm H$r ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß OmZm [gßX H$aVr h°$& ^mJrXmar ]∂T>r h°$& H$m`©erb _ohbmAm{ß _{ g{ AmO 78 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± VmobH$m H´$. 01 H•$of j{Ã _{ß, 10.9 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± oZ_m©U Edß IoZO, 3.5 ‡oVeV _ohbm gmjaVm Xa Ï`m[ma _{ß, 7.6 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± g{dm j{Ã g{ OwS>r hm{H$a [yar XjVm H{$ df©df©df© ehar J´m_rU Hw$b gmjaVm gmW A[Z{ Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m oZdm©hZ H$a ahr h°$& 1951 7.90 2.00 8.86 (4) amOZ°oVH$ g_mZVm :- ]rgdr gXr H$m{ _ohbm OmJaU H$m 1961 12.90 4.30 15.34 `wJ H$hm J`m h°$& ∑`m|oH$ Bg_{ß Ûr oejm H$m{ ]b o_bZ{ g{ ""_ohbm 1971 18.70 8.40 21.99 Am›Xm{bZ"" gßJR>ZmÀ_H$ ÒdÍ$[ b{Z{ bJm h°$& ^maV H$m gßodYmZ ^r 1981 24.82 12.20 29.75 _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ _m°obH$ AoYH$mam{ß _{ß g_mZVm Edß g_mZ Adgam{ß H$r Jma›Q>r X{Vm h°$& Bgr H$maU AmO _ohbmE± ^r J•h AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ gmW gmW 1991 32.40 18.00 39.42 amOZ°oVH$ H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r A[Zr ge∫$ ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahr h°$& [ßMm`Vm{ß _{ß 33 2001 64.60 30.30 54.16 ‡oVeV AmajU VWm oZH$m`m{ß odYmZ_ S>b Edß gßgX _{ß ‡ÒVmodV EH$ 2011 A‡m· A‡m· 60.02 oVhmB© AmajU ‡ÒVmd bmJy hm{Z{ g{ CZH$r ^mJrXmar _{ß Am°a AoYH$ Ûm{V :- odo^fi OZJUZm g_ßH$m{ [a AmYmnaV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 88 gwoZoÌMVm ÒWmo[V hm{Jr$& AmO _ohbm ga[ßMm{ H$r gßª`m 838245, H$r j_Vm _{ß BOm\$m hwAm h°$& `h g] h_mar 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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 89 ^maV _{ß AmoW©H$ odH$mg Xa : Xem Edß oXem S>m∞. JU{e ‡gmX Xmda{ *

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1999-00 87.91 156 302 gß^mdZm ahVr h° [a›Vw oZ`_ Ï`dÒWm H{$ AYrZ ahH$a H$m`© gÂ[moXV 2000-01 85.76 140 278 H$aZ{ g{ `h bm^ ‡m· Zht oH$`m OmVm h°& H$[mg CÀ[mXZ Edß CÀ[mXH$Vm _| d•o’ bmZ{ H{$ obE VWm H$[mg H$r 2001-02 87.76 158 308 JwUdŒmm _| gwYma H{$ gmW-gmW H$[mg CÀ[mXH$mß{ Am` _|{ d•o’ H{$ obE Am°a 2002-03 76.67 136 302 dÛm{⁄m{J o_bm| Am°a dÛm{⁄m{J o_bmß{ H$r JwUdŒmmdmbr H$[mg H$r AoYH$V_ 2003-04 76.30 179 399 Am[yoV© gwoZpÌMV H$aZ{ H{$ obE oZJ_ odÒVma JoVodoY`m{ H{$ Í$[ _|{ odo^ﬁ 2004-05 87.86 243 470 odH$mgerb JoVodoY`m{ H$m gßMmbZ H$aVm ahm h°& 2005-06 86.77 244 478 \$adar, 2000 _|{ H$[mg ‡m{⁄m{oJH$r o_eZ H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ gmW CZ_| g{ AoYH$mße JoVodoY`mß{ o_Zr o_eZ 1 EßS> 2 H{$ AYrZ gßMmobV H$r 2006-07 91.58 270 501 J`r& Bg g_` ^r oZJ_ H$[mg C[O gd}jU, gKoZV H$rQ> ‡]ßYZ Am°a 2007-08 96.48 282 568 H$[mg I{Vr (gßodXm I{Vr) O°gr Hw$N> odH$mgerb JoVodoY`m{ ßH$m gßMmbZ 2008-09 98.26 317 630 H$a ahm h°, VmoH$ odo^ﬁ H$[mg CÀ[mXH$ am¡`m{ _| ^maV gaH$ma Am°a am¡` 2009-10 106.42 330 654 H•$of od^mJ H{$ ‡`ÀZmß{ _| ghm`Vm Xr Om gH{$ & 2010-11 111.61 312 475 gßX^© J´ßW 1. C[m‹`m`, e_m©, X`mb : Ï`dgm`, g_|mO Edß gaH$ma, a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{, O`[wa, Ûm{V:- ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ ob., Zdr _wÂ]B© 2012 Bg VmobH$m g{ `h Vœ` ‡^modV hm{Vm h° oH$ X{e _|{ H$[mg CÀ[mXH$, 2. _mWwa, S>m∞. dr. Eb. : bKw C⁄m{J odŒmm, AOw©Z [p„bqeJ hmßCg, ZB© oXÎbr, 2012 3. ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ obo_|Q{>S>, (gr. gr. AmB©.), Zdr _wÂ]B© j{Ã Edß C[O _| oZa›Va odH$mg Edß odÒVma hm{ ahm h°& 4. http://www.Cotcrop.gov.in oZÓH$f© ^maVr` oZJ_ oZa›Va bm^mße Km{ofV H$a A[Zr gmI ]ZmE 5. http://texmin.nic.in/ hwE h°& `⁄o[ oZJ_ H$r Ï`mdgmo`H$ JoVodoY`m{ _|ß{ AoVna∫$ bm^ H$r

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 96 Yma oOb{ _{ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m{ ‡XŒm odŒmr` ghm`Vm/F$U H$m odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ‡m{.]r.Eg. oggm°oX`m * S>m∞. _h{›–Hw$_ma O°Z * ‡ÒVmdZm :- H$m{B© ^r C⁄m{J, g{dm d Ï`dgm` _w–m H{$ o]Zm Z Vm{ 2000-01 g{ 2007-08 VH$ Yma oOb{ _{ß b˙` H{$ AZw[mV _{ß ]{am{OJma ‡maß^ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° Am°a Z hr Cg Ï`dgm` H$m odH$mg gß^d h°& ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ ÒdrH•$V d odVnaV odŒmr` ghm`Vm/F$U amoe H$m odÌb{fU "odŒm' Ï`dgm` H$m _ybmYma h°& odŒm H$m Ao^‡m` _w–m g{ hm{Vm h° VWm odŒm em{YmWr© ¤mam AJ´ VmobH$m _{ß oH$`m J`m h°& `h odÌb{fU ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$r _{ß Bg ]mV H$m A‹``Z oH$`m OmVm h° oH$ oH$g ‡H$ma, odoZ`m{∫$m, C⁄_r, gßª`m d F$U amoe H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m J`m h°, gmW hr VmobH$m H´ß$. 01 _{ß gaH$ma{ VWm odŒmr` gßÒWmE{ß A[Z{ odŒm H$m ‡]ßY Edß gßMmbZ H$aVr h°& ÒdrH•$V d odVnaV F$U ‡H$aUm| Edß F$U amoe`m{ H$m Am°gV Edß ‡oVeV ^r Ï`dgmo`H$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ obE odo^fi gmYZm{ g{ CoMV eVm} [a odŒm kmV oH$`m J`m h°& ‡m· H$aZm VWm Ï`mdgmo`H$ CX≤X{Ì`m{ H$r [yoV© h{Vw CgH$m C[`m{J Edß VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 H{$ oZarjU g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ Yma oOb{ _{ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr ‡]ßYH$ H$aZm emo_b hm{Vm h°& am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V odJV 08 dfm} (2000-01 g{ 2007-08) ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V oeojV ]{am{OJma `wdmAm{ß H$m{ _{ß oObm Ï`m[ma Edß C⁄m{J H{$›– ¤mam oZYm©naV 5116 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ A[Zm Òdam{OJma ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& Bg odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ b˙` H{$ AZw[mV _{ß dmoU¡`H$ ]¢H$m| H$r `m{OZm›VJ©V ohVJ´mhr H$r e°joUH$ `m{Ω`Vm AmR>dr CŒmrU© hm{Zm MmohE odo^fi emImAm{ß ¤mam Hw$b 5583 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V VWm CgH$r Am`w 18 g{ 35 df© H{$ ]rM hm{Zm MmohE& A.Om., A.O.Om., oH$`{ J`{ VWm odVaU 4508 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ oH$`m J`m h°& odH$bmßJ ^yV[yd© g°oZH$ Edß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Am`w 18 g{ 45 df© H{$ ]rM hm{Zr Am°gV H{$ AmYma [a ‡oVdf© 639.00 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ b˙` H{$ AZw[mV MmohE VWm oOZH$r g_ÒV Ûm{Vm{ g{ ‡m· Am` 1 bmI Í$. dmof©H$ g{ H$_ hm{ _{ß 697.87 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ h°, Om{ oH$ 109 ‡oVeV H$m{ oH$gr ^r C[H´$_ H$m{ ‡maß^ H$aZ{ H{$ obE Ï`m[mnaH$ BH$mB© H{$ obE{ F$U H{$ ]am]a h°, O]oH$ odVaU Am°gV Í$[ g{ _mÃ 563 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr hm{ H$r AoYH$V_ amoe 2 bmI Í$. VH$ Edß C⁄m{J BH$mB©`m{ _{ß F$U H$r AoYH$V_ [m`m h°& `h odVaU b˙` H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 88.10 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V amoe 5 bmI Í$. VH$ Xr OmVr h°°& ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 80.67 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& A‹``Z H$m CX≤X{Ì` :-Yma oOb{ _{ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V 08 dfm} _{ß Hw$b 5583 ]{am{OJmam| AßVJ©V odŒmr` ghm`Vm ‡XmZ H$amZ{ _{ß ]¢H$m| H$r odo^fi emImAm{ß ¤mam H$m{ 40 H$am{∂S> 45 bmI 23 hOma Í$. H$r odŒmr` ghm`Vm/F$U amoe oOb{ oH$`{ J`{ ‡`mg oH$VZ{ gmW©H$ ah{ h°& ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß Bg ]mV H$m H$r amÓQ≠>r`H•$V ]¢H$m| H$r odo^fi emImAm{ß ¤mam ÒdrH•$V H$r JB© Wr, oH$›Vw A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°& Bg h{Vw oZÂZ CX≤X{Ì`m{ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m Bg_{ß g{ odVaU _mÃ 4508 ]{am{OJma ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ bJ^J 27 H$am{∂S> J`m h° :- 83 bmI 55 hOma Í$[`m{ H$m hr hm{ [m`m h°& Am°gV Í$[ g{ ‡oVdf© 697 * Bg `m{OZm›VJ©V A‹``Z AdoY _{ß oH$VZ{ ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ odŒmr` ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ 5 H$am{∂S> 5 bmI 65 hOma Í$[`{ ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ OmH$a odVaU ghm`Vm/F$U oX`{ OmZ{ H$m b˙` Wm ? _mÃ 563 ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ 3 H$am{∂S> 47 bmI 94 hOma Í$[`{ H$m hr oH$`m * oZYm©naV b˙` H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam oH$VZ{ ohVJ´moh`m|ß H{$ F$U J`m h°& `h odVaU ÒdrH•$V amoe H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 68.81 ‡oVeV H{$ ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ ? ]am]a h°& df© 2000-01 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 590 * ]¢H$m| ¤mam ÒdrH•$V F$Um{ Edß odVnaV F$Um{ H$m b˙` g{ ‡oVeV ∑`m ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam ahm ? 590 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{, Om{ eV-‡oVeV ahm * ]¢H$m| ¤mam ÒdrH•$V F$U amoe`m{ H$r VwbZm _{ß odVnaV F$U amoe`m{ h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 400 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m& `h b˙` Edß H$m ‡oVeV oH$VZm h° ? ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 67.800 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr odoY :- ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _.‡. am¡` H{$ AmoXdmgr ]mhwb Yma oOb{ _{ß ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 40 H$am{∂S>, 4 bmI, 77 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© oH$`m J`m h°& A‹``Z _{ß gßJóhV oH$`{ J`{ o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$ oObm Ï`m[ma odVaU _mÃ 25 H$am{∂S>, 2 bmI, 60 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J Edß C⁄m{J H{$›– Yma Edß [rW_[wa g{ gßJóhV oH$`{ J`{ h°& 62.40 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& g_ßH$ H$m gßH$bZ df© 2000-2001 g{ df© 2007-08 VH$ Hw$b 08 df© 2001-02 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 630 dfm} H$m oH$`m J`m h°& ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß Hw$b 08 dfm} H{$ g_ßßH$m{ H{$ AmYma ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam [a Am°gV, AZw[mV Edß ‡oVeV O°gr gmßoª`H$r` Edß JoUVr` odoY`m{ 771 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ 122.38 ‡oVeV H{$ H$m ‡`m{J H$a A[{ojV [naUm_ kmV oH$`{ J`{ h°& Bg `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V ]am]a h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 634 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m & `h b˙` df© 2001 g{ 2008 VH$ _{ß{ bm^mßodV ohVJ´moh`m| H$r oÒWoV H$m{ AUw H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 100.63 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 _{ß ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m h°$& bJ^J 82.23 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 51 H$am{S>, odÌb{fU Edß [naUm_ :- ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V df© 2 bmI, 95 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 33 H$am{∂S>, 59 * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) _hmamOm ^m{O emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV ** ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 97 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 64.45 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& 80 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 75.86 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& df© 2002-03 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 642 df© 2006-07 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 835 ohVJ´moh`m| H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]°H$m{ ¤mam 662 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ 103.11 ‡oVeV H{$ 888 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ 106.34 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 543 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m& `h b˙` ]am]a h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 616 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m& `h b˙` H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 84.57 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 73.77 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 82.02 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 46 H$am{∂S>, bJ^J 69.36 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 65 H$am{∂S> 6 bmI, 60 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 32 H$am{∂S>, 7 bmI, 3 bmI 60 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 38 H$am{∂S>, 3 bmI, 77 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 70.24 ‡oeV H{$ ]am]a h°& 82 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 58.72 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& df© 2003-04 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 528 2007-08 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 417 ohVJ´moh`m|ß ohVJ´moh`m| H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam 600 ]{am{OJmam| 615 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ b˙` H{$ 116.47 H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ 143.88 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°, ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 549 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 475 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m&`h b˙` H$r VwbZm J`m& `h b˙` H$r VwbZm _{ß{ bJ^J 103.97 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| _{ß bJ^J 113.90 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß 79.16 H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 89.26 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 48 H$am{∂S>, 8 bmI, 31 41 H$am{∂S>, 2 bmI, 25 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 35 H$am{∂S>, hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 31 H$am{∂S>, 5 bmI, 73 hOma Í$. 18 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 84.94 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 64.65 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& df© 2004-05 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 670 oZÓH$f© :- ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã H{$ A‹``Z H{$ AßV _{ß oZÓH$f© H{$ Í$[ _{ß `h ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Yma oOb{ _{ß ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V 617 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ b˙` H{$ 92.08 JV 08 dfm} _{ß oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 100 H{$ AZw[mV _{ß 109.91 ‡H$aUm| ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 566 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m _{ß F$U ÒdrH•$V oH$`m OmH$a 88.11 ‡H$aUm| _{ß F$U odVaU H$r ‡oH´$`m & `h b˙` H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 84.47 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r [yar H$r JB© h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ]¢H$m| ¤mam ‡À`{H$ 100 ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| _{ß g{ VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 91.73 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 48 80.74 ‡H$aUm| _{ß F$U odVnaV oH$`m J`m h°& odŒmr` ghm`Vm/F$U amoe H$am{∂S>, 7 bmI 50 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 35 H$am{∂S>, 3 H{$ AZwgma ‡À`{H$ 01 bmI Í$. H$r ÒdrH•$oV _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam bJ^J 68.81 bmI 6 hOma Í$. H$m hr oH$`m J`m Om{ bJ^J 72.42 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& hOma Í$[`{ odVnaV oH$`{ J`{ h°& df© 2005-06 _{ß od^mJ ¤mam oZYm©naV b˙` gßª`m 804 gßX^© gyMr :- ohVJ´moh`m|ß H$m{ odŒmr` ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r VwbZm _{ß ]¢H$m| ¤mam 1. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - Í$– XŒm H{$.[r.E_. gw›Xa_& 840 ]{am{OJmam| H{$ F$U ‡H$aU ÒdrH•$V oH$`{ J`{ Om{ 104.47 ‡oVeV H{$ 2. ""Hw$Í$j{Ã'' J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb` ^maV gaH$ma ZB© oXÑr& ]am]a h°, b{oH$Z odVaU _mÃ 727 ]{am{OJmam| H$m{ hr oH$`m J`m& `h b˙` 3. AmJ{ Am`{ bm^ CR>m`{, - OZgß[H©$ od^mJ, (_.‡.) 4. `m{OZm H$r VwbZm _{ß bJ^J 90.42 ‡oVeV Edß ÒdrH•$V ‡H$aUm| H$r VwbZm _{ß 5. ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma g•OZ H$m`©H´$_ (_mJ©Xoe©H$m)- _.‡. dmoU¡`, C⁄m{J Edß bJ^J 86.54 ‡oVeV H{$ ]am]a h°& Bgr ‡H$ma ÒdrH•$V amoe 61 H$am{∂S> Òdam{OJma od^mJ, ^m{[mb& 9 bmI 25 hOma Í$. H$r VwbZm _{ß Bg df© odVaU _mÃ 46 H$am{∂S> 9 bmI 6. ‡YmZ_ßÃr am{OJma `m{OZm H$m`©H´$_ (_mJ©Xoe©H$m)- oObm Ï`m[ma Edß C⁄m{J H{$›–, Yma (_.‡.) 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Q>mQ>m H$a ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Wr& ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m EbAmB©Or bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 5. EMS>rE\$gr ÒQ{> S>S©> bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg oZJ_ H$m ]m{Y dm∑` ""`m{Jj{_ dhmÂ`h_'' AWm©V≤ Am[H$m H$Î`mU h_mar Hß$.ob. 6. o]abm gZ bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 7. Eg Q>r AmB© bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg oOÂ_{Xmar h°&222 AJÒV 2000 _{ß ^maV gaH$ma Z{ ]r_m j{Ã H$m C’ma H$aZ{ H{$ Hß$.ob. 8. ^maVr E∑gm bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 9. S>r Eb E\$ ‡m_{naH$m obE EH$ H$m`©H´$_ H$r ewÈAmV H$r Am°a Bg{ oZOr j{Ã H{$ obE Im{b oX`m& gZ≤ bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 10. AmB©grAmB©grAmB© ‡wS{>ßog`b bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg 1956 g{ OrdZ ]r_m Ï`dgm` H{$ amÓQ≠>r`H$aU g{ ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m Hß$.ob. 11. ghmam Bo S>`m bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 12. ÒQ>ma `yoZ`Z XmB© oZJ_ H$m{ Om{ EH$moYH$ma ‡m· Wm dh gZ≤ 2000 _{ß g_m· hm{ J`m& BMr bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg H$Â[Zr 13. nabm`ßg bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 14 ^maVr` OrdZ ]r_m oZJ_ Z{ oZOr ]r_m H$Â[oZ`m{ß g{ ‡oVÒ[Ym© h{Vw Bo S>`m \$ÒQ> bmB©\$ BßÌ`m{aßg Hß$.ob. 15. Aardm bmB©\$ g›g 16. 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Ama. S>r. E.) H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m& BgZ{ ]r_m gßX^© J´ßW OmJÈH$Vm h{Vw "]r_m ]{o_gmb' H{$ ]´m S> Zm_ H{$ Ao^`mZ Am°a C[^m{∫$m 1- hiwikipedia.org/wiki oejm H$r [hb ewÈ H$r h¢& ^maV gaH$ma Z{ ]r_m Ï`dgm` _{ß 26 ‡oVeV 2- en.wikipedia.org/lifeinsuranceco. 3. odÌZm{B©, S>m∞. Ama. H{$. : ]r_m Ï`dgm` H{$ og’m›V, Eg]r[rS>r [p„bH{$e›g, VH$ H$r odX{er ‡À`j oZd{e (E\$S>rAmB©) H$m{ ]∂T>mH$a gZ≤ 2013 _{ß 49 AmJam, 2012 ‡oVeV E\$S>rAmB© H$m ‡ÒVmd oH$`m h°& OrdZ ]r_m EH$ [{e{da g{dm h°& 4- Insurance Regulatary and development Authority. * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡`, gaXma dÎb^ ^mB© [Q>{b _hmod⁄mb`, _ S>b{Ìda, oObm IaJm°Z (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 99 _hmÀ_m JmßYr amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm (_Za{Jm) : J´m_rU am{OJma H$m EH$ ge∫$ AmYma S>m∞. 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VmobH$m H´$.1 H$mÒ_{oQ>∑g, oMoH$Àgm, oejm, ]°ßoHß$J, ]r_m, [nadhZ, [mZ-XwH$mZ, ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ _{ß H$[mg H$m CÀ[mXZ h{à g{byZ, \$b-g„Or H$r XwH$mZ, S≠>mBÏha, Q>mà Edß Am∞Q>m{ [mQ©>g, gm]wZ df©df©df© H$[mg H$m CÀ[mXZ (oπ$ßQ>b _{ß) C⁄m{J AmoX O°g{ AZ{H$mZ{H$ Ï`dgm` Edß C⁄m{J ‡^modV hwE h¢ oOgg{ 2001-02 25517 H$B© bm{Jm{ß H{$ am{OJma oN>Z J`{$& oOg g_` H$[mg C⁄m{J A[Z{ M_m}ÀH$f© [a Wm V] `{ g^r Ï`dgm` bm^mo›dV H$a o_bZ{ dmb{ am{OJma g{ AZ{H$ 2002-03 25641 bm{Jm{ß H$r OrodH$m[O©Z H$m gmYZ Wm, b{oH$Z `hmß∞ H{$ H$[mg AmYmnaV 2003-04 47398 C⁄o_Vm [bm`Z g{ `hmß∞ H{$ _OXya Xm{ OyZ H$r am{Q>r H$m{ _O]ya h¢$& 2004-05 51210 ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ _{ß oÒWV H$m∞Q>Z B S>ÒQ≠>rO Z{ X{e Am°a ‡X{e H$r 2005-06 56840 AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß AmoW©H$ gw—∂T>Vm ‡XmZ H$r h¢$& EH$ g_` O] oOoZßJ, 2006-07 62772 ‡ogßJ Am°a AmB©b o_bm{ H{$ IwbZ{ g{ J´m_rU Edß ZJar` j{Ã H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ 2007-08 78438 am{OJma H{$ Adga o_b{ b{oH$Z A] BZ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ ]›X hm{Z{ g{ CZH{$ g_j 2008-09 82390 am{Or-am{Q>r H$m gßH$Q> CÀ[fi hm{ J`m h¢$& `⁄o[ X{a g{ hr ghr _‹`‡X{e 2009-10 86270 gaH$ma Z{ Bg C⁄m{J H$m{ gßH$Q> g{ C^maZ{ H{$ ‡`mg AmaÂ^ H$a oXE h¢$& 2010-11 91633 ‡d{e ewÎH$ d _ S>r ewÎH$ _{ß na`m`V Xr Om JB© h¢$& Bgg{ `h C⁄m{J [wZ©ÒWmo[V hm{ gH{$Jm$& Ûm{V- oObm C⁄m{J H$m`m©b`, ]∂S>dmZr gßX^© J´ßW - oOb{ H{$ H$[mg C⁄m{J g{ lo_H$, Xbmb, _woZ_, Am∂T>oV`mß, AH$mCßQ{>Q>, 1. o_l, S>m∞. O`‡H$me : H•$of AW©emÒÃ, gmohÀ` ^dZ [p„bH{$e›g, AmJam, 2012 hÂ_mb, VwbmdQ>r, \$rQ>a, V{bdmbm, ]m`ba_{Z, AmoX [Xm{ß [a am{OJma 2. oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m, ]∂S>dmZr, 2011 ‡m· Ïò∫$ ‡^modV hwE h¢$& BZ_{ß bJ^J 80 ‡oVeV Ïò∫$ AZwgyoMV 3. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, H$m∞Q>Z BßS>>ÒQ≠>r EQ> E Ωbmßg, 2006 OmoV d OZOmoV [nadmam{ß H{$ h¢$& 4. lrdmÒVd, ‡{_ZmamÙ : [pÌM_ oZ_m∂S> oObm JO{oQ>à, oObm JO{oQ>à od^mJ, _. oOb{ g{ H$[mg C⁄m{J H{$ [bm`Z g{ ÒWmZr` oZH$m`m{ß H$r Am`, Q≠>mßg[m{Q©> ‡., ^m{[mb, 1971 5. odH$mg `mÃm, X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, 2006 Ï`dgm`, BßOroZ`naßJ d∑g© H{$ Ï`dgm`, H$›gQ≠>∑eZ Ï`dgm`, oH$gmZm{ß 6. oObm C⁄m{J H$m`m©b` [woÒVH$m, ]∂S>dmZr, 2011 [a, gaH$mar amOÒd _{ß H$_r [ew[mbZ Edß S{>àr Ï`dgm`, hm{Q>b Ï`dgm`, 7. H$m∞Q>Z ]´m{H$a lr am_Hw$_ma R>mHw$a g{ gmjmÀH$ma H$[∂S>m Ï`dgm`, Bb{∑Q≠>moZ∑g, OZab ÒQ>m{g©, ÒQ>{eZar, AZmO, oH$amUm, 8. _woZ_ lr Jm{[mb gm{Zr g{ gmjmÀH$ma$&

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 105 ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ H$r H$[mg C⁄m{J _{ß ^yo_H$m S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwflVm * ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ (gr. gr. AmB©.) H$r ÒWm[Zm 31 OwbmB© 1970 H$amZm VWm JwUdÀVm dmbr `mZ© H{$ CÀ[mXZ H{$ obE ]{hVa gßXyfU_w∫$ H$m{ H$Â[Zr AoYoZ`_ 1956 H{$ AYrZ [ßOrH•$V EH$ gaH$mar H$Â[Zr H{$ H$[mg ‡m· H$aZm& oOgg{ dÛ C⁄m{J A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$m gm_Zm Í$[ _{ß hwB©& ÒWm[Zm H{$ ‡maßo^H$ g_` _{ Bg{ dÛm{⁄m{J H{$ odo^fi H{$ KQ>H$m{ß H$a gH{$& H{$ ]rM H$[mg H{$ g_mZ gßodVaU H$m Xmo`Àd oX`m J`m VWm H$[mg H{$ ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ oZÂZoboIV Xm{ CX≤X{Ì`m{ß H$r ‡mo· h{Vw H$m`© Am`mV H{$ gabrH$aU H{$ obE EH$ gmYZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r oOÂ_{Xmar gm¢[r JB©& H$aVm h°:- H$[mg [na—Ì` _{ß [nadV©Z H{$ gmW oZJ_ H$r ^yo_H$m Am°a H$m`©H$bm[m{ß H$r 1. gmd©OoZH$ g{dm ¤mam H$[mg CÀ[mXZ oH$gmZm{ H$m{ ghm`Vm X{Zm& g_`-g_` [a g_rjm ^r H$r JB© VWm Cg_{ AmdÌ`H$ gßem{YZ ^r oH$E 2. oZJ_ H$r oÒWa ‡JoV H{$ obE dmoUo¡`H$ bm^ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aZm JE& dÛ _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam df© 1985 H{$ ZroV oZX}em{ß H{$ X{e H{$ g^r H$[mg CÀ[mXH$ am¡`m{ß _{ß ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ (gr. gr. AZwwgma O] H$^r H$[mg H{$ _yÎ` (grS> H$m∞Q>Z) g_W©Z ÒVa [a [hw∞MZ{ AmB©.) H{$ oH´$`m-H$bm[ [naMmobV hm{V{ h¢& oZJ_ H$m{ oZÂZ VrZ AßMbm{ß _ß{ bJ{ß, V] oZJ_ H$m{ ^maV gaH$ma H$r Zm{S>b EO{›gr H{$ Í$[ _{ß g_W©Z _yÎ` od^moOV oH$`m J`m h°:- [a H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ obE Zmo_V oH$`m J`m& (A.) CŒmar AßMb ([ßOm], CŒma‡X{e, amOÒWmZ) dÛ C⁄m{J ZroV H{$ AZwgma oZJ_ H$r odoZoX©ÓQ> ^yo_H$m Bg ‡H$ma (].) _‹` AßMb (JwOamV, _hmamÓQ≠>, _‹`‡X{e) oZYm©naV H$r JB© h°:- (g.) XojU AßMb (H$Zm©Q>H$, Vo_bZmSy>, AmßY´‡X{e) 1. O] H$^r H$[mg H{$ _yÎ` ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam Km{ofV g_W©Z _yÎ` VmobH$m H´$. 01 VH$ [hw∞MV{ h¢, V] o]Zm oH$gr _mÃmÀ_H$ gr_m H{$ g_W©Z _yÎ` H$m`© ^maV _{ß H$[mg [°Xmdma H$r oÒWoV (df© 2010-11) gßMmbZ H$aZm& State Area Production Yield 2. gr. gr. AmB©. H$r A[Zr Om{oI_ [a dmoUo¡`H$ IarX H$m`© H$aZm& Punjab 5.30 16.00 513 3. dMZ]’Vm H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$[mg IarXZm& Haryana 4.95 14.00 481 4. H$[mg ‡m°⁄m{oJH$ o_eZ H{$ o_Zr o_eZ H{$ obE H$m`m©›d`Z EO{›gr H{$ Í$[ _{ H$m`© H$aZm& Rajasthan 3.34 9.00 458 ^maV gaH$ma H$r Zm{S>b EO{›gr H{$ Í$[ _{ß, oZJ_ g_W©Z _yÎ` [a H$m`© North total 13.59 39.00 488 gßMmbZ h{Vw gX°d VÀ[a ahVm h°& O] H$^r H$[mg H{$ _yÎ` ›`yZV_ g_W©Z Gujrat 26.33 102.00 659 _yÎ` H{$ ÒVa VH$ [hw∞M OmVm h°, V] H$[mg H$r IarX ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` Maharashtraß 39.73 82.00 351 [a o]Zm oH$gr _mÃmÀ_H$ gr_m, H$[mg IarXr OmVr h¢& Bg ›`yZV_ g_W©Z Madhyapradesh 6.51 17.00 444 _yÎ` [a H$[mg oH$gmZ gr. gr. AmB©. H$m{ ]{M gH$V{ h° Am°a oZJ_ Bg Vah Central total 72.57 201.00 471 H$[mg H$r IarX V] VH$ Omar aIVm h°, O] VH$ oH$ H$[mg _yÎ` ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` [a Am OmE& Andhra Pradesh 17.76 53.00 507 H$[mg _yÎ`m|ß H{$ ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` ÒVa g{ D$[a ]Z{ ahZ{ H$r oÒWoV Karnataka 5.34 10.00 318 _{ß, oZJ_ am¡` j{Ã Am°a oZOr j{Ã H$r _rbm| H$m{ H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© H$aZ{ H{$ Tamil Nadu 1.30 5.00 654 obE A[Zr bmJV [a H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© H$aZ{ H{$ obE A[Zr bmJV [a South Total 24.40 68.00 474 H$[mg H$r dmoUo¡`H$ IarX H$m`© H$aVm h°& BZ g^r H$m`m} H$m _yb CX≤X{Ì` Orissa 0.75 2.00 453 EH$ Am{a H$[mg CÀ[mXH$mß{ H$m{ bm^ X{Zm VWm Xygar Am{a dÛ _rbm| H$m{ Other 0.30 2.00 1133 JwUdŒmm dmbr H$[mg C[b„Y H$amZm h°& Grand total 111.61 312.00 475 ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ obo_Q{>S>, ^maV gaH$ma H$m C[H´$_ h°& `h X{e _{ß H$[mg od[UZ _{ß H$m`©aV _wª` gßJR>Z h°& X{e H{$ g^r H$[mg CÀ[mXH$ Source:- Cottan Advisory Board, Mumbai am¡`m{ß _{ß H$[mg Am[H$m| H{$ [hb{ oXZ g{ _m°g_ H{$ A›V VH$ X{e H{$ 262 C∫$ VmobH$m _{ß H$[mg CÀ[mXH$ am¡` Edß CŒma, XojU Edß H{$›–r` _mH}$Q> `mS©>g _{ß AÀ`›V ‡oVÒ[Ym©À_H$ _yÎ`m|ß [a H$[mg C[O ]{MZ{ _{ß Pm{Z _{ß H$[mg CÀ[mXZ, j{Ã Edß C[O H$m „`m°am oX`m J`m h°& df© 2010- H$[mg CÀ[mXH$m{ß H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ od[UZ g_W©Z X{Zm hr oZJ_ H$m ‡_wI 11 H{$ g_ßH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{ h¢ oH$ VrZmß{ ÒVa [a _‹`‡X{e, JwOamV d _hmamÓQ≠> H$m`© h°& ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ H$m CX≤X{Ì` h° oH$ H$[mg CÀ[mXH$m{ß H$m{ am¡` g{ [rN{> h¢& CZH{$ C[O H$m _yÎ` Am°a CZH{$ ohV H$r ajm gwoZpÌMV hm{& g_W©Z _yÎ` [a gr. gr. AmB©. o[N>b{ VrZ XeH$mß{ g{ ^maVr` oH$gmZm{ß H{$ ohVm{ H$r ajm H$[mg H$r gÂ[yU© _mÃm IarXZm VmoH$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ _O]wV o]H´$r g{ ]Mm`m H$a ahm h°, VWm `h j{Ã _{ß g]g{ ]∂S>r H$Â[Zr h°& `h AoIb ^maVr` ÒVa Om gH{$& ^maVr` dÛ C⁄m{Jmß{ _{ß, CZH$r AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma H$[mg C[b„Y [a 300 g{ AoYH$ ‡MobV IarX H{$›–m{ß ¤mam X{e H{$ H$[mg CÀ[mXH$ * ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb` amOJ∂T>-„`mdam (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 106 oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ CZH$r C[O H$m _yÎ` ‡m· H$amZ{ H$m H$m`© H$a ahm h°& `h H$∂S>r gßÒWmJV j{Ã Edß oZOr j{Ã H{$ AYrZ _rbmß{ g{ A[{ojV _mßJ H{$ AZwÍ$[ ‡oVÒ[mYm©À_H$ eVm~ H{$ AmYma [a JwUdŒmm [yd©H$ H$[mg H$r Am[yoV©H$Vm© hm{Vr h¢& BZ gßMmbZm{ß H$m _wª` CX≤X{Ì` oZJ_ ¤mam g_W©Z _yÎ` H$m`m} H{$ H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mV{ hwE dÛ C⁄m{J H{$ obE H$m`© H$aVm h°& gr. gr. obE AZwaojV ›`yZV_ gßaMZm H$r dmof©H$ bmJV H$m{ [yam H$aZm hm{Vm h°& AmB©. ‡oVÒ[mYm©À_H$ Xam{ß [a dÛ C⁄m{J H$m{ H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© H$aVm h°& `hm∞ [wZ: gr. gr. AmB©. H{$ AoYH$mar ]mOma _{ß oZOr Ï`m[mar Am°a _rbm| H{$ `h H$[mg o]H´$r [a bm^ Zht H$_mVm h°& oZJ_ [maXoe©Vm[yd©H$ H$m`© gmW A›` IarXXmamß{ H$r ‡oVÒ[Ym© _{ß H$[mg CÀ[mXH$mß{ g{ H$[mg IarX H$aV{ hwE CXmaVm[yd©H$ Ï`dhma _{ß odÌdmg H$aVm h°& oZJ_ H{$ ¤mam H$[mg ‡oVÒ[Yr© _yÎ`mß{ H$m ^wJVmZ H$aV{ h¢& CÀ[mXH$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ CoMV _yÎ` VWm H$[mg IarXXmam{ß H$m{ o]H´$r [yd© H$[mg CÀ[mXH$m{ß H{$ bm^ H{$ obE, gr. gr. AmB©. ]mOma oÒWa hm{Z{ H$r VWm [ÌMmV≤ CÀH•$ÓQ> g{dm Xr OmVr h¢& oÒWoV _{ß ÀdnaV JoV g{ Am°a ]mOma _yÎ` D±$M{ hm{Z{ [a JoV Yr_r H$aH{$ ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã _{ß EH$ _wª` gßJR>Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß IarX H$aVm h°, VmoH$ AmdÌ`H$ oÒWaVm ]mOma _{ß bm`r Om gH{$ VWm AoYH•$V E. [r. E_.gr. `mS©>g _{ß H•$of CÀ[mX ]mOma go_oV ¤mam Am`m{oOV od⁄_mZ ]mOma _yÎ`mß{ H$m{ dmßoN>V oXem Xr Om gH{$& gr. gr. AmB©. ¤mam Iwbr Zrbm_r ¤mam H$[mg (grS>, H$m∞Q>Z) IarXZß{ _ß{ Ah_ ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm oX`{ J`{ _yÎ` Z H{$db g_W©Z _yÎ`m| g{ D±$M{ hm{V{ h¢, ]oÎH$ ]mOma _ß{ h°& gr. gr. AmB©. H{$ AoYH$mar BZ Zrbmo_`m| _{ß H$[mg Am[H$m| H{$ [hb{ od⁄_mZ _yÎ`mß{ H{$ g_j hm{V{ h¢& oXZ g{ AßoV_ AmdH$ dmb{ oXZ VH$ C[oÒWV ahV{ h¢& gr. gr. AmB©. ¤mam BgH{$ Abmdm H$[mg d{ g^r J´{S>g H{$ obE IarXr EH$ gmW H$r OmVr BZ ]mOmam{ß _{ß oZò_V H$[mg IarX g{ oH$gmZm{ß H$m{ CZH$r C[O H$r JwUdŒmm h¢, VmoH$ oH$gmZ A[Zr C[O o]Zm H$oR>ZmB© H{$ ]{M gHß${ VWm A[Zr C[O H{$ AZwÍ$[ _yÎ` ‡m· H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm X{V{ hwE ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$m dmVmdaU H$r JwUdŒmm H{$ AZwÍ$[ o]H´$r _yÎ` ‡m· H$a gH{$& `⁄o[ dmoUo¡`H$ H$m`© ]ZmVr h¢& H$[mg H$r gÂ[yU© _mÃm Iwbr Zrbm_r _ß{ VWm E. [r. E_. gr. gßMmbZ dmoUo¡`H$ bm^‡XVm H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE oH$`m OmVm h°& o\$a AoYH$mna`mß{ H{$ H$B© [`©d{jU H{$ AßVJ©V A›` Ï`m[mna`mß{ Am°a _rbm| H{$ ^r `h H$[mg _yÎ`m| H{$ oÒWarH$aU ¤mam H$[mg CÀ[mXH$mß{ H$m{ bm^ X{Vm h°& gmW ‡oVÒ[Ym© _{ß IarXr OmVr h¢& H$[mg H$r o]H´$r:- g_W©Z _yÎ`:- ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ ¤mam od[UZ H$m`© _wª`V: oZÂZ Xm{ CX≤X{Ì`mß{ ^maV gaH$ma ‡À`{H$ C[O df© H{$ obE H$[mg Xm{ oH$Ò_mß{ O{-34 H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE oH$`m OmVm h°:- (amOÒWmZ) Am°a EM-4 H{$ obE ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` (E_. Eg. [r.) 1. H$[mg CÀ[mXH$mß{ H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ od[UZ g_W©Z X{Zm& oZpÌMV H$aVr h¢& A›` oH$Ò_m{ß H{$ obE ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` Am`w∫$ 2. dÛ _rbm| H$m{ ode{fV: oZ`m©Vm{›_wI _rbm| H$r JwUdŒmm dmbr H$[mg H$m`m©b`, _wÂ]B© ¤mam JwUdŒmm AßVa VWm odo^fi oH$Ò_m{ß H{$ ]mOma AßVa H$r ]∂T>Vr AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m{ [yam H$aZm& [a oZ^©a H$aV{ hwE oZpÌMV oH$`{ OmV{ h¢ V] gr. gr. AmB©. ^maV gaH$ma dÛ _rbm| H$r JwUdŒmm dmbr H$[mg H$r ]∂T>Vr _mßJ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ H$r Zm{S>b EO{›gr H{$ Í$[ _{ß Vwa›V ]mOma _ß{ hÒVj{[ H$aVm h° Am°a o]Zm obE oH$Ò_dma Edß J´{S>dma H$[mg H$r IarX H$r OmVr h¢& Bg h{Vw gßgmYZ, oH$gr _mÃmÀ_H$ gr_m H{$ H$[mg ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` [a IarXVm h°& [¢oH$J, Z_yZm [najU Am°a Jm{Xm_mß{ _{ß H$[mg JmR>mß{ H{$ d°kmoZH$ ^ S>ma m odo^fi oH$Ò_mß{ H{$ ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ`, E\$. ∑`y. J´{S> H$[mg H{$ obE ¤mam EH$ S>rb H$r OmVr h¢& H$[mg _{ß gßXyfU H$r g_Ò`m H{$ gßgmYZ H$r ›`yZV_ JwUdŒmm _m[X S>, ÒQ{>[b b{ßS>W Am°a _m`H´$m{Z{à [a oZYm©naV Ï`dÒWm AmYwoZH$ oOoZßJ Am°a ‡{ogßJ \{$∑Q≠>na`m{ _{ß H$r OmVr h¢& BgH{${ H$aV{ hwE oZpÌMV oH$`{ OmV{ h¢& My±oH$ _mH{$ß©Q> `mS©> _{ß Am`r hwB© H$[mg H$r _wb Abmdm H$[mg JmR>m{ H$r A¿N>r JwUdŒmm H{$ J´{ ∑bmW H$m AoYH$V_≤ C[`m{J AmdH{$ oZYm©naV E\$. ∑`y. J´{S> H$r _m[X S>m{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ Zht hm{Vr h¢, oH$`m OmVm h°& Ohm∞ AmYwoZH$ \{$∑Q≠>r Zht h°, dhm∞ g^r ‡H$ma H{$ o_bmdQ>r BgobE oZJ_ E\$. ∑`y. J´{S> g{ ZrM{ H$r H$[mg ^r JwUdŒmm H{$ AZwÍ$[ VWm VÀdmß{ H$m{ oZH$mbZ{ H{$ obE AoVna∫$ _OXya bJm`{ OmV{ h¢& gß]ßoYV oH$Ò_ H{$ ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` X{Vß{ hwE IarXr H$aVm h°& BZ g^r H$m`m} H{$ odH´$` C›_yIr hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU J´mhH$-_rbm| H$r odoeÔ>> ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` oZJ_ ¤mam H$[mg H$r IarX _{ß X{e H{$ H$[mg _mßJ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$gr ^r odoeÔ>> J´{S> Am°a _mZXßS>mß{ H$r JwUdŒmm CÀ[mXH$ oH$gmZmß{ H$m{ CZH$r C[O H{$ oZpÌMV _yÎ` VWm g_` [a ^wJVmZ dmbr H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© H$r Om gH$Vr h¢& JwUdŒmm _{ CÉ _mZX S> ]ZmE gwoZpÌMV H$aV{ hwE, ]∂S{> ÒVa [a bm^ [hw∞MVm h° VWm H$[mg [°Xmdma _{ß aIZ{ H$r A[Zr ‡oVÓR>m H{$ obE oZJ_ Z{ JV dfm} g{ o]H´$r g{ [hb{ Am°a CZH$r Í$oM ]ZmE aIZ{ _{ß ^r ghm`Vm Xr h¢& d°ÌdrH$aU H$r ‡oH$`m H{$ ]mX H$r g{dmE± X{Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW H$[mg H$r ]∂S>r _mÃm H$r Am[yoV© H$aZ{ H{$ AmaÂ^ H{$ [hb{ df© 1990 H{$ XeH$ H{$ A›V VH$, X{e _{ß ›`yZV_ g_W©Z obE JwUdÀVm dmbr H$[mg H$r ‡oVÓR>m ‡m· H$r h¢& _yÎ` H{$ Adga ]hwV hr odab W{, ∑`mß{oH$ X{er H$[mg H$m _yÎ` gm_m›`V: X{e _{ H$B© ‡oVoÓR>V J´w[m{ß Z{, oOZ_ß{ oZ`m©Vm{›_wI B©H$mB©`m± emo_b h°, A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _yÎ`m| [a oZ^©a Wm& d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ H$[mg H{$ X{er gr. gr. AmB©. H$r H$[mg _ß{ Í$oM oXImB© JB© Am°a BgH{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ oZOr _yÎ`m|ß H{$ A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` _yÎ`m|ß H{$ g_j ]Z{ ahZß{ H{$ H$maU H$[mg _yÎ`m|ß H{$ j{Ã _{ß _rbm| _{ß X{er o]H´$r _{ß H$m\$r d•o’ hwB© h¢& _m°g_ (grOZ) H{$ Xm°amZ ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` ÒVa VH$ [hw∞MZ{ H{$ Adga ]∂T> J`{ h¢& Q>Z©Am{da _{ß d•o’ bmZ{ H{$ obE oZJ_ BZ Vœ`m{ß [a ]b X{V{ hwE ]hwV AmH´$m_H$ doUo¡`H$ H$m`©:- odH´$` ZroV A[ZmVm h°& Om{ Bg ‡H$ma g{ h°:- ›`yZV_ g_W©Z _yÎ` H$m`© H{$ A^md _ß{ gr. gr. AmB©. X{er ]mOma _{ß 1. H$[mg od[UZ _{ß [yU©V: gj_ oZJ_ H{$ dnaÓR> AoYH$mar g^r J´mhH$mß{ _rbm| H$m{ H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© H{$ obE H{$db A[Zr Om{oI_ [a bm^‡X g{ C[O gß^dZm, A[{ojV CÀ[mXZ, AmdH$ [°Q>Z©, JwUdŒmm _mZX S>, dmoUo¡`H$ H$m`© gßMmbZ H$aVm h°& dmoUo¡`H$ H$m`© gßMmbZ H{$ AYrZ _yÎ` ‡d•oV H{$ gmW-gmW AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` H$[mg [na—Ì` [a oZò_V Í$[ g{ H$[mg H$r IarX AoYH•$V _mH}$Q> `mS©>g _{ß E. [r. E_. gr. ¤mam Am`m{oOV odMma-odoZ_` H$aV{ ahV{ h¢ VmoH$ d{ VÀH$mb AmdÌ`H$Vm h{Vw Edß Zrbm_r _{ß hm{Vr h¢& `{ dmoUo¡`H$ H$m`© gßMmbZ _ybV: _mßßJ-[Ã VWm VÀH$mbrZ AdoY H{$ obE H$[mg IarXZ{ H$m A[Zm H$m`©H´$_ ]Zm gH{$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 107

2. g^r oH$Ò_m{ß/J´{S> _{ß C[b]Y H$[mg H$r g_mZ o]H´$r H{$ obE ‡ÒVmd goÂ_obV h°, Om{ oZò_V J´mhH$ _rbm| H$m{ _yÎ` H$r 05 ‡oVeV oH$`m OmVm h° VWm ""X°oZH$ o]H´$r H$m{Q>g'' Om{ gr. gr. AmB©. H{$ d{]gmB©S> AoVna∫$ amoe [a Xr OmVr h¢& http://www.Cotcrop.gov.in [a C[b„Y h°, oXIm`m OmVm h°& 6. H$[mg [na—Ì` H{$ g^r [jm{ß [a odMma-odoZ_` H{$ obE VWm oZJ_ 3. H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© Q>mB©[ Z_yZm AmYma/dmÒVodH$ Z_yZm AmYma/ H$r Am[yoV© Edß g{dmAm{ß [a odMma-od_e©© H{$ obE _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZmß{ oH$Ò_mß{ H{$ odoeÔ>> J´{S> H{$ AmYma [a H$r OmVr h¢, oOgg{ C›h| `mZ© [a oZò_V AßVamb [a IarXXma ]°R>H$ Am`m{oOV H$r OmVr h¢& H$mCQ>g H{$ obE C[`w∫$ H$[mg H$r oH$Ò_{ß MwZZ{ H$r gwodYm hm{ gH{$& Bgg{ o_bZ{ dmb{ \$rS>-]{H$ H$m C[`m{J JwUdŒmm _mZX›S>mß{, g{dmAmß{ IarXmamß{ g{ ‡m· ‡ÒVmd [a CÉ ÒVa H$r go_oV ¤mam odMma oH$`m Am°a ‡oVÒ[Ym© H$m{ [wZ: oZpÌMV H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°& OmVm h°& dÛ⁄m{J H$r [nadoV©V AmdÌ`H$Vm H{$ AZwHw$b EH$ o]H´$r ZroV A[ZmV{ 4. H$[mg H$r gßodamJV _mÃm H{$ AZw_m{XZ H$r [woÓQ> H{$ [hb{ Ò[m∞Q> [a hwE gr. gr. AmB©. X{e _{ß oZ_m©Vm›_wI B©H$mB`mß{ H$ gmW AÀ`›V ‡oVoÓR>V IarXXma H$m{ ‡ÒVmodV JwUdŒmm H{$ bmQ> H$m oZarjU H$aZm& dÛm{⁄m{J g_yhm{ß H$r JwUdŒmm dmbr H$[mg H$r Am[yoV© H$aV{ hwE Z{V•Àd H$r 5. g^r ‡H$ma H$r o]H´$r gßodamJV _mÃm H{$ 05 ‡oVeV _yÎ` H$r gm_m›` ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahm h°& X{er H$[mg H{$ j{Ã _{ß gr. gr. AmB©. H$[mg Am°a CgH$r O_m amoe H{$ AmYma [a H$r OmVr h°, oOgg{ _rbm| H$m{ A[Zr H$m`©erb g{dmE± EH$ ]´m S> Zm_ h° VWm BgH$r H$[mg IarX H$r 90 ‡oVeV g{ [y∞Or H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAmß{ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$[mg IarXZ{ H$m AoYH$ I[V oZOr j{Ã H$m{ _rbm| ¤mam hm{Vr h¢& H$m`©H´$_ ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm o_bVr h¢& gßX^© J´ßW AJÚr AdoY _{ß H$Q>m°Vr H$aZ{ VWm e{Î\$ g{ H$[mg H$r gw[wX©oJ`m{ß 1. ^maVr` H$[mg oZJ_ obo_Q{>S>, (gr. gr. AmB©.), Zdr _wÂ]B© H$r gwodYm X{Z{ H{$ obE _rb Jm{Xm_ _{ H$[mg JmßR>m{ H{$ ^ S>maU 2. dÛ _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma 3. http://www.Cotcrop.gov.in H{$ Í$[ _{ EH$ AZw[_ gwodYm (Jm{Xm_ ^ S>maU gwodYm) ^r 4. http://texmin.nic.in/

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* od^mJm‹`j-dmoU¡`, emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, AßO∂S>, oObm-]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 109

H$m{ ]{hVa oXem Edß Xem X{Z{ h{Vw gßgX Z{ 1990 _{ß ""_ohbmAm{ß H{$ amÓQ≠>r` Am`-CÀ[mXH$ JoVodoY`m{ß H$m{ ‡maß^ H$aZm emo_b hm{Vm h°& H$_reZ AoYoZ`_'' [mnaV oH$`m, Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m{ amÓQ≠>[oV H$r gÂ_oV 4. flnadma H{$ gXÒ` Zmna`m{ß H$m{ ¡`mXm gÂ_mZ X{V{ h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ d{ F$Um{ß H$r 30 AJÒV 1990 H$m{ ‡m· hwB© Wr& AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ VhV≤ OZdar Ï`dÒWm H$a gH$Vr h¢ Om{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ Ona`{ A[{jmH•$V 1992 _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE amÓQ≠>r` Am`m{J H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& gÒV{ [∂S>V{ h¢& ^maVr` Zmna`m± amÓQ≠>-g_mO H{$ odH$mg H$r oXem Edß Xem oZYm©aU _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO Am°a Zmar gep∑VH$aU:- Ah_≤ ^yo_H$m oZ^mVr h¢, B›ht H{$ OrdZ-]{hVar _{ß amÓQ≠> H$r Va∏$r gwoZpÌMV gßodYmZ H{$ 73d{ß gßem{YZ H{$ ¤mam [ßMm`Vm{ß _{ß Zmna`m{ß H{$ obE AmajU h°& AÒVw amÓQ≠> H{$ H$U©Ymam{ß H$m{ AmXe© Ïò∫$Àd JwUm{ß g{ [wÓQ> H$aZ{ dmbr H$r Ï`dÒWm Z{ Bg g]H$m{ ]Xb oX`m& Zmna`m{ß H{$ obE AmajU H$r ZroV H{$ Zmna`m{ß H{$ ‡oV gh`m{Jr Edß VmXÀÂ`[aH$ _mZ aIV{ hwE C›h{ß odH$mg H$r Am°oMÀ` H$r [woÓQ> odo^fi A‹``Zm{ß g{ hm{ MwH$m h° Am°a `h [naUm_ oZH$bm Xm°∂S> _{ß ]am]ar H$m hH$ X{Zm, CZH$m gÂ_mZ H$aZm [wÈf g_mO H$m [a_ h° oH$ Zmna`m{ß Z{ AgmYmaU È[ g{ A¿N>m H$m_ oH$`m h°& Zmna`m{ß H$r A‹`jVm H$V©Ï` h°& Zmna`m{ß _{ß AoYH$mam{ß Edß H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m Ad]m{YZ ^r dV©_mZ H$r dmbr H$B© [ßMm`Vm{ß _{ß Zmna`m{ß H$r ^mJrXmar Am°a Z{V•Àd H$m Z H{$db O_rZr g]g{ ]∂S>r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, oOgg{ d{ gßd°YmoZH$ Edß odoYH$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m ‡emgZ [a Aga [∂S>m h°, ]oÎH$ Kam{ß g{ ]mha eo∫$ Am°a oOÂ_{Xmna`mß gÂ`H$≤ È[ g{ C[^m{J H$a gH{$ß& gÂ^mb [mZ{ H$r Ag_W©Vm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß H$B© ^´mßoV`mß Xya hm{ JB© h¢&7 Zmar CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m{ am{H$Z{ VWm C›h{ß ÒdÒW _Zm{emarnaH$, gm_moOH$, AmYwoZH$ ^maV _{ß Zmar CÀ[r∂S>Z Am°a gep∑VH$aU H{$ obE amOZ°oVH$, AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m Adga gwb^ H$amZ{ H{$ gßX^© _ohbmAm{ß H{$ amÓQ≠>r` AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U _{ß [nadV©Z H{$ gmW-gmW _mZogH$ ]Xbmd Am`m{J H$r Ï`dÒWm oZpÌMV È[ g{ EH$ gamhZr` H$X_ h°&666 ^r AmdÌ`H$ h°& X{e H{$ ZJar` j{Ãm{ß H$r Zmna`m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß J´m_r m j{Ãm{ß AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU:- _{ß Zmar OmJÈH$Vm H$m oZVmßV A^md h°& AV: AmdÌ`H$Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß g{ Zmna`m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma hwAm h°& `h Zmar gep∑VH$aU h{Vw OZ-OmJaU Ao^`mZ MbmH$a oOg_{ß Zmar oejm, ghm`Vm g_yh Zmna`m{ß H$m{ Wm{∂S>m-Wm{∂S>m [°gm ]MmZ{ `m{Ω` ]ZmVm h°& Bg ÒdmÒW, Òdmdbß]Z AmoX _w‘m{ß [a ode{f È[ g{ ‹`mZ oX`m OmE& ]MV amoe H$m ‡`m{J EH$-Xyga{ H$m{ F$U X{Z{ H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h°& oOgH{$ g›X^© J´ßW oZÂZoboIV bm^ hm{V{ h¢:- 1. aÒVm{Jr, S>m∞. AbH$m : AmoXdmgr gm_moOH$ gßaMZm Edß _ohbmAm{ß H$r ‡oÒWoV, 1. Zmna`m± AÎ[ YZ amoe H$r ]MV H$a gH$Vr h¢ Om{ g_yh _{ß gwaojV oh_mßew [p„bH{$eZ, CX`[wa ahVr h¢& Ka _{ß OÈaV [∂S>Z{ [a d{ BgH$m BÒV{_mb H$a gH$Vr h¢& Zmna`m± 2. Om°har, S>m∞. aMZm, Jw·m, S>m∞. gw^mf M›– : _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z, AOw©Z [p„bqeJ hmD$g, ZB© oXÎbr, 2009 [wÈfm{ß Am°a ]Ém{ß g{ [°g{ Nw>[m H{$ aIVr h¢, VmoH$ C›h{ß Bg amoe H$m [Vm 3. Ahm!oOßXJr, dmof©H$ ode{fmßH$-2012, X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a, O`[wa Z Mb{ß& hmbmßoH$ d{ Am[mVH$mb H{$ obE hr [°gm ]MmZm MmhVr h¢& 4. Hw$Èj{Ã : J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr, _mM©, 2007 2. g_yh gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ oX`{ OmZ{ dmb{ F$U [a „`mO ob`m OmVm h° Am°a 5. [m S{>`, O`m : gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma Am°a _ohbm gep∑VH$aU, am{eZr [p„bH{$eßg, Bgg{ Zmna`m{ß H$m{ „`mO g{ bm^ hm{Z{ H$r gß^mdZm ahVr h¢& H$mZ[wa, 2012 3. Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß _{ß Zmna`m± A[Zr Am` H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ dmb{ VarH$m{ß [a 6. Hw$Èj{Ã : J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr, _mM©, 2007 7. [m S{>`, O`m : gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma Am°a _ohbm gep∑VH$aU, am{eZr [p„bH{$eßg, MMm© H$aVr h¢& MMm© _{ß ‡m`: A[Z{ dV©_mZ Ï`dgm` _{ß gwYma Am°a ZB© H$mZ[wa, 2012

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 110 gmd©OoZH$ C[H´$_ - H$b AmO Am°a H$b S>m∞. oXZ{e Hw$_ma Mm°Yar * odÌd Ï`m[rH$aU H{$ Xm°a _{ß gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm [a bJmVma OmZm Wm VmoH$ j{Ãr` AgßVwbZ Edß dJr©` AßVod©am{Y AoYH$ VrIm Z hm{& ‡ÌZ CR>mE Om ah{ h¢ E{g{ ode{fkm{ß H$r H$_r Zht h¢ Om{ Bg H$dm`X g{ gh_V BgH{$ ob`{ ^mar C⁄m{JrH$aU H$m bm^ ^maV H{$ ha j{Ã H$m{ Edß ^maV H{$ ha hm{ß, CZH{$ ob`{ ‡ÌZ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H{$ A‡mgßoJH$ hm{Z{ H$m Zht h° ]oÎH$ dJ© H$m{ o_b{ `h AmdÌ`H$ Wm& Bg H$maU ^r AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m d{ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r ]XbVr ^yo_H$m H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$a AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß _{ß gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$m{ g]g{ _hÀd[yU© oOÂ_{Xmar ‡XmZ H$r JB©& BgH{$ `m{JXmZ H$m{ gH$mamÀ_H$ AmYma X{Zm MmhV{ h¢& Bg gßdmX H$m{ AoYH$ ‡mMrZ odH$mg _m∞S>b :- gZ≤ 1947 g{ 1964 gmW©H$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ g]g{ [hb{ h_{ß Cg E{oVhmogH$ [•ÓR>^yo_ H$m{ X{IZm BZ ]m‹`VmAm{ß H{$ _‘{ZOa VWm A[Z{ d°MmnaH$ PwH$md g{ ^r ‡^modV hm{Jm oOgH{$ gm[{j amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U H$r ‡oH´$`m _{ß gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r ^yo_H$m hm{H$a [ß. 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Am` Am°a gß[oŒm H{$ [wZod©VaU H$m{ ]∂T>mdm Am°a am{OJma H{$ Adga oZYm©naV oH$`m Wm& `h X{IZm ^r _hÀd[yU© hm{Jm oH$ AJa EH$ ]ma [°Xm H$aZm & gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r ^yo_H$m H$m{ gro_V H$a ZB© AmoW©H$ ZroV H{$ VhV 4. bKw Am°a ghm`H$ C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ odH$mg _{ß _XX Am°a oZOrH$aU H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H$m \°$gbm H$a hr ob`m J`m Vm{ o\$a am¡` H$r 5. odX{er _w–m H$m gßßM`Z & Bg ZB© aUZroV H{$ [naUm_ oH$g Í$[ _{ß gm_Z{ Am ah{ h¢? `h ^r _hÀd[yU© _w‘{ Am°a ‡mWo_H$VmE± :- h¢ oH$ ZB© AmoW©H$ ZroV H{$ Bg [nad{e _{ß ^r gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H{$ `m{JXmZ AmB[rAma _{ß `h V` oH$`m J`m Wm oH$ gmd©OoZH$ C[H´$_ amÓQ≠> H{$ H$m ghr _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m Om`{& Bg ‡`mg H{$ ]mX hr oZOrH$aU H$r oXem AmoW©H$ Edß Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg H$m{ EH$ ZB© oXem X{ßJ{ oOgH{$ VhV OÍ$ar Am°a Cg_{ß odoZd{e H{$ _w‘{ H$m{ g_PZ{ H$r M{ÓQ>m hm{& d°pÌdH$ ÒVa [a hm{ ah{ ]woZ`mXr Tß>mM{ H$m{ I∂S>m oH$`m Om`{Jm VmoH$ BgH$m bm^ CR>mH$a gmd©OoZH$ ]Xbmd Am°a A[Zr OÍ$aVm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ odZ{d{e AmdÌ`H$ hr j{Ã ^r oZOr j{Ã H{$ gmW hr ^maV H{$ XrK©H$mobH$ odH$mg H$m{ gwoZpÌMV _mZ ob`m Om`{ Vm{ `h ^r X{IZm hm{Jm oH$ odoZd{e oH$Z gmd©OoZH$ H$a gH{$& Bg ‡oH´$`m _{ß Am` H$m [wZod©VaU, am{OJma g•OZ Am°a j{Ãr` C[H´$_m{ß{ H$m oH$`m Om`{ ? 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BZ g] ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ oZYm©aU H$m AoYH$ma Am_ bm{Jm{ß H{$ hmWm{ß _{ß hm{& gm[{j hr gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm [a [wZod©Mma hm{ß& gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$m AmJm∂O :- gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã Am°a oZOr j{Ã :- 1951 _{ß O] [hbr [ßMdfr©` `m{OZm ewÍ$ hwB© Cg g_` gmd©OoZH$ ^maV H{$ ZdoZ_m©U H{$ ob`{ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ Xm{ ^mJm{ß _{ß ]mQ>m J`m - j{Ã _{ß{ H{$db 5 BH$mB`mß Wt oOZ_{ß 29 H$am{∂S> Í$. odoZ`m{oOV W{& 1961 H{$ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã Am°a oZOr j{Ã& _wª` Í$[ g{ Bg od^mOZ H$m AmYma ]mX gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã _{ß ]hwV V{Or g{ odÒVma hwAm & 31 _mM© 2002 VH$ amÓQ≠>dmXr Z{VmAm{ß H$r A[Zr d°MmnaH$ [•ÓR>^yo_, VÀH$mbrZ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` Hw$b 240 C[H´$_m{ß (gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã) _{ß 3,24,614 H$am{∂S> Í$. oZd{oeV ‡d•oŒm`mß Edß ^maV H$r AmoW©H$ ]m‹`VmE± Wr& `h Vm{ Ò[ÓQ> hr h° oH$ amÓQ≠>dmXr ah{& BZ C⁄_m{ß _{ß oZd{e H$r Am°gVZ d•o’ Xa 1960-61 g{ 1995-96 H{$ Z{VmAm{ß _{ß EH$ ]∂S>m JwQ> (Z{hÍ$ gohV) g_mOdmXr odMmaYmam g{ ‡^modV ]rM 16.5 ‡oVeV ahr& Bg Xm°a _{ß gßJoR>V j{Ã H$m 70 \$rgXr am{OJma Wm& g_mOdmXr AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß AmYwoZH$rH$aU Mmh{ dh VÀH$mbrZ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã _{ß Wm& 31 _mM© 2003 VH$ bJ^J 187 bmI bm{Jm{ß H$m{ gm{od`V gßK H$m _m_bm hm{ `m MrZ H$m, gmd©OoZH$ C[H´$_m{ß H{$ Hß$Ym{ß [a am{OJma o_bm Am°a gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã Z{ gm_moOH$ H$m`m} [a 3,147 H$am{∂S> oH$`m J`m Wm& Xyga{, ZdoZ_m©U H{$ ob`{ C⁄V ^maV _{ß [ßyOr H$r C[b„YVm Í$. 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Wm Om{ 2003- 04 VH$ ]∂T>H$a 21,517 H$am{∂S> Í$. hm{ J`m& Bg KmQ{> H$m _wª` H$maU `h Wm oH$ o]Obr C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$r Xa 240 [°g{ ‡oV BH$mB© Wr O]oH$ BgH$r ‡oV BH$mB© CÀ[mXZ Edß odVaU bmJV 350 [°g{ Wr& Bgr ‡H$ma, 1997-98 _{ß am¡` g∂S>H$ [nadhZ C⁄_m{ß H$m Hw$b KmQ>m 1,282 H$am{∂S> Í$. Wm ^mar KmQ{> H{$ H$maU _.‡.am¡` g∂S>H$ [nadhZ oZJ_ ]›X hm{ J`m& bm^ _{ß erf© C[H´$_ (H$am{∂S> Í$.) KmQ{> _{ß erf© C[H´$_ (H$am{∂S> Í$.) 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C⁄o_Vm H$m odH$mg AmO ‡À`{H$ amÔ≠>≠> H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Edß CŒmaXmo`Àd Edß bKw C⁄m{Jm| H{$ odH$mg, _mJ©Xe©Z Edß ‡oejU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmbr ]Z J`m h°& odH$mgerb X{em| H$r H$B© _hÀd[yU© g_Ò`mAm{ß O°g{ :- Bg erf© gßÒWm H$r ÒWm[Zm 6 OwbmB© 1983 H$m{ ^maV gaH$ma H{$ ]{am{OJmar, AgVwßobV j°Ãr` odH$mg, AmoW©H$ gŒmm H$m H{$›–r`H$aU, C⁄m{J _ßÃmb` ¤mam oZÂZ C‘{Ì`m| H{$ ob`{ H$r JB© Wr& ›`yZ CÀ[mXH$Vm, odoZ`m{OZ AmoX H$m oZdmaU C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg 1 odo^fi EO{ßog`m{ß H{$ H$m`©H´$_ _{ß g_›d` ÒWmo[V H$aZm VWm H$m`©H´$_m| H{$ ¤mam hr oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° BgrobE AmO ‡À`{H$ X{e H$r CZH$r oH´$`mAm{ß H$m oZarjU H$aZm & gaH$ma C⁄o_`m| H{$ odH$mg [a gdm©oYH$ ‹`mZ X{ ahr h°& oOgH{$ obE AZ{{H$ 2 C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE AZwgßßYmZ H$aZm & `m{OZmEß Edß H$m`©H´$_ CgH{$ ¤mam gßMmobV oH$`{ Om ah{ h°& gmW hr C⁄o_`m|ß 3 AmXe© C⁄o_Vm [mR>ÁH´$_ V°`ma H$aZm Edß [arjmE± Am`m{oOV H$m{ ‡{aUmE± Edß gwodYmE± ^r ‡XmZ oH$`{ Om ahr h°& H$aZm & C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg _{ß gm_moOH$ Edß Ïò∫$JV KQ>H$m| H$m ^r JhZ 4 ‡oejU b{Z{ dmbm{ß Am°a bKw gmhog`m{ß H{$ obE ‡oejU [mR>ÁH´$_ ‡^md hm{Vm h°& òX Ïò∫$ _yb Í$[ g{ H$Î[Zmerb, g•OZmÀ_H$, XyaXer©, MbmZm & [nal_r, Òd‡{naV, b˙` ‡d•V, Adga Im{Or, gH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{ m dmb{ 5 bKw C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ obE gÂ_{bZ Am°a odMma-Jm{oÓR>`m{ß Am`m{oOV Zht h° Vm{ _mÃ gwodYmE{ß Edß AZwXmZ X{Z{ g{ hr C⁄o_Vm H$m g_woMV odH$mg H$aZm & gß^d Zht hm{Vm h°& 6 C⁄o_Vm Edß bKw Ï`dgm` H{$ odH$mg _{ß gßbæ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ Bgr ‡H$ma C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg _{ß gm_moOH$ [aÂ[amAm{ß, _yÎ`m{ß d _mJ©Xe©Z ‡XmZ H$aZm & og¤m›Vm{ß H$m ^r AÀòYH$ _hÀd hm{Vm h° AV: Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ C⁄o_Vm H{$ 3.3.3. bKw C⁄m{J g{dm gßÒWmZ - bKw C⁄m{J g{dm gßÒWmZ 1956 _{ß g_woMV odH$mg H{$ obE odo^fi gwodYmAm{ß Am°a ‡{aUmAm{ß H$m odH$mg ^r ÒWmo[V hwAm& ‡À`{H$ am¡` Am°a ZB© oXÎbr _{ß EH$-EH$ bKw g{dm AmdÌ`H$ h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ gmhogH$ dmVmdaU Edß T>m±M{ H$m ^r C⁄o_Vm gßÒWmZ H$m`©aV h°& BZ gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ odÒVma g{dm H{$ odH$mg [a Jham ‡^md [S>Vm h°& H$m gßMmbZ hm{ ahm h°& C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H$m Ame` :- C⁄o_Vm Edß odH$mg 4.4.4. amÔ≠>r` C⁄o_Vm odH$mg ]m{S©> - `h ]m{S©> X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$ oOgH$m emo„XH$ AW© h°- C⁄o_Vm H$r d•oV H$m CŒmam{Va odH$mg& AV: obE EH$ erf© gßÒWm h°& `h ]m{S©> C⁄o_Vm ‡oejU H{$ obE C[`w∫$ C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m| g{ Ame` CZ g^r Ïò∫$JV Edß gm_yohH$, gwodYmE{ß Edß ‡m{ÀgmhZ H$r ^r og\$mnae H$aVm h°& oZOr j{Ã H{$ `m gaH$mar ‡`mgm| g{ h°& oOgH{$ ¤mam oH$gr Ïò∫$ _ß{ C⁄o_Vm 5.5.5. ^maVr` [°H{$oOßJ gßÒWmZ - bKw C⁄m{J H$m{ [°H{$oOßJ H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$r d•oV H$m odH$mg oH$`m OmVm h°& gh`m{J ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ CXX{Ì` g{ ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam ^maVr` Ïò∫$ H{$ _Z _{ß X•∂T> oZÌM` CÀ[›Z H$a Cg{ C⁄o_Vm H$m _mJ© A[ZmZ{ [°H{$oOßJ gßÒWmZ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& H{$ obE ‡{naV oH$`m OmVm h°, CgH$r AmVßnaH$ eo∫$`m{ß H$m odH$mg oH$`m 6.6.6. amÔ≠>r` [arjU J•h - bKw C⁄m{J _{ß C[`m{Jr H$É{ß _mb, V°`ma OmVm h° VmoH$ dh g\$b C⁄_r ]Z gH{$& Cg{ nejU Am°a ‡oejU ‡XmZ _mb, agm`Z AmoX H$r JwUdŒmm H$r Omß±M H{$ obE H{$›–r` gaH$ma H$a CgH$r j_VmAm{ß H$m [na_moO©V oH$`m OmVm h°, VWm Cg{ ]m°o¤H$, ¤mam amÔ≠>r` [arjU J•h H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB©& `h [arjU J•h VH$ZrH$r Edß d°MmnaH$ j_VmAm{ g{ `w∫$ Edß gÂ[Z ]Zm`m OmVm h°& Abr[wa Edß H$m{bH$mVm _{ß ÒWmo[V h°& C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ ‡_wI gßÒWmZ :- 7.7.7. C⁄m{J oZX{emb` - ^maVr` gßodYmZ H{$ A›VJ©V bKw C⁄m{Jm| H{$ ^maV _{ C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$ obE gVV ‡`mg oH$`{ Om ah{ h°& BgH{$ obE odH$mg d oZ`ßÃU H$m H$m`© am¡`m{ß H$m{ gm¢[m J`m h°& Bg H$m`© H$m{ [yU© C⁄o_`m| H$m{ AmdÌ`H$ gwodYmE{ß ‡m· H$a C›h| ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$aZ{ H{$ obE am¡` gaH$mam{ß H{$ ¤mam C⁄m{J oZX{emb` H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om ahr h°& Am°a C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw gßMmobV gÒßWmZ oZÂZoboIV H$r JB© h°& ‡H$ma Ò[ÓQ> h°& 8.8.8. bKw C⁄m{J odH$mg gßJR>Z - bKw C⁄m{Jm| H$m{ VH$ZrH$r, od[UZ, 1.1.1. ^^^maVr` C⁄o_Vm odH$mg gßÒWmZ, Ah_Xm]mX - Bg gßÒWmZ gßMmbZ Edß odŒmr` ‡]›Y gß]ßYr gbmh, ‡oejU Edß ghm`Vm H$r ÒWm[Zm EH$ Òdm`V gßÒWm H{$ Í$[ _{ß 1983 _{ß JwOamV C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ CXX≤{Ì` g{ H{$›– gaH$ma Z{ 1954 _{ß bKw C⁄m{J gaH$ma Am°a ^maVr` Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg ]¢H$, Am°⁄m{oJH$ gmI odH$mg gßÒWmZ H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Wr& Edß odoZ`m{J oZJ_, Am°⁄m{oJH$ odŒm oZJ_ Am°a ^maVr` ÒQ°>Q> 9.9.9. amÔ≠>r` bKw C⁄m{J odÒVma ‡oejU gßÒWmZ - BgH$r ÒWm[Zm ]¢H$ H{$ gh`m{J g{ hwB© Wr 1960 _{ß H$r JB© Wr& BgH$m _wª` H$m`© bKw C⁄_r`m{ß H$m{ ‡oejU X{Z{ 2.2.2. amÔ≠>r` C⁄o_Vm Edß bKw Ï`dgm` odH$mg gßÒWmZ - C⁄o_Vm H{$ obE [mR>ÁH´$_ MbmZm h°& `h gßÒWmZ bKw C⁄o_`m{ß Edß H$m_Jmam{ß

* AoVoW od¤mZ (dmoU¡` od^mJ) emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡` od^mJ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` Wm›Xbm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 113

H{$ obE g{o_Zma ^r Am`m{oOV H$aVm h°& [j[mV, odbÂ], oZ`_m{ß H$m{ [H$∂S>H$a ]°R>Zm AmoX ]wamB©`m _m°OyX h°& 10. amÔ≠>r` bKw C⁄m{J oZJ_ - BgH$r ÒWm[Zm H{$›– gaH$ma ¤mam B›ht H$maUm{ß g{ C⁄o_`mß{ H$m{ [na`m{OZm ‡oVd{XZ H{$ AZw_m{XZ, F$U 1955 _{ß H$r JB© Wr& oZJ_ A[Z{ od[UZ ghm`Vm H$m`©H´$_ H{$ d A›` gwodYmAm{ß H$r ‡mo· AmoX H$m`m} _{ß AZ{H$ H$oR>ZmB`m{ß H$m AßVJ©V bKw C⁄m{Jm| H{$ CÀ[mXm{ß H{$ obE Ï`m[H$ ]mOma H$r Ï`dÒWm gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& H$aVm h°& `h ]mOmam{ H$r Imß{O H$aVm h°& 3.3.3. bm{Jm{ _{ß C⁄o_Vm _Zm{d•oV H$m A^md - Om{ `wdH$ C⁄o_Vm odH$mg C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m| H$m _hÀd :- H$m`©H´$_m| H$r Am{a AmH$of©V hm{V{ h°& CZ_{ß C[`w∫$ Ï`mdgmo`H$ Í$oM, h_ma{ X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ _hÀd H$m{ oZÂZoboIV ‡H$ma VH$ZrH$r `m{Ω`Vm, Om{oI_ CR>mZ{ H$r j_Vm, C⁄_r ^mdZm AmoX Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H$m A^md hm{Vm h°& Bgr H$maU X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm H$m dmßoN>V 1.1.1. Am°⁄m{oJH$aU H$r JoV _{ß Vrd´Vm - BgH{$ H$maU X{e _{ß odH$mg Zht hm{ [m`m h°& Am°⁄m{oJH$aU H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ V°`ma hm{Z{ H$r JoV _{ß V{Or AmB© h°& BZ 4.4.4. VH$ZrH$r Am°a Ï`mdgmo`H$ ‡oejU H$m oZÂZ ÒVa - h_ma{ H$m`©H´$_m| ¤mam C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{ oejU-‡oejU oX`m OmVm h° Am°a X{e H{$ C⁄o_Vm odH$mg gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß ^mdr C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{ Om{ VH$ZrH$r Am°⁄m{oJH$aU H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ gßgmYZ OwQ>mEß OmV{ h°& Edß Ï`mdgmo`H$ oejm Edß ‡oejU oX`m OmVm h°& BgH$m ÒVa 2.2.2. C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$r gßÒWmZm{{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm - C⁄o_Vm odH$mg ]hwV ZrMm h°& `h ‡oejU Ï`dgmo`H$ —oÓQ> g{ Ï`mdhmnaH$ Zht hm{ H$m`©H´$_m| H{$ H$maU X{e _{ß ]∂S>r g{ gßª`m _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg gßÒWmZm{ß [mVm h°& ‡oejH$m{ß _{ß Ï`mdhmnaH$ kmZ H$m A^md hm{Vm h°& H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& O°g{:- ^maVr` C⁄o_Vm odH$mg gßÒWmZ, 5.5.5. C[`w∫$ M`Z ‡oH$`m H$m A^md - C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ ‡]›YH$r` odH$mg gßÒWmZ, bKw C⁄m{J g{dm gßÒWmZ AmoX h°& obE C[`w∫$ gß^mÏ` C⁄o_`m{ß H$m M`Z hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& AJa 3.3.3. am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ß _{ß d•o¤ - C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m| H$r `h M`Z ‡oH$`m C[`w∫$ Zht Vm{ß Bg [a IM© oH$`m J`m YZ Am°a g_` C[bo„Y ahr h° oH$ BgH{$ H$maU X{e _{ß AZ{H$ ]∂S>{ Edß bKw C⁄m{Jm| H$r Ï`W© Mbm OmEJm Om{ R>rH$ Zht h°& ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°& oOgg{ am{OJma H{$ AoVna∫$ Adga oZo_©V hwE h° C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _{ß ‡_wI ]mYmEß∞ :- Am°a ]{am{OJmar H$r g_Ò`m H{$ g_mYmZ _{ß _XX o_br h°& ^maV _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ gmhg Edß C⁄_d•oŒm H{$ 4.4.4. X{e H$m gßVwobV Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg - `oX C⁄m{J oH$gr EH$ hr odH$mg _{ ]hwV g{ß VÀd ]mYH$ ]Z{ hwE h°& Bgg{ h_ma{ X{e _{ß Am°⁄m{oJH$ j{Ã _{ß H{$o›–V hm{ OmE± Vm{ gÂ[yU© X{e H$m odH$mg Í$H$ OmVm h°& BZ odH$mg H$r JoV AßÀ`V Yr_r h°& Hw$N> ‡_wI ]mYmE± oZÂZoboIV ‡H$ma H$m`©H´$_m| H{$ H$maU OrZ-OrZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß odH$mg H$r JoV Yr_r hm{Vr h°& Ò[ÓQ> h°& dhm oeojV Edß ‡oeojV C⁄_r AmH$a j{Ã H{$ odH$mg H$r JoV _{ß 1.1.1. gm_moOH$ Í$o∂T>dmoXVm Edß Hw$aroV`m∞ - oH$gr ^r X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm Vrd´Vm bmV{ h°& oOgg{ gßVwobV odH$mg H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_bVm h°& H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE g_mO H$m ‡JoVerb hm{Zm ]hwV OÍ$ar h°& h_ma{ 5.5.5. ZdrZ C[H´$_m|ß H$r ÒWm[Zm - C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m| H$m EH$ X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm H$m odH$mg Z hm{Z{ H$m ‡_wI H$maU h°& g_mO H$r ‡_wI CXX{Ì` C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{ C⁄_ ‡maÂ^ H$aZ{ H$r ‡oH$`m Edß H$m`©odoY Xm{f[yU© OmoV Ï`dÒWm, ^mΩ`dmoXVm, [wamZr Í$oT>`m{ß _{ß g_mO H$m H$m{ g_PmZm h°& BZ H$m`©H´$_m| H$r EH$ ‡_wI C[bo„Y ZdrZ C[H´$_m|ß ]ßYZ hm{Zm, gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`m, Xh{O ‡Wm AmoX BZ g^r H$maUm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß CZH$m odH$mg H$aZm ahm h°& C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ g{{ bm{Jm{ _{ß C⁄_erbVm H$r ^mdZm H$m odH$mg Zht hm{ [mVm h°& ¤mam C⁄o_`m{ß _{ß AZ{H$ JwU [°Xm oH$`{ OmV{ h°& O°g{ :- XyaXoÌm©Vm, 2.2.2. o[N>∂S>m —oÓQ>H$m{U - h_ma{ X{e _{ß bm{J ZE Edß g•OZerb odMmam{ß _{ß H$Î[Zmeo∫$, AWH$ gmhg, Y°`©, VH$ZrH$r kmZ AmoX& `h ^r H$m`© H$m{B© ^am{gm Zht aIV{ß h°& C⁄m{Jm| _{ß ^r AZwgßYmZ Edß em{Y [a ]hwV oejU d ‡oejU ¤mam hr oH$`{ OmV{ h°& H$_ amoe IM© H$r OmVr h°& bm{Jm{ _{ß AZwgßYmZ Edß em{Y H$aZ{ H$r C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m|ß H$m Ambm{MZmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z :- ^mdZm Zht hm{Vr h°& B›ht H$maUm{ß g{ ^maVr` g_mO [aÂ[amAm{ß d o[N>b{ Hw$N> dfm} g{ h_ma{ X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m| [a H$m\$r btH$ g{ ]ßYm hwAm h°& Om{a oX`m Om ahm h°& Bg H$m`© H{$ obE H{$›– Edß am¡` gaH$ma Z{ AZ{H$ 3.3.3. [ßw±Or H$m A^md - odH$grV X{em|ß H$r VwbZm _{ß h_ma{ X{e _{ß bm{ßJm{ H$r gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r h°& oOgH$m dU©Z [hb{ oH$`m Om MwH$m h°& Hw$N> Am` H$_ hm{Z{ g{ ]MV Zht hm{ [mVr h°& bm{J A[Zr [w∞±Or H$m{ CÀ[mXH$ Ambm{MH$m{ß H$m H$hZm h° oH$ A^r ^r Bg oXem _{ß ]hwV Hw$N> hm{Zm e{f h°& H$m`m} _{ß Z bJmH$a gm{Zm, Am^yfU, AßMb gÂ[oŒm, AmdÌ`H$ dÒVwAm{ß A^r ^r C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m| _{ß Hw$N> H$o_`m∞ h°& oOZH$m dU©Z H$m gßJ´hU AmoX _{ß Ï`` H$a X{V{ h°& Edß A[Zr [w±Or H$m{ AZwCÀ[mXH$ oZÂZoboIV ‡H$ma Ò[ÓQ> h°& H$m`m} _{ bJmV{ h°& [w±Or H$m A^md ^r h_ma{ X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg 1.1.1. A[`m©· gaH$mar gwodYmE{ß Am°a ‡{aUmE{ß - X{e _{ß C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{ H{$ _mJ© _{ß EH$ ]∂S>r ]mYm h°& ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma Z{ [`m©· gwodYmE{ß Edß ‡{aUmE{ß C[b„Y 4.4.4. A[`m©· gaH$mar gwodYmEß Edß ‡{{aUmEß - ^maV O°g{ odemb X{e Zht H$amB© h°& C⁄m{Jm| H{$ obE A^r ^r X{e _{ß AmYma^yV gwodYmAm{ß _{ß C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{ ‡m{{ÀgmohV H$aZ{ h{Vw gaH$ma Z{ [`m©· gwodYmßE{ß Edß H$m A^md h°& AZ{H$ am¡` o]Obr Edß [mZr H$r H$_r g{ OyP ah{ h°& BZ ‡{aUmE C[b„Y Zht H$admB© h°& Om{ C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ obE AmYma^yV Edß gwodYmAm{ß H$r H$_r H{$ H$maU C⁄o_`m{ß [a ‡oVHw$b ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° AmdÌ`H$ VÀd h°& 2.2.2. ‡emgoZH$ oeoWbVm - ‡emgoZH$ oeoWbVm C⁄o_Vm odH$mg 5.5.5. ‡emgoZH$ gwÒVVm Edß O∂S>Vm - h_ma{ X{e H$r ‡emgoZH$ _erZar H{$ _mJ© g]g{ ]∂S>r ]mYm h°& gaH$mar od^mJm{ß Am°a gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß ]hwV gwÒV Edß O∂S> h°& Zm°H$aemhr, AH$m`©Hw$ebVm, bmb\$rVmemhr, AH$m`©Hw$ebVm, Zm°H$aemhr, bmb\$rVmemhr, ‡emgoZH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma, ^´ÓQ>mMma, [j[mV, odbÂ] oZ`_m{ß H$r O∂S>Vm ^maV H$r ‡emgoZH$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 114

_erZar H$r ‡´_wI ode{fVm h°& Bgg{ C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg [a od[arV C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE VH$ZrH$r Edß Ï`dgmo`H$ oejm H{$›–m{ßß ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& H$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ H$r OmZm MmohE& C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H{$ obE gwPmd :- 6.6.6. C⁄_r gmohÀ` H$m ‡H$meZ - C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE C⁄o_Vm ^maV _{ß C⁄o_Vm H$m odH$mg EH$ ZdrZ odMmaYmam h°& BgH$m{ Vrd´Vm g{ gmohÀ` H$m Ï`m[H$ ‡´H$meZ d odÒVma oH$`m OmZm MmohE& bmJy H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma, odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß, ]¢H$m{ß d A›` EO{›gr`m{ß H$m 7.7.7. em{Y [na`m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ - C⁄o_Vm g{ gß]ßoYV em{Y goH´$` gh`m{J AmdÌ`H$ h°& Zd`wdH$m{ß _{ß od⁄_mZ C⁄o_` `m{Ω`VmAm{ß Edß [na`m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ oX`m OmZm MmohE& j_VmAm{{ß H{$ CoMV oZYm©aU, odH$mg Edß ‡`m{J h{Vw Ï`m[H$ H$m`©H´$_ Bg Vah oZÓH$f© H{$ Í$[ H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ^maV _{ß C⁄o_Vm H$m gßMmobV oH$E OmZ{ AmdÌ`H$ h°& C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ Vrd´ odH$mg h{Vw oZÂZoboIV odH$mg EH$ ZdrZ odMmaYmam H$m odf` h°& BgH$m{ Vrd´Vm g{ bmJy H$aZ{ H{$ gwPmmd oX`{ Om gH$V{ h°& obE H{$›– Edß am¡` gaH$ma odŒmr` gßÒWmAm{ß, ]¢H$m{ d A›` gmI EO{ßog`m{ß 1.1.1. oejm [’oV _{ß [nadV©Z - C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE oejm H$m goH´$` gh`m{J AmdÌ`H$ h°& [’oV _{ß [nadV©Z oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Cg{ am{OJma d gmhg Ao^_yIr Zd`wdH$m{ß _{ß od⁄_mZ C⁄_r` `m{Ω`VmAm{ß Edß j_VmAm{ß H{$ CoMV ]Zm`m OmZm MmohE& oZYm©aU, odH$mg Edß ‡`m{J h{Vw Ï`m[H$ H$m`©H´$_ gßMmobV oH$`{ Om ah{ h° 2.2.2. [am_e© g{dmAm{ß H$m odÒVma - C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE C⁄o_`m{ Am°a C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ gßJoR>V H$aZ{ _{ß gaH$ma A[Zr _hÀd[yU© h{Vw [am_e© g{dmAm{ß H$m odÒVma oH$`m OmZm MmohE& ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahr h°& 3.3.3. C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ ‡oejU d Ao^‡{ßaU H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm - C⁄o_Vm gßX^© gyMr H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE C⁄o_`m{ß d H$m_Jmam{ß H{$ ‡oejU d Ao^‡{aU H$r * ^maV _{ C⁄o_Vm odH$mg :- AJ´dmb Edß Jw·m CoMV Ï`dÒWm H$r OmZm MmohE& * ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm :- C_mH$m›V ogßh 4.4.4. o[N>∂S{> j{Ãm{ß g{ C⁄o_`m{ß H$r [hMmZ - C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE * C⁄o_Vm odH$mg :- lr[mb gH$b{Mm 4.4. o[N>∂S{> j{Ãm{ß g{ C⁄o_`m{ß H$r [hMmZ - * ‡oV`m{oJVm gmohßÀ` grarO :- S>m∞. Ama .[r. ew∑bm o[N>∂S{> j{ßÃm{ß _{ß C⁄o_`m{ß H$r [hMmZ [’oV H$m odH$mg oH$`m OmZm * ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U :- S>m∞. Eg. [r.AJ´dmb MmohE& * C⁄o_Vm H$m°eb odH$mg :- S>m∞. [r.gr. O°Z 5.5.5. VH$ZrH$r Edß Ï`dgmo`H$ oejm H{$›–m{ßß H$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ - * AW©emÛ H{$ og’mßV :- Or. [m S{>`

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 115 [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H$m J´m_rU OrdZ _{ß ‡^md - odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ _yÎ`mßH$Z

S>m∞. Jm{[mb Om`gdmb *

^maVr` AW©Ï`ÒWm _ybV: J´m_rU Ed_≤ H•$of ‡YmZ h°& X{e H{$ gdm™JrU [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ am¡` H$mZyZ H{$ A›VJ©V Om{ H$a bJmZ{ H$m AoYH$ma AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ Ed_≤ gmßÒH•$oVH$ odH$mg _{ß J´m_rU odH$mg H$m _hÀd[yU© h°,CZH$m{ am¡` Am{°a [ßMm`Vm{ H{$ _‹` VWm odo^fi ÒVam{ß H$r [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ ÒWmZ hm{Vm h°& ^maV H$r Hw$b OZßgª`m H$m 74.3 ‡oVeV ^mJ 5.5 bmI _‹` ]m±Q>m Om`{Jm& Bg ‡H$ma Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$m EH$ ohÒgm hr [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ Jm±d _{ß oZdmg H$aVm h{ Am°a bJ^J 70 ‡oVeV ^mJ ‡À`j d A‡À`j o_b{Jm$& [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß, CZH{$ H$m`©j{Ã, AmH$ma Am°a C›h{ß Í$[ g{ A[Zr AmOrodH$m H{$ ob`{ H•$of [a oZ^©a ahVm h°& Bg —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ gm¢[{ J`{ Xmo`Àdm{ß H{$ AZwÍ$[ [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ dV©_mZ dgybr d•o’ H{$ [`m©· J´m_rU j{Ã H{$ Mhw±_wIr odH$mgr` aUZroV oZY©naV H$aZ{ H$r [naH$Î[Zm _{ß C[m` H$aZ{ hm{J{ß & [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ [na`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß H{$›– d am¡` gŒmm H$m odH|$–rH$aU AoZdm`© h°& J´m_ ÒVa [a ÒWmZr` [ßMm`Vr amO gaH$ma AZwXmZ X{Vr ah{Jr& b{oH$Z gßgmYZ OwQ>mZ{ H{$ C[m`m{ß [a am¡` odŒm Ï`dÒWm odH{$o›–V ‡emgZ h{Vw _hÀd[yU© H$X_ h°& oOgg{ EH$ Am{a 21 Am`m{J H$m{ odMma hm{Jm & dr gXr _{ß ^maV AJ´ga hm{Jm Vm{ Xygar Am{a _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$m g[Zm [ßMm`Vr am¡` gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ odH$mg Am°a gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ gmH$ma hm{ gH{$Jm& H$m`©H´$_ V°`ma H$aZ{ Am°a C›h{ß bmJy H$aZ{ H$m Xmo`Àd gm¢[m J`m h°& Bg [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm bm{H$VßÃ H$r ar∂T> h° Am°a odH|$–rH$aU H$m ge∫$ Xmo`Àd g{ Ohmß± VH$ EH$ Am{a odH$mg _{ß ‡oV`m{Jr ‡moWo_H$VmAm{ß H{$ H$maU gmYZ, [ßMm`Vr amO g{ hr ^maV H{$ odH$mg H$m VßÃ D$oO©V Ed_≤ \$br‰myV j{Ãr` `m{OZmÀm{ß [a ¡`mXm ‹`mZ X{Zm hm{Jm dht Xygar Am{a BgH{$ ob`{ hm{ gH$Vm h°& [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ÀdnaV Am°a JoVerb oH$gr ode{f j{Ã H{$ ob`{ N>m{Q>r `m{OZmE± ]ZmZr hm{Jr oOgg{ gÂ[yU© oOb{ J´m_r m odH$mg gwoZoÌMV≤ H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ 73 dm± gßodYmZ gßem{YZ H$r gm_m›` odH$mg `mOZm H$m Í$[ b{ gH{$& J´m_rU odH$mg Am°a Jar]r odY{`H$ gÂ[yU© ^maV _{ß 24 A‡°b 1993 _{ß bmJy oH$`m J`m& oOg{ ^maV C›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_ h{Vw ‡emgoZH$ ‡]›Y H$r g_rjm go_oV Z{ og\$mnae _{ß eo∫$embr Òdm`V≤ emgZ H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ obE ÒdoU©_ `wJ H$r ewÍ$AmV H$r h° oH$ oObm Am°a oZMbr ÒVa H$r [ßMm`Vr am¡` gßÒWmAm{ß H$r J´m_rU H$aZ{ dmbm H´$mßoVH$mar H$X_ H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& Bg gßem{YZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r `m{OZm ]ZmZ{ C›h{ß oH´$`mo›dV H$aZ{ oZJamZr aIZ{ AoYH$mße am¡`m{ß _{ß ZdrZ [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m JR>Z H$a ob`m J`m h° VWm gßem{oYV H{$ ob`{ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m gm¢[r OmZr Mmoh`{& [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm _{ß AZ{H$m{ß J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ gßMmobV Ed_≤ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r [naH$Î[Zm:- oH´$`mo›dV oH$`{ J`{ h°& gßodYmZ H$r 11 dt AZwgyMr _{ß 29 odf` goÂ_obV gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z H{$ Bg Xm°a _{ß J´m_rU H$r _yb^yV ]woZ`mXr oH$`{ J`{ h° oOgH{$ A›VJ©V H•$of, ^yo_ odH$mg, b⁄w ogßMmB©, [ew[mbZ, AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV g_Ò`mE± bJ^J ‡À`{H$ Jm±d _{ß od⁄_mZ gm_moOH$ dmoZH$r, b⁄w VWm ImXr J´m_m{⁄m{J, J´m_rU od⁄wVrH$aU Jar]r hm{Vr h°& BZH{$ g_woMV oZamH$aU H$r [naH$Î[Zm _{ß [ßMm`V amO gßÒWmAm{ß C›_ybZ H$m`©H´$_, [nadma H$Î`mU, g_mO H$Î`mU, gmd©OmoZH$ odVaU H{$ ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r[hb g{ bm{Jm{ß _{ß OmJóV CÀ[fi H$a CZH{$$ OrdZ ÒVa ‡Umbr, Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{J, J´m_rU Amdmg, [{Òb Ed_≤ Òd¿N>Vm AmoX h°& H$m{ gwYmaZ{{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm MmohE $& gmW hr J´m_rU bm{Jm{ß H$m{ 73 d{ß gßem{YZ gßodYmZ AoYoZ`_ _{ß ÒWmZr` ÒdemgZ H$r BH$mB©`m{ß Òd¿N>Vm Ed_≤ [{Òb H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm Ed_≤ C[b„YVm gwoZoÌMV≤ H$a H{$ Í$[ _{ß VrZ ÒVa H$r [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm ‡mdYmZ h°& Bg_{ß [ßMm`V CZH{$ ÒdmÒW _{ß JwUmÀ_H$ gwYmam bm gH$V{ h°& gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ obE oZò_V MwZmdm{ß, EH$ am¡` oZdm©MZ Am`m{J Am°a EH$ Aoejm odH$mg H{$ _mJ© _{ß ]mYH$ h° AV: [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$m am¡` odŒm Am`m{J H$r ÒWm[Zm, AZwgyoMV OmoV`m{ß, OZOmoV`m{ß Am°a `h CŒmaXmo`Àd h° oH$ J´m_rU ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H$r oejm H$m gm_yohH$ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ AmajU, o[N>∂S>r OmoV`m{ß H{$ ob`{ AmajU AoYH$ma ‡`mg, gmYZ Ed_≤ ‡{aUm X{H$a gmjaVm H$m`©H´$_ H$m{ g\$b ]ZmZ{ _{ß ‡XmZ H$aZ{ dmb{ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h° $& BZ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ `m{JXmZ X{ gH$Vr h{& J´m_rU bm{Jm{ß H$r AmOrodH$m H$m ‡_wI Ûm{V H•$of C[`w∫$ ÒVam{ß [a [`m©· AoYH$ma Xmo`Àd gm¢[{ OmEßJ{ VmoH$ d{ AmoW©H$ Ed_≤ H•$of AmYmnaV C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ ^yo_ odH$mg, MH$]›Xr, odH$mg Am°a gm_moOH$ ›`m` H{$ ob`{ `m{OZmE± V°`ma H$a gH{$& J´m_ g^m [∂S>V ^yo_ H$m{ C[OmD$ ]Zm`| VmoH$ ObJ´hU j{Ã Ed_≤ [ew[mbZ H{$ ob`{ H$m{ [ßMm`Vr amO ‡Umbr H$m AmYma _mZm J`m h°& `h am¡` odYmZ _ S>bm{ß emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m AoYoZ`_ bm^ b{H$a Jm±d H$r AmoW©H$ g_•o’ ¤mam oZX}oeV H$m`m} VWm AoYH$mam{ß H$m BÒV{_mb H$a{Jr & J´m_rU Ed_≤ H$aZ{ H$m `Wmgß^d ‡`mg [ßMm`V{ß H$a gH$Vr h°& ÒWmZr` Ïò∫$ _OXyar H{$ oObm ÒVam{ß [a [ßMm`Vm{ _{ß{ß am¡` oZdm©MZ j{Ãm{ß g{ MwZmdr ‡oH´$`m A[Zm`r ob`{ [bm`Z Z H$a{ AWdm d•’, ]Ém{ß Ed_≤ _ohbmAm{ß H$m em{f m Z hm{ Om`{Jr & E{g{ oZdm©MZ j{Ã H$r OZgßª`m Am°a j{Ã H{$ ob`{ oZYm©naV ÒWmZm{ß Bgg{ oZ[Q>Z{ H{$ ob`{ J´m_rU am{OJma `m{OZmAm{ß H$m oH´$`m›d`Z H$a odH$mg H$m AZw[mV [ya{ [ßMm`V j{Ã _{ß g_mZ ah{Jmm & ‡À`{H$ ÒVa H$r [ßMm`V H$m Edß H$Î`mU H$m`© [ßMm`V H$a gH$Vr h° & H$m`©H$mb [m±M df© H$m hm{Jm VWm ‰mßJ H$r oÒWoV _{ß N>h _hrZm{ß H{$ ^rVa [ßMm`V ‡oVoZoY J´m_rU am{OJma H{$ Adgam{{ _{ß d•o’ H{$ \$b ÒdÍ$[ MwZmd H$amZm AoZdm`© hm{Jm $& ImXr VWm J´m_m{⁄m{J H{$ A›VJ©V b⁄w C⁄m{ßJm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm h{Vw _mJ©Xe´Z

* ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 116

Ed_≤ ‡{aUm X{ gH$V{ h° BgH{$ Ambmdm odo^fi `mOZmAm{ß H$r g_woMV Z`{ [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒW[m H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$m{ [m±M df© Ï`VrV hm{ OmZH$mar H{$ ob`{ [ßMm`V{ß emgH$r` ‡`mgm{ß g{ ghm`Vm H$a gH$Vr h°& amÔ≠>r` MwH{$ h° Am°a [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm H{$ J´m_rU odH$mg [a ‡^md [nabojV Amdmg ZroV, Hw$Q>ra ¡`m{oV, gwb^ em°Mmb` AmoX AZ{H$mß { H$Î`mUH$mar hm{Z{ bJ{ h¢ & BZ [m±M dfm} H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ Ò[ÓQ> ‡VrV hm{Vm `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ gwoZoÌMV≤ H$amZ{ _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmE± ‡_wI ^yo_H$m h° oH$ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r g\$bVm H{$ ob`{ OmJÍ$H$Vm EH$ _hÀd[y m© eV© H$m oZd©hZ H$a gH$Vr h¢& [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ `h ^r AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ d{ h° & Bgg{ ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ `h OmZH$mar hm{Jr oH$ J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß OZgßª`m oZ`ßÃU H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß J´m_rUm{ß H$m{ g_PmE, ‡{aUm Edß ‡m{ÀgmhZ _{ß CgH{$ ob`{ ∑`m C[`m{Jr h° & BZH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß g{ gm_yohH$ VWm Ïò∫$JV X{H$a H$_ g›VmZ gwIr BßgmZ H{$ g[Z{ gmH$ma ]Zm`{ß & Bg ‡H$ma Jm±d Í$[ g{ ∑`m bm^ hm{Jm & [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ ‡oVoZoY H$m amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H{$ ghH$mnaVm H{$ H{$›– 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* em{YmWr© , H$a{br, oObm - Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 118

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H$r ‡d•oŒm H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_b{Jm$& AmaojV dÒVwAm{ß H{$ hm{Vm h°$& gmW hr AgßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß am{OJma C[b„YVm H$m AmYma^yV j{Ã _m_b{ _{ß J°a-bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß bmJy 75 ‡oVeV H{$ oZ`m©V H$r ]m‹`Vm H$m{ ^r h°$& ZB© AmoW©H$ H$m bm^ J´m_rU AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ oH$VZm o_b gH$m h° KQ>mH$a 50 ‡oVeV H$aZ{ H{$ oZU©` g{ bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß [a X]md Am°a ]∂T> OmZ{ `h g_PZ{ h{Vw 10 df© H$r AdoY g_woMV H$hr Om gH$Vr h° Bg{ _hO H$r gß^mdZm ]bdVr hm{ JB© h°$& *************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 123 Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H{$ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV - EH$ A‹``Z Zmo∂O`m em`_m * H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m [naM` :- H•$of H$r [yar g\$bVm H•$of _OXyam{ß [a VWm ]∂S>r [m[∂S> C⁄m{Jm{ß AmoX _{ß H$m`© H$aZm VWm ]r∂S>r d Jw∂S> ]ZmZ{ H$r hr oZ^©a hm{Vr h°, òX H•$of _OXya Z hm{ Vm{ H•$of H$m`© gß^d Zht h°& o_bm{ß _{ß, Xmbo_b ewJa o_b AmoX _{ß H$m`© H$aH{$ Am` ‡m· H$aV{ h¢& H•$of `h Vœ` Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ^maV _{ß H•$of lo_H$ dJ© A›` lo_H$m{ß H{$ [mg ^yo_ H$m A^md h° `{ ^yo_hrZ _OXya h° VWm `{ ]∂S{> oH$gmZm{ß, g^r dJm~ _{ß g{ g]g{ AoYH$ C[{ojV h° ^maV _{ß H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß O_rXmam{ß H{$ `hmß H•$of gß]ßYr H$m`© d A›` H$m`© H$aV{ h° O°g{ \$gb{ß ]m{Zm, bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& I{oVha _OXya \$gb CÀ[mXZ H{$ H$m`m~ _{ß bJ{ ahV{ h¢& H$mQ>Zm, ogßMmB© Ï`dÒWm H$aZm, Hw$N> lo_H$ H$aV{ h¢ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r g_Ò`m H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r g]g{ Jß^ra g_Ò`m Jar]r, AodH$mg, ]{H$mar H$r h°& B›h{ß AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ o[N>∂S>m[Z h°& Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß H•$of lo_H$ _wª`V: gm_m›` Í$[ g{ ]war [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß H$m`© H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& VWm BgH{$ ]mX ^yo_hrZ hm{V{ h° BZH{$ [mg I{Vr H{$ obE ^yo_ Zht hm{Vr AV: `{ ]Q>mB© \$gb ^r B›h{ß H$_ _OXyar Xr OmVr h°& H•$of lo_H$m{ß g{ AoYH$ _{hZVr H$m`© H$am`{ ]m{Z{ H$mQ>Z{ H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h¢ AV: òX H$m{B© ZwH$gmZ hm{Vm h° Vm{ C›h{ß KmQ>m OmV{ h¢ Am°a CgH{$ AZwgma B›h{ß AoYH$ d{VZ ^r Zht oX`m OmVm& H•$of ghZ H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& oOgH{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ ^r KmQ>m lo_H$m{ß H$m{ H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ Adga ^r H$_ hm{V{ h¢& VWm BZH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ CR>mZm [∂S>Vm h°& Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r Am` ]hwV H$_ h°& `hmß CZH$r Am` ^r H$_ hm{Vr h°& B›h{ß H$m`© H$m°eb d ‡oejU ^r Zht oX`m _OXyar H$r Xa H$_ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU lo_H$m{ß H$m{ ]hwV H$_ _OXyar Xr OmVr h° OmVm VWm oOgg{ B›h{ß d°H$oÎ[H$ H$m`© H{$ Adga ^r Zht oXE OmV{& H•$of H•$of lo_H$ H•$of H$m`© H{$ AoVna∫$ am{O_am© g{ Ow∂S>r dÒVwAm{ß H$m oZ_m©U lo_H$m{ß _{ß _wª`V: AZwgyoMV OmoV`mß d OZOmoV`mß AmVr h¢& H$m`© H$aV{ h¢& H•$of lo_H$m{ß ¤mam H•$of g{ gß]ßoYV H$m`© VWm oZ_m©U H$m`m~ H•$of lo_H$ gßJoR>V j{Ãm{ß H{$ AßVJ©V Zht ]oÎH$ AgßJoR>V j{Ãm{ß H{$ H$m{ gß[moXV H$aV{ hwE _OXyar ^r ‡m· H$r OmVr h°& AßVJ©V AmV{ h¢& AV: `{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H{$ obE b∂S> Zht gH$V{ h¢& Bgr oH$gmZ dJ© ^r A[Zr AmOrodH$m MbmZ{ H{$ obE H•$of H{$ AoVna∫$ H$maU H•$of lo_H$ A[Zr AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma bmZ{ _{ß Ag\$b ah{ h¢& Ï`dgm` ^r H$aV{ h¢ ∑`mß{oH$ Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß C⁄m{J YßYm{ß H$m A^md h°& VWm Bgr H$maUde H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ d gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$B© AV: `hmß H•$fH$ H•$of d 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Zaogßh[wa oObm Om{ ^maV H{$ ‡À`{H$ am¡` H{$ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r g_Ò`m o^fi h°& AV: lo_H$m{ß oH$ _‹`‡X{e H{$ _‹` _{ß oÒWV h° `hmß ^r OZgßª`m H$m EH$ ]∂S>m ^mJ H•$of [a H$m OrdZ ÒVa d ahZ-ghZ _OXyar AmoX _{ß ^r o^fiVm`{ß [m`r OmVr h¢& oZ^©a h°& BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> ^yo_hrZ VWm Hw$N> lo_H$m{ß H{$ [mg ^yo_ H$m N>m{Q>m gm ^mJ VWm Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ Amdmg H$r g_Ò`m VWm A›` h° VWm d{ ^yo_ H{$ YmaH$ lo_H$m{ß H{$ [mg OmH$a H•$of gß]ßYr H$m`© H$aV{ h¢ lo_H$m{ß AmoW©H$ em{fU H$r g_Ò`m H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h° VWm Bg H$maU H{$ [mg I{Vr H$aZ{ H{$ obE gmYZ C[b„Y Zht h¢ gmYZm{ß H$m A^md hm{Z{ H{$ lo_H$m{ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß bJmVma oJamdQ> Am ahr h°& H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ ]hwV H$maU `{ lo_H$ A›` lo_H$m{ß H{$ [mg OmH$a H$m`© H$aV{ h¢& Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß H$_ X°oZH$ _OXyar o_bVr h° VWm _OXyar H$_ o_bZ{ H{$ H$maU g_mO H{$ H•$of lo_H$ dJm~ _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV d OZOmoV`mß AmVr h¢& oOZ_{ß Aohadma, A›` dJm~ H$r A[{jm o[N>∂S> OmV{ h¢& H•$of lo_H$m{ß _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV`mß d Jm¢∂S>, ^rb AmoX AmV{ h¢& `h lo_H$ H•$fH$m{ß H{$ [mg OmH$a H•$of gß]ßYr H$m`© H$a OZOmoV`mß AmVr h¢ Bg_{ß _{ham, M_ma, Aohadma OmoV`mß h¢& `hmß BZ OrodH$m MbmV{ h¢ Hw$N> lo_H$ ^yo_hrZ hm{V{ h¢ VWm Hw$N> lo_H$m{ß H{$ [mg ^yo_ hm{Vr OmoV`m{ß H$m{ g_mO H$r Nw>AmNy>V d CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m gm_Zm ^r H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& h° d Hw$N> lo_H$m{ß H{$ [mg ^yo_ H$m Hw$N> ^mJ hm{Vm h°& H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mE{ß- o[N>b{ [ß–h dfm~ g{ J´m_rU H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r l{oU`m± :- H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß amÔ≠>≠>r` l_ OZVm H$r hmbV H$m\$r Iam] hm{ J`r h°& H•$of lo_H$ J´m_rU Am]mXr H$m Am`m{J Z{ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ VrZ ^mJm{ß _{ß od^moOV oH$`m h°& EH$ oVhmB© ^mJ h°& BZH$m AoÒVÀd _wª` Í$[ g{ am{OJma [a oZ^©a Wm& H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV :- I{oVha lo_H$m{ß H$r g_Ò`m 2004-05 H{$ gd}jU _{ß `h CÎb{I oH$`m J`m h° oH$ EH$ df© _ß{ß oH$VZ{ _wª` Í$[ g{ A[yU© am{OJma H$r h°& `hmß lo_H$ Jar]r a{Im g{ ZrM{ h¢ PwΩJr J´m_rU _OXyam{ß H$m{ am{OJma X{Z{ g{ _Zm oH$`m& BZH$r gßª`m bJ^J 57 Pm{[∂S>r _{ß oZdmg H$aV{ h¢ VWm H•$of H{$ A›` gmYZm{ß g{ Am` ‡m· H$aV{ h¢& ‡oVeV g{ 60 ‡oVeV AmßH$r JB©& _OXyam{ß H{$ H$m_ H$aZ{ H{$ KßQ>m{ß _{ß dV©_mZ BZ_{ß [ew[mbZ, _ÀÒ` [mbZ, _OXyar, H$[∂S>m{ß H$r ]wZmB© O°g{ H$m`© AmV{ h¢& _{ß bJmVma H$o_`mß Am ahr h¢& H$B© ÒWmZm{ß [a H•$of H$m`© _{ß `ßÃrH$aU H{$ Zaogßh[wa oOb{ _{ß H•$of lo_H$ H$B© Ûm{ßVm{ß g{ Am` ‡m· H$aV{ h¢ `{ gyV H$maU H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ am{OJma H{$ obE H$oR>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm H$mVZm, aÒgr ]wZZm, oZdm∂S> ]ZmZm, ]r∂S>r ]ZmZm, ImQ> d [ßbJ ]wZZm h°& odÌd Ï`m[ma gßJR>Z H{$ AßVJ©V ]ZmB© JB© ZroV`mß Om{ ^maVr` emgH$m{ß * em{YmWr©, H$a{br, oObm - Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 124

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OZgßª`m _{ß d•o’ :- H•$of lo_H$ dJ© h{Vw OZgßª`m d•o’ H{$ gmW Jmßd d H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m{ N>rZZ{ Am°a C›h{ß IÀ_ H$aZ{ H$m AWH$ gm_m›`V: am{OJma H{$ Adga C[b„Y H$aZm gß^d Zht h°& Bgr ‡`mg H$a ahm h°& BgH{$ obE [hb{ d{ CZH$r Zm°H$na`m{ß [a h_bm H$aV{ h¢& BgH{$ ‡H$ma H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ H{$ [naUm_ ÒdÍ$[ ^r am{OJma [ÌMmV CZH$r gÂ[oŒm H$m{ AoYH$ma _{ß b{H$a CZH{$ ÒWmZ [a ]hwamÔ≠>≠>r` C[b„Y H$amZm gß^d Zht h°& Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U `m A›` CÉ d _‹`_ dJ© H{$ ]mOmam{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$a oZÓH$f© - Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H{$ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV EH$ A[Zr ohßgH$ ZroV`mß ‡oV[moXV H$a ahr h°& l_ ]MV _erZ d H$rQ>ZmeH$m{ß A‹``Z erf©H$ g{ Ao^Ïò∫$ odf` [a EH$ em{Y[yU© H$m`© H{$ AßVJ©V H$m C[`m{J \$gb H$r ZH$X \$gbm{ß _{ß ÒWmZmßVnaV H$aH{$ H$m`© H$m{ ]∂T>m`m d A‹``Z oH$`m oOgH{$ AßVJ©V H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ gß]ßY _{ß `h [m`m J`m oH$ Zm°H$na`m{ß H$m{ H$_ oH$`m Om ahm h°& Zaogßh[wa oOb{ H{$ H•$of lo_H$ ‡JoVerb h¢ oH$›Vw C›h{ß g_woMV ‡m{ÀgmhZ, BgH{$ AoVna∫$ 1991 d 2001 H{$ ]rM X{e _{ß 30 bmI g{ 3 H$am{∂S> gßajU d [`m©· Am` Zht o_bVr d{ df© _{ß bJ^J 200 oXdg H$m Am°gV bm{Jm{ß Z{ A[Zr O_rZ Im{B© VWm ^yo_hrZ Am°a ‡dmgr lo_H$m{ß _{ß emo_b H$m`© H$aV{ h¢ C›h{ß A›` Ûm{Vmß{ g{ Am` AoO©V H$aZ{ h{Vw ‡`mg H$aZm hm{Vm hwE& Bg g_Ò`m Z{ h_ma{ [mg H$m{B© odH$Î[ Zht N>m{∂S>m [a›Vw ^maVr` h° oOgg{ d{ H•$of H$m`© H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` H$m`© H$aV{ h¢ oOgH$r Vbme _{ß d{ gßodYmZ ¤mam ghr J´m_rU am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm ¤mam J´m_rUm{ß H{$ OrdZ ‡X{e H{$ A›` oObm{ß _{ß ^r OmV{ h¢& H$^r-H$^r C›h{ß ‡X{e H{$ ]mha ^r H{$ obE MbmB© JB©& [a›Vw C⁄m{Jm{ß d oZOr C⁄m{J _{ß odH$mg H$r Xa ]∂T>mB© JB© OmZm [∂S>Vm h°& C›h{ß [nadma g{ Xya hm{Zm [∂S>Vm h°& oOgg{ [nadma H$r [aßVw `{ ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß ]{am{OJma hwE lo_H$m{ß, H$marJam{ß Am°a gr_mßV oH$gmZm{ß H{$ X{I^mb d ]Ém{ß H$m bmbZ-[mbZ, oejm-Xrjm R>rH$ Tß>J g{ Zht hm{ obE [`m©· Zht h°& odÌd Ï`m[ma gßJR>Z ¤mam `h oZYm©naV oH$`m J`m oH$ [mVr oOg H$maU d{ g_mO H$r _wª`Ymam g{ o[N>∂S> OmV{ h¢& g^r X{e H$r gaH$mam{ß ¤mam am{OJma gß]ßYr ZroV`mß ]ZmB© OmE ]{am{OJma H•$of lo_H$ A[Z{ Bg ‡H$ma H{$ odÒWmo[V OrdZ H{$ H$maU AmoW©H$ H{$ obE EH$ odH$Î[ gwoZoÌMV oH$E OmE& H$oR>ZmB`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& am{OJma H$r Vbme _{ß A›` ÒWmZm{ß oOb{ _{ß H•$of H$r ZB© ZH$ZrH$m{ß d C[H$aU H{$ ‡`m{J g{ H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß [a OmZ{ [a C›h{ß VwaßV am{OJma ‡m· Zht hm{Vm Ao[Vw Hw$N> g_` VH$ C›h{ß d•o’ hwB© h° [a›Vw H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ H$m`© d Zm°H$na`m{ß _{ß bJmVma H$_r Am ahr ‡Vrjm H$a am{OJma H$r Vbme H$aZr [∂S>Vr h°& oOgg{ CZH$m gßoj· YZ h°& Bg j{Ã _{ß oZÂZ oboIV g_Ò`mE{ß CÀ[fi hm{ ahr h¢ :- ^r Ï`` hm{ OmVm h°& 1. ]{am{OJmar H$r g_Ò`m& lo_H$m{ß H$m{ A›` Xyga{ ÒWmZm{ß [a OmZ{ g{ ^m°Jm{obH$ d ‡mH•$oVH$ 2. H$_ CÀ[mXH$Vm dmVmdaU ]Xbr hwB© [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm h°& oOgg{ CZH{$ 3. H$_ _OXyar Am{a H$_ Am`& ÒdmÒœ` [a od[arV ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& oOgg{ d{ A[Zr Am` H$m ]hwV ]∂S>m 4. F$U J´ÒVVm ^mJ ]r_mar [a BbmO H{$ obE Ï`` H$aV{ h¢& Om{ oH$ AmO H{$ _ßhJ{ BbmO BZ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma ¤mam AZ{H$ ‡`mg oH$E JE H$r ^{ßQ> M∂T> OmVm h°& oOgg{ C›h{ß AmoW©H$ H$oR>ZmB©`m{ß H$m gm_Zm H$aZm h¢ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H$aZm d CZH{$ AmoW©H$ g_Ò`mAm{ß [∂S>Vm h°& gaH$ma Z{ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ am{OJma X{Z{ h{Vw `m{OZmE{ß ]Zm`r h¢ d{ H$m g_mYmZ H$aZm AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h°& [`m©· Zht h¢& CZ `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß CZH{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ`, oejm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV oZÂZ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU :- dmßoN>V Adga Zht h¢& AZ{H$ H$maUm{ß g{ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß gVV d ^mar d•o’ hwB© h°& H•$of lo_H$mß{ H$m AmoW©H$ ÒVa A¿N>m Zht h° BgH$r Ï`mª`m H{$ obE EH$ 1.1.1. ›`yZV_ gm_moOH$ oÒWoV :- AZ{H$ H•$of lo_H$ _wª`V: XobV gyo∫$ CÎb{oIV H$aZm MmhyßJr -""^maVr` H•$fH$ F$U _{ß O›_ b{Vm h° Cgr dJ© g{ gß]ßoYV hm{V{ h¢& `{ _wª`V: odH$bmßJ hm{V{ h¢ Am°a CZH$m Òd`ß _{ß [bVm h° Am°a F$U _{ß hr _a OmVm h°&'' O] H•$fH$m{ß H$r `h oÒWoV h° Vm{ `h H$m H$m{B© gmhg Zht hm{Vm CZH{$ [mg gmhg H$r H$_r hm{Vr h°& H•$fH$ Zht Ao[Vw H•$of lo_H$ h°& Bgg{ `h AZw_mZ bJm`m Om gH$Vm h° 2.2.2. AgßJoR>V :- H•$of lo_H$ oZaja d AkmZr hm{V{ h¢ `{ o]Ia{ hwE Jmßd oH$ C›h{ß AmoY^m°oVH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm H$r [yoV© h{Vw oH$VZr H$oR>ZmB`m{ß H$m _{ß ahV{ h¢ BgobE C›h{ß AmgmZr g{ gßKm{ß _{ß Am`m{oOV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S>Vm hm{Jm& 3.3.3. _m°g_r am{OJma :- H•$of lo_H$ Am°gVZ df© _{ß 200 oXZ H$m`© BgH{$ AoVna∫$ H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$m{ H$m`© H{$ obE ‡oeojV Edß gßJoR>V d Ty>ß∂T>Vm h° Am°a df© H{$ ]mH$r oXZ dh ]{H$ma ahVm h°& ]{am{OJmar d AÎ[ oeojV H$aZm AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h° VmoH$ d{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß H$r ajm H$a am{OJma Xm{ _hÀÀd[yd© Vœ` ›`yZV_ Am` H{$ obE oOÂ_{Xma H$maU h¢ gH{$ß& H•$of lo_H$ dJ© gßJoR>V hm{Jm& gaH$ma ¤mam H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ odH$mg oOgH{$ H$maU H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ am{OJma H$r H$_r H$m _wª` H$maU h{Vw Xem gwYmar Om gH$Vr h° gaH$ma ¤mam H•$of lo_H$m{ß H{$ odH$mg h{Vw _m°g_r Am°a AmßVnaH$ am{OJma h°& `m{OZm`{ß MbmB© Om ahr h° [a›Vw d{ [`m©· Zht h¢& lo_H$m{ß H{$ H$Î`mU H{$ 4.4.4. J°a H•$of am{OJma H$r H$_r :- J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß J°a Ï`dgm`m{ß H$r obE `m{OZmAm{ß H$m R>rH$ Vah g{ oH´$`m›d`Z hm{Zm MmohE VWm g_mO H{$ H$_r _hÀd[yU© H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß H$_r H$m _wª` ¤mam C›h{ß gh`m{J oX`m OmZm MmohE& AV: g_mO H{$ A›` dJm~ VWm H$maU h°& J´m_rU j{Ã H$r OZgßª`m H{$ ]∂T>V{ X]md H{$ H$maU ^yo_hrZ gaH$ma H$r ZroV`m{ß C[m`m{ß d gh`m{J H{$ ¤mam hr H•$of lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ _OXyam{ß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>Z{ g{ AmoW©H$ oÒWoV bJmVma H$_ hm{ ahr h°& Xem gwYmar Om gH$Vr h°& 5.5.5. J´m_rU F$UJ´ÒVVm :- gmYmaUV: H•$of lo_H$ ^mar _mÃm _{ß gßX^© J´›W gyMr F$UJ´ÒV h¢ B›h{ß ^yo_ H{$ _mobH$m{ß `m O_rXmam{ß g{ CYma b{Zm [∂S>Vm h° 1. H•$of od[UZ 2. lo_H$ AoYH$ma Edß l_ _mZH$ 3. odH$mgerb AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß H•$of oOZH{$ `hmß d{ H$m`© H$aV{ h¢ d{ _OXyar g{ H$m{B© gwajm H$r _mßJ Zht 4. ^maV _{ß H•$of odH$mg h{Vw H•$fH$ ‡oejU 5. H•$of ‡]ßY 6. Indian Net Zon Agrrian Crisis 7. www.narsinghpur.nic.in 8. www.indiangaretteerofindia.com Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 125 J´m_rU odH$mg H{$ ]XbV{ Am`m_ S>m∞. E_. Eb. gm{Zr * ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m AmYma Jm±d hr h¢$& Jm±dmß{ H{$ g_woMV odH$mg ‡X{e H{$ H$B© j{Ã AmO ^r o[N>∂S{> hwE h¢$& odH$mg H$r Ymam eham{ß _{ß Vm{ V{O H$r H$Î[Zm H{$ o]Zm amÓQ≠> H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r ‡À`{H$ `m{OZm AW©hrZ h°, [a›Vw AoYH$mße J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ode{fH$a gwXyadVr© J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß VWm Edß amÓQ≠> H$r ‡JoV H$m ‡À`{H$ ÒdflZ AYyam ah{Jm$& gZ≤ 2011 H$r OZJUZm BZ j{Ãm{ß _{ß bm{J odH$mg H$r am{eZr g{ AmO ^r dßoMV h¢$& `⁄o[ emgZ H{$ VmOm AmßH$∂S>m{ß H{$ AZwgma ^maV H$r bJ^J 69 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m ¤mam odo^fi H$m`©H´$_m{ß Edß `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Jm±dm{ß _{ß ]gVr h°$& 121 H$am{∂S> ^maVr`m{ß _{ß 83.3 H$am{∂S> J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß VWm Xya H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m Om ahm h°$& 37.7 H$am{∂S> eham{ß _{ß oZdmg H$aV{ h¢$& `hr H$maU h° oH$ ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ ‡oVdf© gaH$ma ZB©-ZB© `m{OZmAm{ß H$r Km{fUm Edß CZH{$ H$m`m©›d`Z ^maV H{$ gÂ[yU© amÓQ≠>r` OrdZ H$r BH$mB© BgH{$ Jm±dm{ß _{ß hr H{$ß–r`H•$V ahr _{ß H$am{∂S>m{ß È[`{ Ï`` H$aVr h°$& gmW hr am¡` gaH$ma{ß ^r J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H$r h°$& ‡mMrZ H$mb _{ß ^maV AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ EH$ gÂ[fi X{e ahm h°, oH$›Vw ]Xhmbr Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE AmH$f©H$ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r Km{fUm H$aVr h¢$& dmÒVd g_` H{$ [nadV©Z H{$ gmW - gmW ^maV H$r AmoW©H$ VWm gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _ß{ AmO òX h_ gaH$ma H{$ o[N>b{ dmXm{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a{ß Vm{ [mV{ h¢ oH$ _{ß AZ{H$ [nadV©Z hm{V{ J`{$& AmOmXr H{$ ]mX h_ma{ Jm±dm{ß Edß J´m_rUm{ß H$r Xem _{ß gwYma Vm{ hwAm h°, _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$r _m›`Vm Wr oH$ gÉr AmOmXr ‡m· H$aZr h° Vm{ bm{Jm{ß [a›Vw oOg AZw[mV _{ß odH$mg H{$ b˙` oZYm©naV oH$`{ J`{ Am°a YZamoe H$m{ Jm±d _{ß ahZm MmohE$& C›hm{ßZ{ H$hm Wm oH$ gÀ` Am°a Aohßgm H{$ o]Zm IM© H$r JB© Cg AZw[mV _{ß Jm±dm{ß Edß J´m_rUm{ß H$r Xem _{ß gwYma Zht hwAm$& _ZwÓ` OmoV H$m odH$mg Zht hm{ gH$Vm$& gÀ` Am°a Aohßgm h_{ß J´m_r m AV: bm{Jm{ß H{$ O{hZ _{ß{ `h ]mV Ka H$aZ{ bJr h° oH$ ∑`m J´m_rU odH$mg H{$ OrdZ H$r gmXJr _{ß hr ‡m· hm{ gH$Vr h°$& Jm±YrOr Jm±dmß{ _{ß ‡OmVßÃ Am°a dm`X{ ]g H$mJOr h¢? AJa CZH$m ew^maÂ^ hm{ ^r OmVm h° Vm{ oZYm©naV [ßMm`V H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Jm±d H$m odH$mg H$aZm MmhV{ W{$& dmÒVd _{ß Jm±Yr H{$ g_` _{ß oH´$`m›d`Z Zht hm{ [mVm$& odMmam{ß H$m{ A[ZmH$a Jm±d H{$ ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r ]mJS>m{a \$bÒdÍ$[ BZ `m{OZmAm{ß [a hm{Z{ dmb{ IM© H$r amoe ]∂T>Vr OmVr h° gß^mbZ{ H{$ obE gj_ ]ZmZm EH$ AX≤^wV Ï`dÒWm h°$& VWm odH$mg H{$ b˙` AYya{ ahV{ h¢$& Zm{]{b [waÒH$ma g{ gÂ_moZV gw‡og’ ^maVr` g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m oZ_m©U ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ J´m_rU g_wXm` AW©emÛr ‡m{\{$ga A_À`© g{Z Z{ ›`mo`H$ odH$mg _{ß oZY©ZVm Am°a odf_Vm H$r Ztd [a hr hwAm h°$& AmO ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _wª` Í$[ g{ Jm±dm{ß _ß{ hr H$m{ hr ]mYH$ _mZm h° Am°a A[Z{ A‹``Z _ß{ MMm© H$r h° oH$ ^yI Am°a Jar]r OrodV h°$& amÓQ≠> H$m OrdZ Jm±dmß{ ¤mam hr [m{ofV hm{ ahm h°$& Jm±dm{ß H$r hr AW©emÛ H{$ A‹``Z H$r ]woZ`mXr AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$& ›`m` Am°a Z°oVH$Vm CfioV H$r AZX{Ir H$aZm `m C›h{ß [VZ H$r Am{a OmZ{ X{Zm EH$ Jß^ra ^yb H{$ Z`{ ‡oV_mZ VWm AW©emÛ H$r ZB© AdYmaUm V^r odH$ogV H$r Om hm{Jr$& AmO J´m_rU Am]mXr H$m ]hwV ]∂S>m dJ© Jar]r H{$ Aoêm[ g{ gH$Vr h°, O]oH$ dßoMV em{ofV Am°a odf_Vm [ro∂S>V gmYmaU Ïò∫$ H{$ [ro∂S>V h°$& H$B© J´m_rU [nadmam{ß H$r hmbV Vm{ E{gr h° oH$ C›h{ß Xm{ OyZ H$r `WmW© H$m VH©$gßJV odõ{f m ‡ÒVwV oH$`m Om`{$& am{Q>r ^r Zgr] Zht hm{Vr h°$& AmOmXr H{$ 64 df© ]mX ^r J´m_rU OZVm H{$ dmÒVd _{ß J´m_rU ^maV _{ß ]XbV{ ÒdÍ$[ H{$ ]rM E{g{ AZ{H$ gM ^r h¢, [mg _yb^yV gwodYm`{ß O°g{ - am{OJma, Amdmg, oejm, o]Obr, ÒdmÒœ`, Om{ ‡JoV H{$ Xmdm{ß H$m{ PwR>bm X{V{ h¢$& `⁄o[ AW© Ï`dÒWm H$r gßaMZm _{ß Òd¿N>Vm, ew’ [{Òb AmoX C[b„Y Zht h¢$& ]Xbmd Am`m h°$& ‡emgoZH$ j{Ã H$r ^yo_H$m KQ>r h° Am°a V•Vr`H$ j{Ã H$m òX BgH{$ _yb _{ß X{Im OmE Vm{ E{gm ‡VrV hm{Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß _hÀd ]∂S>m h°$& `hr H$maU h° oH$ gH$b Ka{by CÀ[mX _{ß H•$of H$m ohÒgm AZ{H$ g_Ò`mEß od⁄_mZ h¢ Om{ Z H{$db J´m_rU odH$mg h{Vw Ao[Vw gÂ[yU© KQ>H$a 18.5 ‡oVeV ah J`m h°$& d°ÌdrH$aU H$r Am±Yr Z{ X{e H{$ [aÂ[amJV X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß ]mYH$ h¢$& dmÒVd _{ß ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ‡W_ bKw Edß Hw$Q>ra C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r H$_a Vm{∂S> Xr h°$& I{Vr H$r ]∂T>Vr bmJV d CÀ[mXZ gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg [na`m{OZm (1952) H{$ ¤mam hr ‡W_ ]ma J´m_rU _{ß oÒWaVm g{ I{Vr KmQ{> H$m gm°Xm ]Z JB© h°$& Xygam{ß H$m [{Q> âZ{ dmb{ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m Wm$& df© 1956 _{ß am¡`m{ß H{$ oH$gmZm{ß H$m [{Q> AmO Imbr h°$& BgobE AfiXmVm oH$gmZ, AmÀ_hÀ`m [wZJ©R>Z hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ _‹`‡X{e am¡` H$m{ gdm©oYH$ J´m_rU Am]mXr H$aZ{ [a odde hm{ ah{ h¢$& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß am{OJma H{$ Adgam{ß _{ß H$_r g{ Am°a g_Ò`mAm{ß dmbm ^mJ odamgV _{ß o_bm Wm$& gZ≤ 2000 _{ß hwE [wZ: eham{ß H$r Am{a [bm`Z ]∂T>m h°$& od^mOZ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^r e{f _‹`‡X{e H$r oÒWoV _{ß H$m{B© Img ]Xbmd H•$of j{Ã H$r JoVhrZVm d Ka{by C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ [VZ H{$ H$maU J´m_rU —oÓQ>Jm{Ma Zht hm{Vm h°$& `⁄o[ ÒdmYrZ ^maV _{ß odJV dfm©{™ _{ß AmoW©H$, Jar]r, ]{am{OJmar d ^wI_ar _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°$& amÓQ≠>r` Z_yZm gd}jU gßJR>Z Am°⁄m{oJH$, gm_moOH$ Edß odkmZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß CÑ{IZr` odH$mg hwAm, [a›Vw H$r na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma 28.3 ‡oVeV J´m_rU d 25.7 ‡oVeV ehar [•WH$ _‹`‡X{e _{ß g_woMV odH$mg H$r Om{ gßH$Î[Zm H$r JB© Wr, Cg_{ß OZgßª`m Jar]r H$r a{Im g{ ZrM{ OrdZ`m[Z H$aZ{ H{$ obE Aoê· h°

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 126

VWm X{e H$r [mßM ‡oVeV OZgßª`m ^wI_ar H$r oeH$ma h°$& J´m_rU ^maV H$m`m©›d`Z hm{ ahm h°$& gßMma H´$mßoV g{ Xyar KQ>r h°$& H$r C[`w©∫$ ]Xhmbr H$r VÒdra g{ J´m_rUm{ß H$m OrdZ oZÂZVa ‡VrV hm{Vm H•$of Edß oH$gmZm{ß H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma ghH$mnaVm h°$& Bg oÒWoV H$m EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>m H$maU OZgßª`m d•o’ ^r h°$& H$m{ [wZJ©oR>V H$a Cg{ gßd°YmoZH$ Í$[ X{Z{ H{$ ‡ÒVmd [a odMma H$a ahr h°$& `yam{[r` X{em{ß _{ß odH$mg H$r Om{ bha oXImB© [∂S>Vr h°, CgH$m H$maU `h J´m_rUm{ß H$m{ ÀdnaV JoV g{ ›`m` C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ obE J´m_ ›`m`mb`m{ß h° oH$ dhm± OZgßª`m d•o’ Xa bJ^J ZJ ` h°$& BgH{$ Abmdm X{e _{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r Om ahr h°$& J´m_rU odH$mg g{ gÂ]ßoYV `m{OZmAm{ß _{ß Ï`m· Aoejm, ^´ÓQ>mMma, oZ`_ H$mZyZ H$r OoQ>bVm, ^mB©-^VrOmdmX, ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ C›_ybZ H{$ obE g^r H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r oZaßVa oZJamZr Am°a odH$mg H{$ bm^ H$m g_mZ odVaU am{H$V{ h¢$& _yÎ`mßH$Z H$r AoV AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$& gmW hr ^maV H$m{B© g_Í$[ X{e Zht h°, `hmß ^m°Jm{obH$, gm_moOH$, gßX^© J´›W gyMr Ymo_©H$, e°joUH$ ododYVmEß od⁄_mZ h¢$& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß X{e H$m g_Í$[ 1. Òdm_r Jw·m, J´m_rU odH$mg Edß ghH$mnaVm, a_{e ]wH$ oS>[m{, O`[wa, 2009 AoIb{e odH$mg H$oR>Z h°$& J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r AÀòYH$ H$_r h°, oOgg{ Eg. Edß ew∑bm gß‹`m, ^maV _{ß J´m_rU odH$mg, Jm`Ãr [p„bH{$eZ ardm, 2010 3. Km{f eßH$a, gm_m›` A‹``Z, `yZrH$ [p„bH{$eZ, oXÑr 2011 odH$mg H$m bm^ AßoV_ Ïò∫$ VH$ Zht [hw±M [mVm h°$& 4. [m S{>` [r. EZ., J´m_rU odH$mg Edß gßaMZmÀ_H$ [nadV©Z, amdV [p„bH{$e›g `⁄o[ J´m_rU odH$mg H$r amh H{$ BZ Adam{Ym{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE O`[wa 2006 gaH$ma ‡`ÀZerb h°$& gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_, 2005 EH$ 5. doeÓQ> ]r. H{$. Edß gm{_X{d, bm{H$ AW©emÒÃ, BßS>g d°br [p„bH{$e›g O`[wa, 2008 E{oVhmogH$ H$mZyZ h° Om{ [maXoe©Vm VWm Odm]X{hr gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ H{$ 6. Wm_g O{., _‹`‡X{e gm_m›` kmZ, g{R>r [p„bH{$e›g, O`[wa - 2012 7. ogßh O` Edß Xoh`m H°$bmg, ^maV 2011 ‡H$meZ od^mJ, gyMZm Edß ‡H$meZ obE bmJy oH$`m J`m h°$& Bgg{ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm \°$b ahr h°$& _ßÃmb`, ^maV gaH$ma [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ AoYH$ma gÂ[fi ]ZmZ{ g{ ÒWmZr` ÒVa [a ZroV oZ_m©U Am°a 8. d_m© gmdob`m o]hmar, J´m_rU AW©emÒÃ Edß ghH$mnaVm odÌd^maVr [p„bH{$e›g, ZB© oXÑr 2009

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 127 AZwoMV ‡mH•$oVH$ Xm{hZ g{ [nadoV©V hm{Vr ^maVr` Obdm`w S>m∞.Ama.gr. 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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$-dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 130

CgH$m df© 2009-10 Edß 2010-11 _{ß [yU© odVaU Zht hm{ [m`m h¢ Edß `ßÃrH$aU , ImX-]rO AmoX H$r `m{OZmE{ß MbmB© Om ahr h° d{ Hw$N> hr O]oH$ 2011-12 Edß 2012-13 _{ß BgH$m [yU© odVaU oH$`m J`m H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ C[b„Y hm{ [m ahr h¢& [a›Vw O°g{-O°g{ H•$fH$m{ß _{ß OmJÈH$Vm Am ∑`m{oH$ od^mJ ¤mam H•$of odH$mg OmJÈH$Vm H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ H$maU oH$gmZm{ß ahr h¢ Edß H•$of _{ß AmYwoZH$ VarH$m{ß H$m BÒV{_mb hm{Z{ bJm h° Cgg{ ‡oV _{ß BZ `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar H$m hm{Zm h¢& EH$∂S> CÀ[mXZ j_Vm _{ß d•o‹X Vm{ hwB© h° [a›Vw Xya -gwXwa AßMb _{ß ]g{ N>m{Q{> Bgr ‡H$ma ]bam_ Vmbm] Edß ZbHy$[ `m{OZm H{$ AmdßQ>Z H$m ^r oH$gmZm{ß VH$ [`m©· gwodYmE{ß [hwßM{ BgH{$ obE Jmßd-Jmßd H•$fH$ OmJÈH$Vm ‡oVdf© [yU© Ï`` oH$`m J`m h¢& H•$of `ßÃrH$aU H$m ^r AmdßQ>Z bJ^J Ao^`mZ Mbm`m OmE Edß H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ `m{OZmAm{ß g{ hm{Z{ dmb{ bm^m{ß H{$ ]ma{ ‡oVdf© [yU© Ï`` oH$`m J`m h° BgH{$ AmdßQ>Z _{ß ^r ‡oVdf© d•o‹X hm{ ahr _{ß ^r AdJV H$amE{ oOgg{ß H•$fH$ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß h¢& amÓQ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm o_eZ H{$ AßVJ©V ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ AmdßQ>Z _{ß ^r H$m bm^ CR>m gH{$& ‡oVdf© d•o‹X hm{ ahr h° [a›Vw oH$gmZm{ß H$r OmJÈH$Vm H{$ A^md _{ß gÂ[yU© gßX^© gyMr - Ï`` Zht hm{ [m ahm h¢& 1. J´m_rU Edß ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - lr gw]hogßh `mXd oZÓH$f© - Yma oObm Om{ oH$ EH$ o[N>∂S>m hwAm oObm h° `hmß emgZ 2. _.‡. H$m AmoW©H$ odH$mg - amd Edß H$m{Odma ¤mam H•$of od^mJ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ odo^›Z `m{OZmE{ß MbmB© Om ahr h° [a›Vw 3. am¡` H•$of odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ `m{OZm [woÒVH$m 4. oH$gmZ H$Î`mU H•$of odH$mg od^mJ [woÒVH$m _.‡. oOb{ H$m AoYH$mße H•$of ^y-^mJ [hmoS>`m{ß Edß C]∂S>>-Im]∂S> OJh [a hm{Z{ 5. C[gßMmbH$ oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg dmof©H$ [ÃH$ H{$ H$ma m Edß ogßMmB© gwodYmAm{ß H{$ [`m©· _mÃm _{ß C[b„Y Zht hm{Z{ Edß 6. oObm `m{OZm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m 2009 AoYH$mße H•$fH$m{ß H$m oZaja hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H•$of od^mJ ¤mam Om{ H$rQ>ZmeH$ 7. AJ´Ur ]¢H$ dmof©H$r gmI `m{OZm 2013-14

VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 emgZ ¤mam Yma oOb{ _{ß MbmB© JB© ‡_wI H•$of odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m Am]ßQ>Z Edß Ï`` VmobH$m df© df© df© df© 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 H´ß$. `m{OZm H$m Zm_ AmdßQ>Z Ï`` AmdßQ>Z Ï`` AmdßQ>Z Ï`` AmdßQ>Z Ï`` 1. AmB©gm{[m_ oVbhZ 125.00 124.92 224.70 223.23 360.57 360.54 296.46 296.43 2. amÔ≠>r` ObJ´hU 41.05 41.05 55.00 55.00 48.45 48.45 29.00 29.00 `m{OZm 3. amÔ≠>r` H•$of 242.30 218.854 678.93 673.17 1542.55 1542.55 413.11 413.11 odH$mg `m{OZm 4. amÔ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm 203.17 199.86 220.00 218.24 217.36 217.30 240.00 231.63 o_eZ XbhZ 5. amÔ≠>r` Im⁄ gwajm C[b„Y C[b„Y 215.22 215.22 208.48 208.48 230.29 200.00 o_eZ. J{hˇ± Zht Zht 6. ]bam_ Vmbm] 114.51 114.51 194.70 194.70 56.70 56.70 25.75 25.75 7. ZbHy$[ 4.59 4.59 9.49 9.49 12.66 12.65 9.79 9.79 8. H•$of `ßÃrH$aU 71.72 70.10 109.77 109.28 153.71 153.68 193.22 193.22 Ûm{V -C[gßMmbH$ oH$gmZ H$Î`mU VWm H•$of odH$mg [ÃH$ 2009-10 g{ 2012-13

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VmobH$m H´$.1 ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ _{ß JoR>V Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m H$m oddaU H´$_mßH$ „bmH$ ohVJ´moh`m| ‡oVeV H$m Zm_ H$s gßßª`m 1 ]∂S>dmZr 3137 12.49% 2 g¢Ydm 8975 25.73% 3 amO[wa 4018 15.99% 4 oR>H$ar 1724 6.86% 5 oZdmbr 2003 7.97% 6 [mQ>r 3224 12.85% 7 [mZg{_b 2036 8.11% `m{J 25120 100.00% H$oR>ZmB©`mß :- Ûm{V : oObm [ßMm`V ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) * Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ M`Z _{ß AmZ{ dmbr H$oR>ZmB©`m±& * Jar] J´m_rUm{ß ¤mam ]MV H$r H$oR>ZmB©& C[`w©∫$ VmobH$m H{$ Adbm{H$Z g{ kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ oOb{ _{ß 25120 * ]¢H$m{ ¤mam ‡XŒm F$U Edß AZwXmZ gß]ßoYV Ï`dhmnaH$ H$oR>ZmB©`m±& ohVJ´mhr SHG g{ Ow∂S{> h° gß{Ydm „bm∞H$ _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m{ * g_yh H{$ gXÒ` H{$ ode{f VH$ZrH$r ‡oejU gß]ßYr H$oR>ZmB©`m±& SHG H{$ AßVJ©V `m{OZm H$m bm^ b{Z{ H{$ obE Om{∂S{> J`{ h° oOZH$r gßª`m * g_yh ¤mam F$U dm[gr gß]ßYr H$oR>ZmB©`m±& 8975 h° Hw$b ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m H$m 35.73: h°& g]g{ H$_ ohVJ´mhr * `m{OZm H{$ oH´$`m›d`Z H$r emgH$r` H$oR>ZmB©`mß$& R>rH$ar „bm∞H$ _{ß g_yhm{ß H{$ AßVJ©V Om{S>∂{ J`{ h°& oOZH$r gßª`m 1724 h° Om{ gwPmd :- Hw$b ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m 6.86: h¢& 1. ohVJ´mhr g_yh gXÒ`m| H$m{ ÒdU© O`ßVr ehar am{OJma `m{OZm H$r VmobH$m H´$. 2 AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ OmZH$mar hm{Zm MmohE oOgg{ oH$ dh A›` Jar] ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ _{ß ÒdU© OßòV am{OJma `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V JoR>V gXÒ`m| H$m{ Bg `m{OZm g{ Om{∂S> gH{$ & Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$m OmoVJV AmYma [a oddaU 2. g_yh gXÒ`m| H{$ ]rM oZa›Va gß‡{fU hm{Zm MmohE oOgg{ oH$ H$m`©H´$_ H´$_mßH$ dJ©dJ©dJ© ohVJ´moh`m| ‡oVeV (Z`{-[wamZ{) H$r OmZH$mar gVV≤ o_bVr ah{& gßMma H{$ gmYZm{ H{$ H$s gßßª`m C[`m{J ¤mam Ïò∫$ A[Zr g_Ò`m Òdß` hb H$a gH$Vm h°& AV: g_yhm{ 1 gm_m›` 2072 8.25% H$m{ ge∫$ H$aZ{ h{Vw C›h{ g_`:-g_` [a [am_e© d Z`{ oZ`_m{ß H$r OmZH$mar X{Zm MmohE & 2 AZwgyoMV OmoV 1351 5.38% 3. gXÒ`m|ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ È[ g{ ge∫$ H$aZ{ h{Vw Z`{ H$m`©H´$_m|ß H$r ewÈAmV 3 AZwgyoMV OZOmoV 21591 85.95% H$r OmZr MmohE & 4 AÎ[gßª`H$ 106 0.42% 4. g_yh H{$ ¤mam gm_yohH$ oZU©` H{$ AZwgma gXÒ`m| H{$ ]rM Am` gßd’©Z `m{J 25120 100.00% gß]oYV H$m`©H´$_ MbV{ ahZ{ MmohE & 5. [nadma oZ`m{OZ H{$ H$m`©H´$_m|ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{H$a OZ-OmJÈH$Vm oeoda Ûm{V : oObm [ßMm`V ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) 2008 Am`m{oOV oH$`{ OmZm MmohE oOgg{ H$r OZgßª`m [a oZ`ßÃU hm{ C[`w©∑V VmobH$m H{$ Adbm{H$Z g{ `h kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ ]∂S>dmZr oOb{ _{ß gH{$& JoR>V Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß _{ß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV dJ© H{$ ohVJ´mhr AoYH$ 6. gXÒ`m|ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ È[ g{ AmÀ_oZ^©a ]ZmZ{ h{Vw AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ gßª`m _{ß Ow∂S{> hwE h°, oOZH$r gßª`m 21591 h° Om{ Hw$b ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r ∂F$U gwodYm, gab Edß AmgmZ oH$ÌVm{ [a Òd`ß H{$ b⁄w Edß Hw$Q>ra gßª`m H$m 85.95% h°& gm_m›` dJ© H{$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m 2072 h° Om{ C⁄m{Jm{ß h{Vw Xr OmZm MmohE& oOgg{ H$r Jar] g_wXm` gep∑VH$aU Hw$b ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m H$m 8.25% h°, AZwgyoMV OmoV dJ© H{$ H$r oXem _{ ]∂T> gH{$& ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m 1351 Om{ Hw$b ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m 5.38% h°& oZÓH$f© :- AÎ[gßª`H$ dJ© H{$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r gßª`m 106 Om{ Hw$b ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$r oObm J´m_rU odH$mg EO{ßog`m{ß H$m{ `h Nw>Q> Xr JB© oH$ A¿N{> Am°a Òd¿N> gßª`m 0.42% h°& Bgg{ `h kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ g_yhm{ß H{$ JR>Z _{ß AZwgyoMV N>od dmb{ J°a gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß (EZ.Or.Am{.)/gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ gm_moOH$ OZOmoV dJ© H{$ ohVJ´moh`m{ß Z{ H$m\$r Í$Mr oXImB© h°, gmW hr `m{OZm H{$ M{VZm OJmZ{, Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh ]ZmZ{ Am°a CZH$r j_VmE± ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ obE oH´$`m›d`Z _{ß A[Zm gh`m{J X{H$a A[Zr Edß Cg [a AmolV [nadma H{$ ‡oejU AmoX X{Z{ H{$ H$m_ g{ Om{∂S{>& gXÒ`m|ß H{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß [nadV©Z bmZ{ _{ß g\$b ah{ h°& Ohmß± ^r gaH$mar ‡emgZ Am°a Òd°o¿N>H$ gßJR>Zm{ß Z{ o_b-OwbH$a H$m_ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 133 oH$`m h°, CgH{$ ZVrO{ß A¿N{> o_b{ß h°& Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh o_bH$a ]∂S{>-]∂S{> gH$V{ h°& dmÒVd _{ß `h amÔ≠>r` Ao^`mZ ]Z gH$Vm h° Am°a X{e g{ Jar]r gßK ]ZmH$a H$m_ H$aZ{ H$m VarH$m A[Zm ah{ h°& hQ>mZ{ H$m _yb _ßÃ hm{ gH$Vm h°& B›hm{Z{ A[Z{ Jmßd _{ß hr Zhr Am[g[mg H{$ Jmßdm{ß _{ß ^r g_mO H$m{ D∞$ßMm gßX^© gyMr :- CR>mZ{, Hw$Í$oV`m± hQ>mZ{, AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ H$m_ ewÍ$ H$aZ{ Am°a BgH{$ obE 1. _{hVm, ]gßV-Jar]r Edß ]{am{OJmar C›_ybZ _{ß ]¢H$m{ H$r ^yo_H$m-oedm [o„beg©, OÍ$ar T>m±Mm I∂S>m H$aZ{ H$r AbI OJmB© h°& g^r Vah H{$ odŒmr` Edß CX`[wa 1994 gm_moOH$ H$m_ A[Z{ hmW _{ß obE h°& Bgr Vah AmJ{ ]∂T>V{ ah{ Vm{ `{ O_rZr 2. Jw·m, gwa{e-AmJ{ Am`{ bm^ CR>m`{ (Eb.H{$. Om{er) - Am`w∫$, OZgß[H©$, ^m{[mb 3. oOb{ H{$ ‡_wI Am∞H$S{>, oObm gmßoª`H$r od^mJ, ]∂S>dmZr- df© 2001 ÒVa [a X{e H$r ]hwV ]∂S>r VmH$V ]ZH$a Câ{ßJ{ Am°a EH$ oXZ ]hwV Zm_ 4. ^maV, J´m_rU odH$mg od^mJ, ZB© oXÎbr-df© 1996 g{ 2002 VH$ H$_m`{ßJ{& OJh-OJh Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh A^r g{ [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß 5. OZgßª`m [woÒVH$mE±, oObm gmßoª`H$r od^mJ, ]∂S>dmZr - df© 1998 g{ 2001 H{$ gß]b ]Z JE h° Am°a C›h{ Z{V•Àd ‡XmZ H$a ah{ h°& 6. oddaoUH$m ghH$m`© `m{OZm, oObm C⁄m{J H{$›– ]∂S>dmZr - df© 2000- 2001 gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ _{ß OwQ> OmZ{ H{$ gmW-gmW `{ g_yh 7. ]¢H$ F$U Edß dgybr ‡oH´$`m, oObm ghH$mar ]¢H$, oObm ]∂S>dmZr& odH$mg H$m`m} _{ß ]∂T>-M∂T>H$a ohÒgm b{ ah{ h°°& Hw$N> OJhm{ß [a Vm{ BZ g_yhm{ß Z{ gßX^© [oÃH$mE± - A[Z{ ]¢H$ ewÍ$ H$a oX`{ h°& Bgg{ `h gmo]V hm{ MwH$m h° oH$ Jar]r hQ>mZ{ H$r 1. Hw$Í$j{Ã [oÃH$m& 2. AmJ{ AmE bm^ CR>m`{& oOVZr ^r ÒH$r_{ß A] VH$ ewÍ$ H$r JB© Wr, CZ_{ß ""Eg.Or.Eg.dm`'' g]g{ 3. Eg.Or.Eg.dmB©. ‡oejU : J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb`& H$maJa Am°a H$m_`m] `m{OZm h° Om{ Jar]m{ß H{$ gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, 4. oObm gmßoª`H$r 2008 : oObm gmßoª`H$r od^mJ, ]∂S>dmZr& geo∫$H$aU H$r V{O Yma dmbr VmH$V ]Z MwH$r h°& 5. g_J´ J´m_ odH$mg 2004 : dZdmgr H$Î`mU [nafX, _w]ßB©& BgH$r ]woZ`mX [a odÌdmg g{ Ow∂S>r V_m_ [hbm{ß H{$ _hb I∂S{> oH$`{ Om 6. Òd`ß ghm`Vm g_yh (JR>Z, ‡oH´$`m Edß _mJ©Xe©Z) 2000 :C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$›–& 7. Progress of SHG Bank Nabard link in India.

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Impacts of Global warming on tourism (Special reference to Gwalior district)

Dr. Vasudha Agrawal * Introduction - B. Types of tourism Tourism is related to sightseeing and visiting recreational and a. Wildlife tourism (Flora and fauna) historical areas and staying over there for a couple of days. i. Wildlife sanctuary Journey takes a traveler beyond his home ambience and ii. Wildlife sanctuaries of M. P. because of this unfamiliarity it becomes an important part of iii. National parks and tourism travel experience. In ancient times, Saddi, a Persian poet iv. . National parks of M. P said "the benefits of travel are many the freshness it brings b. Natural beauty and adventure tourism to the heart, the delight of beholding new cities, the meeting c. Places of worship of unknown friends and the learning of high manners." But d. Cultural tourism the term tourism is relatively a recent phenomenon and is e. Historical locales distinguishable by its mass character from travel. The use of f. Environmental attractions. term 'tourism' has led to a range of complex meaning which Gwalior geographical position - have become associated with, the movement of people a Gwalior is located at 26.22ºN and 78.18ºE in northern Madhya sector of economy, an identifiable industry, services which Pradesh 300km (186 miles) from Dehli. It has average need to be provided for travelers. elevation of 197 meters (646 feet). Gwalior has a sub tropical Tourism potential and types - climate with hot summers from late to early July, the humid Tourism is now considered one of the world's largest monsoon season from late June to early October, and a cool industries, with an annual outlay of over $ 3.5 trillion US i.e. dry winter from early November to late February. of 6% of world GNP. According to the world tourism Underkoppen's climate the city has a humid subtropical organization 698 million people traveled to a foreign country climate. The highest recorded tempreture was 48º C and the in the year 2000 and spent more than US $ 478 billion. lowest was - 1ºC. International tourism and transport receipts currently total Table no. 1 more than US $ 575 billion - making tourism the world number Month wise temperature in Gwalior district one export earner, ahead of automotive products, chemicals, year 2011 (in ºC) petroleum and food. Months Average Average Average India has a tremendous tourism potential considering its maximum minimum temperature picturesque landscape and the wide options that the country January 22.3 8.4 15.35 offers to the tourists, ranging from the majestic Himalayas to February 26.8 8.4 17.60 the desert and forts of Rajasthan and from the backwaters of March 36.2 10.4 23.30 Kerala, to the beaches of Goa. However, India has failed to April 37.2 19.6 28.70 realized its potential as a favoured tourist destination oil May 44.1 25.7 34.90 around the globe. Out of the total world tourism earning of June 43.5 28.2 35.85 US $ 474billion. India's share is only US $ 2.9 billion (0.61%). July 35.8 27.0 31.40 India therefore needs to develop the tourism sector as an August 35.5 26.7 31.30 important industry. Although the country has sufficient September 34.6 24.2 29.40 resource, in terms of places of interest for tourists, but perhaps October 32.6 18.0 25.30 there needs to be more focus in the development to related November 28.9 12.4 20.65 infrastructure. December 23.9 8.9 10.40 A. Forms of tourism Yearly average 33.5 18.17 25.16 a. Domestics tourism Source - book of district statistical District Gwalior year - 2011. b. International tourism Summer start in late march, and along with other cities like

* HOD & Professor , Department of Economics, Dr. Bhagwat Sahai Govt. college, Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 135

Nagpur and dehli, are among the hottest in India and the June 32910 22245 world. Tempareture peak in may and june with daily averages July 113178 85902 being 33-35º C (93- 95ºF), and end in late June with the August 34704 23286 onset of the monsoon. Gwalior received 970mm (39 in.) of the rain every year, most of which is concentrated in the September 30271 23157 monsoon months from late June to early October. August is October 29574 21560 the wettest month with about 310mm (12 in.) of rain. November 31786 16497

Winter in Gwalior starts in late October, and is generally December 21153 13644 very mild with daily temperatures averaging in the 14-16ºC Total 483874 431895 (58-62ºF) range, and mostly dry and sunny conditions. January is the coldest month with average lows in the 5-7ºC Global tourism is closely linked to climate change. Tourism range (40-45ºF) and occasional cold snaps that plummet involves the movement of people from their homes to other temperatures to close to freezing. destinations and accounts for about 50% of traffic Table no. 2 movements; rapidly expanding air traffic contributes about Center wise tourist inflow and day visitors : 2010 - 11 2.5% of the production of CO2. Tourism is thus a significant contributor to the increasing concentration of greenhouse Center Domestic Foreign All Day Tourist gases in the atmosphere. tourist tourist tourist visitors inflows Table no. 4 inflow inflow inflow DV Classification according to Annual income (in US $)

Bhopal 1074842 11834 1086679 622383 1709062 Annual income Domestic Foreign Sanchi 17341 2500 19843 13411 33254 US $ household tourist tourist

Panchmadi 213681 692 2143374 50044 264418 Up to 15,000 15.1 35.3

Jabalpur 262436 3093 265527 67659 333186 15,000 to 35,000 27.9 32.9

Amarkantak 222585 1388 223972 271401 495373 35,000 to 50,000 25.7 11.7

Khajuraho 83286 81447 164736 27909 192645 50,000 to 70,000 22.3 8.0

Gwalior 483874 7909 491783 431895 923678 70,000 to 1,80,000 6.9 5.5

Shivpuri 84619 108 84728 110981 195709 Above to 1,80,000 2.1 6.6

Indore 396511 905 397416 68632 466048 Total 100.0 100.0

Ujjain 69476 252 69728 9858 79586 Impacts of Global warming on tourism: - Source:- Collection of Domestic tourist statistics for the state of M.P. Tourism not only contributes to climate change, but is affected by it as well. Climate change likely to increase the severity Global warming is the increase of Earth's average surface and frequency of storm and severe weather events, which temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as can have disastrous effects on tourism in the affected regions. carbon di oxide emissions from burning fuels or from Some of the other impacts that the world risks as a result of deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape global warming are drought, diseases and heat waves. from Earth. This is the type of greenhouse effect. Positive impacts of tourism - Table no. 3 ò Jobs for local people Center wise, month wise distribution of ò Income for the local economy domestic tourist inflow year 2010 - 11 ò Helps preserve rural services like buses, village shops Month Domestic tourist Day visitors and post offices in Gwalior in Gwalior ò Increased demand for local food and crafts January 47499 22467 ò Tourists mainly come to see the scenery and wildlife, so February 47574 89915 there is pressure to conserve habitats and wildlife

March 37373 13940 Negative impacts of tourism - ò Damage to the landscape: litter, erosion, fires, April 28076 76198 disturbance to livestock, vandalism May 30175 23084 ò Traffic congestion and pollution Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 136

ò Local goods can become expensive because tourists ò Reduce erosion caused by visitors, by creating and will pay more repairing footpaths. ò Shops stock products for tourists and not everyday goods Conclusion needed by locals Tourism in India is growing and it has vast potential for ò Demand for holiday homes makes housing too expensive generating employment and earning large amount of foreign for local people exchange besides giving a fillip to the country's overall ò Demand for development of more shops and hotels economic and social development. As its multi dimensional ò Jobs are mainly seasonal, low paid with long hours and service industry, it would be necessary that all wings of Opportunity - the central and state governments, private sector and voluntary ò More proactive roles from the Govt. of India in terms of organization become active partners in the Endeavour to framing policies. attain sustainable growth in tourism. ò Availability of high quality of resources. References - ò Allowing entry of more multinational cooperation, providing ò Bagri, S. C. (1997). What is tourism? Concepts and global perspective. definitions, Journal of travel and tourism. "Indian institute ò Growth of domestic tourism; the advantage here is that of Tourism and travel management, Gwalior. Vol -1 no. 1 domestic tourism and international tourism can be PP.77-79 ref. 77 separate easily owing to the difference in the period of ò Cohen, E. (1974) who is a tourist? A conceptual holidays. classification sociological review, Vol -22 Making tourism sustainable ò Leiper, N. (1990) tourism systems, Development of National park authorities work with local communities management systems occasional paper 21 Massey and other organizations to try and make tourism more University Auckland, New Zealand. sustainable. Here are just some of the things we do: ò www. World_tourism.org. ò Encourage visitors to leave their cars behind and uses ò www.wttc.org greener travel, like bikes, buses, boats and trains. ò www.rbi.org ò Encourage visitors to buy local products and food. ò Geography of india - Tiwari, R. C. ò Ask local communities for their views and ideas by setting ò www.tourism.gov.in up forums, groups and consultations. ò Principle of operation research - Mishra, R. C.

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_‹`‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm [a [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$m ‡^md ]bam_ ogßJm{oV`m * H$odVm Ywd} ** ‡ÒVmdZm - _.‡. ^maV H$m ˆX` ‡X{e VWm [`©©Q>H$m{ H$m ÒdJ© h° & `hm∞ Am°a odÌd _{ß [`©Q>Z H$m _hÀd[yU© H{$ß– ]ZH$a Câ ahm h°& Xe©Zr` ÒWbm{ß _ß{ ododYVm H{$ AZ{H$ aßJ o]Ia{ hwE h°& `{ ÒWb _.‡._{ß [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z H$r ‡d•oÀV VmobH$m H´$. 01 [m{°amoUH$,E{oVhmogH$, hr Zht ]oÎH$ Ymo_©H$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$ _hÀd ^r aIV{ df© X{er odX{er odH$mg Xa % _| h° [`©Q>Z odH$mg oZJ_ H{$ AZwgma am¡` _{ß 342 E{g{ H{$›– h° Om{ [`©Q>H$m{ [`©Q>H$ [`©Q>H$ X{er odX{er H$m{ bw^mV{ h°& CZ_{ß 20 H{$›– E{g{ h° Om{ amÓQ≠>r` Eßd A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ª`moV ‡m· 2002 49003242 67319 1.3 -25.4 h° &_.‡. _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r A^wV[yd© gß^mdZmE∞ h° & 2003 5968719 92278 -9.2 -9.3 ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm oOg Vah 10.2 ‡oVeV H$r Xa g{ odH$mg H$a ahr h° CZ_{ß [`©Q>Z C⁄m{Jm| H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ ahm h°& [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J 2004 8619426 14375 34.85 47.98 ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ odH$mg ghm`H$ hm{ ahm h° [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J _{ß am{OJma 2005 7250952 163423 40.81 40.98 H{$ Z`{ Adgam{ H$m g•OZ hwAm h° & 2006 11040190 189637 52.3 16.0 [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J _{ß odH$mg H$r bha Xm°∂S>Z{ g{ [ya{ ‡X{e _{ß AmoW©H$, 2007 13894500 234204 25.9 23.5 gm_moOH$, e°joUH$, amOZroVH$, odX{er gß[H©$, amÓQ≠>r` [mH$m} Eßd 2008 22088927 251733 16.8 12.6 [nadhZ d hm{Q>b AmoX H$m odH$mg hwAm h°°& [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J _{ß Hw$eb bm{Jm| H{$ gmW hr AHw$eb bm{Jm| H$m{ ^r hÒVH$bm O°g{ C⁄m{Jm| _ß{ am{OJma o_b ahm 2009 23106206 200819 4.6 20.2 h° & AV: [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J ‡X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß EH$ ge∑V j{Ã ]Z H$a C^ma h°& 2010 38079595 250430 64.8 24.7 oOgZ{ _.‡. H$m{ X{e odX{e _{ß EH$ ZB© [hMmZ oX`m h° & 2011 44119820 268800 -- A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` Sourse:1.Census India.gov.in * ‡X{e H{$ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& 2. IL&FS Infrastructure april ,2012 Interim report m.p. page 07 * [`©Q>Z j{Ã _{ß Z`{ am{OJma g•OZ H$m A‹``Z H$aZm& _.‡. H{$ [`©Q>Z ÒWb- _.‡. H{$ [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m{ _wª`V`: Mma dJm} _{ß * [`©Q>Z ¤mam ‡X{e H$r AYm{gßaMZm odH$mg _{ß [S>Z{ dmb{ ‡^mdm{{ß H$m od^moOV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°- A‹``Z H$aZm& gmßÒH•$oVH$ [`©Q>Z Ωdmobà, XoV`m, Am{aN>m, IOyamhm{, ^m{[mb, A‹``Z H$r odoY- ‡ÒVwV em{Y ‡]ßY H{$ A‹``Z h{Vw o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß _m Sy>, ]wahmZ[wa& H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h°& o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß H$m gßH$bZ ^maV gaH$ma Edß d›Òrd Edß [M_∂T>r, A_aHß$Q>H$, H$m›hm, ]mßYdJ∂T>, [fim, _‹`‡X{e gaH$ma H$r odo^›Z na[m{Q©>, ‡H$moeV Am∞H$S>m{ß, gß]ßoYV d{]gmBQ>g Am°a odo^fi em{YmoW©`m{ß H{$ ¤mam oH$`{ J`{ em{Y g{ oH$`m J`m h°& ES>d{ßMa [`©Q>Z oVJam, Jm±YrgmJa ,gV[wS>m d [{ßMÏh{br _.‡. _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r oÒWoV- _.‡. [`©Q>Z H$r A[ma gß^mdZmAm{ß g{ g_•¤ Z{eZb [mH©$ AmoX& am¡` h°& am¡` H$r odoeÔ>Vm, [`©Q>Z H$r ododYVm A[Zr g_•¤ odamgV, AdH$me Edß [M_∂T>r, IOwamhm{, Vmo_`m, ^m{[mb, Ωdmobà, [m°amoUH$ VrW© H{$ß–m{ß , ‡mH•$oVH$ gwßXaVm Am°a Ao¤Vr` d›` Ordm{ß H{$ Ï`m[mnaH$ [`©Q>Z B›Xm°a, O]b[wa& H$maU h°& [`©Q>Z ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß EH$ _hÀd[yU© j{Ã H{$ Í$[ _{ß Câ VrW©`mÃm [`©Q>Z C¡O°Z, _h{Ìda, Am{_H$ma{Ìda, oMÃHy$Q>, ^m{[mb, ahm h°& o[N>b{ [m∞M dfm} (2006-20012) _{ß ‡X{e H$r NSDP _{ß [`©Q>Z gm∞Mr, Am{aN>m, A_aHß$Q>H$& H$m `m{JXmZ 16 ‡oVeV ahm h°& [`©Q>Z H{$ j{Ã _{ß oZd{e H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ Sourse: M.P. state tourism development corporation Ltd. gaH$ma oZOr j{Ã H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$a ahr h°& am¡` gaH$ma H{$ Am∞H$S{> ]VbmV{ ‡X{e _{ß 382 [`©Q>Z ÒWb Edß 03 odÌd Yam{ha h° & am¡` H{$ ‡_wI h° oH$ o[N>b{ Mma dfm} _{ß [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J g{ XwJwZr Am_XmZr ‡m· hwB© h°& [`©Q>Z ÒWb oZÂZmZwgma h°:- df© 2008 _{ß _.‡. _{ß AmZ{ dmb{ [`©Q>H$m{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m 22340600 Wr *** ]m∞YdJ∂T>:- `h odß‹`mMb H$r KZr [hmoS>`m{ß H{$ ]rM C_na`m oOb{ O]oH$ df© 2011 _ß{ [`©Q>H$mß{ H$r gßª`m bJ^J XwJwZr 4438900 hm{ JB©& H{$ ]rM _{ß oÒWV h° & `h amÓQ≠>r` C⁄mZ 448 dJ© oH$_r. _{ß \°$bm hwAm h°& ‡X{e H{$ [`©Q>H$ ÒWbm{ß Z{ 64.8 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ d•o¤ Xa H{$ gmW df© Bg C⁄mZ _{ß ]mKm{ß H$r gdm©oYH$ gßª`m h°& 2010 _{ß 38079595 Ka{bw [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ Am°a 24.7 ‡oVeV dmof©H$ *** ^{∂S>mKmQ>:- `h Z_©Xm ZXr [a oÒWV h°& Om{ O]b[wa g{ bJ^J 10 d•o¤ Xa H{$ gmW odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V oH$`m h°& oH$_r. H$r Xyar [a oÒWV h°& Bg Ob ‡[mV _{ß 18 \$rQ> CMmB© g{ [mZr ZrM{ ‡X{e _| df© 2009 Am°a 2010 _{ß X{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aZ{ oJaVm h° Om{ oH$ YwE± H{$ g_mZ oXImB© X{Vm h°& `hm∞ H$m ]ßXa Hy$XZr Hw$ S> _ß{ 6 d{ß Am°a odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aZ{ _{ß 13 d{ß ÒWmZ [a h°& AmH$f©U H$m H{$›– h°& Bg Hw$ S> _{ß Z_©Xm ZXr BVZr gßH$rU© hm{ OmVr h° ‡X{e _{{ß [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z _{ß oZaßVa d•o¤ hm{ ahr h°& Bgg{ ‡X{e X{e oH$ ]ßXa EH$ oH$Zma{ g{ Xyga{ oH$Zma{ [a AmgmZr g{ Hy$X gH$V{ h°& * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ AW©emÒÃ em. _hm. gm¢ga ** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ AW©emÒÃ, emg. odkmZ _hmod. [mßTw>Zm©, oObm-oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 138

*** H$m›hm :- d›` ‡OmoV`m{ß H{$ gßajU H{$ ob`{ ‡m{O{∑Q> Q>mBJa `m{OZm _.‡. _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r gß^mdZmE∞ 1974 H{$ VhV H$m›hm amÔ≠>r` C⁄mZ ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m h°& Bg _.‡. _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r A[ma gß^mdZmE∞ _m°OyX h°& gaH$ma H{$ ‡`mg H{$ C⁄mZ _{ß e{a, ]mahogßJm H$m{ gßaojV oH$`m OmVm h°°& MbV{ ‡X{e _{ß [`©Q>Z j{Ã _{ß ]hwV V{Or g{ odH$mg hm{ ahm h°& A[Zr ‡mH•$oVH$ *** _m Sy>:- `hm∞ H$m Z∑H$merXma Iy]gyaV Aga\$r _hb A\$JmZm{ß H$r ,gmßÒH$oVH$ ,Ymo_©H$ odamgV H{$ H$maU ‡X{e _{ß [`©Q>Z j{Ã _{ß AÀ`moYH$ H$bm H$m ^Ï` Z_yZm h°& Om{ oH$ H$Q>m{ar H$r ^m∞oV ]Zm hwAm h° & `h gwßXa d•o’ hm{ ahr h°°°& dV©_mZ _{ß [`©Q>Z Z{ EH$ C⁄m{J H$m Í$[ b{ ob`m h{°& oOg_{ß _hb, Prb Am°a ‡mH•$oVH$ gm¢X`©Vm g{ g_•’ ÒWb h°& AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ A›` j{Ã [`©Q>Z H{$ gmW ZOXrH$r g{ OwS{> hwE h°& *** gm∞Mr:- `h S{>oQß>J, ÒVy[, _R>m{ß, _ßoXam{ß Am°a ÒVÂ^m{ß H{$ ob`{ _mZm OmVm òX gaH$ma gmd©OoZH$-oZOr j{Ã H$r gh^moJVm H{$ gmW [`©Q>Z h°& gm∞Mr ÒVy[ _m°`© g_´mQ> Aem{H$ Z{ ]Zdm`m Wm& j{Ã _{ß oZd{e ]∂T>m`{ ßVm{ [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$m dV©_mZ oOVZm A¿N>m h° ôdÓ` *** IOwamhm{ß:- `h N>Va[wa oOb{ _{ß oÒWV h°& `hm∞ MßX{bdße H{$ amOmAm{ß Z{ ^r CVZm hr gwZham hm{Jm& ‡X{e _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ oZÂZ o]›XwAm{ß 950 B´©.gr. g{ 1050 B©.gr. H{$ _‹` 85 _ßoXam{ß H$m oZ_mU© H$adm`m& H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Xem©`m Om gH$Vm h°°& oOg_{ß dV©_mZ _{ß 25 _ßoXa e{f h°& `hm∞ e°d, d°ÓUd VWm O°Z Y_© g{ BH$m{ [`©Q>Z gß]ßoYV _ßoXam{ß H$m oZ_mU© ]bwAm [ÀWam{ß g{ oH$`m J`m& * ES>d{ßMa Ò[m{Q©> [`©Q>Z *** [M_∂T>r:- `h _.‡. _{ß gV[wS>m [dV©_mbm _{ß oÒWV EH$ Iy]gyaV * hm{Q>b-3 ÒQ≠>ma, 4 ÒQ≠>ma, 5 ÒQ≠>ma [Vd©_mbm h°& [M_∂T>r _{ß KmoQ>`m{ß H$r KmQ>r, Zmbm{ß Am°a ^yb^wb°`m, _hmX{d * odamgV hm{Q>b [hmoS>`m{ß H$r Jw\$m`{ß, e°boMÃ AmoX [`©Q>Z H{$ _hÀd[yU© ÒWb h°& * [nadhZ EO{ßQ> Edß [nadhZ b∑Oar H$m{M ^maV _{ß [`©Q>Z H$r oÒWoV:- * Qy>a JmBS> ^maV _{ß [`©Q>Z am{OJma g•OZ Am°a AmoW©H$ ,gm_moOH$ odH$mg _{ß * [`©Q>Z gwodYm H{$ß– _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahm h°& ^maV _{ß df© 2011 H{$ Xm°amZ odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß * _ÎQ>rflb{∑g Edß _Zm{aßOZ H{${ß– H{$ AmJ_Z H$r d•o’ Xa 8.9 XO© H$r JB©& Om{ oH$ odJV df© H$r 4.4 * nag{flgZ g{ßQ>a ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa H$r VwbZm _{ß XwJwZr ahr& oOgg{ ^maV X{e H$m{ df© 2011 * Wr_ [mH©$ _{ß 16.56 o]ob`Z S>m∞ba _w–m H$r ‡mo· hwB©& O]oH$ 2010 _{ß 14.19 * Jm{Î\$ [mH©$ o]ob`Z S>m∞ba Am` ‡m· hwB©& [`©Q>Z _{ß 2011 _{ß 16.7 ‡oVeV H$r d•o¤ * hÒVH$bm CÀ[mX C⁄m{J hwB©& _ßÃmb` [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß H$m odH$mg Edß CZ_{ß ]woZ`mXr gwodYmE∞ C[b„Y _{oS>H$b [`©Q>Z H$amZ{ h{Vw oZaßVa ‡`mg H$a ahm h°& df© 2011-12 _{ß [`©Q>Z _ßÃmb` Z{ X{e * ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr \$_©-‡À`{H$ oOb{ _{ß EH$ am¡` AÒ[Vmb H{$ odo^fi am¡`m{ß H{$ gmW o_bH$a [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß `m goH©$Q>m{ß _{ß AYm{gßaMZm * Am`wd}oXH$ BbmO H{$ß– odH$mg H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ 710.02 H$am{S> H$r bmJV H{$ 160 [`©Q>Z ‡m{O{∑Q> * ‹`mZ Edß `m{J oeoda H{$ß– gßMmobV oH$`{ h°°& Ob [`©Q>Z Sourse: 1. ministry of tourism annual report 2011-12 page 05, * Jm∞Yr gmJa (_ßXgm°a) 2. Tourism potential in India page 03 * BßoXam gmJa (I S>dm) ^maV _{ß odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H{$ AmJ_Z H$r ‡d•oÀV VmobH$m H´$. 01 * Am{_H$ma{Ìda Ym_ (I S>dm) * ]aJr (O]b[wa) * ]mU gmJa (ardm) ZdrZ gß^mdZmE∞ * 1200 j_Vm dmbm am¡` H$bm C⁄m{J H{$ß– * MòZV j{Ãm{ß _{ß H$m]©Z [`©Q>Z * odÒVma Edß ZmÌVm ÒH$r_ B©H$m{ Qy>na¡_ Edß _‹`‡X{e ‡X{e gaH$ma Z{ 1995 _{ß [`©Q>Z ZroV Km{ofV H$r& oOg_{ß _wª`V`m: d›` Ord, am{_mßMH$ [`©Q>Z, [`m©daU M{VZm d oejm H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Z{ H{$ H$m b˙` aIm & [`©Q>H$m{ß H$r Í$oM _{ß Am ah{ ]Xbmd Am°a [`©Q>Z H{$ ]XbV{ ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE gaH$ma Z{ [`©Q>Z H{$ Z`{ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß BH$m{ Qy>na¡_ Am°a gmhogH$ [`©Q>Z H$m{ ]∂T>>mdm X{Z{ H$r oXem _{ß H$m`© H$a ahr h°°& [`©Q>Z H$r ododY odYmAm{ß H$m{ bm{H$o‡` Edß odH$ogV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ [hbr ]ma oZOr oZd{eH$m{ß H$r ^mJrXmar br Om ahr h°& BH$m{ Qy>na¡_ _{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`© g{ g_¤ ÒWbm{ß H$r g°a, [`m©daU M{VZm d [`m©daU oejm, AmoW©H$ JoVodoY`m{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ, ÒWmZr` bm{Jm|ß H$m ge∑VrH$aU Sourse:Ministry of tourism , govt. of India 2011-12 , India tourism statistics, page 02-04 AmoX H$m{ _O]yV H$aZm Ófmo_b h°& ‡X{e _{ß Ao¤Vr` gm°›X`© ÒWb h{°& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 139

ZoX`m∞, [d©V Edß dZ ododYVm H$r AZwHy$b [naoÒWoV`m∞ h°& AV:emgZ ]. Amdmgr` gwodYm VmobH$m H´$. 03 `m{OZm]¤ ZroV oZo_©V H$aH{$ [`©Q>Z _{ß gß^mdZm`{ Vbmf{ß Vm{ ‡X{e B©H$m{ Qy>na¡_ H$m X{e-odX{e _{ß ‡_wI H{$ß– ]Z H$a Câ{Jm& Sourse: 1. Eco and adventure tourism policy m.p. 2000-02 2. Twenty years perpective plan of tourism for the state of m.p. final report vol II page 24. _.‡. H$r AmYma^yV gßaMZm Edß H$Z{∑Q>rodQ>r ^m°oVH$ AYm{gßaMZm 1.1.1. g∂S>H$:- ‡X{e _{ß Hw$b 20 amÓQ≠>r` am¡` _mJ© h°& amÓQ≠>r` am¡` _mJ© H$r bÂ]mB© Hw$b 4709 oH$_r. d am¡` _mJ© H$r bÂ]mB© 1050 oH$_r. h°& ‡X{e g∂S>H$mß{ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ X{e H{$ A›` _hmZJam{ß g{ OwS>m hwAm h°& 2.2.2. a{b:- ‡X{e _{ß a{b _mJm} H$r bÂ]mB© bJ^J 4948 oH$_r. h°& ‡X{e H$m [pÌM_ g{›Q≠>b Om{Z H$m _wª`mb` O]b[wa _{ß oÒWV h°& a{Îd{ g{dm od^mJ H$m _wª`mb` ^m{[mb _ß{ h°& 3.3.3. dm`w`mZ:- ‡X{e _{ß 5 hdmB© AS>S{> h°& Om{ IOwamhm{ß ^m{[mb Ωdmobà O]b[wa _{ß h°& H$m›hm amÓQ≠>r` C⁄mZ hdmB© [Q>Q>r g{ OwS>m hwAm h°& ]m∞YdJ∂T> (C_na`m) _{ß hdmB© [Q>≤Q>r oZ_mUm©YrZ h°°& ^m{[mb AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa H$m Eà[m{Q©> h°& _.‡. H$r AYm{gßaMZm VmobH$m H´$.02

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g_›d` H$m A^md hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ‡X{e _{ß AmoW©H$ j_Vm _m°OyX hm{Z{ ‡X{e _{ß [`©Q>Z H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ H$r oXem _{ß oH$`{ Om ah{ gwoZ`m{oOV ‡`mgm{ß H{$ ]mdOyX ^r XrKm©doY dmbr odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m A^md h°& H{$ MbV{ ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$m gH$mamÀ_H$ Edß * hm{Q>b [nadhZ Am°a Q{>≠dÎg EO{ßog`m{ß H{$ Ï`dgm` _{ß gmd©OoZH$ Am°a ZH$mamÀ_H$ Xm{Zm{ß hr ‡^md X{ ah{ h°& [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J g{ `wdmAm{ß H$m{ hm{Q>b, oZOr j{Ã H{$ ]rM g_›d` H$r H$_r h°& a{ÒQ>m∞a{ßQ>, [nadhZ EO{ßQ> d Qy>a JmBS> AmoX H{$ Í$[ _{ß Z`{ am{OJma ‡m· hm{ ah{ * EH$ C⁄m{J H{$ Í$[ _{ß [`©Q>Z j{Ã H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ h{Vw oZOr j{Ã _{ß h°& [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J g{ OwS{> A›` hÒVH$bm C⁄m{Jm|ß H{$ odH$mg H{$ gmW hr bm{Jm| ‡m{ÀgmhZ ‡^mdH$mar Zht h°& H$m{ am{OJma o_bm Am°a CZH$r H´$` eo∫$ d•o¤ hwB© h°& * [`©Q>Z j{Ã g{ OwS{> odo^ﬁ CÀ[mX Am°a CZH$r Ï`m[H$ od[UZ Ï`dÒWm [`©Q>Z _{ß Z`{ oZd{e H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$ma Z{ ‡À`j A[`m©· h°& odX{er oZd{e H$aZ{ H$r 100 ‡oVeV AZw_oV ‡XmZ H$r h° oOgg{ [`©Q>Z * ÒWmZr` oZdmog`m{ß _{ß [`©Q>Z ¤mam hm{Z{ dmb{ AmoW©H$ ,gm_moOH$ Am°a C⁄m{J _{ß odH$mg H$r ZB© bha Xm°∂S> ahr h°& ‡X{e H$m AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$, gmßÒH$oVH$ bm^ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r H$_r h°& e°joUH$, amOZ°oVH$, amÓQ≠>r` [mH$m~ H{$ odH$mg H{$ gmW hr odX{er gÂ[©H$ * _mZd odH$mg gßgmYZ Am°a AmdÌ`H$ JwUdŒmm h{Vw [`m©· _mÃm _{ß AmgmZ hwE h°& ÒWmZr` gaH$mam{ß H$m{ ewÎH$ d H$am{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZa›Va Am` ‡oejU gwodYmAm{ß H$r H$_r h{°& oOgg{ AHw$eb lo_H$m{ß H$m{ [`m©· ‡m· hm{ ahr h° &[`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$m ‡X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm [a Hw$N> ZH$mamÀ_H$ am{OJma Zht o_b [m ahm h°& ‡^md ^r X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b ah{ h° O°g{ :-Ob d od⁄wV H$m AZmdÌ`H$, C[`m{J _.‡. _{ß [`©Q>Z odH$mg h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ gwPmd ^yo_ C[`m{J _{ß ‡oV`m{oJVm, H$r_Vm{ß _{ß V{Or g{ d•o¤, Am°a ÒWmZr` oZÂZ * ‡X{e _{ß gaH$ma ¤mam [`©Q>Z j{Ã H$m{ ]∂T>>mdm X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ [`©Q>Z ZroV Am` ÒVa H{$ bm{Jm| H$m A›` j{Ãm{ß H$r Am{a [bm`Z AmoX & H$r Km{fUm H{$ gmW BH$m{ Qy>na¡_ H$r ÒWm[Zm [`©Q>Z odH$mg h{Vw ‡X{e gaH$ma [`©Q>Z C⁄m{{J H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ gwoZ`m{oOV odH$mg AmdÌ`H$ h°& ZroV H{$ gmW oZd{e _{ß d•o¤ H$a ahr h° $& [`©Q>Z g{ OwS>∂{ H$B© gßJR>Zm{ß Eßd * [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß _{ß AmdÌ`H$ ]woZ`mXr gwodYmAm{ß H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m JR>Z oH$`m Om ahm h° & oOgg{ [`©Q>Z g{ [∂S>Z{ dmb{ ZH$mamÀ_H$ h{Vw oZOr ˙m{Ã H{$ oZd{e H$m{ AmH$of©V oH$`m Om`{& ‡^mdm{ß H$m{ g_m· oH$`m Om gH{$ & AV: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J * [`©Q>Z g{ Ow∂S>{ hÒV H$bm C⁄m{J _{ß bJ{ AHw$eb lo_H$m{ß h{Vw Ï`mdgmo`H$ ‡X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß goH´$` ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahm h° oOgg{ ‡X{e H$m{ X{e- ‡oejU gwodYmE∞ C[b„Y H$amB© Om`{& odX{e _{ß EH$ ZB© [hMmZ o_b ahr h° & * [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß VH$ [hw∞M h{Vw gwodYmOZH$ `mVm`mV gßgmYZm{ß H$m gßX^© gyMr odH$mg oH$`m Om`{& ò M.p. develovment report, planning commission govt. of india 2011, * ÒWmZr` bm{Jm|ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ H$aH{$ AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ bm^ oX`m page 204 Om`{ VmoH$ H$_Om{a dJ© _{ß Ï`m· [bm`Z ‡d•oŒm H$m{ am{Om Om gH{$& ò Census India.gov.in ò IL&FS Infrastructure april ,2012 Interim report m.p. page 07 * odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V H$aZ{ H{$ obE [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ _{ß odÌdÒVar` ò M.P. state tourism development corporation Ltd. JwUdŒmm dmbr gwodYmE∞ C[b„Y H$adm`r Om`{& ò ministry of tourism annual report 2011-12 page 05, * [`©Q>Z odH$mg h{Vw gaH$ma H{$ odo^ﬁ od^mJm{ß H{$ ]rM Am[gr g_›d` ò Tourism potential in India page 03 hm{Zm MmohE& ò Ministry of transport and highways, annual report 2010-11 oZÓH$f© ò Economy survey of m.p. 2010-11 ò The Land of diamond m.p. November, 2011 page 04-05 _.‡. H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm 10.2 ‡oVeV odH$mg Xa H{$ gmW odH$mg H$a ò www.ibef.org ahr h°& am¡` gH$b Ka{bw CÀ[mX _{ß [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$r ohÒg{Xmar oZaßVa ]∂T>r ò India tourism statistics, 2009 h°& o[N>b{ [m∞M dfm{© (2006-2012) _{ß EgEZS>r[r _{ß [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$m ò Ministry of tourism interim reort m.p. 2012, pape 07 `m{JXmZ 16 ‡oVeV ahm h°°& ‡X{e _{ß oÒWV 9 Z{eZb [mH©$ Am°a 25 ò Eco and adventure tourism policy m.p. 2000-02, pape 01,03. A‰`maUm{ß gohV 382 [`©Q>Z ÒWbm{ß Z{ X{er-odX{er [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m{ ò Twenty year percentive lan of tourism for state of m.p. final report vol II, page 24 AmH$of©V oH$`m h°& ‡X{e _{ß df© 2011 _{ß 2.80 H$am{S> [`©Q>H$m{ß Am°a df© ò Investers guide to tourism, m.p., page 11 2012 _{ß 5.40 [`©Q>H$m{ß H$m AmJ_Z hwAm h°& oOgg{ ‡X{e gaH$ma H$m{ ò Rai K. ashok and baredar dr. prashant, empirical findings and bJ^J 700 H$am{∂S> H$r Am_XZr hwB© h°& situation analysis of tourism in the state of m.p. international journal of research in management vol 06 page 17.

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F$U ‡`m{OZ- VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 5 gd}ojV gXÒ`m|ß H{$ [mg C[b„Y ^y-Om{V g_yh H{$ gXÒ`m|ß H$r H$B© ‡H$ma H$r AmdÌ`H$VmE∞ hm{Vr h°, oO›h{ß d{ o]Zm ghm`Vm ‡m· oH$`{ [yam H$aZ{ _{ß Ag_W© ahV{ h°& gXÒ` CÀ[mXH$ H´$. ^y-Om{V Amd•oÀV ‡oVeV oH´$`mAm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW AZwÀ[mXH$ oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ F$U 1 ^y-Òdm_r 247 49.40 2 ^yo_hrZ 253 50.60 ‡m· H$aV{ h°& g_yh H{$ gXÒ`m|ß ¤mam g_yh g{ F$U oZÂZoboIV C‘{Ì` H$m{ `m{J 500 100.00 [yam H$aZ{ h{Vw ob`m J`m h°& 0 - 2 EH$∂S> 138 58.87 VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 9 Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh g{ F$U ‡mo· H$m ‡`m{OZ 2 - 4 EH$∂S> 87 35.22 H´$. ‡`m{OZ gßª`m ‡oVeV 4 EH$∂S> g{ AoYH$ 22 08.91 1 H•$of H$m`© 247 50.10 6. g_yh H$m gXÒ` ]ZZ{ H$m H$maU - 2 Òd-am{OJma 23 4.66 g_mZ AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ [•ÓR>-^yo_ H{$ 10 g{ 20 Ïò∫$ [wÍ$f/ 3 [wamZ{ F$U H$r MwH$m°Vr 41 8.31 4 oMoH$Àgm 15 3.04 _ohbm Am[g _{ß o_bH$a EH$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H$m JR>Z H$a gH$Vm h°& 5 oejm 28 5.67 g_yh H$m JR>Z H$aZ{ H{$ [rN{> ha gXÒ` H$m C‘{Ì` AbJ-AbJ hm{ gH$V{ h°& 6 Ka{by H$m`© 44 8.92 gd}ojV 500 gXÒ`m|ß g{ CZH{$ g_yh _{ß goÂ_obV hm{Z{ H$m H$maU kmV 7 gm_moOH$ [aÂ[amE∞ 76 15.41 oH$`m J`m Am°a oOg{ oZÂZ VmobH$m _{ß Xem©`m J`m h° - 8 A›` 19 3.85 VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 6 g_yh H$m gXÒ` ]ZZ{ H$m H$maU `m{J 500 100.00 H´$. 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F$U dm[gr gßª`m ‡oVeV 1 gmhyH$ma/_hmOZ 262 52.40 1 [yU© F$U H$r dm[gr 122 24.74 2 ghH$mar gßÒWmE∞ 198 39.60 2 75 ‡oVeV [wZ©^wJVmZ 159 32.25 3 o_Ã/naÌV{Xma 17 3.40 3 50 ‡oVeV [wZ©^wJVmZ 167 33.87 4 ]¢H$ 23 4.60 4 25 ‡oVeV [wZ©^wJVmZ 36 7.30 5 H$mbmVrV 09 1.84 `m{J 500 100.00 `m{J 493 100.00 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 143 oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd - J´hU oH$`{ hwE h°& BZH$m ‡oVeV 43.20 h° & 6 g{ 8 H$jm VH$ Bg A‹``Z H{$ ‡_wI oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd oZÂZmZwgma h° - oeojV gXÒ`m|ß H$m ‡oVeV 24.60 h°& g_yh 4 ‡oVeV gXÒ` hr 1. IaJm{Z oOb{ H{$ oZY©Z [nadmam{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ odH$mg CÉ oejm ‡m· oH$E hwE h°& gXÒ`m|ß H$r oejm H{$ ÒVa H$m{ ]∂T>mZm h{Vw Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ JR>Z H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m Om ahm h°& oOgg{ OÍ$ar h° VmmoH$ d{ Am°a AoYH$ Hw$ebVm g{ A[Z{ g_yh H$r JoVodoY`m{ß `{ [nadma gy˙_ gmI H{$ ¤mam A[Z{ [nadma H$r gm_oOH$ Edß AmoW©H$ H$m odÒVma H$a gH{$& oÒWoV H$m{ gw—∂T> H$a gH{$$& 6. 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Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ JR>Z H{$ [ÌMmV≤ CZH$r oÒWoV Edß gXÒ`m|ß H$r g_yh H{$ gXÒ`m|ß _{ß ^r b⁄w Edß gr_mßV H•$fH$m{ß H$m ‡oVeV AoYH$ h°& gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H$m odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a [m`m oH$ IaJm{Z 53 ‡oVeV g_yh H{$ gXÒ` H•$of H$m`© _{ß gßbæ h°& H•$of hr CZH$m oOb{ _{ß JoR>V Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß _{ß 37 ‡oVeV g_yh AZwgyoMV ‡_wI Ï`dgm` h°& 34.20 ‡oVeV gXÒ` lo_H$ h¢ _OXyar H$a d{ OZOmoV dJ© g{ gß]ßY aIV{ h°& AmoXdmgr g_wXm` _{ß ^r A[Z{ odH$mg A[Zm OrdZ `m[Z H$aV{ h°& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ahZ{ H{$ H$maU lo_H$ H{$ ‡oV OmJóV Am`r h° Am°a d{ ^r odH$mg H$m`m} _{ß gh^moJVm H$aZ{ H•$of H$m`m} _{ß hr _OXyar H$aV{ h°& Òd-am{OJma dmb{ _mÃ 8.80 ‡oVeV bJ{ h°& gd}ojV g_yhm{ß _{ß g{ 83 g_yh AZwgyoMV OmoV dJ© H{$ W{, gXÒ` W{& Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Òd-am{OJma H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oOZH$m ‡oVeV 16.60 h°& o[N>∂S>m dJ© H{$ 33 ‡oVeV g_yh W{ VWm X{Zm MmohE oOgg{ H•$of j{Ã _{ß AZmdÌ`H$ l_ H$m{ am{H$m Om gH{$& g]g{ H$_ g_yh 67 oOZH$m ‡oVeV 13.40 h°, gm_m›` dJ© H{$ W{& 7. Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$m JR>Z bm{Jm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa H$m{ D∞$Mm CR>mZ{ g_yhm{ß H$m JR>Z OZgßª`m H{$ AZw[mV _{ß ]hwV H$_ h°& Bg j{Ã H$r H{$ ob`{ oH$`m OmVm h°& g_yh H{$ gXÒ` gm_m›`V: ]hwV H$_ Am` OZgßª`m H$m{ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yhm{ß H$m JR>Z H{$ bm^ g_PmH$a BZH$m{ dmb{ hm{V{ h° & O] `h OmZZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m oH$ gXÒ`m|ß H$r BZg{ Om{∂S>Z{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Am` H$m ÒVa ∑`m h° ? Vm{ Om{ oÒWoV gm_Z{ Am`r Cg_{ß 10,000 3. `wdm oH$gr H$m`© H$m{ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ]hwV CÀgwH$ ahV{ h°& Am`w dh Ma h° Í$[`{ g{ H$_ dmof©H$ Am` ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ gXÒ`m| H$m ‡oVeV 27.20 Om{ C‘{Ì` ‡mo· _{ß ghm`Vm H$aVr h°& gd}ojV 500 gXÒ`m|ß H$m Am`w Wm& 10,000 g{ 15000 Í$[`{ Í$[`{ dmof©H$ H{$ ]rM Am` ‡m· H$aZ{ AZwgma odõ{fU H$aZ{ [a [m`m oH$ Òd-ghm`Vm g_yh H{$ JR>Z _{ß dmb{ 39.20 ‡oVeV gXÒ` W{ 15,000 g{ 20,000 Í$[`{ H{$ ]rM 20-20 df© H$r Am`w dmbm{ß H$m ‡oVeV 53 h°& 30-40 df© g{ Am` AoO©V H$aZ{ dmb{ 25 ‡oVeV gXÒ` [m`{ J`{ & 20,000 AoYH$ C_´ H{$ Ïò∑V`m{ß Z{ g_yh JR>Z _{ß 5.80 ‡oVeV H$m `m{JXmZ Í$[`{ g{ AoYH$ Am` ‡m· H$aZ{ dmb{ gXÒ` 8.6 ‡oVeV h°& Am` oX`m& Bgr ‡H$ma 20 df© g{ H$_ C_´ H{$ Ïò∫$`m{ß Z{ ^r 13.60 ÒVa ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ ob`{ Òd-am{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m OmZm ‡oVeV JR>Z oH$`m& 40 df© g{ AoYH$ Am`w H{$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ g_yh MmohE& J´m_rU j{Ã hm{Z{ g{ [ew[mbZ, ^{∂S> Edß ]H$ar [mbZ H{$ H$m`© JR>Z h{Vw ‡{naV H$aZm MmohE& AoYH$ C[`w∫$ ah{ßJ{& 4. N>m{Q>m [nadma gwIr [nadma H$m AmYma hm{Vm h° & g_yh H{$ [nadmam{ß H$m Reference - Am°gV AmH$ma AmXe© [nadma H$r oÒWoV _{ß Zht h°& 79.20 ‡oVeV 1. Desai B.M.- 1984, Group based savings and credit programmme in gXÒ` E{g{ h° oOZH{$ [nadmam{ß H$r gXÒ` gßª`m 5 g{ 7 Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ Rural India for Rural Poor. 2. Gupta R.C., 1994, Management of Savinds and Credit Programme ]rM h°& H$ht-H$ht 8 g{ AoYH$ gXÒ` ^r EH$ [nadma _{ß [m`{ J`{ by NGo's Har Anand Publication, New Delhi. oH$›Vw BZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> [nadma gß`w∫$ [nadmam{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZdmg H$aV{ h°& 3. Karmakar K.G.1999, Rural Credit and self help group : Micro Finance [nadma H{$ gXÒ`m|ß H$r gßª`m AoYH$ hm{Z{ H$m ‡_wI H$maU Bg j{Ã _{ß Need and Concepts in Indian Sage Publication, New Delhi. gßXya BbmH$m{ß _{ß [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r [hw∞M Zht hm{Zm h°& 4. Kurtz, Lind Farr's 1997 - Self Help and Support Groups. A Hand oejm H$m odÒVma Edß [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ gwXya J´m_rU book for practitioners, Sage Publication. 5. NABARD, 1989 Studies on Self Help Groups of the rural poor, BbmH$m{ß _{ß ‡MmnaV H$a Bg g_Ò`m H$m{ am{H$m Om gH{$& NABARD, Mumbai. 5. oejm Z H{$db Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg H{$ ob`{ OÍ$ar h°, ]oÎH$ gm_moOH$ 6. Nagarjum B.S. and Lalitha N, 1997 Critical Study of women self help Edß AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß [nadV©Z bmZ{ H$m EH$ ge∫$ _m‹`_ h°& gd}ojV groups in selected district of Tamilnadu- ICSSR, New Delhi. gXÒ`m|ß H$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZ{ [a [Vm Mbm 7. Gopal Krishna, B.K.,1998 SHGs and Social Defence, Science oH$ g_yh _{ß A^r 11.60 ‡oVeV gXÒ` AoeojV h°& oeojV gXÒ` welfare, vol. 44(10)pp. 30-34 January] 198 8. Pathak P.A., 1992, Self Help Goups and their linkages with Banks. ^r AoYH$mße VWm gmja `m _mÃ 5 dt H$jm VH$ Am°[MmnaH$ oejm National Bank Revies, 7(11)

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 144 ^maV _{ß am{OJma Am°a AmoW©H$ d•o’ amd{›– ogßh [Q{>b *

Abstract - am{OJma _mZd H{$ OrdZ H$m AmYma h°$& am{OJma H{$ Methodology - o]Zm EH$ Iwehmb g_mO H$r H$Î[Zm Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h°$& ^maV _{ß 1. Area of the study - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß A‹``Z h{Vw A‹``Z j{Ã ‡W_ [mßM [ßMdfu` `m{OZmAm| VH$ `m{OZm oZ_m©VmAm{ß H$r `hr YmaUm H{$ Í$[ _{ß gß[yU© ^maV H$m{ g_mohV oH$`m J`m h°$& ahr h° oH$ AmoW©H$ d•o’ g{ am{OJma A[Z{ Am[ ]∂T> Om`{Jm b{oH$Z dmÒVd 2. Period of the study-em{Y AdoY H{$ AßVJ©V 1972-73 g{ _{ß E{gm hwAm Zht$& h_ma{ X{e _{ß Om∞]b{g J´m{W hwB© h°$& Ohm± X{e _{ß AmoW©H$ 2009-10 H{$ AoIb ^maVr` ÒVa [a g_ßH$m{ß H$m{ ‡`w∫$ oH$`m J`m h°$& d•o’ Am°a AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß YZmÀ_H$ ghgß]ßY hm{Zm MmohE Wm, dht 3. Applied variables - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß A‹``Z h{Vw oZÂZoboIV F$UmÀ_H$ ghgß]ßY X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm h°$& am{OJma d•o’ Z ]∂T> [mZ{ H$m EH$ Mam{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h° - (1) AmoW©H$ d•o’ (2) am{OJma d•o’ H$maU `h ahm h° oH$ AmoW©H$ gwYmam{ß g{ H{$db odoZ_m©U j{Ã H{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß (3) H•$of j{Ã _{ß d•o’ (4) C⁄m{J j{Ã _{ß d•o’ (5) g{dm j{Ã _{ß d•o’ d•o’ hwB© h° Am°a Xygam H$maU `h ahm h° oH$ E{g{ ‡À`moeV ∂T>mßMmJV ]Xbmd 4. Data Collection - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _{ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß H$m ‡`m{J Zht hm{ [mE oOZg{ C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m{ l_ ]hwb ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm$& dV©_mZ g_` oH$`m J`m h°$& BgH{$ gßJ´hU h{Vw `m{OZm Am`m{J H$r na[m{Q©>, AmoW©H$ _{ß AmoW©H$ d•o’ H$m bm^ eZ°:-eZ°: ZrM{ VH$ [hw±MZ{ H$m og’m›V A[Zr gd}jU VWm H{$›–r` gmßoª`H$r` gßJR>Z (CSO) H$r na[m{Q©> H$m ‡mgßoJH$Vm Im{ MwH$m h°$& A] `h _mZm OmZ{ bJm h° oH$ am{OJma g•OZ Am°a ghmam ob`m J`m h°$& Jar]r Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE H{$db AmoW©H$ d•o’ [`m©· Zht h°$& 5. Data Analysis - ‡oVeV odoY d a{ImoMÃ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_ßH$m{ H$m Keywords ---AmoW©H$ d•o’, am{OJma, g_md{er odH$mg, Om∞]b{g J´m{W, odÌb{fU oH$`m J`m h°$& H$m∞] S>Jbg ‡m{S>∑gZ \$›H$gZ, [y±Or ‡YmZ VH$ZrH$, l_ ‡YmZ VH$ZrH$$& ^maV _{ß o[N>b{ Xm{ XeH$m{ß H$m AZw^d Xem©Vm h° oH$ Vrd´ AmoW©H$ d•o’ Introduction - AmoW©H$ d•o’ Edß am{OJma H{$ _‹` gß]ßY OmZZ{ g{ H{$ ]mdOyX Om{ am{OJma H{$ Adga ]ZmE JE d{ A[`m©· W{ Om{ oH$ oZÂZ [hb{ Xm{Zm{ß H$m AW© OmZZm OÍ$ar h°$& d•o’ (Growth) oH$gr Ï`o∫$, gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°$& g_yh, j{Ã `m X{e _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr _mÃmÀ_H$ (quantitative) ‡JoV H$m{ ^maV _{ß Or S>r [r d•o’ Am°a am{OJma d•o’ H$hV{ h¢$& AW©emÛr BgH$m ‡`m{J AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß AmZ{ dmbr _mÃmÀ_H$ AdoY Or.S>r.[r. d•o’ am{OJma d•o’ ‡JoV H$m{ Xem©Z{ H{$ obE H$aV{ h¢ Am°a `h h_{em VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ hr 1972-73 g{ 1983 4.66 2.44 111 ‡`w∫$ hm{Vm h°$& _ra d amCM (2006) H{$ AZwgma _mÃmÀ_H$ AmoW©H$ 1983 g{ 1993-94 4.98 2.02 ‡JoV hr AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ h°$& AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ YZmÀ_H$ d F$UmÀ_H$ 1993-94 g{ 2004-05 6.27 1.84 Xm{Zm{ß hm{ gH$Vr h°$& ]{am{OJmar g{ Ame` Cg l_ eo∫$ g{ h°, Om{ H$m_ 1999 g{ 2009-10 7.52 1.50 H$aZ{ H{$ B¿Nw>H$ h¢, H$m_ H$aZm MmhV{ h¢, H$m_ Ty>∂T>Z{ H$m ‡`mg H$aV{ h¢, o\$a ^r C›h{ß H$m_ Zht o_b [mVm h°$& ^maV Z{ o[N>b{ 22 dfm}ß _{ß Vrd´ 2004-05 g{ 2009-10 9.08 0.22 AmoW©H$ ‡JoV H$r h°$& 1980-81 g{ 1990-91 H{$ Xm°amZ X{e H$r AmoW©H$ Ûm{V - [[m{bm g{ Ï`wÀ[ﬁ (2012), Eg _h{›– X{d H$m Amb{I "am{OJma Am°a AmoW©H$ d•o’' d•o’ Xa 5.2 % Wr, Om{ gwYma H$mb H{$ C[am›V 1990-91 g{ 2000- `m{OZm, A∑Qy>]a 2013 _{ß ‡H$moeV 2001 H{$ Xm°amZ ]∂T>H$a 5.6 % hm{ J`r$& VÀ[ÌMmV≤≤ 2000-01 g{ 2003- C[am{∫$ gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ O°g{-O°g{ X{e H$r AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ ]∂T>r 04 H{$ _‹` 6 % ahr Om{ Vrd´ JoV g{ ]∂T>H$a 2004-05 g{ 2009-10 H{$ h° d°g{-d°g{ am{OJma _{ß d•o’ H$r a‚Vma KQ>r h°$& AWm©V Xm{Zm{ß Mam{ H{$ _‹` ]rM 8.7 % hm{ J`r$&222 odH$mg Am°a _w–m Ò\$roV H{$ _m{M} [a X{e Z{ d°oÌdH$ od[arV gß]ßY X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm h°$& AV: ^maV _{ß Om∞]b{g J´m{W hwB© h°$& odŒmr` gßH$Q> VH$ _{ß A¿N>m ‡Xe©Z oH$`m$& EH$ Am{a Ohm± odH$ogV X{em{ß H$r ^maV _{ß Or.S>r.[r. d•o’ Am°a am{OJma d•o’ d•o’ Xa 2 % ahr, dht Xygar Am{a ^maV A[Zr d•o’ Xa 6 % ]ZmE aIH$a A[Zr AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r _O]yVr H$m [naM` oX`m$& AmO EH$ Am_ AmX_r g{ b{H$a ZroV oZ_m©VmAm{ß, AW©emoÛ`m{ß, amOZ{VmAm{ß, g_mO gwYmaH$m{ß AmoX g]H{$ _Z _{ß ‡ÌZ CR>Vm h° oH$ ∑`m `h AmoW©H$ d•o’ am{OJma H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ _{ß g\$b ahr h°?, ∑`m Jar]r H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b ahr h°? VWm ∑`m AmoW©H$ Ag_mZVm H$m{ H$_ H$a gH$r h°? ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß B›ht ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ CŒma Im{OZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°$& Objectives - 1. AmoW©H$ d•o’ Edß am{OJma H{$ ]rM gß]ßY kmV H$aZm$& 2. H•$of, C⁄m{J Ed g{dm j{Ã _{ß C[b„Y am{OJma H$m odÌb{fU H$aZm$& * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$-AW©emÛ, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 145

^maV _{ß Or.S>r.[r. d•o’ Am°a am{OJma d•o’ - C[am{∫$ a{Im oMÃ _{ß Yra{ odoZ_m©U j{Ã _{ß g_m`m{oOV H$a ob`m OmVm h°, obhmOm Hw$N> g_` Xm{Zm{ß dH´$ EH$ -Xyga{ H{$ od[arV h¢ Am°a Xm{Zm{ß H{$ ]rM H$m AßVa bJmVma ]mX H•$of j{Ã ^r bm^ H$m YßYm ]Z OmVm h°$& odoZ_m©U j{Ã H{$ ghma{ bß]{ ]∂T>Vm Om ahm h¢ Om{ AÀ`›V oMßVmOZH$ h°$& ÒQ≠>rQ>dQ©> Am°a ÒQ≠>{Q{>Z333 H{$ A‹``Z g_` VH$ odH$mg H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{ß _{ß E{gm Xm°a AmVm h° O] X{e H$m oZÓH$f©© ^maV H{$ gßX^© _{ß gÀ` ‡VrV hm{Vm h° oH$ CÀ[mXZ d•o’ Am°a odH$ogV hm{ OmVm h° Am°a H•$of j{Ã g{ [yar Vah oH$Zmam H$aH{$ g{dm j{Ã H$m Í$I am{OJma H{$ odÒVma _{ß odam{Y hm{ gH$Vm h° O] am{OJma Am`m{OZ H$r Am°a H$a b{Vm h°$& A\$gm{g, ^maVr` AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$m _m∞S>b Bg [aIr hwB© amh ‹`mZ Z oX`m OmE Vm{ AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r JoV V{O hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX ^r [a Zht Mb ahm h°$& h_mar AW©Ï`dÒWm Z{ H•$of j{Ã g{ odoZ_m©U j{Ã _{ß OmZ{ ]{am{OJmar H$r g_Ò`m ]Zr ah{$& H$r ]Om` grY{ hr g{dm j{Ã _{ß N>bm±J bJm Xr h°$&666 ^maV _{ß AmoW©H$ d•o’ H{$ Or.S>r.[r. _{ß d•o’ H{$ AZwÍ$[ am{OJma _{ß d•o’ Z hm{Z{ H{$ ‡_wI H$maU gmW-gmW am{OJma _{ß d•o’ Z hm{Z{ H$m EH$ ‡_wI H$maU H$m∞] S>Jb_ ‡m{S>∑gZ oZÂZoboIV h°- ^maV _{ß dV©_mZ _{ß 53.2 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ß H$m{ H•$of j{Ã _{ß \$›H$gZ777 H{$ AmYma [a odH$mg H$aZ{ H$r ÒdÃßVm h°$&888 am{OJma ‡m· hm{Vm h°$& 1993-94 _{ß 61 ‡oVeV, 1999-2000 _{ß 56.6 Q = ALααα K1-ααα OR ALααα Kβββ ‡oVeV VWm 2004-05 _{ß 52.1 ‡oVeV bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma ‡m· hm{Vm Ohm± Q = CÀ[mXZ, L = l_, K = [yßOr, A, ααα Am°a βββ = YZmÀ_H$ ‡mßMb Wm$&444 b{oH$Z H•$of _{ß Hw$b oZd{e Or.S>r.[r. 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H$m 3.0 ‡oVeV VH$ oÒWa aIZm ]hwV Vm{ CÀ[mXZ ey›` hm{ Om`{Jm$& Bg ‡m{S>∑gZ \$›H$gZ H$m ‡^md `h [∂S>m hr A[`m©· h°, E{gm Cg [naoÒWoV _{ß Am°a oZamemOZH$ ‡VrV hm{Vm h° òX H$r C⁄m{J[oV`m{ß Z{ [yßOr H$r OJh l_ H$m ‡oVÒWm[Z H$aZm bJmVma ewÍ$ Bg ]mV H$m ‹`mZ aIm OmE oH$ H•$of 53.2 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m H{$ obE H$a oX`m oOgH{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ am{OJma KQ>Z{ bJm$& AOrodH$m H$m Ûm{V h°$&1990 g{ 2010 H{$ ]rM ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm oZÓH$f©© Í$[ _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ ^maV _{ß AmoW©H$ d•o’ H{$ gmW- Am°gVZ N>h g{ gmV \$rgXr H$r odH$mg Xa g{ AmJ{ ]∂T>r h° Am°a oH$gr ^r gmW am{OJma _{ß d•o’ Zht hm{ [m`r h°$& BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ H•$of j{Ã obhmO g{ `h odH$mg Xa Iam] Zht H$hr Om gH$Vr h°$& oX∏$V `h ahr h° H$m Vrd´ JoV g{ odH$mg oH$`m OmE VÀ[ÌMmV≤ odoZ_m©U j{Ã H$m Am°a CgH{$ oH$ ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm Z{ `h odH$mg g{dm j{Ã ImgH$a gyMZm ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r ]mX g{dm j{Ã H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm Xr OmE$& gmW hr Ohm± l_ ‡YmZ VH$ZrH$ Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ X_ [a hmogb oH$`m h°$& `hr dOh h_ma{ odH$mg g{ g_md{er g{ CÀ[mXZ H$aZ{ H$r gß^mdZm hm{ dhm± [yßOr ‡YmZ VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡`m{J Z e„X H$m{ AbJ H$a X{Vr h°$& ^maV H$r Or.S>r.[r. _{ß g{dm j{Ã H$r ohÒg{Xmar oH$`m OmE$& O°gm oH$ b{odg 9 _hm{X` H$m ^r H$WZ h° oH$ O] ‡MobV 60 \$rgXr g{ ¡`mXm h° O]oH$ Or.S>r.[r. _{ß odoZ_m©U j{Ã H$m `m{JXmZ _m°o–H$ _OXyar Xa [a l_ H$m AmoY∑` hm{ Vm{ Cg _OXyar Xa [a [y±Or H$m{ _mÃ 16 \$rgXr h°$& MrZ, ogßJm[wa, Om[mZ, XojU H$m{na`m Am°a XwoZ`m H{$ CÀ[mXH$ Zht _Zm Om gH$Vm òX dh R>rH$ dhr H$m_ H$aVr h° oOg{ l_ ^r odH$ogV X{em{ß H$r Or.S>r.[r. _{ß odoZ_m©U j{Ã H$r ohÒg{Xmar 30 \$rgXr g{ CVZr hr A¿N>r Vah H$a gH$Vm h°$& Bg Vah H{$ oZd{e [y±Or[oV`m{ß H{$ obE ¡`mXm h°$& odoZ_m©U j{Ã H$m{ XwoZ`mâ _{ß Aho_`V oXE OmZ{ H$r _wª` ^b{ hr bm^‡X hm{ß b{oH$Z g_mO H{$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ d{ Abm^H$mar hm{J{ß dOh `h h° oH$ Bg j{Ã _{ß ]∂S{> [°_mZ{ [a Zm°H$na`m [°Xm hm{Vr h¢ Am°a BZ ∑`m{ßoH$ CZg{ ]{am{OJmar ]∂T{>Jr Z oH$ CÀ[mXZ$& Zm°H$na`m{ß _{ß H$_ ‡oeojV `wdmAm{ß g{ b{H$a CÉ H$m°eb dmb{ AoYH$mna`m{ß gßX^© J´ßW - VH$ ha V]H{$ H$m{ I[m`m Om gH$Vm h°$& dht g{dm j{Ã _{ß ]hwV H$_ Zm°H$na`mß 1. Gerald M Meier and James E. Rauch, " Leading issues In [°Xm hm{Vr h° Am°a BZ H$_ Zm°H$na`m{ß _{ß ^r ]{hX CÉ H$m°eb dmb{ bm{Jm{ß H$r Economic Development' Oxford university Press, New Delhi, 2006, P. 12-14 _m±J hm{Vr h°$& ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm H$r D±$Mr odH$mg Xa H$m{ am{OJma 2. Central Statistical organisation 2012 odhrZ odH$mg (Om∞]b{g J´m{W) H$m Xm°a H$hm OmVm h°$& g{dm j{Ã _{ß [°Xm hwB© 3. F stewart and PP streeten " Conflicts beetween output $& D±$M{ d{VZ dmbr Zm°H$na`m{ßß H$m \$m`Xm ^maVr` eham{ß _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ [hb{ g{ Employment objectives" third world employment, hr gß[fi V]H$m{ß H{$ bm{Jm{ß Z{ CR>m`m h°$& [hb{ g{ hr hoe`{ [a ah ahr X{e H$r Harmonds worth, 1973, PP - 367-84 odemb J´m_rU Am]mXr H$r hmbV Bg Xm°a _{ß Am°a ¡`mXm o]J∂S> JB©$& D±$Mr 4. Planning commission Eleventh Five year plan, 2007-121212, NSSO 666666th Round odH$mg Xa H{$ ]mdOyX h_ MrZ Am°a XojU H$m{na`m H$r Vah ]{am{OJmar d 5. Datt & Sundram, Indian Economy, Schand & Company, New Jar]r Xya Zht H$a [mE ∑`m{ßoH$ h_mam odH$mg g{dm [a hX g{ ¡`mXm oZ^©a Delhi, 2012, P 233233233 Wm$& o]´Q{>Z g{ b{H$a MrZ Am°a XojU H$m{na`m VH$ XwoZ`m H{$ gma{ X{em{ß Z{ 6. Sen, Arvind Kumar "Jansankhakiya Labhansha Ya odH$mg H$m EH$ hr amÒVm A[Zm`m h°$& g]g{ [hb{ gaH$ma oejm-ÒdmÒœ` Jansankhakiya Abhishap' Aalekh, Yojana, Oct, 2013, P. 23-23-23- 252525 O°gr ]woZ`mXr OÍ$aVm{ß _{ß oZd{e H$aH{$ H$m°eb `w∫$ H$m_Jma V°`ma H$aVr h° 7. ADN Baj Payee Speech on Employment at Govt P.G. College Am°a BgH{$ ]mX odoZ_m©U j{Ã H$m{ _O]yV H$aH{$ Bg H$m_Jma Am]mXr H{$ Satna , 212121 Feb. 2005 hmW _{ß am{OJma oX`m OmVm h°$& O°g{-O°g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ odoZ_m©U j{Ã _{ß D±$M{ 8. C.W. Cobb and P.H. Douglas " A Theory of Production' AER d{VZ [a ¡`mXm CÀ[mXH$ H$m_ o_bVm h°, Cgr a‚Vma g{ H•$of j{Ã [a X]md (Supplement), 1928 H$_ hm{Vm OmVm h°$& MyßoH$ H•$of j{Ã _{ß OÍ$aV g{ ¡`mXm Ow∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ Yra{- 9. W.A. 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* ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j (AW©emÒÃ od^mJ) em. _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV * * [r.Or.Q>r. (AW©emÒÃ) Odmha Zdm{X` od⁄mb` Zm°Jm±d oObm- N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 147 gßª`m 10,422 g{ KQ>H$a 9,861 df© 2006-2007 _{ß hm{ JB© & BgH$m AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H{$ gwPmd- AW© h° oH$ Hw$b l_]b _{ß gßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß oZ`m{OZ H$m AZw[mV 2005- AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H{$ obE oZÂZoboIV 2006 _{ß 2.49 ‡oVeV g{ KQ>H$a 2006-2007 _{ß 2.28 ‡oVeV ah H$X_ CR>mE OmZ{ MmohE- J`m & 1. AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H$m{ gßJoR>V H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡À`{H$ Jm±d Bg ‡H$ma N>Va[wa oOb{ _{ß gßJoR>V j{Ã H$m AmH$ma gßHw$oMV hm{ ahm h° Am°a eha H{$ dmS>m~ _{ß _OXya go_oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m OmZm VWm AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ AmH$ma _{ß d•o’ hm{ ahr h° & Bg [nadV©Z H{$ AZ{H$ MmohE & H$maU hm{ gH$V{ h¢ O°g{- C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m A^md, gaH$mar j{Ã H$r H$_r, ZB© 2. lo_H$m{ß H$m{ oeojV H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m OmZm MmohE, `oX oeojV AmoW©H$ ZroV H$m ‡^md AmoX & gßj{[ _{ß _‹`‡X{e H{$ Bg odemb oOb{ _{ß H$aZm gß^d Z hm{ Vm{ BZ lo_H$m{ß H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ AdÌ` oH$`m OmZm oZ`m{OZ H{$ j{Ã _{ß AgßJoR>V j{Ã H$m AZw[mV amÔ≠>r` Am°gV 92.30 MmohE & oOgg{ d{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß, Adgam{ß, Xmo`Àdm{ß VWm (2004-2005) g{ ^r AoYH$ h° & gm_moOH$ _hÀd H$m{ OmZ gH{$ß & N>Va[wa oOb{ H{$ AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H{$ oZ`m{OZ H{$ gßX^© _{ß em{Y 3. gaH$ma ¤mam gßMmobV am{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß (_Za{Jm) H{$ ‡^mdr H{$ Xm°amZ 240 ‡oVXem~ g{ gyMZm ‡m· H$r JB© & oZ`m{OZ H{$ j{Ãm{ß H$m{ Mma oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ ob`{ Odm]X{h, CŒmaXm`r, ‡emgoZH$ T>m±M{ H$m dJm~ _{ß od^moOV oH$`m J`m- I{V _{ß H$m_ H$aZ{ dmb{, Ï`mdgmo`H$ oZ_m©U oH$`m OmZm MmohE, oOgg{ `m{OZm H$m bm^ [mÃm{ß H$m{ 15 ‡oVÓR>mZm{ß _{ß H$m_ H$aZ{ dmb{, bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß H$m_ H$aZ{ dmb{ VWm X°oZH$ ‡oVeV H{$ ÒWmZ [a H$_ g{ H$_ 85 ‡oVeV AdÌ` [hw±M{ & _OXya H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZOr j{Ã H{$ AßVJ©V H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ & AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ 4. AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H{$ H$Î`mU H{$ obE ^maV gaH$ma ¤mam AßVJ©V H$m`© H$aZ{ dmb{ lo_H$m{ß H$m g]g{ ]S>m ^mJ bJ^J 50 ‡oVeV oZo_©V H$mZyZ ''AgßJoR>V H$m_Jma gm_moOH$ gwajm AoYoZ`_ lo_H$ H•$of j{Ã H{$ AßVJ©V I{oVha _OXya H{$ Í$[ _{ß am{OJma ‡m· H$aVm 2008'' H$m{ gß[yU© X{e H{$ lo_H$m{ß [a bmJy oH$`m Om`{ & h° & Ï`m[mnaH$ ‡oVÓR>mZm{ß Am°a XwH$mZm{ß _{ß H{$db 12.08 ‡oVeV lo_H$ gßX^© J´ßW gyMr:- oZ`m{oOV [m`m J`m & N>Va[wa oOb{ _{ß C⁄m{Jm{ß H$m odH$mg ]hwV H$_ hwAm h°, 1. National commission for enterprises in the unorganized BgH$m ‡^md AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H{$ oZ`m{OZ _{ß ^r oXImB© [S>Vm sector, government of India, Chairman- Shri Arjun h° & BgrobE bKw C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H$m _mÃ 4.16 ‡oVeV K.Sengupta 2. A Comparative Study between Organised and ^mJ hr oZ`m{oOV [m`m J`m & X°oZH$ _OXya Om{ oZOr j{Ã H{$ AßVJ©V Unorganised Manufacturing Sectors in India written by am{OJma ‡m· H$aVm h°, CgH$m AZw[mV Hw$b AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß _{ß Ruchika Gupta Departments of Higher Education New 33.75 ‡oVeV ^mJ h° & BZ Am±H$S>m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ I{oVha _OXya Am°a Delhi 3. National Statistical Commission Government of India X°oZH$ _OXya H$m ^mJ AgßJoR>V j{Ã H{$ lo_H$m{ß H$m VrZ Mm°WmB© g{ AoYH$ February 2012 Cairman- Prof.R.Radhakrishna h° & Bg dJ© H{$ lo_H$ H$_Om{a AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß [m`{ OmV{ h¢, BZH$r 4. India Year Book 2008 & 2012 Manpower Prifile ,Institute of ‡oVÏ`o∫$ Am` H$_ h° VWm H$m`© Xem`{ß ^r ‡oVHy$b [mB© OmVr h¢ & Appled manpower Research, Narela Delhi 110040

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ÏhrQ>bgrb H•$of ‡X{e odÌd H$m{ 13 H•$of ‡X{em{ß _{ß g_` [a H•$of VH$ZrH$m{ H$r OmZH$mar C[b„Y H$am`r OmVr h°& oOb{ H{$ od^moOV oH$`m Edß ^maV _{ß S>m∞. _m{hÂ_X g{\$r VWm _mbdm [R>ma H•$of H{$ H•$fH$m{ß ¤mam d°oÌdH$ ]mOma H$r H•$of CÀ[mXm{ß H$m CÀ[mXZ H$aZ{ bJ{ h° gZ≤ obE C[`w∫$ ^yo_ C[`m{J & 1990 VH$ H•$fH$m{ß ¤mam CÀ[mXZ H$r [wamZr VH$ZrH$, ImX, ]rO H$m hr AV: AßV _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ oOb{ _{ß H•$fH$m{ß H$m{ H•$of _{ß CÀ[mXZ C[`m{J H$aV{ W{ oH$›Vw A] CÀ[mXZ H$r g_ÒV ZdrZV_ VH$ZrH$ VWm VW CÀ[mXH$Vm H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw emgZ H$r `m{OZmAm{ß H$m ghr g_` [a bm^ CfiV oH$Ò_ H{$ ]rO, ImX, H$rQ>ZmeH$ VWm AoYH$V_ CÀ[mXZ dmbr o_b Om`{ Vm{ oOb{ H{$ H•$fH$m{ß _{ß Iwehmbr hr Iwehmbr hm{Jr& \$gbm{ß H$m CÀ[mXZ H$a CZH{$ OrdZ ÒVa VWm H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß d•o’ H$r h¢& gßX^© J´ßW gyMr - 1. H•$of ^yJm{b - S>m∞. _moOX hwg°Z, O`[wa ‡H$meH$ oOb{ _{ß gZ≤ 1995-96 _{ß 80.21 ‡oVeV CfiV oH$Ò_ H{$ J{hy± VWm gm{`m]rZ 2. 2- Dhankaur 1988 "Changing" Pattern of Agriculturel Landuse" H$m H$mÒV j{Ã Wm Om{ 2009-10 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 96.37 ‡oVeV hm{ J`m h° VWm Rawat Pablication, Jaypur amgmòZH$ Cd©aH$m{ß H$m C[`m{J 1995-96 _{ß 41.06 ‡oV oπ$ßQ>b Wm Om{ 3. MmßXZm - Ama.gr. 2003- OZgßª`m ^yJm{b H$Î`mUr [o„beg©, oXÎbr 2009-10 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 198.40 oπ$ßQ>b hm{ J`r h¢& _mbdm _{ß H$hmdV ^r h° oH$ - 4. H•$of ^yJm{b - S>m∞. ‡_rbm Hw$_ma oh›Xr AH$mX_rH$ J´ßWmb`, ^m{[mb ''[J [J am{Q>r, S>J S>J Zra'' 5. ^y-Ao^b{I H$m`m©b`-Yma, oObm-Yma ''Yma oOb{ _{ß _mbdm ^yo_ AÀòYH$ C[OmD$ d H•$of H{$ obE AmXe© *************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 150 oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m A‹``Z S>m∞. eo∫$ O°Z *

‡À`{H$ X{e H$r ÒdÒW OZgßª`m hr Bg X{e H$r dmÒVodH$ eo∫$ Am°a bJ^J 12 df© H$r Am`w _{ß ‡maß^ hm{Vr h°$& gÂ[pÀV hm{Vr h°$& ÒdÒW eara _{ß ÒdÒW _Z Edß ÒdÒW AmÀ_m H$m oZdmg oH$em{amdÒWm H$m{ [nadV©Z H$m H$mb H$hm OmVm h° Cg g_` CoMV hm{Vm h°$& AÒdÒWVm H$m`©j_Vm H$m{ KQ>mVr h°, AÒdÒWVm d ]r_mna`m± d oejm o_bZm AmdÌ`H$ h°$& CoMV oejm g{ VmÀ[`© [∂T>mB© H{$ gmW Z°oVH$ Edß VZmd X{e H$r l_eo∫$ H$m{ ZÓQ> H$aVr h°$& ]mbl_ oZ`ßÃU H{$ gß]ßY _{ß Om{ gm_moOH$ oejm H$m hm{Zm$& H$mZyZ ]Zm h° CgH$m gß]ßY A‡À`j Í$[ g{ X{e H$r l_ eo∫$ g{ h°$& N>m{Q>r ""Bg AdÒWm _{ß ‡m· kmZ d grI{ J`{ AmXem~ [a hr Ïò∫$ H$m [yam C_´ g{ H$m`© H$a{Jm Vm{ bß]{ g_` VH$ H$m`© Zht H$a [m`{Jm$& OrdZ oZ^©a H$aVm h°$& AV: Bg H$mb _{ß Ka _{ß A¿N>m ÒdÒW dmVdaU, oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr AÒdÒWVm H$m X{e H{$ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß Ao^^mdH$m{ß, oejH$m{ß H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m hm{Vr h°$& KoZÓR> gß]ßY h°$& oH$em{amdÒWm _mZd odH$mg H$r AÀòYH$ _hÀd[yU© oH$em{amdÒWm H$r _wª` ode{fE± :- AdÒWm d H$mb h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgr AdÒWm _{ß _mZd H$m e{f H$mb `m ôdÓ` 1. oH$em{amdÒWm [naVd©Z H$m H$mb h° Bg AdÒWm _{ß H$B© Vah H{$ [nadV©Z oZoÌMV hm{Vm h°$& oH$em{amdmÒWm H$m _hÀd Bgr ]mV g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVm h° oH$ hm{V{ h¢ O°g{ emarnaH$, _mZogH$, ]m°o’H$, gm_moOH$ AmoX$& _Zm{d°kmoZH$m{ß H$m ‹`mZ g]g{ ¡`mXm Bgr AdÒWm Z{ AmH$of©V oH$`m h°$& 2. oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß emarnaH$ odH$mg Vrd´ JoV g{ hm{Vm h° `h ]mbH$ H´$m{ VWm H´$m{ Bg AdÒWm H$m _hÀd BZ e„Xm{ß _{ß H$hV{ h¢ ""oH$em{a hr VWm ]mobH$mAm{ß _{ß emarnaH$ o^fiVm H{$ H$maU AbJ-AbJ hm{Vm dV©_mZ H$r eo∫$ VWm ^mdr Amem H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aVm h°$&'' h°$& oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H$m ÒdÒW aIZm ]hwV hr 3. oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß ]mbH$-]mobH$m`{ß Xm{Zm{ß hr A[Z{ eara H$r gwßXaVm AmdÌ`H$ h° _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m C‘{Ì` Ïò∫$ H$r ]wo’ Am°a odH$mg H{$ H$r Am{a ‹`mZ X{V{ h¢$& H$m`m~ H{$ YZmÀ_H$ eo∫$ _{ß d•o’ hm{ CZH$m OrdZ ghO hm{$& CZH{$ OrdZ _{ß 4. Bg AdÒWm _{ß od[arV obßJ H{$ ‡oV AmH$f©U ]∂T>Vm h°$& H$m_eo∫$ H$m{B© VZmd Z hm{$& ∑`m{ßoH$ oH$em{a hr X{e H$m ôdÓ` h°$& H$r [na[∫$Vm H$m g_` hm{Vm h°$& AmO oejm H$m C‘{Ì` ]mbH$m{ß H$m gdm™JrU odH$mg H$aZm h° [mR>ÁH´$_ 5. ÒdVßÃVm H$r CÀHß$R> B¿N>m hm{Vr h°$& H$m oZ_m©U ]mbH$ H$r _mZogH$ oÒWoV, Í$oM d A›` `m{Ω`VmAm{ß H$m{ AmYma 6. KoZÓR> d Ïò∫$JV o_Ã H$r Am{a PwH$md hm{Vm h°$& _mZH$a V°`ma oH$`m OmVm h°$& [aßVw oH$em{amdmÒWm Om{ [nadV©Z H$r AdÒWm 7. Xm{ÒVm{ß H$m{ AoYH$ _hÀd X{Zm$& H$hr OmVr h°$& Cg AdÒWm _{ß Xr OmZ{ dmbr oejm gß[yU© OrdZ H$r _hÀd[yU© 8. ]mbH$ d ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r Í$oM _{ß AßVa hm{Vm h{$& oejm h°$& Bg g_` H{$db [∂T>mB© H$r oejm hr AmdÌ`H$ Zhr h° ]oÎH$ 9. oH$gr odoeÓQ> Ïò∫$ H$m{ AmXe©, g]g{ D±$Mm _mZH$a [yOm H$aZm$& ÒdmÒœ` [a ‹`mZ X{Zm ^r AmdÌ`H$ h°$& 10. AmH´$m_H$ d A[amY ‡d•pÀV ^r hm{Vr h°$& òX ]mbH$ oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß ÒdÒW Zht hm{Jm VZmdJ´ÒV hm{Jm Vm{ 11. Hw$N> gßd{JmÀ_H$ (Emotion problems) ^r CÀ[fi hm{Vr h°$& CgH$m ‡^md CgH$r [∂T>mB© [a [∂S{>Jm dh oejm H$m [yU© bm^ Zht CR>m oH$em{amdÒWm H$r ode{fVmE± ]VmZm BgobE AmdÌ`H$ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `{ gH{$Jm$& oOZ ]Ém{ß _{ß ^`, oMßVm, oZamem VWm A›` g_m`m{OZ Xm{fm{ß H$m ode{fVmE± hr Bg AdÒWm H$r g_Ò`m ]Z OmVr h°$& Bg AdÒWm _{ß Hw$N> odH$mg hm{Vm h° CZH$m _Z [∂T>Z{ _{ß Zht bJVm Am°a dh AmJ{ Zht ]∂T> [mVm ]mbH$-]mobH$m H$m{ ghr oXem o_b OmVr h°, ÒdÒW gm_moOH$ d Edß dh VZmd d Hw$ßR>m g{ ^ó_V hm{Vm h°$& oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß EH$ ]mbH$/ [mnadmnaH$ dmVmdaU o_b OmVm h° dh VZmd aohV hm{H$a AmJ{ ]∂T>Vm ]mobH$m _{ß emarnaH$ d gm_moOH$ odH$mg H{$ gmW-gmW _mZogH$ odH$mg OmVm h° b{oH$Z g_Ò`m CZ ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ gmW hm{ OmVr h° oO›h{ß hm{Vm h° o]Zm _mZogH$ odH$mg H{$ C[`w∫$ gm_moOH$ odH$mg gß^d Zht h°$& Ka d [nadma, g_mO Edß ÒHy$b _{ß ghr dmVmdaU Zht o_bVm h° JbV EH$ ]mbH$/]mobH$m oOgH$m _mZogH$ odH$mg gßVwobV Tß>J g{ hwAm h° d gßJoV (Xm{ÒVm{ß H$r) o_b OmVr h° Bg Vah ghr _mJ©Xe©Z H{$ A^md _{ß H$B© oH$gr ^r H$m`© H$m{ Xygam{ß _{ß AoYH$ R>rH$ ‡H$ma g{ H$a gH$Vm h°$& ]mbH$-]mobH$m`{ß C‘ S>, A[amY ‡d•pÀV dmb{ hm{ OmV{ h¢$& ]mÎ`mdÒWm H{$ g_m· hm{V{ hr oH$em{amdÒWm H$m AmJ_Z hm{Vm h° ÒQ{>Zb{ hm∞b - Z{ oH$em{amdÒWm H$m{ ]∂T{> gßKf©, VZmd, Vy\$mZ Am°a odam{Y oH$em{amdÒWm H$m Amaß^ 13 df© H$r Am`w g{ _mZm OmVm h° 13 df© g{ 18 H$r AdÒWm H$hm h° BgH$m _wª` C‘{Ì` h° - df© H$r AdÒWm H$m{ oH$em{amdÒWm H$hm J`m h°$& ^maV X{e _{ß 12 g{ 18 df© 1. oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß N>mÃm{ß H$m A¿N>m _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` ∑`m _hÀd aIVm H$r AdÒWm H$m{ oH$em{amdÒWm _mZm h°$& h° VWm Bg_{ß [nadma, oejH$, g_mO d gaH$ma H$r ∑`m ^yo_H$m h°$& „b{à Om{›g VWm ogÂ[gZ H{$ odMmamZwgma - ""oH$em{amdÒWm ‡À`{H$ 2. Bg em{Y[Ã _{ß o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ß H{$ AmYma [a J´m_rU Am°a ehar Ïò∫$ H{$ OrdZ H$m dh H$mb h° Om{ ]mÎ`mdÒWm H{$ AßV _{ß Amaß^ hm{Vm h° od⁄mb` H{$ ]mbH$, ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m A‹``Z Am°a ‡m°∂T>mdÒWm H{$ Amaß^ _{ß g_m· hm{Vm h°$&'' _Zm{d°kmoZH$m{ß H$m H$hZm h° oH$`m h°$& oH$ Bg AdÒWm H$r AdoY gmYmaUV: 7 `m 8 df© H$r hm{Vr h° gmYmaUV`m 3. oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß od⁄mb`m{ß ¤mam Xr OmZ{ dmbr oejm ∑`m _hÀd ]mbH$m{ß H$r oH$em{amdÒWm bJ^J 13 df© H$r Am`w _{ß Am°a ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r aIVr h°$& * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 151

‡W_ C‘{Ì` 4. gaH$ma H$r ^yo_H$m gm_m›` Í$[ g{ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m AW© h° X°oZH$ OrdZ _{ß ^mdZmAm{ß, od⁄mb` _{ß ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr Om±M H$admZm, AoZdm`© N>mÃm{ß H$m{ AJa B¿N>mAm{ß, _hÀdmH$mßjmAm{ß Am°a AmXem~ _{ß gßVwbZ ]ZmZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm$& ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr H$m{B© g_Ò`m h° Vm{ Cg{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE oMoH$Àgm oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß _mZogH$ odH$mg H$m ]hwV _hÀd h° _mZogH$ Í$[ g{ ÒdÒW gwodYm`{ß X{Zm, od⁄mb`m{ß H$m oZarjU hm{ oH$ N>mÃm{ß _{ß A[amY ‡d•pÀV Ïò∫$ _{ß ghZerbVm, AmÀ_odÌdmg, OrdZ Xe©Z, gm_ßOÒ` H$r `m{Ω`Vm, (Jw S>m JXr©, ogJa{Q>, eam], A\$r_, Mag VWm g{∑g g{ gß]ßoYV) oZU©` H$aZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm, AmÀ_gÂ_mZ H$r ^mdZm AmoX ode{fE± hm{Vr h¢$& Vm{ Zht \°$b ahr h°$& oOZ od⁄mb` _{ß g{ oH$gr Vah H$r oeH$m`V _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$r AdZoV H{$ H$B© H$maH$ hm{V{ h¢ - AmVr h° Vm{ CgH$r Om±M H$aZm Cg{ am{H$Zm$& 1. XwoÌM›Vm, 2. AdgmX, 3. ^æmem, 4. VZmd, 5. gßKf© AmoX$& Cg oejH$ H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aZm Om{ ]mbH$/]mobH$m H$m ode{f ‹`mZ oH$em{amdÒWm ]mÎ`mdÒWm Edß `wdmdÒWm H{$ ]rM H$m g_` h° Bg g_` aIV{ h°$& gaH$ma H{$ ¤mam od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß Bg AdÒWm _{ß AmZ{ dmbr g_Ò`mAm{ß _{ß ]mbH$/]mobH$m H$m A¿N>m _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` ]hwV _hÀd aIVm h°$& EH$ H{$ obE ode{f H$jm d ode{f Ï`mª`mZ oH$E OmZm MmohE$& gd} H{$ AZwgma ^maV X{e _{ß oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß Jar] dJ© H{$ bJ^J AoYH$mße EH$ gd} g{ `h oZÓH$f© oZH$mbm J`m h° oH$ oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß N>mÃm{ß H$m{ ]mbH$/]mobH$m`{ß [yU© Í$[ g{ ÒdÒW Zht h¢$& oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr A¿N>m ÒdmÒœ` hm{Zm ]hwV _hÀd[yU© h° Bg_{ß ‡_wI Í$[ g{ [nadma d oejH$ AÒdÒWVm Ïò∫$ H{$ gß[yU© OrdZ ÒVa H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h¢$& (od⁄mb`) H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°$& oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß ]mbH$/]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ A¿N{> _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` _{ß oZÂZ Bg em{Y H$m Xygam C‘{Ì` ehar d J´m_rU oH$em{a ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H$maH$ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$V{ h¢$& H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z h° Om{ oH$ o¤Vr` g_ßH$ [a 1. [nadma H$r ^yo_H$m AmYmnaV h° Bg H$m`© H{$ obE J´m_rU d ehar emgH$r` od⁄mb`m{ß H{$ H$jm Ka H$m A¿N>m dmVmdaU, _mVm-o[Vm H$m A¿N>m ÒdmÒœ` H$m{ ]mbH$/ 11dt _{ß _{ß A‹``ZaV ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß g{ gß]ßoYV OmZH$mar ‡m· H$r ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ odH$mg (ImZm-[rZm-ahZm) [a ‹`mZ X{Zm$& _mVm-o[Vm JB© h°$& 15-17 df© H{$ oH$em{a ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$a oZÂZ H$m Ï`dhma ]É{ H{$ ‡oV ghO hm{Zm CZH$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ gwZZm, A¿N>m oZÓH$f© oZH$mb{ J`{ - dmVmdaU X{Zm Z°oVH$ oejm X{Zm, A[Z{ g{ ]∂S>m{ß H$m gÂ_mZ, JwÍ$ H$m gÂ_mZ, 1. ehar oH$em{a ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$ A‹``Z AZwemgZ ogImZ{ BZ g^r _{ß [nadma H$r ^yo_H$m ]hwV hr _hÀd[yU© h°$& ¤mam kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ CZH$m _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ`, J´m_rU oH$em{a ]mbH$/ 2. g_mO H$r ^yo_H$m ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_ h°$& oOg_{ß g_mO _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mVm ehar, oH$em{a ]mbH$m{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$ A‹``Z g{ kmV hm{Vm h° d oZ^m gH$Vm h°$& g_mO AmYma^yV AmdÌ`H$Vm`{ß [yU© H$aH{$, gwajm h° oH$ CZH$m _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` J´m_rU oH$em{a ]mbH$m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß ‡XmZ H$aH{$, CÀV_ oejm Ï`dÒWm H$m gßMmbZ H$amZm, oMoH$Àgm gwodYm`{ß H$_ h°$& b{oH$Z ehar oH$em{a ]mobH$mAm{ß Edß J´m_rU oH$em{a ]mobH$mAm{ß odH$ogV H$amZm VWm Edß AJa oH$gr [nadma _{ß H$m{B© g_Ò`m h° O°g{ _mVm- H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa bJ^J g_mZ h¢$& o[Vm H$m ÒdmÒœ` RrH$ Zht h°, ]mbH$/]mobH$m H$m ÒdmÒœ` R>rH$ Zht h°, 2. ehar oH$em{a ]mbH$m{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$ A‹``Z g{ kmV hm{Vm h° `m A›` H$m{B© [mnadmnaH$ g_Ò`m h° Vm{ g_mO Bg_{ßß [hb H$a _hÀd[yU© oH$ CZH$m _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` ehar oH$em{a ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$Vm h°$& oejm d ÒdmÒœ` H$m A¿N>m dmVmdaU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ ÒdmÒœ` H$r VwbZm _{ß A¿N>m h°$& Bgr Vah J´m_rU ]mbH$m{ß H$m ÒdmÒœ` _{ß g_mO _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$Vm h°$& J´m_rU ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$r VwbZm _{ß A¿N>m h°$& 3. od⁄mb` d oejH$ H$r ^yo_H$m `hmß± [a `h ]VmZm AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` H{$ AßVJ©V, A¿N{> _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` _{ß od⁄mb` d oejH$ H$r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m h°$& XwoÌM›Vm, AdgmX, ^æmem, VZmd, gßKf©, X]md BZ g^r H$m{ b{H$a od⁄mb` _{ß oejH$ H$m ghmZw^yoV[yU© Ï`dhma, odo^fi d C[`w∫$ [mR>ÁH´$_, ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oZÓH$f© oZH$mb{ J`{ h¢$& odo^fi [mR>Á ghJm_r JoVodoY`m{ß d ‡oV`m{oJVmAm{ß H$m Am`m{OZ, [`m©· Bg_{ß Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© gwPmd oX`{ J`{ h¢ CZ_{ß g{ Hw$N> ‡_wI oZÂZ h¢ - J•hH$m`©, Z°oVH$ oejm d emarnaH$ oejm, [`m©· _Zm{aßOZ, N>mÃm{ß H{$ obE 1. od⁄mb` _{ß ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` [a ]mbH$- Ao^^mdH$ (oejH$-Ao^^mdH$) H$m H$m`© H$aZm, AZwemgZ ogImZm ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ` [a ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° `{ g^r H$m`© oH$em{amdÒWm H{$ ob`{ ]hwV _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mV{ h¢$& Bg VWm CZH{$ ÒdmÒœ` H$r Om±M od⁄mb` _{ß H$r OmZr MmohE$& AdÒWm _{ß aIr J`r Ztd AmJ{ `wdmdÒWm _{ß IweZw_m ÒdÒW _hb ]ZmVr h°$& 2. 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[arjm ‡Umbr _{ß gwYma (ZH$mamÀ_H$ [naUm_ AmZ{ [a od⁄mWr© Ka AbJ-AbJ oejm g{ VmÀ[`© ]mbH$ H$r Bg AdÒWm _{ß AbJ g_Ò`m g{ ^mJ OmZ{ `m AmÀ_hÀ`m O°g{ H$X_ Z CR>m`{)$& hm{Vr h° ]mobH$mAm{ß H$r AbJ g_Ò`m hm{Vr h°$& BgH{$ obE od⁄mb` _{ß `m{Ω` 6. ]mbH$/]mobH$mAm{ß H$r eo∫$`m{ß (`m{Ω`Vm) H$m{ oH$gr b˙` ‡mo· oejH$ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$a oejm Xr Om gH$Vr h°$& H$r oXem _{ß oZX}oeV H$aZm oOgg{ ^Q>H$ Z gH{$$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 152

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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 153 ^maV _ß{ J´m_rU Jar]r C›_ybZ _{ß am{OJma H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m `m{JXmZ

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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 156 ^maVr` gßX^© _{ß gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm S>m∞. grVmam_ Jm{b{ * ††^maVr` gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 19 H{$ A›VJ©V gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m{ A∑Qy>]a H{$ AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 4 H$r C[Ymam '1' Ymam 5 H$r C[YmamEß '1' _m°obH$ AoYH$ma _mZm J`m h° Am°a CZ g^r gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ Bg_{ß bm{H$ Am°a '2' YmamEß 12,13,15,16,24,27 Am°a 28 H{$ C[]ßY Vwa›V ‡^mdr ‡moYH$mar H$m XOm© oX`m J`m h¢ Om{ OZVm H{$ ob`{ `m ZmJnaH$ H{$ ob`{ hm{ßJ{ Am°a Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ e{f C[]ßY BgH{$ AoYoZ`_ H{$ 120 oXZ H$m{ oH$gr Vah H$r gmd©OoZH$ JoVodoY`mß gßMmobV H$aV{ h¢ Am°a CZH$r g_ÒV ‡d•V hm{ßJ{& 2 ††gÂ[yU© ^maV _{ß gyMZm H{$ H$mZyZ H{$ [yd© am¡`mß{ _{ß gyMZm H$m H$m`©dmhr [maXer© aI{ OmZ{ `m{Ω`, gßodYmZ H{$ AZw¿N{>X 12 H{$ A›VJ©V AoYH$ma H$mZyZ Wm& O°g{ _‹` ‡X{e 2003, Vo_bZmSw> 1997, Jm{dm Om{ gßÒWm`ß{ß am¡` H$r [na^mfm _{ß AmVr h¢ H{$db CZ gßÒWmAmß{ VH$ hr `h 1997, H$Zm©Q>H$ 2000, oXÎbr 2001, Ag_ 2002 Am°a 2005 _ß{ gÂ[yU© AoYoZ`_ ‡`m{¡` Zht h¢, CgH$m j{Ã Bgg{ ^r AoYH$ Ï`m[H$ h°& 111 †AWm©V≤ ^maV _{ß `h H$mZyZ bmJy oH$`m J`m& gyMZm ‡m· H$aZm Am_ OZVm H$m EH$ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma _mZm J`m h°& BgH$m 1. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma-† gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 H$r _yb H$maU `h h° oH$ gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H{$ H$maU ‡À`{H$ bm{H$ ‡moYH$mar H{$ Ymam 2 'F'† H{$ A›VJ©V gyMZm e„X H$m{ Ï`m[H$ Í$[ _{ß [na^mofV H$aZ{ H$m H$m`©‡Umbr _{ß [maXoe©Vm Am°a CŒmaXmo`Àd H$m{ ]∂T>m`m Om gH{$& ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& gyMZm H{$ A›VJ©V Ao^b{I, XÒVmd{O, B© _°b, am`, ††bm{H$‡moYH$marJU H{$ AYrZ Om{ ^r gyMZm`{ß h¢ CZ VH$ [hwßM gwoZoÌMV YmaUm, ‡{g H{$ g_mMma [Ã, [na[Ã, AmX{e, bm∞J ]wH$, AZw]ßY, ‡oVd{XZ, H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ ob`{ gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m ‡emgZ CÎb{oIV H$mJO, Z_yZ{ ‡Xe©, H$Âfl`yQ>a `m A›` E{g{ od⁄wV MobV C[H$aUm{ß ¤mam H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ß H{$›–r` gyMZm d am¡` gyMZm Am`m{J JoR>V oH$`{ J`{ VmoH$ V°`ma oH$`{ JEß g_ÒV AßH$ JoUVr` oddaU goÂ_obV h¢& gyMZm g{ oH$gr Am_ OZ_mZg H$m{ gyMZmEß ‡m· H$aZ{ _{ß oX∏$V H$m gm_Zm Z H$aZm [∂S{>& oZ_m©U H$m`© VWm od⁄wV gßaMZm H$m`© _{ß H$m{B© gm_J´r ‡`w∫$ H$r JB© BZH$r ^maVr` bm{H$VßÃ _{ß gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma ha od^mJ _{ß H$m`© H$r [maXoe©Vm ^r gyMZm ‡m· H$r Om gH$Vr h°&† òX oH$gr bm{H$ ‡moYH$mar H{$ A›VJ©V H$r A[{jm H$aZm h°& gmW hr ^´ÓQ>mMma [a ZH{$b H$gZ{ H{$ ob`{ Am°a gaH$ma H$V©ÏòZÓR> AoYH$mar ¤mam odMma Am°a oQ>fl[oU`mß AoôboIV hm{ Vm{ dh VWm CgH{$ [naH$maUm{ß H$m{ emogV H{$ ‡oV CŒmaXm`r ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE _hÀd[yU© gyMZm _{ß emo_b hm{Vr h¢& odoS>`m{J´m\$r H$m{ ^r gyMZm _{ß emo_b oH$`m J`m h°& dmÒVodH$ Ï`dhma _{ß gyMZm H{$ ‡H$aU g{ bm{H$ohV gaH$mam{ß H{$ Xj h°& gßgX `m am¡` odYmZg^m H$m{ oOg _m_b{ _{ß gm_m›`V: gyMZm Xr OmVr ‡MmbZ gro_V am¡` odŒmr` gßgmYZm{ H{$ AoYoZ`_ C[`m{J Am°a h°, dh gyMZm gm_m›ÒZ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m [yU© AoYH$ma h°& gßd{XZerb gyMZm H$r Jm{[Zr`Vm H$m{ ]Zm`{ aIZm H$r OÍ$ar h° Om{ H$^r- †††† AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 4 H{$ A›VJ©V ‡À`{H$ bm{H$ AoYH$mar ¤mam g^r H$^r odam{Ym^mg [yU© ^r bJVr h¢& [a›Vw BZ g]H{$ ]mdOyX gyMZm C[b„Y Ao^b{I gyMr]’ oH$`{ OmH$a A¿N>r Vah aI{ Om`{& Bgg{ ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ gyMZm H$aZm ‡À`{H$ bm{H$ ‡moYH$mar H$m Xmo`Àd h°& H{$ AoYH$ma H$r A[{ojV OmZH$mar Xr Om gH{$ Am°a CZ gyMZmAm{ß H$m{ H$Âfl`yQ>arH•$V ^maVr` [na‡{j _{ß gyMZm H{$ ‡mo· H{$ AoYH$ma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm g_`- oH$`m Om gH{$& E{gm oH$`m OmZm bm{H$ohV H$r —oÓQ> g{ CoMV h¢& bm{H$ ‡moYH$mar g_` [a _hgyg H$r OmVr ahr Am°a A›VV: ^maV _{ß ^r odX{er amÔ≠>m{ßß{ ¤mam E{gr OmZH$mna`m{ß H$m ‡H$meZ ^r H$am`m Om gH$Vm h°& 333 'ÒdrS>Z 1766, A_{naH$m 1966, Í$g 1978, H$Zm∂S>m 1982, AmÒQ≠>{ob`m 2. gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma H{$ ‡_wI ‡mdYmZ- Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ 1982, S{>Z_mH©$ 1985, o]´Q{>Z 2001, BQ>br 1990, Amàb° S> 1998, C[]ßYm{ß H{$ AYrZ ahV{ hwE g^r ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ gyMZm [mZ{ H$m AoYH$ma [moH$ÒVmZ 2002, Om[mZ-O_©Zr 2005 VWm MrZ 2008' H$r VO© [a hm{Jm& 12 A∑Qy>]a 2005 H$m{ OZAoYoZ`_ AoÒVÀd _{ß Am`m& Bg g_` ^maV H{$ ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ gyMZmEß ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ EH$ H$mZyZ ]ZmZ{ H$r _ßem Bg AoYoZ`_ _{ß Article Om{ 6 A‹`m` _{ß od^moOV Wm oOgH$m gßoj· amOZroVH$ [Q>b [a A] hH$rH$V aßJ b{Vr Om ahr Wr& _mM© 2005 _{ß oddaU Bg ‡H$ma h¢& ‡W_ A‹`m` _ß{ß Zm_ Edß gßoj·Vm H$m odÒVma VWm Right to information Act † H$m{ ^maVr` gmßgX _{ß ‡ÒVwV oH$`m J`m Wm& ‡maß^ Edß [na^mfm H{$ gmW-gmW AoYoZ`_ H$r Ymam 2 _{ß gyMZm H°$g{ ‡m· bm{H$g^m _{ß Bg AoYoZ`_ H$m{ 11 _B© 2005 H$m{ Am°a am¡` g^m _{ß AJb{ H$a{ß Edß AoYoZ`_ H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m CÎb{I oH$`m J`m h°& A‹`m` 2 _{ß gyMZm oXZ 12 _B© H$m{ [mnaV H$a oX`m J`m& ^maV H{$ _hm_oh_ S>m∞. 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ZmJb{- gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma 2005 'oh›Xr AZwdmX', [•. 65 I°Ã[mb bm∞ gÂ[yU© ‡emgZ C›ht H{$ BX© oJX© Ky_Vm ZOa AmVm Wm [a›Vw Bg H$mZyZ H{$ [o„bH{$eZ, 69 E_.Or.am{∂S> B›Xm°a, 2006. ]ZZ{ H{$ ]mX amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$m X]md Wm{∂S>m H$_ oXImB© X{Vm h°& 5.† ]bd›Vogßh S>m∞Jr- gßO` MamQ{>, gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma _mJ©Xoe©H$m, [•.19 MamQ{> [o„boeßJ ††amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H{$ ¤mam MwZmd H{$ g_` Agro_V _mÃm _{ß YZ, ]b H{$ hmD$g gr-3 hmD$ogßJ ]m{S©> oM_Z]mJ Mm°amhm O{b am{∂S> B›Xm°a _.‡. 2010 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 158 AmYwwoZH$ ^m{JdmXr g‰`Vm : O°d ododYVm H{$ odZme H$r [yd© Km{fUm Am^m AmZßX * AZ›V ]´˜mßS>> H$m Om{ aßM_mÃ ^mJ _mZd Z{ [H$∂S>m h°, Cg_{ß YaVr H{$ dmÒVodH$ [°_mZm `hr h° oH$ CZ g]H{$ ]rM gwÏ`dÒWm ÒWmo[V hm{& `h ogdm oH$gr Am°a J´h [a OrdZ Zht h°& gm°a-[nadma _{ß _mÃ [•œdr [a hr H$m_ ^r _ZwÓ` H{$ hmWm{ß _{ß hr ahm h°& gÂ[yU© ‡mUr-OJV AWdm ‡H•$oV _{ß OrdZ H{$ ZmZm Í$[, bKw g{ bKwŒma Am°a d•hV≤ g{ d•hÀVa - —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{V{ h¢& E{gr Ï`dÒWm hm{ oH$ O°d ododYVm H$m{ odZme H$r Am{a IX{∂S{> OmZ{ H$r Bg ‡H$ma h_ [•œdr H$m{ EH$_mÃ gOrd J´h ^r H$h gH$V{ h¢& oH$gr A›` Mmhr-AZMmhr AWdm OmZr-AZOmZr ‡d•pÀV [a oZ`ßÃU bJ gH{$& `h J´h [a ^r `h odoeÓQ>Vm hm{ gH$Vr h°, [a A^r VH$ h_{ß BgH$m [yam kmZ H°$g{ gß^d hm{ gH{$Jm - AmO H{$ g_mO H{$ obE EH$ oM›VZr` gdmb h°& Zht h°& d°g{ AmYwwoZH$ AZwgßYmZ Z{ _ßJb J´h [a ^r OrdZ H{$ Hw$N> oMÖm{ß H$m{ ‡og’ Ord odkmZr S>m∞. 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Ò[ÓQ>V: dh oXZ oZH$Q> AmVm X{I ahm hy± O] [oÌM_ H$m B©_mZXma d°kmoZH$ 3. o]bJ´m_r, S>m∞. H{$.Eg.; "BH$m{bm∞Or Edß odH$mg _{ß gßVwbZ OÍ$ar h°', JßJm H$m{ kmZmO©Z H$r dV©_mZ odoY`m|{ß H$r Hw$N> _`m©XmE± ]mßY X{Jm&''151515 Aodab ]hZ{ Xm{, gß[mXH$- S>m∞. `m{J{›–/g\$Xa B_m_ H$mXar, JßJm _wo∫$ Am›Xm{bZ, [oÌM_ `yam{[ g{ Am`moVV Am°⁄m{oJH$ H´$mßoV, oOgH$m AmYma odkmZ gyOmJßO, ^mJb[wa (o]hma), 1990, [•. 89. ‡modoYH$s, IoZO B©YZ, [`m©daU d A›` gßgmYZ VWm _mZd H$r 4. dhr, [•. 88. 5. AWd©d{X; 12/1/12. AmH$mßjmEß Am°a dmgZmEß ahr h¢, Om{ C›h{ß gßKoQ>V H$a gH$t& odkmZ H$m 6. C[oZfX≤; "B©emdmÒ`m{[oZfX≤', &&1&&. Xme©oZH$ [j oOkmgm, ‡mH•$oVH$ KQ>ZmAm{ß VWm g•oÓQ> H$m{ g_PZm, gÀ` 7. ogßh, am_Or; JmßYr-odMma : Xe©Z, Y_©, amOZroV Am°a AW© ZroV, _mZH$ [o„bH{$e›g H$r AZdaV Im{O, Z°oVH$ VWm gm_moOH$ ›`m`, C[^m{JdmX H$r gßÒH•$oV ‡m.ob., 1995, [•. 36. _{ß jrU [∂S> J`m& Am°⁄m{oJH$ H´$mßoV Z{ ‡H•$oV H{$ T>mßM{ Am°a Ord _ßS>b H$m{ 8. AmZ›Xr, H•$ÓU ÒdÍ$[; "[`m©daU Am°a g‰`Vm', [`m©daU Am°a h_, [ydm}∫$, [•. 43. MwZm°Vr Xr VWm H•$oÃ_ _mZd _ßS>b H$m{ ‡mH•$oVH$ gßaMZm [a Wm{[ oX`m, 9. dhr, [•. 42. oOgg{ ‡H•$oV H$m Ord_ßS>b H$amh CR>m& `hr H$maU h° oH$ O] h_ ^m{JdmXr 10. dhr, [•. 43. Am°⁄m{oJH$ g‰`Vm H{$ CÀH$f© g{ MH$mMm¢Y hm{ ah{ W{ Vm{ JmßYr Z{ AmO g{ 11. ]ßJ, R>mHw$a Xmg; JmßYr H$r MwZm°Vr : Z`{ odH$Î[ H$r Im{O, gd© g{dm gßK ‡H$meZ, bJ^J 100 df© [yd© A[Zr [wÒVH$ "oh›X ÒdamO' (1909) _{ß bm{H$o‡`Vm amOKmQ>, dmamUgr, 1990, [•. 32. H$r H$r_V [a ^r Cg [a H$R>m{a ‡hma oH$`m& C›h{ß Cg g_` _‹``wJrZ, 12. o_lm, ‡m{. am_X{d; "_mZd [`m©daU', [`m©daU Am°a h_, [ydm}∫$, [•. 15. XoH$`mZyg, odkmZ-odam{Yr Am°a ‡JoV-]mYH$ H$hm J`m& b{oH$Z C›hm{ßZ{ 13. dhr. ""oh›X ÒdamO _{ß Bg d°oÌdH$ gßH$Q> H{$ obE d°H$oÎ[H$ g‰`Vm H$m Om{ 14. JmßYr, _m{hZXmg H$a_MßX; `ßJ BßoS>`m, 08.07.1926, [•. 244. Km{fUm-[Ã C[oÒWV oH$`m Wm dh AmO Cg g_` g{ H$ht AoYH$ ‡mgßoJH$ 15. JmßYr, _m{hZXmg H$_aMßX; _hmÀ_m JmßYr H{$ odMma, gßH$bZ- Ama.H{$. ‡^w/`y.Ama. 161616 amd, Z{eZb ]wH$ Q≠>ÒQ>, BßoS>`m, 1994, [•. 411. h°&'' JmßYr ¤mam "‡mH•$oVH$ OrdZ' CX≤Km{f oH$gr hma{ hwE _ZwÓ` H$m 16. ogßh, am_Or; JmßYr-odMma : Xe©Z, Y_©, amOZroV Am°a AW© ZroV, [ydm}∫$, [•. 36. [bm`ZdmX Zht, ]oÎH$ [`m©daU gßVwbZ Am°a O°d-ododYVm gßajU H{$ 17. dhr. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 160 C⁄_erbVm H{$ ‡]ßYH$r` C[H$aUm{ß H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z

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Xygar ]ma Vœ`m{ß H$r OmßM H$aZ{ H$r oVoW Edß gwYma H$m oddaU? _{ß C⁄_r EH$ Zd‡dV©H$, gßJR>ZH$Œmm© Edß g_›d`H$ H{$ È[ _{ß X{Im Om ahm A[Zr g•OZerb j_VmAm{ß H$m odH$mg h{Vw oZÂZoboIV Vœ`m{ß [a h°&444 Ïò∫$Àd EH$ AÀ`›V OoQ>b gßd•oŒm h° VWm `hr H$maU h° oH$ oH$gr ^r odœ`m{ß [a odMma H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& ∑`m ]ZZm MmhV{ h¢, BgH$r H$Î[Zm Ïò∫$ H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H$m [yU© VWm ghr A‹``Z H$a [mZm H$oR>Z hm{Vm h°, Edß _ZZ H$a{ß& [a›Vw ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ A[Z{ Ïò∑VÀd g{ H$^r ^r AßOmZ Zht hm{Vm dh Òd`ß 1. A[Zr j_Vm, _yÎ`m{ß Edß OrdZ b˙`m{ß H$r gyMr ]Zm`{ß& H$m{ ^br-^mßoV OmZVm h°& ha BßgmZ H{$ A[Z{-A[Z{ g[Z{ Am°a gm{M hm{Vr 2. 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* ‡m‹`m[H$- AW©emÒÃ, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T>-„`mdam (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 161 h°& oOgH$m Cg{ AZw_mZ ^r Zht hm{Vm h°& 15. oZoÌM`mÀ_H$ Tß>J g{ ahZm AV: C⁄_r H$m{ A[Zr Am°a Xygam{ß H$r j_Vm [a odÌdmg H$aZm MmohE 16. AZwgaU H$aZm VWm A[Zr j_Vm H$m H$^r H$_ Zht AmßH$Zm MmohE& Bg ‡H$ma EH$ g\$b 17. H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$r ^bmB© H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ‡`mg H$aZm `m gm{MZm& C⁄_r A[Zr g•OZerb j_VmAm{ß H$m odH$mg H$a A[Z{ ‡`mgm{ß Edß dV©_mZ `wJ _{ß CÀ[mXZ gÂ^modV _m±J H{$ AmYma [a hm{Vm h°& ]mOma `m{OZmAm{ß H$r È[a{Im _{ß ‡^mdr Edß C[`m{Jr ]Xbmd bm gH$V{ h¢:- H$r [naoÒWoV`m{ß, C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H$r ÈoM`m{ß VWm ‡MobV \°$eZ AmoX _{ß 1. C[bo„Y H$r Mmh aIZm [nadV©Z hm{V{ ahV{ h¢& CÀ[mXZ H$r odoY`m± Edß VH$ZrH{$ß ^r AÀ`›V OoQ>b 2. b˙` oZYm©naV H$aZm Ed{ g_`]’ È[ _{ß H$m`© H$aZm hm{ JB© h¢& BZ g] H$maUm{ß g{ ^r dV©_mZ g_` _{ß Ï`mdgmo`H$ Om{oI_m{ß _{ß 3. Z[m-Vwbm Om{oI_ CR>mZm d•o’ hwB© h¢& `hr H$maU h° oH$ Bg `wJ _{ß C⁄_r H$r ^yo_H$m H$m _hÀd ]∂T>Vm 4. ^odÓ` H{$ ‡oV AmemdmZ hm{Zm Om ahm h°& AmYwoZH$ Ï`dgm` H$m ‡_wI AmYma "ZdH$a m' h° Om{ oH$ C⁄_r 5. A[Z{ ‡oV gH$mamÀ_H$ ad°`m aIZm H{$ ¤mam hr oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& 6. dmVmdaU H$m{ odÌb{ofV H$aZ{ H$r B¿N>m aIZm gßX^© J´ßW 7. Adgam{ß H$m{ X{IZm `m AZw_mZ bJmZm Am°a CZ [a H$m`© H$aZm 1. ew∑b, ‡m{\{$. oÃ^wdZZmW : C⁄o_Vm odH$mg, _‹`‡X{e oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r, 8. ‡`mgaV ahZm/—∂T> ahZm ^m{[mb, ‡W_ 2008, [•ÓR> gß. 214 9. gyMZmAm{ß H$m{ EH$oÃV H$aZ{ H$r Mmh 2. AJ´dmb, S>m∞. ]r. H{$. [mR>H$, S>m∞. A^` : C⁄o_Vm odH$mg, am_‡gmX E S> gßg, ^m{[mb, [•ÓR> gß. 11 10. CÉ l{Ur H{$ H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r Mmh 3. gwYm, Or. Eg. : Ï`mdgmo`H$ ‡]›Y H{$ og’m›V Edß C⁄o_Vm, a_{f ]wH$ oS>[m{, 11. H$m`m~ H$m{ [yam H$aZ{ H$r oOÂ_{Xmar b{Zm `m dMZ]’ hm{Zm O`[wa-ZB©oXÎbr, 2004 [•ÓR> gß. 16.1-2 12. CÉ H$m`© j_Vm aIZ{ß H$r Mmh 4. e_m©, ‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd, e_m©, ‡m{. S>m∞. amO{›– : C⁄o_Vm odH$mg, X{dr AohÎ`m ‡H$meZ, 13. ‡À`m`Z H$aZm `m A[Zr ]mV ÒdrH$ma H$admZm B›Xm°a, 2006, [•ÓR> gß. 17 14. ‡^mdr ZroV`m{ß H$m C[`m{J H$aZm 5. [ßS>mJa{, gwYmH$a : C⁄o_Vm g_mMma (_mogH$), C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$›–, _‹`‡X{e (g{S>_°[), ^m{[mb, A∑Qy>]a, 2013, [•ÓR> gß. 17-22 .

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* ‡m‹`m[H$ - AW©emÛ, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 163 _ohbm geo∫$H$aU : odo^fi Am`m_ gr_m ZmJa * ^maV _{ß ""`Z Zm`©ÒVw [y¡`›V{ a_ßV{ VÃ X{dVm'' H$m gyÃ dm∑` [m°amoUH$ geo∫$H$aU AmdÌ`H$ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ `{ VrZm{ß EH$ Xyga{ g{ Ow∂S{> hwE j{Ã h¢ $& _ohbmAm{ß H$mb g{ _m›` ahm h°$& ‡mMrZH$mb _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV gÂ_mZOZH$ Wr H$m{ gm_moOH$ [X,‡oVÓR>m VWm ›`m` oXbmZm AmdÌ`H$ h° $& Ka{by ohßgm, oH$›Vw _‹`H$mb VWm ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· VH$ BZH$r oÒWoV gßVm{fOZH$ Zht ahr $& H$›`m ^yÚ hÀ`m, Xh{O CÀ[r∂S>Z, ]bmÀH$ma O°gr gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· H{$ [ÌMmV≤ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H{$ obE gßodYmZ _{ß hb H$aZ{ H{$ obE odo^fi gßd°YmoZH$ AoYoZ`_, amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J H$m AZ{H$ ‡mdYmZ oH$`{ J`{ $& ]rgdt eVm„Xr _{ß ^maV _{ß oÛ`m{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß JR>Z AmoX ‡`mg oH$`{ J`{ h° $& amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J H$m{ ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß A^yV[yd© [nadV©Z [nabojV hwAm $& _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$m gm_m›` AW© h° - 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_ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ obE `m{OZmE±, H$m`©H´$_, ZroV`m± ]ZmZm _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE EH$ oVhmB© AmajU H$m ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m h° $& `h hr [`m©· Zht h° daZ≤ CZH$m ghr oH´$`m›d`Z hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h° $& _ohbmAm{ß AmajU H{$db gXÒ`m{ß H{$ ÒVa [a ]oÎH$ ga[ßM, ‡YmZ VWm oObm ‡_wIm{ß H{$ H$m{ ge∫$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ VWm amOZroVH$ Am`m_m{ß H$m{ EH$ [X [a ^r gwoZoÌMV oH$`m J`m h° $& dV©_mZ _{ß H$ar] Xg bmI _ohbmE± gmW Om{∂S>Zm AmdÌ`H$ h° $& _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ obE _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Ka VWm [ßMm`VramO gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß oZdm©oMV hm{H$a goH´$` gh^moJVm oZ^m ahr h¢ $& ]mha AoYH$ma o_bZm MmohE Om{ oH$ oejm, ÒdmÒœ`, H$m°eb, odŒmr` gw—∂T>Vm, _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ obE A[ZmB© JB© aUZroV`m{ß kmZ H{$ ‡gma h{Vw VH$ZroH$ amOZroVH$ gh^moJVm, gm_moOH$ ›`m` g{ gß]ßoYV hm{ß $& BgH{$ obE g_mO oH$Q>, gm∞‚Q>d{à H$m odH$mg, ‡{aH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ßH$m Am`m{OZ, OZgßMma gmYZm{ß H$r _mZogH$Vm _{ß [nadV©Z H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h° $& O] VH$ _ohbm H$m{ Ïò∫$ H$m H{$ _m‹`_ g{ bm{Jm{ß VH$ [hw±MZ{ H{$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ Am`m{OZ, odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ XOm© Zht oX`m Om`{Jm V] VH$ Cg{ ge∫$ ^r Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm $& Ï`dgm` H{$ obE H$m°eb ‡oejU ^r oX`m Om ahm h° $& ]¢H$m{ß H{$ ¤mam Òdghm`Vm gßX^© gyMr -1. `m{OZm _mogH$ [oÃH$m- ^maV gaH$ma H$m ‡H$meZ g_yhm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm C[b„Y H$admB© Om ahr h°$& 2. ZB©XwoZ`m - X°oZH$ g_mMma [Ã AmoW©H$ d amOZroVH$ j{Ã H{$ gmW hr gm_moOH$ j{Ã H$r —oÓQ> g{ ^r _ohbm 3. ^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm - YZH$∂S> ‡H$meZ * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ), emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 164 _nhbm gep∑VH$aU H$m Òdm∞H$ odÌb{fU S>m∞µ Eµ H{$. O°Z * ""nÛ`m{ß H$r AdÒWm _{ß gwYma bm`{ n]Zm odÌdH$Î`mU AgÂ^d h°, ndH$mg H$m _mJ© ‡gÒV H$a gH$Vr h° O°g{ nH$ EH$ [ßI g{ C∂S>mZ âZm$&'' Òdm_r ndd{H$mZßX H$m `h H$WZ oZpÌMV Adga (OPPORTUNITIES) --) _nhbm gep∑VH$aU H$r nXem _{ß Í$[ g{ AÀ`›V _hÀd[yU© h°$& _nhbm gep∑VH$aU nOg_{ß _nhbmAm{ß H$m{ Adgam{ß H$r Im{O Am°a CZH$m g_` ahV{ C[`m{J EH$ _hÀd[yU© H$X_ h°$& [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ g_mZ g_mO _{ß XOm© hmngb hm{$& AmnW©H$, amOZrnVH$, gm_mnOH$ ‡À`{H$ Ï`n∫$ H{$ OrdZ _{ß ndH$mg H{$ nbE H$^r Z H$^r Adga AdÌ` ÒVa [a nH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m ^{X^md Z hm{ dh ÒdmdbÂ]r AmÀ_nZ^©a Edß C[nÒWV hm{Vm h°$& `nX CgZ{ [hMmZ nb`m Am°a bm^ CR>m nb`m Vm{ OrdZ Òdmn^_mZ [yd©H$ gÂ_mZ [yU© OrdZ Ï`VrV H$a gH{$$& AmO AZ{H$mZ{H$ AnYH$ gwndYm[yU© ahVm h° AmnW©H$ j{Ã _{ß ndn^fi am{OJma d Òdam{OJma H{$ H$maUm{ß g{ _nhbm`{ß CÀ[r∂S>Z H$m neH$ma h°$& `⁄n[ emgZ ¤mam _nhbmAm{ß Adga [hb{ g{ H$hr AnYH$ nd⁄_mZ h°, emgH$r` gwndYmEß, F$U, AZwXmZ H{$ H$Î`mU H{$ nbE C›h{ß ndH$mg H$r _wª` Ymam _{ß bmZ{ H{$ nbE AZ{H$ C[b„Y h°, ]eV} OmZH$mar Edß Cg{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$r Hw$ebVm Edß `m{Ω`Vm ‡mdYmZ nH$`{ J`{ h°$& b{nH$Z BZ g]H{$ ]mdOyX CZH$r nÒWnV _{ß A[{njV hm{$& Bgr ‡H$ma ]mnbH$mAm{ß H$r oejm H{$ nbE AZ{H$ N>mÃd•nŒm`mß, JUd{e, ]Xbmd X•oÔ>>JV Zht hm{ ahm h°$& gmB©nH$b, [wÒVH{$ß Edß A›` gwndYmEß C[b„Y h°$& `nX N>mÃmEß CgH$m bm^ SWOC ÒdmH$ AWm©V STRENGTH VmH$V WEAKNESS H$_Om{na`m± CR>m`{ Vm{ dh CÉ oeojV hm{H$a am{OJma ‡m· H$a gH$Vr h°$& Om{ CZH$r OPPORTUNITIES Adga CHALLENGE MwZm°nV`mß$& BZ VÀdm{ß H{$ AmYma AmÀ_ nZ^©aVm H{$ nbE ]hwV ‡^mdr H$X_ hm{Jm$& [a ÂnhbmAm{ß H$r VmH$V, H$_Om{ar, Adga Edß MwZm°nV`mß BZH{$ ¤mam _nhbmAm{ß MwZm°nV`mß (CHALLENGE))) - dV©_mZ `wJ _{ß OrdZ nOVZm gab, H{$ gen∫$H$aU H$r nXem _{ß AmJ{ ]∂T>>H$a h_ CZH$r Xem ]Xb gH$V{ h°$& ghO, AZw^d hm{ ahm h° CVZm hr AnYH$ MwZm°Vr[yU© ^r h°$& _nhbmAm{ß H{$ VmH$V (STRENGTH))) - ‡mMrZ g_` _{ß ^r _nhbmAm{ß H$m Jm°ad_`r OrdZ _{ß ^r AZ{H$ MwZm°nV`mß hr C›h{ß CgH$m odÌb{fU H$aZm hm{Jm$& gmW BnVhmg ahm h°$& H°$H$B©, –m{[Xr _°Ã°`r, grVm eHw$›Vbm, AZwgwB©`mß, X_`›Vr, hr BZ MwZm°nV`m{ß g{ H°$g{ nZ[Q>m Om gH{$ E{g{ ‡`mg H$aZm hm|J{$& g] g{ gmndÃr, amZrb˙_r]mB©, amZr XwJm©dVr, amZr Ad›Vr]mB©, AnhÎ`mX{dr, AnYH$ MwZm°Vr CZH$r gwajm Edß gÂ_mZ H$r h°$& g_mMmam{ß _{ß Zm]mnbJ Edß _Xa Q°>a{gm Am°a dV©_mZ `wJ _{ß AZ{H$ _hÀd[yU© [Xm{ß [a AmgrZ hm{H$a ]mnbJ Xm{Zm{ß H{$ gmW emarnaH$ Om{a O]X©ÒVr, `mVZmEß, CÀ[r∂S>Z H$r KQ>ZmEß C›hm{ßZ{ AmnW©H$ amOZrnVH$ Edß gm_mnOH$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß g\$bVm H{$ H$rnV©_mZ ]∂T>>Vr Om ahr h°$& E{gr nÒWnV _{ß C›h{ß [hb{ Òd`ß g_W© ]ZZm hm{Jm$& Bgr ÒWmn[V nH$`{ h°$& _nhbmE± amÓQ≠>[nV, ‡YmZ_ßÃr, bm{H$g^m A‹`j, ‡H$ma [nadma H{$ [mbZ [m{fU [nadma H$r nOÂ_{dmar gm_mnOH$ Xmn`Àd, am¡`[mb, amOXyV, _wª`_ßÃr, _ßÃr, gmßgX, ndYm`H$, d°kmnZH$, g{dmj{Ã H{$ Xmn`Àd `h g^r CZH{$ nbE MwZm°nV`mß h°$& `⁄n[ emgZ, g_mO, ›`m`mYre, [ÃH$ma, [m`b{Q>, Q≠>{Z S≠>mBda, C⁄m{J[nV, Hw$b[nV, S>m∞∑Q>a, [nadma CZH{$ nbE BZ MwZm°nV`m{ß g{ nZ[Q>Z{ H{$ nbE ndn^fi ‡H$ma ghm`Vm BßOrnZà, AmnX AZ{H$ _hÀd[yU© [Xm{ß [a AmgrZ h°$& `nX h_ CZH$r X{Vm h° BgH{$ ]m]OyX C›h{ß Òd`ß MwZm°Vr`m{ß g{ nZ[Q>Z{ H$r j_Vm AnO©V en∫$ H$m odÌb{fU H$a{ Vm{ CZ_{ß emarnaH$ j_Vm ^b{ hr [wÍ$fm{ß g{ H$_ H$aZr hm{Jr$& AmßH$r OmVr h°$& b{nH$Z CZ_{ß AmÀ_ odÌdmg, —∂T>Vm, H$_©R>Vm, OwPmÍ$[Z ]XbV{ [naX•Ì` _{ß Ohm∞ _mZd _yÎ`m{ß H$m jaU V{Or g{ hm{ ahm h°$& dÒVw nÒWnV H$m ndndY X•oÔ>>H$m{U g{ AmH$bZ Edß ‡]ßYZ j_Vm H$m AX≤^wV nbßJmZw[mV KQ>Vm Om ahm h°$& _nhbmAm{ß H$m gÂ_mZ, CZH$r AnÒ_Vm H$m JwU nd⁄_mZ h°$& _nhbmAm{ß _{ß oejm, ‡nV^m, H$m°eb Edß CZH$r aMZmÀ_H$Vm gßH$Q> JhamVm Om ahm h° E{gr nÒWnV _{ß E{g{ H$mZyZ Om{ BZ [a ‡^mdr H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmnhV H$aZ{ Edß CZH{$ A›Xa Om{ VmH$V nd⁄_mZ h° Cg{ ghr nXem nZ`ßÃ m H$a gH{$, E{gr gm_mnOH$ gm{M Om{ BZH{$ ‡nV ZOna`{ H$m{ ]Xb X{H$a ‡H$Q> hm{Z{ X{Z{ H$r [nanÒWnV`mß dmVmdaU nZn_©V H$aZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm gH{$, E{gr ZrnV`mß Om{ BZH$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{, E{gr gm_mnOH$ h°$& nOgg{ dh A[Zr en∫$ ‡H$Q> H$a AmÀ_ odÌdmg CÀ[fi H$a gH{$$& Ï`dÒWm Om{ C›h{ß CZH{$ _Z H{$ ndÍ$” H$m`© H$aZ{ H{$ nbE ]m‹` Z H$aVm hm{ H$_Om{na`mß (WEAKNESS) --) ^mdwH$ hm{Zm, nH$gr H$r ]mVm{ß _{ß OÎXr Edß E{g{ dmVmdaU H{$ g•OZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Om{ _nhbm gep∑VH$aU H$r Am OmZm, AßYodÌdmg, Í$nT>`mß, [aÂ[amEß gm_mnOH$ ]ßYZ BÀ`mnX CZH{$ nXem _{ß ghm`H$ hm{ V^r h_ A[Zr gß_•” gßÒH•$nV H$r N>mßdVb{ _nhbmAm{ß Ï`n∫$Àd H$r gm_m›` H$_Om{na`mß h°$& `nX C›h{ß ge∑V ]ZmZm h° Vm{ CZH$m{ H{$ ndH$mg H$m g[Zm gmH$ma H$aZ{ _{ß gj_ hm{ gH{$ßJ{$& BZ H$_Om{na`m{ g{ nZOmV nXbmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$& ghr gm{M, Ï`m[H$ gß›X^© - X•oÔ>>H$m{U, CÉ oejm, g_P H$m ndH$mg BÀ`mnX VÀdm{ß ¤mam CZH$r * e_m© - ‡km - _nhbm ndH$mg Am°a gep∑VH$aU [aÂ[amJV H$_Om{na`m{ß H$m{ Xya nH$`m Om gH$Vm h°$& nOgg{ CZH$m AmÀ_ * [mßS{> am_eH$b - ^maVr` oejm H$r g_ gmn_H$ g_Ò`m * emÌdV ÒdnflZb - _nhbm ndH$mg Edß [naX•Ì` odÌdmg ]T{>Jm Am°a dh AnYH$ ge∑V hm{Jr$& Ï`n∫$ CZH$r H$_Om{ar H$m * H$ÌV dmh a{Im - Ûr nMßVZ H$r MwZm°nV`mß \$m`Xm CR>mH$a C›h{ß nMH$Zr Mw[∂S>r ]mVm{ß AWdm PyR{> g„O]mJ nXImH$a * ^≈mMm`© gwZrb - ^maV H$r gm_mnOH$ g_Ò`m Ym{Im X{ OmV{ h° nOgH$m Imn_`mOm C›h{ß VmnO›XJr ^wJVZm [∂S>Vm h°$& * e_m© j_m - Ûr H$m g_` AmO H{$ gm{eb gmBQ>g BÀ`mnX V_m_ Vah H{$ AmYwnZH$ C[H$a mm{ß ¤mam * nÃ[mR>r A[©Um Edß S>m∞µ a{Uw - H$m_H$mOr _nhbmEß * Aßgmar E_µ Eµ - _nhbm Am°a _mZdmnYH$ma _nhbmAm{ß g{ H$[Q> [yU© Ï`dhma nH$`m OmVm h°$& `nX _nhbm`{ß A[Zr * Hw$_ma ^mÒH$a - ^y_ S>brH$aU Am°a Ûr ^mdZmÀ_H$ Edß A›` H$_Om{na`m{ß [a ndO` ‡m· H$a b{ Vm{ dh A[Z{ * aMZm - nX _mngH$ AßH$ 74-75 ngVÂ]a g{ nXgÂ]a 2008 * ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emµgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 165 gp„gS>r,H°$e gp„gS>r Am°a ]°qH$J odH$mg S>m∞. 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* gdm}É ›`m`mb` H{$ oZX}em{ß H{$ AZw[mbZ _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ o_b JE [aßVw Bg g_mZVm H$m{ dmÒVodH$Vm _{ß [nadoV©V H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ CZH{$ H$m`© ÒWmZ [a `m°Z CÀ[r∂S>Z am{H$Z{ h{Vw amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a go_oV gßKf© H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$&''101010 H$m JR>Z$& Bg ‡H$ma _ohbm geo∫$H$aU df© d CgH{$ [yd© _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ * Bgr df© [hbr ]ma ""dmof©H$ AmoW©H$ gd}jU'' _{ß b¢oJH$ Ag_mZVm geo∫$H$aU h{Vw gaH$ma Z{ H$B© ‡`mg oH$`{ h¢$& oOZH{$ [naUm_ AmJ{ AmZ{ gß]ßYr EH$ A‹`m` Om{∂S>m J`m Am°a df© 2001-02 H{$ ]OQ> H$m dmb{ dfm~ _{ß AoYH$ gH$mamÀ_H$ hm{Z{ Mmoh`{ W{$& [a›Vw _ohbmAm{ß H{$ CÀWmZ b¢oJH$ odÌb{fU ^r oH$`m J`m$& h{Vw ]Zm`r JB© `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ CZH{$ ¤mam H$mJOr H$m`©dmoh`m{ß _{ß * _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ ÒdmdbÂ]Z h{Vw ""_ohbm AmoW©H$ H$m`©H´$_'' hÒVmja H$aZ{ VH$ hr gro_V hm{ J`m AWm©V≤ AmaojV grQ> [a _ohbm MwZr (Zm°amS>) ¤mam odo^fi ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ gßMmbZ H{$ ob`{ H$B© OmVr h° [a Ï`mdhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ ‡m`: AmO ^r [oV, o[Vm, [wÃ hr [X H{$ ""ZB© [na`m{OZmAm{ß'' H$r ÒdrH•$oV Xr JB©$& Xmo`Àdm{ß H$m oZdm©hZ H$aV{ oXIV{ h¢$& ]¢H$ F$U `m AmoW©H$ `m{OZm [a * Bgr df© [hbr ]ma odo^fi am¡`m{ß VWm oObm{ß H{$ ""O{ßS>a S{>db[_{›Q> hÒVmja _ohbm H{$ Am°a bm^ Ka H{$ [wÍ$fm{ß H$m{ hm{Vm h°$& BgH{$ ob`{ _ohbmAm{ß B›S{>∑g'' V°`ma H$aZ{ h{Vw H$X_ CR>m`{ J`{$& Bgg{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ H$m{ gaH$ma ¤mam CZH{$ geo∫$H$aU h{Vw oH$`{ Om ah{ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ ‡oV gVV≤ j{Ã AmYmnaV OÍ$ar odH$mg `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ V°`ma H$amZ{ h{Vw _mJ© OmJÍ$H$ H$aZm hm{Jm$& ‡eÒV hm{ gH{$Jm$& dmÒVd _{ß ""_ohbm H$m{ OmJÍ$H$ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ CÀVam{Œma OmJÍ$H$Vm H$r * _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$m`©aV gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ OÍ$aV h°$& CZH$r ÒdVßÃVm H$r ajm h{Vw C›h{ß Òd`ß H$r oH´$`merb, g•OZerb, ‡oejU ‡XmZ H$aZ{ h{Vw S>r.S>„Î`y. gr.S>r., Bæy VWm ‡OmVmßoÃH$ eo∫$embr ÒdoZ^©a, Iwe VWm gÀ`_ oed_ gw›X_≤ H{$ JwUm{ß AmB©.Eg.Ama.Am°. H{$ gh`m{J g{ df© 2001 _{ß oS>gQ{>›g EOyH{$eZ g{ `w∫$ ]ZZm hm{Jm$& _ohbm geo∫$H$aU h{Vw _ohbm H$m{ ge∫$ ]ZmH$a hr [na`m{OZm ‡maß^ H$r J`r$& ge∫$ aIm Om gH$Vm h°$& ge∫$ hm{Z{ [a _ohbm g_J´ odH$mg H$r ^mdZm * _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ X{e _{ß C[b„Y H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZm{ß H$r Ï`m[H$ g{ Òd`ß Ow∂S> Om`{Jr$&''11 g_rjm h{Vw ""Q>mÒH$ \$m{g©'' H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m VmoH$ CZH$m{ AoYH$ dmÒVd _{ß geo∫$H$aU H$m AW© E{gr ‡oH´$`m g{ h° oOg_{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r Ï`mdhmnaH$ Am°a C[`m{Jr ]ZmZ{ h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ H$X_ CR>m`{ Om A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ gßJoR>V H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm ]∂T>Vr VWm gw—∂T> hm{Vr h°$& d{ gH{$$& gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ oÒWoV, obßJ Am°a [nadma VWm g_mO _{ß ^yo_H$m H{$ * Bgr df© X{e H{$ odo^fi ^mJm{ß _{ß H$m`©aV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ 29 AmYma [a oZYm©naV gß]ßYm{ß H$m{ Xa oH$Zma H$aV{ hwE AmÀ_ oZ^©aVm odH$ogV _ohbm N>mÃmdmgm{ß H{$ oZ_m©U H$r ÒdrH•$oV ‡XmZ H$r J`r$& BZ H$aVr h¢$& Bg ‡oH´$`m _{ß odH$Î[m{ß H{$ M`Z Am°a gßgmYZm{ß H{$ oZ`ßÃU H$r N>mÃmdmgm{ß _{ß ""S{> H{$à'' gwodYmEß ^r C[b„Y H$amZ{ H$m ‡mdYmZ CZH$r j_Vm H{$ gmW-gmW [nadma Am°a g_wXm` H{$ gmW gh^moJVm[yU© oH$`m J`m$& gß]ßYm{ß H$m bm^ CR>mZ{ H$r CZH$r j_Vm ^r emo_b h°$& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ 31 OZdar 1992 H$m{ amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm Am`m{J H$m BZ b˙`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$m AW© `h ^r h° JR>Z VWm 1993 _{ß amÓQ≠>r` _ohbm H$m{f H$m JR>Z oH$`m J`m$& oH$ _ohbmE{ß gm_moOH$ AmßXm{bZm{ß _{ß ^mJ b{ gH{$ Am°a CZH$m Z{V•Àd H$a gH{$ß BZ ‡`mgm{ß H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ _ohbmEß A[Zr oÒWoV d AoYH$mam{ß H{$ gmW hr b˙` ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡JoV H{$ _mJ© _{ß AmZ{ dmbr V_m_ ]mYmAm{ß ‡oV gM{V ^r hm{Z{ bJr$& E.Ama. X{gmmB© Z{ H$hm- ""^maVr` _ohbmAm{ß _{ß H$m{ g_m· ^r H$a gH{$ß$& ZB© gßd{XZm d M{VZm H$m odH$mg hm{ ahm h° oOgg{ A] Cg{ AoYH$ g_` VH$ gßX^© CZ [mnadmnaH$, gßÒWmJV, amOZ°oVH$ Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ _mZX S>m{ß H$r KwQ>Z 1. Ifim, gßVm{f : _ohbm geo∫$H$aU Am°a H$mZyZ, ZB© oXÎbr, 2007, [•ÓR> 33. _{ß Zht ahZm [∂S{>Jm oOZH{$ H$maU CgH$r oÒWoV gX°d A[_mZOZH$ ahr 2. _m{Xr, AZrVm : ‡H$moeV Amb{I-Hw$Í$j{Ã, ZB©oXÎbr, AJÒV 2013, [•ÓR> 28 h°$&''9 gaH$mar ‡`mgm{ß g{ odo^fi j{Ãm{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r goH´$`Vm ]∂T>r h°$& 3. e_m©, am{_r : ^maVr` _ohbmEß, ZB© oXemEß, ZB© oXÎbr, 2002, [•ÓR> 17. 4. ogßh, `Vr›– Edß ^≈, Amerf : _.‡. _{ß [ßMm`V amO Ï`dÒWm, ododY Am`m_, [a›Vw [aß[amJV ^maVr` _mZogH$Vm Z{ oÛ`m{ß H$r Bg ]XbVr oÒWoV H$m{ ^m{[mb, [•ÓR> 113. [yU©V: ÒdrH$ma Zht oH$`m h°$& 5. Hw$_mar _ßOw : odH$mg [naMMm©, bIZD$, [•ÓR> 40. H$mZyZ ¤mam Om{ ‡mdYmZ oH$`{ J`{ CZH$m{ CVZr gm_moOH$ ÒdrH•$oV 6. ogßh, `Vr›– ogßh Edß ^≈, Amerf : _.‡. _{ß [ßMm`V amO Ï`dÒWm, ^m{[mb, [•ÓR> Zht o_br oOVZr o_bZr MmohE Wr$& oOgH{$ H$maU odo^fi _m{Mm~ [a 113. oÛ`m{ß H$r _m°OyXJr H{$ ]mX ^r bJmVma CZH$r H$_ hm{Vr gßª`m, H$›`m ^yÚ 7. _.‡. [ßMmo`H$m 2012 [•ÓR> 12. 8. `m{OZm, A‡°b 2002, gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr, [•ÓR> 38. hÀ`m, Ka Am°a ]mha ]∂T>Vr ohßgm, ]bmÀH$ma g{dm j{Ãm{ß _{ß Xm{`_ XO} H$r 9. dr_{›g _yyÏ_{›Q> BZ Bo S>`m : EZ Ag{gQ>_{ßQ> BH$m{Zm{o_H$ E S> [m∞oboQ>H$b drH$br oÒWoV h_ma{ g_mO H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV od_wIVm H$m X[©U h°$& ""dmÒVd dm∞Î`y_ ## Zß. 23 OyZ 1985. _{ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam Za-Zmar g_mZVm H$r Km{fUm Am°a ‡mdYmZ EH$ 10. dr_{›g BßQ>aZ{eZb S{>_m{H´${oQ>H$ \{$S>a{eZ, Mm°Wr H$mßJ´{g _hmZ C[bo„Y h° Om{ `hmß± _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ o]Zm oH$gr CÎb{IZr` gßKf© H{$ 11. e{ S{>, am_Or, hnaXmg : Zmar geo∫$H$aU, J´›W odH$mg, O`[wa, 2006, [•ÓR> 50.

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[•. 335 * 4. H{$.gr. gwXe©Z E{gm bJVm h° oH$ lrbßH$m bm{H$VßÃ H$m{ gwaojV H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{V{ ZOa Am (gagßMmbH$ am. Òd. gß. gßK); AmVßH$dmX H$m _ybmYma, odÌd gßdmX H{$›–, [oÃH$m ah{ h°$&"" VmOm KQ>Zm H´$_ X{Im Om` Vm{ [moH$ÒVmZ g]g{ A¿N>m CXmhaU (Ã°_mogH$) bIZD$, df© - 2003, AßH$-4, [•. 07 * 5. o_l, ˆX`ZamÙ; gm_moOH$ amOZroVH$ Xe©Z H{$ Z`{ Am`m_, ‡H$meH$ ¤maH$m ‡. AJ´dmb, Bbmhm]mX, ZdrZ h°$& [moH$ÒVmZ H{$ O›_ H$mb g{ bm{H$VßÃ Zm_ H$r H$m{B© MrO Zht h°$& `hmß Vm{ gßÒH$aU, OyZ 2006, [•. 149. * 6. O{ Ama [mJdr©; _m∑g©dmXr AmVßH$dmXr, odÌd gßdmX g°oZH$ emgZ H{$ OyVm{ß Vb{ Amdm_ H$m AmoÒVÀd h°$& b{oH$Z o\$a ^r H$^r- H{$›– [oÃH$m (Ã°_mogH$) bIZD$, df©-2003, AßH$ 4 [•. 40 * 7. \$mo∂S>`m, ]r.Eb.; H$^r bm{H$VßÃ H$r ]hmbr hm{Vr ahr h°$& b{oH$Z BgH$m H$m{B© AW© Zht$& H$hZ{ A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` amOZroV, gmohÀ` ^dZ AmJam, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU, [•. 36-37 * 8. 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* ^mB©-^VrOmdmX, naÌdVIm{ar AmoX H{$ H$maU ^r _ohbm H$m`©H´$_m{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ^r AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ gj_ ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm o_br h° oOg{ h_ H$m bm^ [mÃ ohVJ´moh`m{ß H$m{ Z o_bH$a N>m{Q{>-]∂S{> Z{VmAm{ß, amÔ≠>≠>r` am{OJma JmaßQ>r `m{OZm H{$ Í$[ _ß{ X{I ah{ h¢&111111 OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß Edß H$_©Mmna`m{ß-AmoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ [nadmam{ß Am°a Bgr gßX^© _{ß Zm{]b [waÒH$ma odO{Vm d H$Î`mU AW©emÛ H{$ ‡m{\{$ga g_W©H$m{ß H$m{ hr o_bVm h°& Am_ _ohbm H$m emgZ≤ g{ odÌdmg CR>Z{ g{ A_À`© g{Z Z{ A[Zr [wÒVH$ 'India-Economic Development & Social dh AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ oZ:e∫$ hr ]Zr ahVr h°& Opportunity' _{ß obIm h°, ''_ohbmAm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ geo∫$H$aU g{ Z H{$db * _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ Òdmdbß]Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ V°`ma H$r JB© AoYH$Va _ohbmAm{ß H{$ OrdZ _{ß oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ gH$mamÀ_H$ Aga [∂S{>Jm, ]oÎH$ `m{OZmAm{ß d H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ SC/ST H$r _ohbmAm{ß VH$ gro_V aIm [wÍ$fm{ß Am°a ]Ém{ß H$m{ ^r Bgg{ bm^ hm{Jm&'' J`m h°, O]oH$ gm_m›` Edß AÎ[gßª`H$ dJ© H$r _ohbmAm{ß h{Vw Bg 5 A∑Qy>]a 2002 H$m{ `m{OZm Am`m{J g{ _ßOyar ‡m· 10dt [ßMdfr©` ‡H$ma H$r `m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ Km{a A^md ]Zm hwAm h°& _woÒb_ _ohbmAm{ß `m{OZm H{$ _gm°X{ _{ß 5 H$am{∂S> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ am{OJma H{$ Adga C[b„Y H$amZ{ H{$ H$r [Xm©‡Wm, ]hwoddmh Edß _m°oIH$ VbmH$ H{$ ‡MbZ _{ß ]Z{ ahZ{ g{ b˙` H{$ dmÒVodH$ oH´$`m›d`Z g{ oZ:gßX{h Am_ [nadmam{ß H{$ gmW Am°aVm{ß CZH$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV AÀ`ßV X`Zr` ]Zr hwB© h°& H$r ^r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV gw—∂T> hm{ gH{$Jr& * A^r ^r 54.15: _ohbmE± gmja hwB© h¢, Zm oH$ oeojV& oZajaVm H{$ gßX^© J´ßWgyMr :- H$maU ^r _ohbmE± ^{X^md, em{fU Am°a C[{jm ghV{ Jar] Edß 1. H´$m∞oZH$b Bà ]wH$ 2002, H´$m∞oZH$b [o„bH{$eßg (‡m.ob.) ZB© oXÎbr-110016, AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ [wÍ$fmYrZ h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ ggßX _{ß 8% H{$›–r` _ßoÃ_ßS>b _{ß [{O-622 10%, ‡emgoZH$ g{dm _{ß 6.8%, Q{>≠S> `yoZ`Zm{ß H{$ CÉ [Xm{ß [a 5.6% 2. ZmQ>mUr, ‡H$me ZmamÙ, 2002, _ohbm OmJ•oV Am°a H$mZyZ, AmodÓH$ma [o„beg© Edß oS>ÒQ≠>r„`yQ>g©, O`[wa, [{O-50 999 Am°a [wobg ]b _{ß 2.2% _ohbmE± hr H$m`©aV h¢& hmb hr _{ß l_ 3. ogßh, godVm, 2002, JmßYr Am°a _ohbm geo∫$H$aU, am{OJma g_mMma, 28 ogVÂ]a- _ßÃmb` H{$ am{OJma d ‡oejU _hmoZX{emb` ¤mam Omar am{OJma 4 A∑Qy>]a 2002, ‡H$meZ od^mJ, gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr [{O2 gß]ßYr na[m{Q©> ]VmVr h° oH$ _mÃ 16.3% _ohbmE± hr gßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß 4. A›gmar, oZ`mO, OyZ 2002, _ohbm geo∫$H$aU H$r ZroV, H$m`©H´$_ Edß oH´$`m›d`Z H$m`©aV h¢&101010 : EH$ g_rjmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (A‡H$moeV bKw em{Y ‡]ßY) em{Y H{$›– S>m∞. ]m]m oZÓH$f©© :- gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a amÔ≠>≠>r` gßÒWmZ _hy (_.‡.) oZÓH$f©© :- 5. Jw·m, dr.Eg. 2001 amÔ≠>≠> oZ_mU© Am°a _ohbm geo∫$H$aU, am{OJma g_mMma, 11- E{gm Zht oH$ _ohbmE± AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ Òdmdbß]Z ‡m· H$aZ{ _{ß gj_ 17 AJÒV 2001, ‡H$meZ od^mJ, gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr [{O8 Zht h¢, d{ hr J•h ‡]ßYZ g{ [nadma H$m g_woMV odH$mg H$aVr ahr h¢& 6. H´$m∞oZH$b Bà ]wH$ 2002, H´$m∞oZH$b [o„bH{$eßg (‡m.ob.) ZB© oXÎbr-110016, A∑Qy>]a 2002 _{ß Omar \$maMyZ [oÃH$m H$r AßVam©Ô≠>r` Ï`m[ma OJV H$r [{O-71 50 gdm©oYH$ ‡^mdembr _ohbmAm{ß H$r gyMr Omar H$r h¢ oOg_{ß 2 ^maVr` 7. A›gmar, oZ`mO, 2002, _ohbm geo∫$H$aU : dm`X{ Am°a oH´$`m›d`Z, `m{OZm- _ohbm C⁄o_`m{ß- od⁄m N>m]na`m (OÂ]m{ Jw´[ Am∞\$ Bo S>`m) Am°a ^maVr` A‡°b 2002, ‡H$meZ od^mJ, gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr [{O-38- 40 e{à ]mOma H$r H$m`©H$mar C[m‹`j Z°Zmbmb oH$XdmB© emo_b h¢& H$hZ{ 8. Am_ ZmJnaH$ : AoYH$ma Am°a gwodYmE±, 2001 ‡H$meZ od^mJ gyMZm Edß ‡gmaU H$m VmÀ[`© h° oH$ Zmna`m{ß H$m{ AmoW©H$ j{Ã _{ß OmZ{ h{Vw ÒdVßÃVm Edß ‡m{ÀgmhZ _ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÎbr [{O-223 X{H$a CZH$r H$B© g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m{ C›ht H{$ ¤mam hb oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& 9. H´$m∞oZH$b Bà ]wH$ 2002, H´$m∞oZH$b [o„bH{$eßg (‡m.ob.) ZB© oXÎbr-110016, 31 _mM©, 2002 H$m{ ‡ÒVwV 'gßodYmZ g_rjm Am`m{J H$r na[m{Q©> _{ß [{O-71 AZw¿N{>X 21 (g) H{$ AßVJ©V J´m_rU ]{am{OmJma _OXyam{ß H$m{ df© _{ß ›`wZV_ 10. amÔ≠>≠> _ohbm, oXgß]a 2001, amÔ≠>≠> _ohbm Am`m{J, 4, XrZX`mb C[m‹`m` ZB© oXÎbr [{O-3-12 100 oXZm{ß VH$ am{OJma gwoZoÌMV H$aZ{ h{Vw am¡` H$m{ ]m‹`H$mar Í$[ g{ 11. ogodb god©g{O H´$m∞oZH$b Bà ]wH$ 2002, H´$m∞oZH$b [o„bH{$eßg (‡m.ob.) ZB© H$mZyZ ]ZmZ{ H$m gwPmd oX`m h°, oOg [a B©_mZXmar g{ oH´$`m›d`Z H$aH{$ oXÎbr-110016, [{O-57

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 173 ^´ÓQ>mMma oZdmaU H$r gßÒWm H{$ C[H$aU H{$ Í$[ _{ß bm{H$m`w∫$ H$m [X (_‹`‡X{e H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) S>m∞. [yoU©_m Jm°∂S> * S>m∞. H$mo_Zr [ßdma ** am¡` H$r odH$mg `mÃm X{dr og’mßV [a AmYmnaV oZaßHw$e amOVßÃm{ß g{ gßgXr` AoYH$mar hm{Vm h° dh ZmJnaH$m{ß H$r CZ oeH$m`Vm{ß H$r N>mZ]rZ AmO bm{H$VmßoÃH$ _yÎ`m{ß [a AmYmnaV bm{H$Î`mU am¡` H{$ bm{H$o‡` og’mßV H$aVm h°& oOZ_{ß bm{H$g{dH$m{ß Z{ A[Zr eo∫$ H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ hwE ,CZH{$ VH$ [hwßM J`r h°& oZÌM` hr `h [∂S>md gd©_m›` Am°a gwXrK© og’ hwAm h°& ‡oV AZwoMV Ï`dhma oH$`m h°& òX Cg{ `h odÌdmg hm{ OmE H$r oeH$m`V oZaßHw$e amOVßÃm{ß H{$ `wJ _{ß Om{ amOH$r` Am°a ‡emgH$r` Am_ AmX_r H$r CoMV h° Vm{ `h gßÒWm C[Mma H$r oXem _{ß ‡`ÀZerb hm{ OmVr h°,oH$›Vw [hwßM H{$ ]mha Wr& A] ^r∂S> â{ Mm°amh{ [a AmZ{ dmbr Am_ MMm© H$m odf` bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r _erZar V^r goH´$` hm{Jr, O] A›`m` H{$ ‡oVH$ma H{$ g^r ]Z J`{ h°& bm{H$od_wI Edß AZwŒmaXm`r am¡` H$m og’mßV A] d°MmnaH$ gßd°KmoZH$ ¤ma ]ßX hm{ MwH{$ hm{ß& 1963 _{ß ^maVr` Z{VmAm{ß, odoYd{ŒmmAm{ß, BoVhmg H{$ Hy$∂S{>XmZ H$r dÒVw ]Z J`m h°& bm{H$m{›_wI Edß AmXe© N>od H$m{ gßgX gXÒ`m{ß Edß ]wo’Orod`m{ß Z{ ^maV _{ß Am{Â]wS>≤g_{ g—e gßÒWm H$r odH$ogV oH$`m h°& bm{H$H$Î`mUH$mar og’mßV Z{ am¡` Edß ZmJnaH$m{ H{$ ÒWm[Zm H$r _mßJ H$r g›WmZ_≤ H$_{Q>r amOÒWmZ ‡emgoZH$ gwYma Am`m{J gÂ]›Y H$m{ AoYH$ KoZÓR> VWm o_ÃdV ]Zm`m h°& AmYwoZH$ am¡` [mbZ{ 1963 Edß H{$›–r` ‡emgoZH$ gwYma Am`m{J 1966 _{ß ^r Bg gßÒWm H$r g{ b{H$a _aKQ> VH$ EH$ N>m`m H{$ gm—Ì` Ïò∫$ H{$ gmW ahVm h°& Òdm^modH$ ÒWm[Zm H$r AZweßgm H$r JB© Wr& 1968 _{ß gßgX _{ß H{$o›–` bm{H$[mb VWm Í$[ g{ Bg odMma Z{ am¡` H{$ H$m`© Am°a Xmo`Àdm{ß _{ß A^yV[yd© d•o’ H$r h°& bm{H$m`w∫$ odY{`H$ [a Ï`m[H$ MMm© hwB© oH$›Vw gaH$ma H$r CXmgrZVm H{$ h{dQ©> H$m odMma h° oH$ - `w’m{Œma H$mb _{ß bm{H$ H$Î`mUH$mar am¡` H$r H$maU Bg{ R> S{> ]ÒV{ _{ß X\$Z H$a oX`m J`m& gmd©^m°_ ÒdrH•$oV H{$ ]mX g_mO H$Î`mU Edß AW©Ï`dÒWm H{$ j{Ã _{ß gaH$mar _.‡. _{ß bm{H$m`w∫$ gßÒWm H$r ÒWm[Zm 20 OyZ 1969 H$m{ lr Zaogßh Xmo`Àdm{ß _{ß Ï`m[H$ d•o’ hwB© h°,Am°a BgZ{ OZ-OrdZ Edß gÂ[oŒm H{$ j{Ã amd XrojV H$r A‹`jVm _{ß JoR>V _.‡. ‡emgoZH$ gwYma Am`m{J Z{ _{ß A^yV[yd© Í$[ g{ ‡^modV oH$`m h°&EH$ A›` odMma H{$ AZwgma ‡emgoZH$ gwYma Am°a ‡emgoZH$ ‡har _ S>b H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m gwPmd oX`m bm{H$H$Î`mUH$mar am¡` H{$ odMma Z{ Ohmß d°ò∫$H$ OrdZ H$r oOgH$m H$m`© ‡emgZ _{ß gÀ` oZÓR>m Edß gm_œ`© ÒWmo[V H$aZ{ _{ß emgZ H$m{ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$m{ AoVe` ‡^modV oH$`m h°& dht gmW hr gmW [am_e© X{Zm Wm& BgH{$ [ÌMmV H{$o›–` emgZ H{$ AZwX{e [a _.‡. bm{H$m`w∫$ OZg_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ odÒVma gÂ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ Adga ^r ]∂T{> h°& dÒVwV: am¡` AoKoZ`_ 1975 [mnaV oH$`m J`m oH$›Vw bmJy Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU [wZ: _.‡. H{$ H$m`m~ Am°a Xmo`Àdm{ß H$r d•o’ am¡` H$r eo∫$`m{ß H$m Ï`m[H$ odÒVma H$a bm{H$m`w∫$ Edß C[bm{H$m`w∫$ AoYoZ`_ 1981 [mnaV oH$`m J`m & oOg{ 16 oX`m h° Am°a Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J EH$ emÌdV d°a h°& ogVÂ]a 1981 H$m{ amÓQ≠>[oV H$r Ao^ÒdrH•$oV ‡m· hm{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ 15 gŒmm ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r OZZr h°& AV: gŒmm H{$ ‡`m{J _{ß OZmoYH$mam{ß H$r A∑Qy>]a 1981 H$m{ AgmYmaU amO[Ã _{ß ‡H$moeV H$a oX`m J`m & Adh{bZm H$m ^` oN>[m ahVm h°& Bg ^` H{$ ]mX ^r am¡` H$r eo∫$ H{$ Bg AoYoZ`_ H{$ AZwgma OmßM H$r H$m`©dmhr H{$ gßMmbZ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ ‡`m{J H$m{ H$_ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm& BgobE AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$r h¢ am¡`[mb A[Z{ hÒVmja Edß [X _w–m g{ oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m{ bm{H$m`w∫$ Edß oH$ gŒmm H{$ ‡`m{J [a g_woMV oZ`ßÃ m H{$ VarH$m{ß H$r Im{O H$r Om`{ oOgg{ EH$ AWdm EH$ g{ AoYH$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ C[bm{H$m`w∫$ oZ`w∫$ H$a{Jm oH$›Vw BgH{$ XwÍ$[`m{J g{ hm{Z{ dmb{ ^´ÓQ>mMma Edß Hw$‡emgZ H{$ Adga gßem{oYV Í$[ ‡oV]ßY `h h° oH$ Bg h{Vw am¡`[mb odYmZg^m _{ß ‡oV[j H{$ Z{Vm g{ g{ H$_ oH$`{ Om gH{$& bm{H$‡emgZ H$r gdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© g_Ò`m ‡emgoZH$ [am_e© H$a{Jm Am°a E{gm Z{Vm Z hm{Z{ [a A‹`j ¤mam oZX}oeV [’oV g{ AoYH$mna`m{ß Edß amOZ°oVH$ H$m`©[mobH$m [a oZ`ßÃU H$r oH$gr ^r ‡emgoZH$ od[j H{$ gXÒ` Bg C‘{Ì` H{$ oH$gr Ïò∫$ H$m M`Z H$a{ßJ{ & bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r gßJR>Z [a oZ`ßÃU h{Vw Xm{ _hÀd[yU© o]›XwAm{ß [a ‹`mZ X{Zm hm{Jm& oZ`wo∫$ gdm}É ›`m`mb` H$m ›`m`mYre AWdm oH$gr CÉ ›`m`mb` H$m 1. ‡emgoZH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma [a oZ`ßÃU Edß Hw$‡emgZ [a oZ`ßÃU& ›`m`mYre H$a{Jm& bm{H$m`w∫$ Edß C[bm{H$m`w∫$ oH$gr gßgX Edß odYmZg^m 2. OZg_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ ‡oV ‡emgZ H$r gßd{XZerbVm Am°a gohÓUwVm H$m H{$ gXÒ` Zht hm{ßJ{ AWdm oH$gr bm^ H{$ [X ghH$mar go_oV H{$ [XmoYH$mar odH$mg `h g_Ò`m oZamH$aU H$m aMZmÀ_H$ [hby h°& amOZ°oVH$ Xb g{ gß]ßY AWdm oH$gr Ï`dgm` `m Ï`m[ma _{ß aV Zht hm{J{ß& `{ Xm{Zm{ß hr [j g_Ò`m H{$ g_mYmZ H{$ AmdÌ`H$ VÀd h°& bm{H$[mb d bm{H$m`w∫$ H$m H$m`©H$mb 5 df© h° oH$›Vw [wZoZ©`wo∫$ Zht Bg g_Ò`m H{$ oZamH$aU h{Vy AZ{H$ gßJR>Zm{ß Am°a gßÒWmAm{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$r Om gH$Vr h°& BgH$m H$m`©H$mb V^r H$_ hm{ gH$Vm h° O] d{ am¡`[mb oH$`m Om MwH$m h° ‡emgoZH$ gwYma H$r AmJ}ZmBO{eZ VWm _{W{S> H$r H$m{ A[Zm À`mJ [Ã X{ AWdm Ymam 6 _{ß oZYm©naV ‡mdYmZ ¤mam C›h{ß [’oV gßgX H$r AmßH$bZ go_oV`m,odoY›`m`mb`,‡emgH$r` [X`w∫$ H$a oX`m OmE& Ymam 6 H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ AZwgma bm{H$m`w∫$ H$m{ A[Z{ ‡H$m{ÓR>,gVH©$Vm Am`m{J Bg gßX^© _{ß `{ gßÒWmEß ÃwoQ>[yU© h¢ Am°a C‘{Ì` H$r [X [a Cg g_` VH$ Zht hQ>m`m Om gH$Vm O] VH$ oH$ _.‡. odYmZ g^m [yU©Vm _{ß Ag\$b og’ hwB© h°& ¤mam A[Z{ gXÒ`m{ß H$r Hw$b gßª`m H{$ Xm{ oVhmB© ]hw_V ¤mam Cgr gÃ _{ß AÂ]{S>≤g_{Z H$m [X ÒdrS>Z H$r ‡emgoZH$ Ï`dÒWm H$r X{Z h°,oOg{ [mnaV ‡ÒVmd oOg_{ß dh XwÏ©`dhma AWdm Aj_Vm H$m Xm{fr og’ [m`m ]mX _{ß `yam{[ H{$ AZ{H$ bm{H$VmßoÃH$ gaH$mam{ß Z{ _m›`Vm Xr& AÂ]{S>g_{Z EH$ OmE, H{$ [ÌMmV am¡`[mb E{gm AmX{e [mnaV Z H$a X{ & E{g{ ‡ÒVmd H{$ * ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) Z{hÍ$ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.) ^maV * ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` _∑gr, oObm- emOm[wa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 174

‡ÒVwVrH$aU OmßM Edß Xm{f og’ H$aZ{ H{$ obE d{ ‡oH´$`mEß A[Zm`r A‹`j Edß OZ‡oVoZoY gXÒ` gaH$ma H{$ amOZ°oVH$ g{dmAm{ß H{$ ]Xb{ OmEJr,Om{ ›`m`mYre OmßM AoYoZ`_ 1968 H$r Ï`dÒWm ¤mam Edß [waÒH•$V Ïò∫$ hm{V{ h¢ & bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r OmßM g{ [a{ aIZm og’mßV oH$VZm ›`m`mYre H$m{ hQ>mZ{ H{$ obE A[Zm`r OmVr h°& BZ oZ`_m{ß H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H{$ VH©$ gßJV ∑`m{ß Z hm{ dV©_mZ gßX^m~ _{ß gßVm{f ‡X Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm & AYrZ bm{H$m`w∫$ oH$gr bm{H$g{dH$ H{$ odÍ$’ ‡m· oeH$m`V AWdm gyMZm EH$ _hÀd[yU© ‡ÌZ `h h° oH$ ‡emgoZH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma Edß bm{H$g{dH$m{ß H{$ H{$ AmYma [a OmßM Amaß^ H$a gH$Vm h°& C[bm{H$m`w∫$,bm{H$m`w∫$ H{$ gm_m›` AmMaU H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV H$aZ{ dmbr A›` EO{o›g`m{ß _{ß H$m`©aV ahV{ hwE bm{H$m`w∫$ oZX}eZ Edß oZ`ßÃU _{ß AoYH$mna`m{ß H{$ odÍ$’ oeH$m`V AWdm gyMZm H$r H$m odoeÓQ> _hÀd ∑`m h° dÒVwV: E{gr Xm{ ‡_wI EO{›gr h¢& EH$ Vm{ ›`m`mb` OmßM H$a gH$Vm h°& Bg gß]ßY _{ß AdoeÓQ> AoYH$ma bm{H$m`w∫$ H{$ ah{ßJ{ß & Am°a Xyga{ H{$›–r` gVH©$Vm Am`m{J ›`m`mb` H$m H$m`© H$mZyZ H$r odY{`H$ _{ß bm{H$ g{dH$ Edß AoYH$mar e„X [na^mofV oH$E JE h¢& bm{H$ MmaXrdmar VH$ gro_V h° Cg_{ß AZ{H$m{ß VH$ZrH$r Am°a ‡oH´$`mÀ_H$ g{dH$ H{$ AYrZ oH$›Vw odYmZg^m A‹`j ,C[mø`j Edß ‡oV[j H{$ Z{Vm H$oR>ZmB©`mß hm{Vr h¢ Om{ E{g{ H$B© ‡H$aUm{ß H{$ obE oOZ_{ß ÀdnaV oZU©` AoZdm`© Bg_{ß goÂ_obV Zht h°&1962 H{$ gßem{YZ H{$ ]mX g{ _wª`_ßÃr H{$ hm{Vm h° AZw[`m{Jr og’ hm{V{ h¢°& Xygar Am°a E{g{ ^r Adga CÀ[fi hm{V{ Ohmß odMmamoYH$ma g{ [a{ W{& odY{`H$ _{ß `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h° oH$ A›`m` hwAm bJVm h¢ b{oH$Z H$mZyZ ›`m`mb` H$r oddeVm ]Z OmVr h°& bm{H$m`w∫$ AWdm C[bm{H$m`w∫$ oZÂZ odf`m{ß H$r OmßM Zht H$a{ßJ{& _.‡. _{ß oXoΩdOògßh gaH$ma _{ß _m∂S>mVmb O_rZ Km{Q>mbm,MwahwQ> bm∞Q>ar 1. òX oH$gr odf` OmßM Am`m{J AoYoZ`_ 1950 H{$ AYrZ H$mßS> O°g{ ‡H$aUm{ß _ {ß _ßoÃ`m{ß Edß AoYH$mna`m{ß H$m{ Xm{fr [m`m J`m b{oH$Z Am°[MmnaH$ OmßM Edß gmd©OoZH$ OmßM Mb ahr hm{& gaH$ma Z{ E{g{ ‡H$aUm{ß [a _wH$X_m MbmZ{ H$r AZw_oV Zht Xr& Bg ‡H$ma 2. Om{ odf` OmßM Am`m{J AoYoZ`_ 1952 H{$ AYrZ OmßM H{$ obE bm{H$m`w∫$ H$m{ OmßM H$m AoYH$ma Vm{ h° b{oH$Z Ao^`m{OZ H$r eo∫$ ‡m· Zht gßXo^©V oH$`m J`m hm{& h°& gdm}É ›`m`mb` oXgÂ]a 2006 H{$ [hb{ g·mh _{ß ‡H$meogßh ]mXb d 3. oH$gr bm{H$g{dH$ ’mam oH$E JE AmMaU oOgH$r oeH$m`V H$r Om CZH{$ [wÃ H$r `moMH$m [a A[Zm oZU©` X{V{ hwE Bg]mV H$m{ a{ImßoH$V oH$`m h° ahr h° H$m{ 5 df© H$r AdoY g{ AoYH$ g_` Ï`VrV hm{ MwH$m hm{ & oH$ òX bm{H$g{dH$m{ß Edß _ßoÃ`m{ß H{$ ¤mam ‡H$aUm{ß [a ^´ÓQ>mMma _m_bm ]ZVm h° bm{H$m`w∫$ H{$ g_j oH$gr bm{H$ g{dH$ AWdm AoYH$mar H{$ odÍ$’ Vm{ E{g{ ‡H$aUm{ß H{$ obE gaH$ma H$r [wdm©Zw_oV H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht h°& Amam{[m{ß H$r oeH$m`V oZYm©naV ‡mÍ$[ _{ß Amd{XZ H{$ gmW ewÎH$ O_mH$a H$r `⁄o[ gßgXr` ]hg Z{ Bg oZU©` [a AoV ›`mo`H$ goH´$`Vm H$m Om gH$Vr h°& `h ^r AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ oeH$m`VH$Vm© bm{H$m`w∫$ AWdm Amam{[ bJm H$aH{$ Bg{ odYmo`H$m H{$ j{Ã _{ß hÒVj{[ ]Vm`m Om ahm h°,b{oH$Z CgH{$ ’mam AoYH•$V AoYH$mar H{$ g_j oZYm©naV ‡mÍ$[ _{ß e[W [Ã `h ‡d•oŒm amOZroVkm{ß ¤mam oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ gßajU X{Z{ H$m ‡ÒVwV H$a{ß& Bg ‡H$ma _.‡.bm{H$m`w∫$ Edß C[bm{H$m`w∫$ odY{`H$ 1981 hr gßH{$V H$aVr h°& b{H$m`w∫$ H$r gßÒWm ÒdVßÃ d oZÓ[j OmßM E{O{›gr h¢& ¤mam _.‡. _{ß EH$ oZÓ[j ÒdmYrZ ge∫$ Edß gj_ oZ`ßÃU gßÒWmZ H{$ Í$[ b{oH$Z Ao^`m{OZ H$r eo∫$ CgH{$ [mg Zht h°& BgobE `h gßÒWm ‡^mdhrZ _{ß bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r gßÒWm H$r ÒWm[Zm H{$ ‡`ÀZ oH$E JE h°&`h Bg ]mV H$m ]ZH$a ah OmVr h°& bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r gßÒWm ^´ÓQ>mMma [a AßHw$e bJmZ{ H{$ ‡_mU oH$ ‡emgZ EH$ Òd¿N> VWm CŒmaXm`r ‡emgZ H$r ÒWm[Zm h{Vw C‘{Ì` g{ ]ZmB© JB©& `{ EH$ ÒdVßÃ Am°a oZÓ[j OmßM E{O{›gr h° b{oH$Z ‡oV]’ h° oH$›Vw AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$r ÃwoQ>`mß AWdm A^md BVZ{ A[Zr OmßM H{$ obE BgH{$ [mg H$m{B© ÒdVßÃ d oZÓ[j OmßM EO{›gr h° _hÀd[yU© h° oH$ d{ oH$gr ^r B©_mZXma ‡`ÀZm{ß [a [mZr \{$a gH$V{ h¢& b{oH$Z A[Zr OmßM H{$ obE BgH{$ [mg H$m{B© ÒdVßÃ d oZÓ[j OmßM gßJR>Z òX AoYoZ`_ H{$ ‡mdYmZm{ß H$m{ X{Im Om`{ Vm{ gßem{YZ H{$ ]mX ^r Zht h¢ Am°a BgH{$ obE Cg{ gaH$mar OmßM EO{o›g`m{ß H{$ C›ht H$_©Mmna`m{ß bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r OmßM H$m Xmàm gro_V hr oXImB© X{Vm h°& odYm`H$m{ß H$m{ Am°a AoYH$mna`m{ß [a oZ^©a ahZm [∂S>Vm h° oOZH$r oZÓ[jVm d B©_mZXmar bm{H$m`w∫$ H{$ odMmamoYH$ma g{ [a{ aIZm Hw$N> VH©$ gÂ_V Zht bJVm & Bg gßX{h g{ [a{ Zht _mZr Om gH$Vr ∑`m{ßoH$ oOg Ï`dÒWm H{$ odÍ$’ C›h{ß OmßM gßX^© _{ß `h VH©$ oX`m Om gH$Vm h°oH$ gßgXr` CŒmaXmo`Àd Edß H$aZm hm{Vr h° d{ Òdß`ß Cg Ï`dÒWm H{$ AßJ hm{V{ h¢& Ï`dÒWmo[H$m H$r _`m©Xm H{$ ‡ÌZ Ah_ h° Am°a odYm`H$m{ß [a E{gm H$m{B© òX C›h{ß g_yoMV A[Zr ‡emgoZH$ Ï`dÒWm g{ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV ‡oV]ßY Abm{H$VmßoÃH$ hm{Jm& H$aZm h° Vm{ bm{H$m`w∫$ O°gr gßÒWm H$r OmßM H{$ obE EH$ ÒdVßÃ A_bm C[b„Y _.‡. H{$ gßX^© _{ß Bg Vœ` g{ BßH$ma Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm oH$ ‡emgZ H{$ H$amZm hm{Vm Am°a Ao^`m{OZ H{$ AoYH$ma ^r Cg{ X{Z{ hm{ßJ{ VmoH$ dh ^´ÓQ>mMma am{O_am© H{$ H$m`m~ _{ß hÒVj{[ H$aZ{ H$r ‡d•oŒm odYm`H$m{ß _{ß ]∂T>r h°& `h ^r H{$ odÍ$’ OZ oeH$m`Vm{ß H$m oZdmaU H$aZ{ H{$ obE [yar Vah gj_ hm{& Iwbm ^{X h° oH$ ‡emgoZH$ AoYH$mar ]hwV g{ H$m`© ÒWmZr` amOZroVH$ g›X^© gyMr X]mdm{ß _{ß AmH$a H$aV{ h¢ `m C›h{ß H$aZ{ [∂S>V{ h¢& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß H{$db 1. bmS©> h{dQ©> X ›`y oS>Ò[moOÒQ> (1928) 2. A_a{e AdÒWm ‡emgZ ‡har _ S>b (_.‡. _{ß AÂ]wS>≤g _{Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß bm{H$‡emgZ) ‡emgoZH$ AoYH$mar hr bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r OmßM H$m odf` h° Am°a odYm`H$m{ß 3. EM.Ama._adrOm (ZmJnaH$m{ß H$r oeH$m`V{ß AZwXe©Z Edß [naXe©Z ‡emgZ amÓQ≠>r` ¤mam A[Z{ A[Z{ oZdm©oMV j{Ãm{ß _{ß 1 H$am{∂S> Í$[`{ H{$ H$m`© H$admZ{ H{$ AH$mX_r H$m OZ©b 1972 AoYH$mam{ß H$r _mßJ AßVwb{dX H$m A›Vam©¡`r` odÒVma hr H$hm Om`{Jm & 4. Ama.]r.O°Z,bm{H$‡emgZ _hm‡emgH$ EH$ A[Vr [wÍ$f bm{H$ ‡emgZ H$m ^maVr` odYmZ g^m A‹`j,C[m‹`j Edß CÉ ›`m`[mobH$m H{$ ‡emgoZH$ [wÍ$f OZ©b ogV≤ _‹`‡X{e bm{H$m`w∫$ Edß C[bm{H$m`w∫$ AoYoZ`_ 1981 Ymam 3 oZ`ßÃU _{ß ahZ{ dmb{ ›`mo`H$ g{dm H{$ gXÒ` VWm _.‡. bm{H$g{dm Am`m{J (1) Edß (A)(]) [m∞oboQ>H$b E S> bm∞ Q>mBÂg 5. Ymam 3(2)(A)(]) H{$ gXÒ` Edß A‹`j ^r bm{H$m`w∫$ H$r odMmamoYH$ma H{$ ]mha aI{ J`{ h¢& 6. Ymam 4 Bg_{ß Xm{ [X OZ ‡oVoZoY gßÒWm H$r _`m©Xm H{$ ‡VrH$ h¢ Am°a ›`mo`H$ g{dm 7. Ymam 5 H{$ gXÒ` ›`m`[mobH$m H$r ÒdVßÃVm H{$ og’mßV H{$ AZwHy$b hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU 8. Ymam 6 (1) (2) oZÌM` hr Bg gßÒWm H$r [naoY g{ [a{ h°,oH$›Vw bm{H$ g{dm Am`m{J H{$ 9. Ymam 8 (A)(])(g) 10. Ymam 9 11. Ymam 10 12. Ymam 18 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 175 odÌd amOZroV [a AmVßH$dmX H$m ‡^md S>m∞. aOZr Xw]{{ * dV©_mZ odÌd [na‡{˙` _{ß AZ{H$ X{em{ß [a AmVßH$dmX H$m IVam _ßS>am (dmÒVodH$) g‰`Vm, oejm Edß _mZdr`Vm _{ß hr oZohV h° Bg h{Vw Z Vm{ ahm h°$& Mmh{ dh ›`y`mH©$ H{$ odÌd Ï`m[ma H{$›– H$m{ Yamemhr H$aZ{ H$r ‡mW©Zm H$r OÍ$aV h° Am°a Z hr C[X{em{ß H$r , bm{Jm{ß H{$ ^mdm{ß _{ß _mZd Jna_m H$r KQ>Zm hm{ `m ^maVr` gßgX H$m{ CIm∂S>Z{ H$r gmoOe hm{ `h Am°a BgH{$ g_mZ OmJ•oV hr BgH$m EH$_mÃ C[m` h°$&"" g_ÒV KQ>Zm`{ß amÓQ≠>r` Edß A›V©amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa H{$ AmVßH$dmXr H$m`© h¢$& dV©_mZ d°MmnaH$ —oÓQ> g{ AmO odÌd Ï`dÒWm _ß{ emßoV gh`m{J Am°a odH$mg g_` _{ß AmVßH$dmX JwUmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ [yd© _{ß [m`{ OmZ{ dmb{ AmVßH$dmX g{ H$r oÒWoV oZo_©V H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ oOg MrO H$r g]g{ AoYH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm h° o^fi h¢$& Bg Zd AmVßH$dmX _{ß EH$ Z`m ohßgmÀ_H$ Í$[ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bm h° Om{ dh h° A›V©amÓQ≠>r` gß]›Ym{ß H{$ gßMmbZ _{ß bm{H$VmßoÃH$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß AmÒWm H$r [yU©V: AZ°oVH$ h°$& AmVßH$dmX H{$ [Z[Z{ H{$ H$maU AWdm CZH{$ [rN{> H$r h°$& bm{H$VßÃ H{$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ ÒWmo[V H$aZm Am°a CZH{$ AZwgma am¡` Ï`dÒWmAm{ß dmÒVodH$ gÉmB© Mmh{ Om{ hm{ O°g{ - gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ o[N>∂S>m[Z, OmVr` H$m AmMaU hm{Zm V^r gß^d hm{Jm O] am¡`m{ß H{$ _‹` ]ßYwÀd H$r ^mdZm H$m amOZroVH$ A[{jm`{ß, odMmaYmamAm{ß H$m ‡^md AWdm H$_Om{a dJm~ AWdm odH$mg hm{Jm$& AmO O] odÌd _{ß d°MmnaH$ Í$[ g{ bm{H$VßÃ [a AmYmnaV g_wXm`m{ß H$m X_Z Edß CÀ[r∂S>Z AmoX oH$›Vw `h Vœ` oZod©dmX h° oH$ AmO emgZm{ß H{$ ‡oV AmÒWm gwoZoÌMV hm{ MwH$r h°$& am¡`m{ß H{$ _‹` J°a ]am]ar H{$ AmVßH$dmX amÓQ≠> H$r gr_mAm{ß H$m AoVH´$_U H$a amÓQ≠>mVrV ]Z MwH$m h° Edß amOZroVH$, AmoW©H$ gß]›Ym{ß H$m H$m{B© ÒWmZ Zht hm{ gH$Vm h°$& òX Ωbm{]b Bg_{ß odÌd Ï`m[r Í$[ YmaU H$aZ{ H$r g_ÒV j_Vm`{ß _m°OyX h¢ AV: `h AmVßH$dmX h° Vm{ CgH$m gmWr Ωbm{]b hoW`mam{ß H$m Ï`m[ma, Ωbm{]b _mXH$ ode{fk _V h° oH$ ""AmVßH$dmX ^m°Jm{obH$ —oÓQ> g{ ]hwV odÒV•V VWm [XmWm~ H$r VÒH$ar Ωbm{]b A_mZdr` H•$À` AWm©V N>m{Q{> ]Ém{ß H$r VÒH$ar d°MmnaH$ —oÓQ> g{ odo^fiVm ob`{ h°$&"" ghr _m`Zm{ß _{ß AmVßH$dmX Z{ dV©_mZ Am°a d°Ì`md•oŒm O°gr ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H$m [aÒ[a JR>Om{∂S> hwAm h° BZ g] A_mZdr` H$mb _{ß odÌd Ï`m[r Í$[ YmaU H$a ob`m h° Edß odo^fi AmVßH$dmXr JwQ>m{ß H$m`m~ [a ‡oVYmZ AmdÌ`H$ h°$& Edß gßJR>Zm{ß H{$ oZaßVa ]∂T>V{ Edß AmgmZr g{ [hMmZ{ OmZ{ `m{Ω` gß]›Y AmVßH$dmX H{$ odf` _{ß ^maV H$r ZroV Ò[ÓQ> h° oOgH{$ AZwgma odÌd ZOa AmV{ h¢$& dh EH$ Xyga{ H{$ j{Ãm{ß H$m ‡`m{J ZB© ^Vr© Edß CZH{$ ‡oejU H$m{ AmVßH$dmX H$m gm_Zm o_bH$a H$aZm hm{Jm$& A›V©amÓQ≠>r` g_wXm` _{ß h{Vw H$aV{ h¢, Ad°Y hoW`mam{ß H{$ b{Z X{Z _{ß gßbæ h¢ VWm EH$ Xyga{ H$m{ emßoV, ^´mV•Àd Am°a ZmJnaH$ ÒdVßÃVmAm{ß H$r ajm H{$ ob`{ g^r H$m{ o_bH$a ‡emgH$r` Edß gm_naH$ gh`m{J ^r ‡XmZ H$aV{ h¢$& H$m`© H$aZm hm{Jm$& am¡`m{ß H$m{ AmVßH$dmX H{$ ‡À`{H$ Í$[ H$m ‡À`j Am°a odo^fi X{em{ß H{$ AmVßH$dmXr JwQ>m{ß H{$ ]rM A›V©amÓQ≠>r` gß]›Ym{ß H$r A‡À`j g_W©Z ]ßX H$a CZH{$ odÍ$’ H$m`©dmhr H$r ZroV ÒdrH$ma H$aZm gr_m BOamBb H{$ bmS©> hdmB© A»{ H{$ gm_yohH$ Zagßhma _{ß X{Ir Om gH$Vr hm{Jr$& odÌd g{ AmVßH$dmX g_m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ EH$ g_mZ A›V©amÓQ≠>r` h°$& C∫$ H•$À` _{ß gßbæ AmVßH$dmXr Om[mZ H{$ W{, CZH$m ‡oejU H$m{na`m H$mZyZ ]Zm`{ o]Zm Bg [a oZ`ßÃU ÒWmo[V H$aZm H$oR>Z h°$& _{ß hwAm Wm, hoW`mam{ß H$r IarX BQ>br _{ß H$r JB© Wr VWm AmoW©H$ ghm`Vm AmVßH$dmX H$r g_mo· h{Vw _hÀd[yU© gwPmd g_W©Z Edß ghmZw^yoV Aa] X{em{ß H$r Wr$& AmVßH$dmXr JwQ> A[Z{ AmVßH$dmXr 1. AmVßH$dmX g{ oZ[Q>Z{ h{Vw "B Q>a[m{b" H{$ g_mZ EH$ [yU© AoYH$ma H•$À`m{ß H{$ oZ`m{OZ Edß AßOm_ X{Z{ _{ß oOZ d°kmoZH$ VH$ZrH$m{ß H$m ghmam gß[fi AmVßH$dmX odam{Yr [wobg gßJR>Z H$m JR>Z oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{ oOg{ b{V{ h¢ dh gaH$mar _erZar g{ EH$ H$X_ CfiV hr hm{Vr h¢$& AmVßH$dmX H{$ odÌd H{$ oH$gr ^r ohÒg{ _{ß AmVßH$dmoX`m{ß H{$ odÍ$’ H$m`©dmhr H$aZ{ H$m d°ÌdrH$aU H{$ ob`{ g]g{ _hÀd[yU© CŒmaXm`r H$maU _mXH$ [XmWm~ H$m AoYH$ma hm{ VWm BgH{$ gßMmbZ H$m oOÂ_m gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> H$m{ gm¢[m OmZm Mmoh`{$& Ad°Y Ï`m[ma h°$& AmVßH$dmX Edß _mXH$ –Ï`m{ß H{$ Ad°Y Ï`m[ma H{$ ]rM `h 2. AmVßH$dmX g{ oZ[Q>Z{ h{Vw ^maV _{ß H$m{B© ode{f gßJR>Z Zht h°$& AV: A[H$mar oddmh odÌdÏ`m[r AamOH$Vm h{Vw EH$ Zht ]oÎH$ AZ{H$ H$maUm{ß A_{naH$m H{$ S{>ÎQ>m \$m{g© Edß J´{Q >o]´Q{>Z H{$ Eg.E.Eg. H{$ g_mZ EH$ AmVßH$dmX g{ CŒmaXm`r h°$& dV©_mZ g_mO, bmH$a H{$ _VmZwgma, EH$ Z`{ oH$Ò_ H{$ odam{Yr BH$mB© H$m JR>Z oH$`m OmZm Mmoh`{$& AmVßH$dmX H$m oeH$ma hm{ gH$Vm h°$& dV©_mZ H$mb H$r odH$ogV g_mO 3. ^maV H{$ amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H$m{ AmVßH$dmX O°g{ _w‘m{ß [a VwÓQ>rH$aU gyMZmAm{ß H{$ gßJ´hU, [wZ: ‡mo·, odÌb{fU Edß ‡gmaU h{Vw "Bb{∑Q≠>moZH$' VßÃ H$r ZroV H$m À`mJ H$a amÓQ≠>r` ohV _{ß oZU©` b{Zm Mmoh`{$& [a [yU©V: AmolV h°$& ajm, [wobg ]b, Ï`m[ma, [nadhZ, d°kmoZH$ em{Y 4. gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> Edß CgH{$ ¤mam ]Zm`{ J`{ AmVßH$dmX odam{Yr H$mZyZm{ß O°g{ j{Ãm{ß H{$ H$m`© VWm ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß gaH$mar VWm ‡mBd{Q> g{∑Q>a H$m H$m`© H$m{ ‡À`{H$ amÓQ≠> H{$ ob`{ ]m‹`H$mar ]Zm`m OmZm Mmoh`{$& gÂ[mXZ Am∞Z bmBZ hm{Vm h°$& [yU© gyMZm `w’ AmVßH$dmX H$m g]g{ ^`mZH$ 5. H{$›– Edß am¡` gaH$mam{ß H$m{ ^r gßH$rU© amOZroVH$ ÒdmWm~ g{ D$[a ÒdÍ$[ hm{Jm oOgH$m gm_Zm dV©_mZ g‰` g_mO H$m{ H$aZm h°$& AmVßH$dmX H{$ CR>H$a amÓQ≠>dmXr —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ AmVßH$dmX H{$ odÍ$’ H$R>m{a H$X_ CR>mZm Mmoh`{$& d°ÌdrH$aU H$m `hr ghr _m∞S>b hm{Jm Edß YaVr AWdm AmH$me H$r oH$gr ^r gßX^© J´›W gyMr- amÓQ≠>r` AWdm A›V©amÓQ≠>r` gr_mAm{ß H$m gÂ_mZ Zht H$a{Jm$& 21dt gXr H$m 1. EZ. Eg. g∑g{Zm, Q{>a{na¡_ : ohÒQ≠>r E S> \{$∑Q>g (oXÎbr : Ao^Zd ‡H$meZ 1985) _mZd OmoV H$m{ AmH´$mßV H$aZ{ dmbr AmVßH$dmoX`m{ß H{$ oXZmß{oXZ ]∂T>V{ H$m°eb 2. E. H{$. Km{f, AmB©. Eg. AmB©. Z{Q>dH©$ Am∞\$ Q{>aa BZ Bo S>`m, (ZB© oXÎbr : Xr[ E S> Edß Ao^‡m` H$m{ Im{OZ{ Edß g_PZ{ h{Vw h_{ß ZdrZ Edß ]wo’_mZ odoY`m{ß Edß Xr[ ‡H$meZ 2000) 3. S>m∞. amKd AÍ$U Hw$_ma, odÌdÏ`m[r AmVßH$dmX : _mZdVm H{$ ob`{ MwZm°Vr C[H$ma VarH$m{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$& Bg gßX^© _{ß Cfirgdr gXr H{$ Í$gr odMmaH$ ‡H$meZ AmJam ZdÂ]a 2001 [•ÓR> 667.8 ]{obgßH$r H$m `h H$WZ gmaJo^©V h° oH$ ""_mZd g_mO H$r _wo∫$ og\©$ 4. E OZ©b Am∞\$ E{oe`m \∞$ma S{>_m{H´${gr E S> S>db[_{ßQ> 2006 [•ÓR> 267 * ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, amOZroV od^mJ, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 176 ^maV _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma Edß ZmJnaH$m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m

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Vrgar Va\$ Am_ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ oeojV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ H{$›–r` Am°a A] VH$ H{$ g\$a _{ß oZÂZ oZMm{∂S> gm_Z{ Am`m h°- am¡` gaH$mam{ß ¤mam Aa]m{ß Í$[`{ H$r `m{OZm`{ß ]Z ahr h¢; Am°a CZH$m ^maV _{ß gßJoR>V g_yh A[Zr amOZ°oVH$ oH´$`m _{ß bJ{ ahV{ h° Am°a oH´$`m›d`Z ^r hm{ ahm h°& [a AmOmXr H{$ [¢gR> df©© ]mX ^r C[bo„Y`m{ß H{$ AÀòYH$ amOZ°oVH$ hÒVj{[ Z{ Zm°H$aemhr H$m{ odde oH$`m h° oH$ dh j{Ã _{ß h_ ]hwV [rN{> h¢; Bg j{Ã _{ß emgZ ÒVa [a odMma H{$ [ÌMmV≤ O] oZÓ[jVm N>m{∂S>H$a amOZroVH$ Òdmo_`m{ß H{$ AmX{e H$m [mbZ H$aZ{ bJr h°& CgH{$ Ao^fi AßJ ‡emgZ _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma X{IV{ h¢ Vm{ dhm± ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ ^maV _{ß bÂ]{ g_` VH$ H$mßJ´{g H$m emgZ ahm h°, H$mßJ´{g H{$ emgZ H$mb _{ß AZ{H$ Í$[ X{IZ{ gwZZ{ Edß [∂T>Z{ H$m{ o_bV{ h¢& H$maU Ò[ÓQ> h°, emgZ g{ Ow∂S> `h _m›`V ahr oH$ dh Om{ ^r oZU©` b{ ah{ h¢ dh X{e oZ_m©U H$m h° Am°a H$a ‡emgZ C∫$ A[amY g{ MmhH$a ^r AbJ Zht ah gH$Vm& ‡emgZ ÒVa Zm°H$aemhr H$m{ e„XV: [mbZ H$aZm h°& BgH{$ Abmdm _ßoÃ`m{ß H$m CÉ H{$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m ‡^md `h hwAm h° oH$; Am_ ZmJnaH$ Mmh H$a ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$ ÒVa bm{H$ g{dH$m{ß H$m{ AZwJV ]ZmVm Mbm J`m h°& g{ _w∫$ Zht ah gH$Vm& òX H$m{B© ZmJnaH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma g{ A[Z{ H$m{ AbJ BgH$m [naUm_ h° oH$ bm{H$g{dH$m{ß _{ß g°’mo›VH$ CXmgrZVm —oÓQ>Jm{Ma aIZm MmhVm h°, Vm{ Cg{ _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr O°gm Y°`©, ghZerbVm, À`mJ, j_m hm{Z{ bJr h°, AWm©V≤ gŒmmÍ$∂T> Xb H$r hmß _{ß hmß o_bmZm CZH$m ‡mWo_H$ A[Z{ AmMaU _{ß bmZm hm{Jm& Om{ o]ab{ Ïò∫$ hr H$a [mV{ h¢& Xmo`Àd hm{ J`m h° \$bÒdÍ$[ ‡oV`m{Jr [arjm g{ MòZV `{ bm{H$g{dH$ E{gr oÒWoV _{ß Ohm± emgZ Am°a ‡emgZ Xm{Zm{ß hr, oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ amOZ°oVH$ gŒmm Am°a gm_moOH$ odKQ>Z Am°a amÓQ≠>r` Qy>Q> H$r _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma g{ [ro∂S>V hm{ß; ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ ob`{ Cgg{ b∂S>Zm EH$ MwZm°Vr g{ H$_ ‡d•oV`m{ß _{ß A[Z{ H$m{ oKam [mV{ h¢& `{ ]wo’dmXr ÒWm`r g{dH$ MmhH$a ^r Zht h°& E{gr oÒWoV _{ß Zm°H$aemhr H{$ Bg o]J∂S{> Í$[ H$m{ gßVwobV H$aZ{ H{$ A[Z{ d X{e H{$ AmXem}, H$m{ C^maZ{ _{ß gj_ Zht hm{ [mV{& BgH$m H$maU h°- ob`{ _moQ©>Z EÎ]am{ß oZ`›ÃU H$r oH´$`modoY`m{ß H$m{ ]VmV{ h¢- _ßoÃ`m{ß _{ß CVaXmo`Àd ›`yZ d JboV`m{ß H{$ ob`{ bm{H$g{dH$ H$r oOÂ_{Xmar ]∂T> (1) oZU©` H$aZ{ H$r ‡oH´$`m _{ß EH$ g{ AoYH$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ emo_b oH$`m J`r h°& Bg ]mV H$m{ \$mBZa Z{ Hw$N> `m{ß H$hm h°- gßgXr` emgZ H{$ gßX^© _{ß& OmZm Mmoh`{& (1) od^mJ _{ß Om{ Hw$N> hm{ ahm h° BgH$m ]hwV H$_ kmZ _ßoÃ`m{ß H$m{ hm{Vm h°& (2) EH$ hr H$m`© H{$ ob`{ Xm{ `m AoYH$ gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß oOÂ_{Xmar ]mßQ> X{Zm& (2) CZH{$ oZarjU _{ß H$m`© H$a ah{ oZJ_m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß CgH$r OmZH$mar `h Ï`dÒWm Òdm^modH$ Vm°a [a oÒWa Zht hm{Vr& oH$›Vw ^maV O°g{ Am°a H$_ hm{Vr h°& * ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j, amOZroV odkmZ, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` CÀH•$ÓQ> _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 177

(3) Bg H$maU Ag\$bVm `m XwK©Q>Zm H{$ ob`{ B›h{ß X S> Zht oX`m oZ[Q>Z{ _{ß Aghm` h°; Vm{ dh ∑`m H$a{ß& (ZmJnaH$ ∑`m H$a{ß) OmVm& X gw]´_›`_ bm{H$ CŒmaXmo`Àd Bo S>`Z OZab Am∞\$ h_ H$h gH$V{ h° ''_VXmZ H$r eo∫$'' H$m C[`m{J H$a{ß; [a ‡À`{H$ [o„bH$ ES>o_oZgQ≠>{eZ Vol. XXIX No.3 OwbmB©-ogVÂ]a 1993& amOZ°oVH$ Xb Bg ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m g_W©Z oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _{ß H$aVm hm{ Vm{ (4) BgH{$ AoVna∫$; od^mJm{ß H{$ ]∂T>V{ hw`{ AmH$ma H{$ gmW-gmW; CZH{$ dh oH$g{ MwZ{& AmO ^maV _{ß j{Ãr` [moQ©>`m{ß am¡`m{ß d H{$›– gaH$ma _{ß goH´$` H$m`© H$r ]∂T>Vr hwB© OoQ>bVm Am°a bm{H$VßÃ _{ß _ßÃr H{$ ]∂T>V{ hw`{ h°& j{Ãr` ÒVa H$m ^´ÓQ>mMma BZ j{Ãr` Xbm{ß H{$ ÒVa H$m{ Zht CR>m [m ahm h°& amOZ°oVH$ H$m`© H{$ H$maU _ßÃr Edß ‡emgH$m{ß [a oZ`›ÃU bJ^J Xygar Va\$ amÓQ≠>r` [moQ©>`m± bJ^J H$m_m{]{{g ^´ÓQ>mMma H$a ahr h¢; Vm{ Agß^d gm ‡VrV hm{Vm h°& odH$Î[ H$m A^md AmO Am_ OZVm H{$ g_j h°& Xygam X{e H{$ bm{H$ g{dH$m{ß (5) bm{H$ oZJ_; oOZH$m{ ‡maÂ^ _{ß _ßoÃ`m{ß H{$ oZ`›ÃU g{ ]mha aIm g{ AoVna∫$ ]wo’Ordr Bgg{ VQ>ÒW d _yH$ Xe©H$ ]Zm hwAm h°& J`m Wm; CZ_{ß g{ AoYH$Va gßgXr` emgZ Ï`dÒWm H{$ MbV{ Vrgar AoÔmÀ` dJ©, C⁄m{J[oV VWm Ï`m[mar Bgg{ g]g{ ¡`mXm _ßoÃ`m{ß H{$ gdm}[na oZarjU H{$ AYrZ bm`{ J`{ h°& ([•. 452 Edß Iwe h°& ah J`m _‹`_ dJ© Am°a oZÂZ dJ© CgH$r AdmO Vm{ ]wb›X h° [a 453) C[am{∫$ gßX^© _{ß òX gßgXr` Ï`dÒWm H$m d°YmoZH$ ew’ eo∫$ aohV h°; Am°a Cg{ CbPm oX`m OmVm h°, OmoV, j{Ã, Y_© gÂ‡Xm`_{ß& Í$[ òX X{Im Om`{ Vm{ X{e H{$ oH$gr H$m{Z{ _{ß ]g{ N>m{Q{> AoYH$mar H$r Aaod›X H{$Oardmb H$m{ ^mar g_W©Z o_bZ{ H{$ ]mX ^r g\$bVm A^r AZo^kVm hm{ òX JbVr hm{Vr h° Vm{ _ßÃr H$m{ À`mJ [Ã X{Zm Mmoh`{& gßoXΩY h°& BgH$m C[m` _{ar g_P _{ß O°gmoH$ AaÒVw H$m H´$mßoV og’m›V [a ‡ÌZ `h h° oH$ ∑`m dmÒVd _{ß _ßÃr E{gm H$aV{ h¢ Vm{ h_ [mV{ h° oH$ H$hVm h° oH$- X{e _{ß a∫$hrZ H´$mßoV hm{Zr Mmoh`{ Om{ gŒmm H$m ÒdÍ$[ ]Xb{& _ßoÃ`m{ß _{ß H{$›–r` ÒVa Edß am¡` ÒVa [a Òd`ß odew’ AmMaU Zht aIm Om ‡ÌZ `h h° oH$ `h H´$mßoV H$m°Z H$a{Jm& _‹`_ dJ© _hßJmB© H$r _ma g{ [ro∂S>V ahm dh A[Zr oOÂ_{Xmar g{ od_wI hm{Z{ Om ah{ h¢; hmb hr _{ß KoQ>V Km{Q>mbm{ß h° Am°a hmW H{$ H$m`© H{$ hwZa g{ ]∂T>V{ _erZrH$aU H{$ H$maU Xya h°& oZÂZ dJ© _{ß `h ]mV Am°a Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ gm_Z{ Am`r h°& V] Am[ Zm°H$aemhm{ß [a H°$g{ H$m{ AmoW©H$ \$m`X{ [hwßMm H$a gŒmm [j Edß amOZ°oVH$ Xb Cg{ [ßJw gm{M H$m oZ`ßÃU aI [m`{ßJ{& ]Zm ahm h°& ]∂S{> ÒVa H{$ Km{Q>mbm{ß _{ß _ßÃr, CÉ ‡emgH$ Am°a Ow∂S{> H$_©Mmar g^r Xmà{ O°gmoH$ Om∞Z ÒQw>AQ©> o_bZ{ H$hm Wm oH$ oOg X{e _{ß ZmJnaH$ gwodYm _{ß Am J`{ h¢& V] ZmJnaH$ BgH{$ odÍ$’ Z OmH$a ^mJVr hwB© V{O a‚Vma ^m{Jr gaH$mam{ß ¤mam ]Zm`{ OmV{ h°; dhm± ZmJnaH$ ]m°Zm Am°a gaH$ma{ß VmZmemh oO›XJr Bg_{ß ob· ‡m`: _O]yar _{ß hm{Vm Om ahm h°& [naUm_ AmZ{ dmbr hm{Vr h¢& `h ]mV ^maV _{ß [yar Vah MnaVmW© h°& AmajU, AÎ[gßª`H$m{ß Z`r [r∂T>r Bg oÒWoV _{ß hVme gr oXImB© X{Vr h° H$maU; _ßÃr; ‡emgH$ gwodYm ]r.[r.Eb. dJ©, ]{am{OJmar ^Œmm `{ g] dm{ gmYZ h° oOgg{ ZmJnaH$ Am°a Z`r [r∂T>r H{$ ZmJnaH$ g^r H$ht Z H$ht Bg Ï`dÒWm H$m oeH$ma h°& H$r gm{M d H$m`© H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm ]m°Zr hm{ ahr h°& A] C[am{∫$ oÒWoV _{ß ZmJnaH$ ^yo_H$m X{I{ß Vm{ dh A[Z{ H$m{ Aghm` Am°a Bg Vah H{$ ^´ÓQ>mMma g{ b∂S>Z{ H$r j_Vm H$_ hm{V{-hm{V{ IÀ_ gr hm{ [mV{ h¢& O] X{e H$r bm{J g{dm _{ß bJm ]wo’Ordr amOZ°oVH$ ^´ÓQ>Mma g{ Mbr h°, o_bVr gwodYm H{$ Am∂S> g{ ZmJnaH$ ^yo_H$m g_m· gr oXI ahr h°&

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The Jats And The Importance Of Their History Prof. Akash Tahir * The Jats are a tribe so wide-spread and numerous as to be husband's death,the Jat, though considered as a Sudra by almost a nation in itself, counting 7,086,100 souls having the orthodox, seems to be the truer representative of the community of blood, community of language, common Vedic Arya than any Hindu of the higher castes. tradition, and also a common religion for not less than 1500 The origin of this interesting people, is enveloped in the years. At the Census of 2011 one third of the population mist of obscurity which the light of scientific research has bearing this name are Muslims, one-fifth Sikhs, and about yet to dispel. Dr. Trumpp and Beams very strongly claim a one-half Brahmanical Hindus.1 pure Indo-Aryan descent for nsideration of them on the They are found in large numbers in the Punjab, Sindh, condideration of physical type and language which is a pure Rajputana and in some parts of the Gangetic Doab. There is dialect of Hindi without slightest trace of the Scythian origin.4 also a sprinkling of Jat population in Peshawar, Baluchistan But both these authorities were out and out philological and to the west of the Sulaiman range. Tall, fair, large-limbed, who are not to be trusted implicitly in ethnological questions. with regular features, prominent nose, and expanding eyes, Language is no test of race as has been pointed out by A.M.I. the Jat belongs to the same ethnic group as the Rajput and Jackson,5 and also by V.Smith(Ancient India, page 12). We the Turk. In character he resembles the old Anglo-Saxon, find no mention of the Jats in ancient Sanskrit Literature and has indeed more of the Teuton than of he Celt in him. He unless we are prepared to accept the identification of the is tough, slow, unimaginative, lacking brilliance but possessed Jaratrikas-mentioned in the Mahabharat along with the of great solidity, dogged perseverance, with an eminently Madrakas(Canto VIII, Slokas 2032,2034) with the Jats as practical turn of mind. He is hardly convinced by words without suggested by no less eminent an authority than Grierson,6 concrete facts. Self-interest is his only criterion of judgment. and also by James Campbell.7 Grierson also expresses a If he listens to the Arya-Samaj more fovourably, it is not for doubt whether the Jatasusas -not a demon as in popular its purer doctrines or higher philosophy,but for its promise of myth but name of a western tribe mentioned by the fomous exptensive from sradh ceremony, and other expinsive astronomer BrahaMihira- were not the Jats.8 Bishnu Puran Brahmanical rites. Old countryside proverb (in Karnal district) mentions Dahas as a western tribe,whom both Elliot and goes that book-learning is unpropitious to the that a "Jat Ibbetson are inclined to identify with the Dahae of Alexander loses half his worth by trying to become learned" Sturdy and the modern Dahiya Jats inhabiting Sonepet Tehesil of independence, and vigorous labour are his strong Rohatak. characteristics as Ibbetson says. To this is added quarrel However, competent authorities agree on the point that the with: "a Jat is good only when he is bound." Another trait of Jats are of Indo-Scythian stock. But they differ in their opinion Jat character which has been marked by eminent authoreties as to what particular horde they belong. V.Smith says,"When is his strong individualism. "the Jat is of all the Punjab races the numerous Bala, Indo-Scythian, Gujar and Huna tribes of the most impatient of tribal or communal control, and the 6th century horde settled, the leading military and princely one which asserts the individual most strongly" 2 houses were accepted as Rajput, while those who frankly Irvine remarks "In the Government of their villages, they took to agriculture became Jat.9 This cannot be true without appear much more democratic than the Rajput; they have modification. There is unassailable evidence of the existence less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected of a Jat or Jit ruling dynasty as old as 400 A.D.10 Moreover head-man"3 the traditional enmity between the Rajput and the Jat makes The Jats may quarrel among themselves, but when it is it extremely probable that they belonged to different hordes, a question of tribal honour, or a dispute with other castes, entering India at different times. We everywhere find the earlier they readily combine. Clannish feeling like that of the men of Jat occupant of the soil ousted by the new Rajput emigrants. the age of Mahabharat is still very strong. With his democratic The Yadu Bhattis conquered Jaisalmer from the Jat and the ideas of government, strong tribal ties, and preserving in Rathor wrested Bikanir from him. The Pramar desp;aced him unbroken tradition the practice of marrying elder brother's in Malwa and Tunwar snatched away Delhi. In this connection widow, and of Neyoga i.e. raising issue by another man after we may suggest a different origin of the name of this city of

* H.O.D. History Deptt. Govt. P.G .College Dhar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 179

Delhi than that assigned by popular tradition,viz., that the assumed the direction of affairs during the life-time of his Brahmins of Anagnapal once fixed a pillar, which they declared father. He was one of the greatest figures of his times great to have stood on the hood of Shesh Naga, and that he, out of both in war and diplomacy-whode memory deserves to be curiosity, ordered it to be dug out but when the tried to fix it rescued from oblivion. Under him the Jats spread beyond the again, it remained dhilla or loose. This is groteswue enough Jamuna, and fought as mercenaries of Saigdar Jang, who to capture uncultured imagination. Apart from this. We see granted the whole of Mewat to him as reward of his services. the Delhi district still largely inhabited by a Jat trive called We light upon unexpected wealth of information about Suraj Dhilln or Dhillhon.Folk etymology connects the name wigh Mal and his successors in the Waqia-i-Shah-Alam Sani, dhilla or lazy.11 Anangapal Tunwar might have conwuered Ibratnama of Khairuddin Allahabad and Shah Alamnama this territory from the Dhillons, and founded the city.Building (ed.A.S.B.).The story of Ahmad Shah Abdali's bloody of the city cannot be credited to the Jats because they have campaign against the Jats is told in great detail and wigh always been an esseneiolly rural folk. This city takes its accuracy in a fragmentary Ms. translated by Irvine.17 name from the tract of country around, i.e., Dhilhi or the abode Suraj Mal as an ally of Imad-ul-Mulk. Mr. Burway's lige of of lazy people. first Malhar Rao which was reported to be in preparation by As regards the origin of the Jats, earlier authorities namely Indore representative in Lahore session of this commission Elliot12'13 who identify them wigh Kushan or Yuechi horde, may throw new light on theJat history of this period. Suraj whose greatest representative was Kanishka, seem to be Mal was killednear Shah-Dara on 21st tamada,1177 A.H., in right beyond dispute. The Rajputs represent perhaps the a surprise attack made by Muhamad Khan Baloch, an officer White Huns of Sixth century A.D. or later Turkish horde who of Najib-ud-daula18 developed into a nable race by entering the fold of Hinduism,as He left four sons, Jawahir Singh, rattan Singh, Newal Singh in Europe Christianity and French civilization transformed the by one wife , and Ranjit Singh by another. Jawahir amply descendants of fierce Danes and Norsemen into the great avenged his father's death by plundering Delhi and ravaging Narman race,the finest product of Medieval Europe. the imperial dominions. He captured Aligarh and re-named it In History the Jat is quite familiar as an industrious Ramgarh(Ibratnama).From the accession of Jawahir Singh husbandman, a notorious cattle-lifter and a stout fighter. Where the history acquires a new interest as showing the last expiring circumstances permitted, he equally distinguished himself efforts of the French to expel the English from India by building as a bold pirate too. The Jat pirates of Dwarka and Porbander up a confederacy of the Jats, Sikhs, and Ahmed Khan in the 7th century made their name a terror to the merchants Bangash. M.Medoc took up service with the Raja of Bharatpur of the Arabian Sea.14 with the same motive which brought half a century after Allan The rise of the Jats as a political power begins with the and Ventura to the Court of Ranjit Singh. Memoirs of M.Law revolt of the Hindu Jats of Mathura (1669A.D.) in the reign of and Rene Medoc and the Calendar of Persian letters edited Aurangzib. This was not an isolated phenomenon but only by Sir Denison Ross yield important information about this one flare of the general conflagration kindled by religious period.M. Medoc's dream was not realized as Jawahir Singh persecution from the Punjab to Maharashtra. Iswar Das nagor was too much of a fanatic and knight errant to act consistently describes the serious nature of sacrilege by sacking Akbar's with statesman like moderation. He marched defiantly beating tomb at Sikandra. He remained unsubdued till his death.15 his war-drum, through Jaipur territory to bathe in the Pushkar Ingh of Sensani, the founder of the present ruling house of Lake. The Kacchwas pooodes his return and a disastrous Bharatpur next assumed the leadership of the Jats.16 battle was fought whivh forms the subject matter of a stirring He was succeeded by his son Churaman, whose career was ballad, the secca of Jawahir Singh, still sung by the bards. a long and eventful one. He was granted the rank of 1500 He was assassinated in the Agra fort at the instigation of the Zat, 500 horse, by Bahadur Shah. Farruksiyar thought of Raja of Jaipur. Ratan Singh, younger brother of Jawahir, was subduing him and appointed Raja Sawai Jai Singh to the a worthless man. He was murdered at Brindaban by a Empiror had to be satisfied with a fine and lip-allegiance on Gossain, Sri Rupanand, on account of some love intrigue. the part of the rebel. Churaman made the Jat power a political Newal Singh who succeeded him was a strenuous fighter; factor to be reckoned with. We do not hear much about his but he played a losing game against the genius of Mirza younger brother and successor Budan Singh. Waqia-i-Shah- Najaf Khan, the last of the great foreigners who graced the Alam Sani(Professor Sarkar's Ms.) fives Ramzan 9,1169 Court of the Timurides. Khairuddin describes the campaigns A.H.,as the date of his death. Suraj Mal seems to have of NjagKhan against the Jats at pretty length.19 Ranjit Singh Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 180 succeeded Newal Singh and carried oon the struggle for some clear the path of the Gibbon of the future in finishing the story time. Seige fell after a siege of twelve months Ranjit Singh of the Decline and Fall of the Mughal Empire left half-told by fled to Kumbhir and thence to Bharatpur. Rani Kishori, wife the great historian William Irvine. The Jat deserves attention of Suraj Mal, went to the camp of Najaf Khan to intercede on as he, without caste distinction, female seclusion and with behalf of her son. The chivalrous victor granted mother's prayer his democratic tendencies, erect maral stature and and peace was concluded. 20 unprejudiced mind, is more in sympathy with modern age In the latter part of his rule Ranjit Singh provoked hostilities than the aristocratic Rajput who has not yet discarded his with the English by allying himself with Yasowant Rao Holkar. medieval trits of character, still cherishing the notion of class Major W.Thorn in his Memoirs if the wars in India conducted privilege, and contempt for productive labour. If the Jat is by Lord Lake, gives us first rate information. "A chronicle of sufficiently englightened, he may carry back the Hindu society Joswant Rao Holkar's times written by Bakshi Bhawani with him to its Vedic purity, infusing new vigour into it, and Sankar, a constant attendant on Holkar camp and the account preparing it for a more glorious destiny. Reference of various note by the Indore representatives in the Lahore 1. Encyclopidea of Indo-Aryan Research, Volume II, Part 5,page 43. Session of this Commission- are likely to be of great value. 2. Ibbetson, quoted in Rose's Punjab Glossary, Volume II, page 366. Lord Lake appeared before Deeg on December 13th, 1804, 3. Later Mughals, Volume I, page 83. and the X'mas morning of that year saw the British flag floating 4. Elliot's Memoirs of the Races, Volume I, pages 135-137. on the battlement of that strong fort which defied Najag Khan 5. Indian Antiquities, 1910, Volume 39. for 12 months. Next he vesieged Bharatpur with result not 6. Canto VIII, Slokas 2032, 2034. 7. Ind. Ant., 1914, Volume 43, page 146. very creditable to british arms. Fpur successive assaults were 8. Ind. Ant. Volume 43, page 462. delivered in course of two months in which they lost 3,100 9. Journal, Royal Asiatic Society, 1899,page534. men, and 103 officers . But he Maratha and Pindari allies of 10. Tod's Rajasthan, App. I, page 747-749. the Raja of Bharatpur fell away and he saw the futility of 11. Rose's Glossary, Volume II, pages 237-238. 12. Memoirs of the Races, Volume I, Page 135. holding out in a fort against the whole resources of India and 13. Bombay Gazetteer, Volume IX, P, part I, page 461. the superior military science of the west. He sued for terms 14. Bombay Gazetter, Volume IX, Appendix B, page 527. which were granted on terms of subsidiary alliance. Here 15. Ishwar Das, Professor Sarkar's Ms. Page 53 and 131 b. ends the history of the Jats who ceased to be an independent 16. Irvine's Later Mughals, Volume I, page 322. power under that treaty. 17. Ind. Ant. 1907, Volume 36 page 46. 18. Waqia, page 199. The importance of the history of the Jats to the student of 19. Waqia, page 219 Medieval India lies in iting light in the darkest and most 20. Ibratnama, pages 212-270. complicated period of Indian History.It will also considerably 21. Ibratnama, pages 346-347.

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 181 d°ÓUd Y_© H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg

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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 184 JwÈdmUr _{ß doU©V Ï`o∫$[aH$ _yÎ` d Ûr-[wÈf gÂ]›Y : EH$ odÌb{fU

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* od^mJm‹`j-BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 185 h°&11 JwÈdmUr _{ß [a-Zmar H$m{ oN>[-oN>[ H$a X{IZ{ dmb{ H{$ obE H$m{Îhy _{ß odYmZ ‡ÒVwV H$aZm ogI JwÈAm{ß H$m _hmZ≤ ‡`mg H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& oVbm{ß H$r ^mßoV o[g OmZ{ H$m odYmZ h°& `Wm-""VH$oh Zmna [amB©Am bwH$ gßX^© J´ßW : A›Xa R>mUr& ...AOamB©bw \$a{gVm oVb [r∂S{> KmUr&''121212 1 ‡m{. gÀ`d´V og’m›VmbßH$ma : ^maV H$r OmoV`mß VWm gßÒWmE±, odO` H•$ÓU bIZ[mb H$_©-og’mßV H{$ AZwgma JwÈdmUr _{ß `h g_Ò`m ^r CR>mB© JB© h° oH$ E S> H$Â[Zr, X{hamXyZ,1960, [•. 612 ""_ZwÓ` AZ{H$ [Xm{ß, ]›X oH$dmS>m{ß H{$ [rN{> [amB© Ûr H{$ gmW ^m{J H$aVm 2 V{Om ogßh : E{g{O BZ ogoI¡∂_, ogI `yoZdog©Q>r ‡{g, bmhm°a, 1941, [•. 12-13 3 S>m∞. [rVmÂ]a bmb ]S>≤Wdmb: Jm°aI-dmUr gßJ´h, oh›Xr gmohÀ` gÂ_{bZ, ‡`mJ, hwAm A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ ^b{ hr gwaojV g_P{, [a›Vw dh A[Zm `h Hw$H•$À` o¤Vr` gßÒH$aU,1968, [•. 164 gd©Ï`m[H$ ‡^w g{ H°$g{ oN>[m`{Jm ? oMÃJw· H{$ ohgm]-oH$Vm] _mßJZ{ [a 4 S>m∞. Ì`m_gw›Xa Xmg, gß0 : H$]ra J´ßWmdbr, ZmJar ‡MmnaUr g^m, H$mfr, 1967, dh ∑`m ]Vm`{Jm $&131313 Bgr ‡H$ma A[Z{ [oV H$r C[{jm H$aZ{ dmbr Hw$bQ>m- [•. 39 Zmar H$r ^r JwÈ-H$mÏ` _{ß ^Àg©Zm H$r JB© h°& 5 JwÈ AOw©Z X{d, gß[mXH$ : AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 1, dma Amgm, Ìbm{H$ 2, [•. 473 `Wm- ''_Z_wI _°br H$m_Ur Hw$bIUr Hw$Zmna& o[a N>m{o∂S>Am Kna Am[Um ""^ßoS> Oß_rA° ^ßoS> oZ_rA°, ^ßoS> _ßJUw odAmh& ^ßS>h hm{d° Xm{gVr ^ßS>h Mb° amhw&& ^ßSw> _wAm ^ßSw> ^mbrA° ^ßoS> hm{d° ]ßYmZw& gm{ oH$`w _ßXm AmIrA°, oOVw Oß_oh amOmZ&&'' 141414 [a [waI° Zmb o[AmÈ&'' Hw$bQ>m Zmar H{$ lßJma H$m{ d°Ì`m-[wÃ H{$ g_mZ 6 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 3, dma gyhr, Ìbm{H$ 3, [•. 488 H$m{Z A[Zm gH$Vm h°, CgH$m H$m{B© Òdm_r Zht hm{Vm&'' `Wm-""o[a o]Zw 7 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 3, ogar amJ, Ìbm{H$ 2:13:13, [•. 31 oH$Am oVg YZ grJmam& [a o[a amVr Ig_w odgmam& O{C ]{gwAm [yV ]m[w 8 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 3, ogar amJ, Ìbm{H$ 4:28:61, [•. 38 H$m{ H$ohE{ oVC \$m{H$Q> H$ma odhmam h°&""151515 [oV H$m À`mJ H$aZ{ dmbr Ûr H$m{ ""Ig_w [N>mUoh Am[Um,VZw _Zw AmJ° X{h&"" JwÈAm{ß Z{ ''H$_OmV"" ^r H$hm h°& `Wm-""Ig_w odgmaoh V{ H$_OmV&''161616 9 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 5, dma am_H$br, Ìbm{H$ 1, [•. 959 ""o[ar ACJU oVg H{$ go^ JdmE Jb g°Vr bmB gdmar&"" JwÈdmUr _{ß ‡{_r-‡{o_H$m gß]ßY Am°a ]bmÀH$ma H$m{ ^r AZ°oVH$ hr 10 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 5, ogar amJ, Ìbm{H$ 1:2:29, [•. 73 _mZm J`m h°& BZ A_m›` gÂ]›Ym{ß H{$ ‡MobV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU hr _‹`H$mbrZ ""^°U ^mB© go^ gOUm VwYw O{hm Zmhr H$m{C OrC&"" g_mO A[Z{ Z°oVH$[aH$ _yÎ`m{ß g{ oJa MwH$m Wm Am°a gm_moOH$ [VZ H$r 11 dhr, Am. J´ß., _hbm 5, Amgm, Ìbm{H$ 2:5:127, [•. 403 Am{a AJ´ga Wm& amOmAm{ß-_hmamOmAm{ß H{$ obE Vm{ A[Z{ ha_m{ß _{ß hOmam{ß H$r ""O°gm gßJw o]grAa ogD$ h° a{, V°gm{ hr E{hw [a J•hw &"" gßª`m _{ß oÛ`mß aIZm Am°a CZg{ ^m{J odbmg Vm{ CZH{$ obE ghO Òdm^odH$ 12 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 5, JC∂S>r H$r dma, [D$∂S>r 27, [•. 315 13 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 5, gm°aR>, 3:15:26, [•. 616 Wm& B›ht gm_moOH$ ]wamB`m{ß Am°a AZ°oVH$Vm g{ JwÈAm{ß H$r AmÀ_m Ï`mHw$b 14 AmoX J´ßW, Ìbm{H$ _hbm 3, dma ogar,, [•. 89 hm{ CR>r Am°a [naUm_Í$dÈ[ C›hm|Z{ Zmar H{$ H$mo_Zr È[ H$m odam{Y 15 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 5, gm°aR>, 3:16:26, [•. 616 VWm _. 1, _mÈ gm{bh{, 5:3:9, [•. oH$`m171717Am°a AmXe© _mZd ]ZZ{ H$m C[X{e oX`m& 1029 J•hÒW OrdZ H$m{ [odÃ Edß gd©l{ÓR> Y_© _mZm h°& JwÈdmUr _{ß gm_moOH$ 16 AmoX J´ßW, _hbm 1, Amgm, 4:3, [•0 10 g_agVm d gß]ßYm{ß H$r [odÃVm ]Zm`{ aIZ{ [a ]b oX`m J`m h°& _‹`H$mbrZ 17 S>m∞. Cfm dm{ham: JwÈdmUr _{ß gm_moOH$ M{VZm, ^mfm od^mJ, [ßOm], [oQ>`mbm, 1989, [•. 204 [VZm{›_wIr g_mO H$r ]wamB`m{ß H$m oZamH$aU H$aH{$ EH$ ZyVZ gm_moOH$

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Aoæhm{Ãr AO` - OmQ>m{ß H$m amOZ°oVH$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ BoVhmg [•ÓR> 9 amOdße H{$ ‡W_ emgH$ dra ogßh X{d Vm{_a Z{ Ohmß Ωdmobà J∂T> [a ÒdVßÃ 04. H•$ÓUZ dgw. - _‹`‡X{e JO{oQ>à oObm Ωdmobà [•ÓR> H´$ 26 Vm{_a gÀVm H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r dht Xygar Am{a "" XwJm©ô∫$ VaßoJUr '' O°g{ J´›W 05. o¤d{Xr, hnaha oZdmg - Ωdmobà am¡` H{$ Ao^b{I [•ÓR> H´$ 44 H$r ^r aMZm H$r& AJb{ emgH$ C’aUX{d ¤mam VwH$m} H$m{ [amÒV H$aZ{ H{$ 06. o¤d{Xr hnaha oZdmg - Ωdmobà H{$ Vm{_a - 30 H$maU hr odH´$_ gßdV 1458 (gZ≤ 1401) H{$ oebmb{I _{ß Cg{ "" C’aUm{ 07. O°Z, amOmam_ (gÂ[mXH$) aBYy J´ßWmdbr [•ÓR> H´$ 79 _hr_ '' H$hm J`m h°& C’aUX{d H$m CÀVamoYH$mar dra_X{d Bg dße H$m ‡Vm[r 08. e_m©, amOHw$_ma - _‹`‡X{e H{$ [wamVÀd H$m g›X^© J´›W [•ÓR> H´$ 716 emgH$ Wm& oXÎbr gwÎVmZ ZmogÍ$‘rZ _h_yX emh VwJbH$ Edß oIOÍmß H{$ 09. S>m∞. naOdr - ]m]a - 161 H$mb _{ß Ωdmobà H{$ dra_X{d Z{ CZH{$ odÍ$’ XrY©H$mbrZ gßKf© oH$`m Edß 10. O°Z, [a_mZßX - O°Z J´›W ‡epÒV gßJ´h - 101 Ωdmobà XwJ© [a oXÎbr H$m AmoY[À` Zht hm{Z{ oX`m& JU[oV X{d H{$ H$mb _{ß 11. H$oZ©Y_, _{Oa OZab - E. AmH$m{ßbm{OrH$b gd{ß Am∞\$ Bo S>`m na[m{Q©> (^mJ 2 ) emo›V ]Zr ahr& Vm{_a amOdße H$m AJbm ‡Vm[r emgH$ Sy>ßJa{›– ogßh Vm{_a [•ÓR> H´$ - 382 & * ‡m‹`m[H$ BoVhmg, S>m∂∞ ^JdV ghm` emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`,Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 191 amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß AÂ]{S>H$admX H$r ^yo_H$m S>m∞. h{_bVm AmMm`© * S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$m Xe©Z _hmÀ_m Jm°V_ ]w’, gßV H$]ra Edß odMmaUr` h° Am°a Xygam o]›Xw AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ Xe©Z H{$ AZwgma oH$ ""ey– `m `wJ—ÓQ≠>m _hmÀ_m Om{oV]m \y$b{ VWm H$mb© _m∑g© g{ AZw‡moUV h°$& 1950 g{ AÒ[•Ó`, g_mO g{ ]mha g_P{ OmV{ h¢$&'' [hb{ g_mO _{ß oOZ H$mZyZm{ß H$m [mbZ hm{Vm Wm d{ _ZwÒ_•oV ¤mam ^maVr` [ßoS>V Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ Z{ H$hm Wm-''oH$gr ‡OmVßÃmÀ_H$ `m g_mO _{ß bmJy oH$`{ JE W{$& Bg_{ß Xm{ am` Zht oH$ _Zw Z{ ^maVr` g_mO H{$ g_mOdmXr —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ OmoVdmX Aoêm[ VWm Am[oŒmOZH$ h°$& _mZdr` odH$mg H$m _mJ© AdÍ$’ oH$`m$& dU© Ï`dÒWm H$r OQ>rbVm, Nw>AmNy>V, —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ ^r `h [yU© Í$[ g{ Admß¿N>Zr` h°$&'' oÛ`m{ß H{$ AoYH$mam{ß H$m hZZ, gßj{[ _{ß `{ Hw$N> E{g{ o]›Xy h¢ oOgg{ H$m{B© ^r 6. 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Xm{ odo^fi _hm[wÍ$fm{ß H{$ C∫$ H$WZ g{ gwÒ[ÓQ> h° oH$ OmoVdmXr Non Previleged Class H$r hr oÒWoV —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vr h°$& oZ:g›X{h Ï`dÒWm ^maV H{$ odH$mg H$m _mJ© AdÍ$’ H$aVr h° BgH{$ XwÓ[naUm_m{ß VmÀH$mobH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a A[Z{ g_` H{$ ‡oVoÓR>V g{ h_ ]hwV A¿N>r Vah [naoMV h¢$& bm{Jm{ß _{ß gdm©oYH$ gwoeojV, `m{Ω`V_ d gwbP{ hwE Ïò∫$ W{$&111 AÒ[•Ó`Vm S>m∞. am_Ymar ogßh oXZH$a Z{ BgH$r Ï`mª`m gßÒH•$oV H{$ Mma A‹`m` _{ß H$m odf d•j oOgZ{ _mZdVm H$m{ e°VmZr AmdaU _ß{ b[{Q> aIm Wm, S>m∞. ]hwV hr gw›Xa Tß>J g{ H$r h° Am°a C›hm{ßZ{ ]Vm`m oH$ _‹`H$mb _{ß h_mam X{e AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ Cg{ O∂S> g{ CIm∂S>Z{ H$m gßH$Î[ ob`m Am°a AmJ{ MbH$a gÂ[yU© _mÃ H$m{B© S{>∂T> Xm{ gm° dfm©~ _{ß hr [amoOV hm{ J`m Am°a gma{ X{e [a _woÒb_ _mZd OmoV H$m{ EH$mH$ma H$aZ{ H$m odoYH$ Edß g\$bV_ ‡`mg oH$`m$& 222 gŒmm H$m`_ hm{ JB©$&777 CgH$m EH$_mÃ H$maU g_mO H$r MVw:dU© Ï`dÒWm C›hm{ßZ{ ^maVr` g_mO H$r Hw$aroV`m{ß d A›`m` H$m{ IÀ_ H$aZ{ h{Vw AZ{H$ Am°a Cg_{ß ^r ey–m{ß H$r Adh{bZm dmbr [na[mQ>r oOgH$m Imo_`mOm h_{ß XobV Am›Xm{bZ oH$`{$& oH$›Vw g_mO H$r _mZogH$Vm d Ï`dÒWm _{ß AmßoeH$ ]hwV AoYH$ âZm [∂S>m$& [nadV©Z ^r Z Am`m V] C›hm{ßZ{ XobVm{ß H$m EH$ AbJ gßJR>Z ]Zm`m Am°a H$≈aVm oH$gr ^r ÒVa [a CoMV Zht h°$& Hw$N> _w«râ bm{J YZdmZ XobVm{ß H{$ obE _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$r ‡mo· h{Vw [waOm{a ‡`mg oH$`{$&333 oOgg{ hm{H$a odMma{ß oH$ X{e YZdmZ hm{ J`m h° Vm{ BgH$m _m[X S> odX{em|{ß _{ß ^r h° EH$ ZdrZ gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm ÒWmo[V H$r Om gH{$$& Am°a O] Xyga{ X{e h_ma{ X{e H$r ZrMbr ]oÒV`m{ß, CZH{$ OrdZ ÒVa H$m{ "]ohÓH•$V ohVH$mnaUr' Zm_H$ gßÒWm H$m{ 20 OwbmB© 1924 H$m{ oXImEßß Vm{ gÉmB© ÒdrH$ma H$aZm [∂S{>Jm$& Cgg{ _w±h \{$aZ{ H{$ ]OmE Cg C›hm{ßZ{ O›_ oX`m Am°a BgH{$ C‘{Ì` oZYm©naV oH$`{ W{- OrdZ ÒVa H$m{ D±$Mm CR>mZ{ H$m âgH$ ‡`mg H$aZm [∂S{>Jm$& h_{ß Bg g›X^© 1. XobV dJm~ _{ß oejm H$m ‡Mma ‡gma H$a N>mÃmdmgm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm _{ß OmoVdmX H{$ odÍ$’ Y_m©›VaU —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°$& H$aZm$& AmO ^r BgmB© o_eZarO H$r ^yo_H$m `Xm H$Xm Câ H$a AmVr h°, Om{ 2. XobV dJm~ _{ß dmMZmb`, g_mO H{$›– Am°a od⁄m H{$›– ÒWmo[V EH$ odMmaUr` ‡ÌZ h°$& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ EH$ ‡H$ma g{ h_{ß amÓQ≠>dmog`m{ß H$m{ H$aZm$& gmdYmZ oH$`m h°$& AV: g_` ahV{ Bg gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m H$m g_mYmZ 3. Am°⁄m{oJH$ VWm H•$of od⁄mb`m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$a XobV dJ© H$r AmoW©H$ amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß AoV AoZdm`© h°$& oÒWoV H$m{ gwYmaZm$& ]hwgßª`H$ dJ© H$m amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U _{ß ‡À`{H$ ÒVa [a gh`m{J b{Zm AoZdm`© 4. XobV dJm~ H$r odo^fi H$oR>ZmB`m{ß H$m{ ‡oVoZoYÀd X{Zm Edß CZH$m h° oOgH$m CŒmaXmo`Àd h_ g^r H$m h° A›`Wm odÌdep∑V O°gm oXdmÒdflZ oZdmaU H$aZm$& C›hm{ßZ{ ""]ohÓH•$V ^maV'' Zm_H$ _amR>r [mojH$ H{$db AH{$b{ Òd`ß hr X{IH$a Iwe hm{V{ ah{ßJ{$& [oÃH$m H$m ‡H$meZ AmaÂ^ oH$`m$& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ Xe©Z H{$ AZwgma- 5. OmV-[mV Vm{∂S>H$ _ S>b dmbm Xe©Z amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U H$r oXem _{ß _rb ""[y±OrdmXr gßgXr` ‡OmVßÃr` Ï`dÒWm _{ß Xm{ hr ]mV{ß hm{Vr h¢ Om{ H$m_ H$m [ÀWa h¢ 1935 _{ß bmhm°a H{$ A‹`jr` ^mfU _{ß C›hm{ßßZ{ ""EZoh H$aV{ h¢ C›h{ß Jar]r d A^mdm{ß _{ß ahZm [∂S>Vm h° Am°a Om{ H$m_ Zht H$aV{ CZH{$ b{eZ Am∞\$ H$mÒQ>'' H$m{ OZVm H{$ g_j aIm, oOgH$m AZwdmX C›hm{ßZ{ [mg AHy$V [±yOr O_m hm{ OmVr h° . . . . . O] VH$ _OXyam{ß H$m{ am{Q>r, H$[∂S>m, OmoVdmX C¿N{>XZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß oH$`m$& _H$mZ, oZam{J OrdZ Zht o_bVm . . . . . ÒdmYrZVm H$m{B© _m`Z{ Zht S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m Xe©Z Bg ‡H$ma Wm oH$ MVw:dU© Ï`dÒWm _{ß ey–, aIVr$&'' 888 dV©_mZ _{ß ^y_ S>brH$aU Edß oZOrH$aU H{$ A›VJ©V H$_Om{a g_mO g{ ]ohÓH•$V h¢ Am°a C›h{ß _mZ gÂ_mZ ‡m· Zht h°$& CZH{$ gmW [ewdV dJ© oZÂZ Ï`dgm` `m oZÂZ Zm°H$na`m{ß H$r Va\$ hr Om ahm h° Om{ amÓQ≠> H{$ Ï`dhma oH$`m OmVm h°$& h_ OmZV{ h¢ oH$ _‹`H$mb _{ß ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß oZÂZ obE A¿N>m gßH{$V Zht$& OmoV`m{ß ¤mam _woÒb_ Y_© Bgr H$maU ÒdrH$ma oH$`m J`m$& EH$ `h o]›Xw H$mb© _m∑g© Z{ ^m°oVH$ og’m›V H$r Om{ E{oVhmogH$ Ï`mª`m H$r dhr

* od^mΩmm‹`j BoVhmg od^mJ, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 192

Xe©Z h_{ß S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m ^r —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°$& _m∑g© Z{ [y±OrdmX H{$ ^mfm, gÂ‡Xm` H{$ AmYma [a ^{X Agßd°YmoZH$ bm{H$VßÃ OZVm H$m OZVm odÍ$’ g_mOdmX H$r ÒWm[Zm [a Om{a oX`m$& AßJ´{Om{ß Z{ Cg H$mb _{ß A[Z{ H{$ obE OZVm ¤mam H$≈aVm OQ>rbVm g{ ghOVm Òdm^modH$Vm H$r Am{a gm_´m¡` _{ß [y±OrdmX H{$ H$maU hr [waOm{a ‡`mg oH$`m oH$ _m∑g© H$r _mJ© ‡eÒV S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a ¤mam oH$`m J`m [nadV©Z g_VmdmXr gm_moOH$ odMmaYmam ^maV _{ß ‡d{e Z H$a [mE A›`Wm CZH{$ gm_´m¡` H$m odZme hm{ Ï`dÒWm g_Vm, gm°hmX© g_›d`dmXr g_mO ghO, gm_m›` Òdm^modH$ OmEJm$& AßJ´{Or XmgVm g{ AmOmXr Vm{ h_{ß o_b hr JB© oH$›Vw 1991 _{ß Y_© Edß g_Vm _hmÀ_m Jm°V_ ]w’ g›V H$]ra _hmÀ_m Om{oV]m \y$b{ em{Y CXmarH$aU H$r ZroV H$m{ A[ZmH$a h_Z{ Òd`ß hr Xygar ]ma gm_´m¡`dmX [Ã H$r ode{fVmE± - H$m{ Am_ßÃU X{ oX`m h°$& oOgH{$ _m`mOmb _{ß h_ \±$gV{ hr Om ah{ h¢$& 1. S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ Xe©Z H$m AmYma gß^´mßV b{IH$m{ß H$m EH$ [jr` —oÓQ>H$m{U amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U H$r oXem _{ß ]mYH$ 2. 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H$_Om{a dJ© H$r Va\$ ‹`mZ Z oX`m J`m Vm{ Cg{ Aoejm d AmoW©H$ Z{ A[dZr [wÒVH$ "^maV _{ß gm_moOH$ d AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z' _{ß ]hwV hr A^md H{$ H$maU oXΩ^ó_V hm{ Om`{Jm$& AV: gM{V ‡`mg H$aZm A¿N>r OmZH$mna`mß ‡ÒVwV H$r h° oH$›Vw [wÒVH$ _{ß S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$m CŒm_ hm{Jm$& H$ht ^r oOH´$ VH$ Zht$&101010 ^maV _{ß E{gr g°H$∂S>m{ß [wÒVH{$ß o_b OmEßJr H$m{B© 6. ^y_ S>brH$aU _{ß AÀòYH$ gmdYmZr g{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Zm hm{Jm$& ZB© ]mV Zht$& oZV ZB© [wÒVH{$ß ‡H$moeV hm{ ahr h° Am°a AmO h_ `hm± 7. gßH$rU© _Zm{d•oŒm g{ gmohÀ` H$r aMZm [a ‡oV]ßY hm{Zm MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$ ]°R>H$a AÂ]{S>H$admX H$r C[`m{oJVm [a MMm©aV h¢$& gmohÀ` g_mO H$m X[©U h°$& Cgg{ gH$mamÀ_H$ ‡d•oŒm`m{ß H$m{ AmJ{ ‡ÌZ h° oH$ ∑`m AmO ^maV OmoVodohZ h°? `m ^maVr` gß^´mßV dJ© ]∂T>m`m Om gH$Vm h°$& AmO Bg ]mV H{$ obE V°`ma h° oH$ d{ A[Zr hr o_≈r _{ß O›_{ A[Z{ H$_Om{a, 8. amÓQ≠> V] hr ]Z [m`{Jm O] Am[gr g_›d` d gm°hmX© ÒWmo[V hm{ A^mdJ´ÒV, X]{ Hw$Mb{ ^mB©`m{ß H$m{ A[ZmH$a ‡JoV Am°a _mZdVm H$m _mJ© Om`{Jm$& gm_yohH$ ‡JoV g]H{$ obE AoZdm`© h°$& h_{ß OmoV[moV, ‡eÒV H$a{ß$& h_mam amÓQ≠> [yar Vah amÓQ≠> H$r [na^mfm _{ß AmZ{ [a hr amÓQ≠> D±$M ZrM `m _ZwdmX g{ D$[a CR>H$a odMma H$aZm [∂S{>Jm Am°a X{IZm oZ_m©U H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV hm{Jm ∑`m{ßoH$ amÓQ≠> H{$ obE EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>m VÀd dmß¿N>Zr` hm{Jm oH$ JbVr H$hm±, oH$VZr hwB© Am°a Cg{ H°$g{ H$_ g{ H$_ AoZdm`© h° Am°a dh h° EH$ hr ^yI S> [a O›_{ _mZd g_wXm` H{$ ]rM a∫$ g_` _{ß gwYmam OmE$& h_ AÂ]{S>H$a Xe©Z H$m{ gX°d `mX aI{ß A›`Wm gß]ßY H{$ gmW-gmW A[Zm[Z `m ]ßYwÀd$& em{fH$ d em{ofV Xm{ dJm~ H{$ ]rM AZdaV gßKf© gm_moOH$, amÓQ≠>r` h_mam gßodYmZ h_ma{ gÂ[yU© ^maVr` Xe©Z H$r AmÀ_m h°$& S>m∞. ^r_amd Am°a odÌdÒVa [a `WmdV ah{Jm$& em{fH$ dJ© Iwe hm{ gH$Vm h° AÂ]{S>H$a O°g{ —ÓQ≠>m H{$ Xe©Z Am°a CZH{$ Zm_ H$m A[Zr [wÒVH$m{ß _{ß oOH´$ VH$ oH$›Vw `h Iwer H{$db ^´_ h°, _mZogH$ gwI Zht ∑`m{ßoH$ _Z, dMZ `m Z H$aZm gßH$rU© _Zmd•oŒm H$m{ Vm{ Xem©Vm hr h°, gmW hr _mZdVm g{ od_wI H$_© g{ Mm{Q> [hw±MmZm ohßgm h° Am°a h_ Aohßgm _{ß odÌdmg H$aV{ h¢$& Am°a oXemodohZ hm{H$a Xm°∂S> bJmZ{ O°gm gmo]V hm{Vm h°$& gd©‡W_ h_ g›X^© J´›W:- ]wo’Orod`m{ß H$m H$V©Ï` h° oH$ h_ A[Zr hr _mZogH$Vm H$m [na_mO©Z H$a 1. S>m∞. h{_bVm AmMm`©-XobV g_mO H{$ ‡W_ C’maH$ _hmÀ_m Om{oV]m Jm{od›Xamd b{ß Vm{ amÓQ≠> oZ_m©U H$m 80% VH$ H$m`© [yU© H$a b{ßJ{$& \y$b{: EH$ E{oVhmogH$ odÌb{fU$& [•ÓR> 308-309 S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ Xe©Z H$m AmYma, ^maV H{$ gßV Edß 2. dhr S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ Xe©Z H$m AmYma, ^maV H{$ gßV Edß 3. dhr [•ÓR> H´$_mßH$ 309 _hm[wÍ$f Edß CZH$m Xe©Z 4. dhr AÂ]{S>H$admX H{$ ‡^md - H$_Om{a dJ© H{$ ‡`mgaV _mZd g_wXm` 5. Or.Ama. _XZ- 'odH$mg H$m g_mOemÒÃ'-odd{H$ ‡H$meZ, oXÑr -[•ÓR> 378 H$m CÀWmZ hwAm h° oH$›Vw A^r ^r g_mO H$m EH$ ]∂S>m ^mJ AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ 6. am_ AmhwOm-gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mEß-amdV [p„bH{$eZ oXÑr-[•ÓR> 151 g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ OyP ahm h°$& amÓQ≠> _{ß gM{V ‡`ÀZ gm_wohH$ CfioV H$m —oÓQ>H$m{U 7. am_Ymarogßh oXZH$a-gßÒH•$oV H{$ Mma A‹`m`-Bbmhm]mX ‡H$meZ-[•ÓR>-275 A[Zm`m Om ahm h°$& dV©_mZ Am‹`moÀ_H$ d ^m°oVH$dmXr odMmaYmam CÉ 8. S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a: g_mO d°kmoZH$-am_Jm{[mb ogßh-_.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb-[•ÓR> 80-81 dJ© `m gß^´mßV dJ© H$m dM©Òd odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß ¤mam AmoW©H$ odH$mg 9. S>m∞. Co_©bm MVwd}Xr-^maVr` oMßVZ H$r oXemEß- H$bm ‡H$meZ dmamUgr ‡H$meH$ oH$›Vw CXmarH$aU d oZOrH$aU g{ amÓQ≠>[wZ: gm_´m¡`dmX `m [yßOrdmX H{$ _hmdra ‡{g- oeHß$O{{ _{ß Om ahm h°$& 10. odÌd ‡H$me Jw·-_m{ohZr Jw·m-^maV _{ß gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ [nadV©Z-amYm [wZ: B©Ìdam{[mgZm H{$ ÒWmZ [a Ïò∫$[yOm d emÛ [yOm obßJ, OmoV, [p„bH{$e›g ZB© oXÑr

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 193

Cfirgdr gXr hr Zht daZ AmO ^r `h YmaUm ]Zr hwB© h° oH$ ]´˜m H{$ ]w’ Edß _hmdra Òdm_r ¤mam g_mZVm gXmMma, Z°oVH$Vm, ^mB©Mma{ H{$ _wI g{ ]´m˜U, ^wOmAm{ß g{ joÃ`, CXa g{ d°Ì` Am°a [°a H{$ AßJyR{> g{ ey– H$m ¤mam _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m{ ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m$& 222 CgH{$ ]mX g_´mQ> Aem{H$ O›_ hwAm h° O]oH$ d°kmoZH$ AmYma [a `h AgÀ` h°$& Bgr H$ma m ey– `m ¤mam _mZdVmdmXr Y_© H{$ ¤mam g_mO H{$ g^r gXÒ`m{ß H$m ‹`mZ aIZ{ H$r XobV dJ© H$r ^maVr` g_mO _{ß oZÂZVa oÒWoV AmO ^r ]Zr hwB© h°$& XaH$ma ahr$&333 hf©d’©Z Z{ ^r Mmh{ A[Zr ]ohZ H{$ obE hr ghr oH$›Vw, Cfirgdr gXr _{ß VrZm{ß dJm~ H$r g{dm H{$ ]mX ^r Cg{ ZJa `m Jm±d H{$ ]mha CgZ{ EH$ Ûr H$r odS>Â]Zm H$m{ Z H{$db _hgyg oH$`m ]oÎH$ Cg{ AoYH$ma hr oZdmg H$aZm AoZdm`© Wm$& ^r oXbdm`m$&444 g_´mQ> AH$]a Z{ ^r gohÓUwVm ZroV `m _mZd Y_© H{$ ZJa _{ß ey– H{$db amoÃ H{$ g_` hr ‡d{e H$a gH$Vm Wm$&111 gßH$Q> H$mb gh`m{J g{ _mZdmoYH$ma H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m goQ>H$ ‡`mg oH$`m$&555 _{ß ‡d{e H$aZ{ [a Cg{ A[Z{ Jb{ _{ß _Q>H$r VWm H$_a _{ß PmSy> ]m±YH$a hr AmZm AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ß gd©‡W_ h_ma{ X{e _{ß g^r dJm~ H$m{ oejm ‡m· hm{ Bg [∂S>Vm Wm$& 222 ∑`m{ßoH$ CgH{$ Wy±H$Z{ Am°a MbZ{ g{ ZJa H$r YaVr A[odÃ hm{ oXem _{ß BgmB© _erZarO H$r ^yo_H$m gamhZr` h°$& ^b{ hr Y_© ‡Mma CZH$m OmVr Wr$& 333 ey–m{ß H$r gÂ[oŒm [a ]´m˜Um{ß H$m [yam AoYH$ma Wm$& bJmZ Z C‘{Ì` Wm oH$›Vw gÂ[yU© ^maVr` g_mO bm^mo›dV Vm{ hwAm hr$&666 AßJ´{O â [mZ{ [a Cg{ d CgH{$ [nadma H$m{ emarnaH$ ‡Vm∂S>Zm Xr OmVr Wr$& `hm± JdZ©a OZab odob`_ ]¢oQß>H$ Z{ gd©‡W_ H$mZyZZ ^maV _{ß _mZdmoYH$ma VH$ oH$ CgH{$ ZmOyH$ AßJm{ß H$m{ H$mQ> oX`m OmVm Wm$& 444 X{e H{$ odo^fi ^mJm{ß H$m{ ÒWmo[V oH$`m$& 1828-29 _{ß gVr ‡Wm, ]mbdY, _mZd ]ob, AmoX H{$ gmW hr XojU ^maV _{ß ^r `hr Xem —oÓQ>Jm{Ma hm{Vr h°- H$m{ g_m· oH$`m$& S>bhm°Or H{$ g_` 1854 _{ß oejm H{$ ¤ma amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a “If a Sudra cohibit with a Brahmine adultress his life is to be g^r H{$ obE Im{b oX`{ JE$& 777 1950 _{ß ^maVr` gßodYmZ ¤mam taken but if a Brahmin goes even unto the Lawful wife of Sudra _mZdmoYH$ma ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m$& he is exempted from all carporal punishment” 5 oZÓH$f©© Í$[ _{ß `hr H$hZm MmhVr hy± oH$ g_`-g_` [a ^maV _{ß ‡`mg Ab]Í$Zr Z{ obIm h° Xyga{ JbVr g{ ^r ey– H{$ H$mZ _{ß _ßÃm{Éma H{$ oH$`{ JE Edß ^maVr` gßodYmZ H{$ bmJy hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX h_ma{ g_mO _{ß e„X [∂S> OmE Vm{ CgH{$ H$mZ _{ß grgm o[KbmH$a S>mb oX`m OmVm Wm$& AmO ^r A_mZdr` OmoV Ï`dÒWm, Nw>AmNy>V, [odÃVm-A[odÃVm H{$ oejm H$m AoYH$ma Z hm{Zm EH$ o]›Xw h° Vm{ Xygam _ßÃm{Éma [a ey– H$r Zm_ [a emarnaH$ _mZogH$ ‡Vm∂S>Zm od⁄_mZ h°$& ^maVr` gßodYmZ H{$ hm{V{ OrdZ brbm hr g_m· hm{Zm Xem©Vm h°$& hwE _Zw Ò_•oV H{$ oZ`_m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ _hÀd oX`m OmVm h° O]oH$ _Zw _{ß Cfirgdt gXr VH$ oZÂZdU© H$m{ oejm H$m AoYH$ma ‡m· hr Zht Wm$& _mZdmoYH$mam{ß H$m hZZ hr oH$`m h°$& Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oejm O°gm _yb AoYH$ma hr ‡m· Zht Wm Vm{ d{ A[Z{ AoYH$mam{ß AmO O] h_mam X{e odÌd _{ß Mhy± Am{a ‡JoV H$a ahm h° Vm{ g_mO H{$ Bg g{ [naoMV hr H°$g{ hm{ gH$V{ W{? ^maV _{ß C›h{ß H{$db H$V©Ï` H$aZm Wm ]hwgßª`H$ dJ© H$m gXw[`m{J oH$`m OmZm AoZdm`© h°$& C∫$ dJ© H$r oZYm©naV AoYH$ma Z H{$ ]am]a ‡m· W{$& O] H$^r Bg dJ© Z{ A[Z{ AoYH$ma H$r Am{a ‡oV^moJVm H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV Edß _m›` H$aZm _mZdmoYH$ma H$r dmßN>Zr` A›` dJm~ H$m ‹`mZ AmH$of©V oH$`m V] hr g_mO H{$ gß^´mßV bm{Jm{ß Z{ H$^r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$& Cg{ ÒdJ© H$m XrdmÒdflZ oXIm H$a Vm{ H$^r ""H$_© `{oYH$maÒV{ _m \$b{fw gßßX^© J´ßW:- H$XmMZ'' Edß ""hm{ohßh{ dhr Om{ am_ aoM amIm'' H$m C[X{e X{H$a CgH{$ 1.1.1. _hmÀ_m \w$b{ gmohÀ` Am°a odMma-gß[mXH$ ZaH{$ hna-_hmÀ_m \w$b{ MnaÃ gmYZ{ Ïò∫$JV _yÎ` H$m{ IÀ_ H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m$& ‡H$meZ go_oV, _ßÃmb` _wß]B© [•. 126 2.2.2. S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ VrZ JwÈ-_hmÀ_m ]w’ _hmÀ_m H$]ra Edß _hmÀ_m Om{oV]m [y±Or, gŒmm, oejm, Y_©, g_mO _{ß ey–m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ma ‡m· Z Wm d{ \w$b{ - AoZb ZobZr, ehma{ _.bmÃ [•.30 777 _hÀdhrZ [ewdV Ï`dhma ghZ{ H$m{ ]m‹` W{$& 3.3.3. XobV g_mO H{$ ‡W_ C’maH$ _hmÀ_m Om{oVamd Jm{od›Xamd \w$b{ EH$ E{oVhmogH$ British Rule in India helped Brahminism to become more a odÌb{fU- em{Y ‡]ßY- S>m∞. h{_bVm AmMm`© dominant in economic, political and social life of India again 4.4.4. _hmÀ_m Om{oV]m \w$b{ `mßM{ gmd©OoZH$ gÀ` Y_© [wÒVH$ - a_{e aKwdßer [wU{ [•.44 suffering from hunger and suppression. The lower classes of 5.5.5. Slavery- Collected works of Mahatma Jotirao Phule Vol-1- Govindraw oti Raw Phule-Translated Prof. P.G. Patil society in South were economically handicapped it was virtually 1991 6.6.6. XobV g_mO H{$ ‡W_ C’maH$ Om{oVamd Jm{od›Xamd \w$b{ EH$ E{oVhmogH$ odÌb{fU- slavery that existed and this was continued”8 em{Y ‡]ßY- S>m∞. h{_bVm AmMm`© ^maV _{ß _ohbm oH$gr ^r dU© H$r ahr hm{ Cg{ ^r AoYH$ma odohZ OrdZ 7.7.7. dhr hr OrZm [∂S>Vm Wm$& Bg ‡H$ma ^maVr` _ohbm ^r XobV H$r hr l{Ur _{ß Am 8.8.8. Non Brahmin Movement in Southern India 1973-1949- OmVr h°$& 111 h_ BoVhmg [a —oÓQ>[mV H$a{ß Vm{ [mV{ h° oH$ gd©‡W_ _hmÀ_m Kevlekar Kashinath-Shivaji Publication 1979 Page

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OZOmVr` A[Zr _mV•^mfm ]m{bV{ h°&OZOmVr` j{Ãm{ _{ß ^b{ hr CZH$r Jß^ra MwZm°Vr X{ ahr h¢& ÒdmWr©VÀd oXΩ^ó_V `wdH$m{ß Edß CÉ oejm gßÒWmZm{ß _mV•^mfm odbw· hm{ ahr h°,b{oH$Z oh›Xr _m‹`_ H{$ H$maU bm{Jm| _{ß [∂T>>Z{ H{$ H$m{ A[Zm _wIm°Q>m ]ZmH$a odKQ>ZH$mar oZamemO›` [naoÒW`m{ß H$m{ A[Zm ‡oV Í$oM OmJ•V Zht hm{ [m ahr h°&[mR>embm H$r ^mfm Am°a Ka H$r ^mfm H{$ ah{ h¢& AmO AoYH$mße J´m_rU OZVm, OZOmVr` g_yh, AZwgyoMV OmoV`mß, ]rM H$m{B© gm_ßOÒ` Zht hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU oejm _{ß AÍ$oM [°Xm hm{Vr h°& o[N>∂S>r OmoV`m± Om{ [aß[amJV Í$[ g{ oejm H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ Zht ahr h¢, gßgmYZm{ß H{$ A^md _{ß ZB© VH$ZrH$ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oejm _mÃ ImZm[yoV© H{$ oejm g{ AoYH$ AmOrodH$m [a Om{a X{Vr ahr CZH$m oejm H{$ ‡oV —oÓQ>H$m{U AoYH$ Hw$N> Zht h°& AßJ´{Or _m‹`_ H{$ oejU gßÒWmZm{ß H{$ ]∂T>V{ AmH$f©U Z{ ]Xbm h°& XobV dJm~ H$m{ JwUdŒmm[yU©, _mZH$rH$aU, odd{H$gÂ_V oejm ]mOmadmX H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmohV oH$`m h° b{oH$Z gm_moOH$ _yÎ` gßX^© X{Z{ _{ß H°$g{ ‡XmZ H$r Om`{, Om{ g_Vm _ybH$ g_mO H$r aMZm H$a gH{$& gm_moOH$ Ag\$b ahr h°& gd©Ï`m[rH$aU Am°a g_Vm _ybH$ g_mO H$r ÒWm[Zm _{{ß AmoW©H$ [nad{e ]ZmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& OZOmVr` g_mO _{ß j{Ãr` OZOmVr` g_mO A^r [rN{> h°& `hr H$maU h° oH$ AgßVm{f, odf_Vm Am°a odf_Vm H$m{ Xya oH$`m OmZm hm{Jm& Z∑gbdmX H$r g_Ò`m h_{ß MwZm°Vr X{ ahr h°°& oZÓH$f©:- OZOmVr` g_mO _{ß oejm H{$ Vrd´ odÒVma, odH$mg Edß Xm{f[yU© e°ojH$ Ï`dÒWm Edß ‡]ßYZ:- BgH{$ ‡oV Ï`m[H$ gH$mamÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U A[ZmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& oejm gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z H$m ge∫$ _m‹`_ h°& [nadV©Z Ï`doÒWV gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$ Edß e°joUH$ Í$[ _{ß o[N∂S>{> OZOmoV`m|ß H$m{ Edß H´$_]’ hm{ Vm{ dh odH$mg `m ‡JoV H$m gyMH$ hm{Vm h°& g_H$mbrZ am{OJmam{›_wIr VH$ZrH$r Edß Ï`mdgmo`H$ oejm [a ode{f ‹`mZ X{H$a oejm Ï`dÒWm ‡`m{J [a AdboÂ]V h°& od⁄mb`rZ oejm g{ b{H$a CÉ JwUdŒmm[yU© ÒdmdbÂ]r ]ZmZ{ H$r oXem _{ß ‡^mdr ZroV H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm oejm VH$ oZV Z`{ ‡`m{J oH$`{ Om ah{ h¢& gßodXm oejm H$_r©, oejm H$_r©, h°& CÉ oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß ]∂T>Vr Ï`mdgmo`H$ Edß AmoW©H$ bm^ H$_mZ{ H$r ghm. A‹`m[H$, AoVoW oejH$, JwÍ$Or, AoVoW od¤mZ A[Z{ AoZoÌMV XwÓ‡d•oŒm [a oZ`ßÃU bJmZm hm{Jm, oOgg{ oejm g^r H$m{ gm_m›` Í$[ g{ d AgwaojV ôdÓ` H{$ gmW AmZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r H$m{ am{OJmam{›_wIr, gwb^ hm{& g_mO _{ß od^{XrH$aU, Hw$brZrH$aU, Edß Zd AoÔmÀ` H$r gd©Ï`m[rH$a m, g_Vm_ybH$, _yÎ` ]m{Y VWm gmßÒH•$oVH$ odamgV H$m{ gh{OZ{ _mZogH$Vm g{ odf_Vm d Agm_ßOÒ` H$r oÒWoV oZo_©V Z hm{& dmbr oejm ‡XmZ H$a ah{ h¢& oejm H$m{ ]mOma H{$ hdmb{ Z H$a gmd©OoZH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m AoYH$moYH$ bJ^J 70 ‡oVeV e°ojH$ gßÒWmZ Jm´_rU AßMbm{ß _{ß h¢ Ohm± o]Obr ‡`m{J H$a ZroV`m|ß H$m oZ_m©U H$a A[Z{ CŒmaXmo`Àd H$m oZ_m©U H$aZm d gßMma gmYZm{ß H$r C[b„YVm Zm_ _mÃ H$r h° dhm∞ [a H$Âfl`yQ>a d gyMZm hm{Jm & Ï`mdgmo`H$ oejm H$r AoZdm`©Vm Edß ‡mgßoJH$Vm H$m{ ÒdrH$ma AmYmnaV oejm H°$g{ gß^d h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß [a oH$Vm]m{ß Am°a oH$Vm]r kmZ H$aV{ hwE Am°⁄m{oJH$ odH$mg, AmoW©H$ gwYma, VH$ZrH$r odH$mg, l_ H$m ]m{P h°& [mR>`H´$_ H$r JwUdŒmm Am°a C[`m{oJVm H{$ Zm_ [a ]∂S>{>-]∂S>{> gßgmYZ odH$mg, gm_moOH$ OmJÍ$H$Vm, _mZdr` H$m`© Am°a g{dm _{ß odkm[Zm{ß H{$ gmW oejm _mo\$`m Am°a [yßOrdmXr _mZogH$Vm A[Zr JwUdŒmm _{ß [nadV©Z, ÒdmdbÂ]Z Edß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg [a ‹`mZ X{Z{ XwH$mZ{ß Im{bH$a _wZm\$m dgybr H$a ahr h¢& oejH$ H$V©Ïòd_yI hm{H$a H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& g_mO _{ß gh`m{J, gX^mdZm, ghg]’Vm H{$ gmW ‡`m{Jm{ß H{$ gmW H$X_ Vmb H$a ahm h°, H$jmAm{ß _{ß A‹`m[Z H{$ ÒWmZ [a g_m`m{OZH$a odd{H$gÂ_V, _yÎ`[aH$ d gm°›X`© [aH$ oejm H$r odo^fi od^mJr` OmZH$mna`m{ß Am°a JUZm d MwZmd H$m`m~ _{ß Ï`ÒV h¢& Ï`dÒWm OZOmVr` g_mO H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& oOgg{ h_ma{ N>mÃ AmdÌ`H$Vm h° e°joUH$ Ï`dÒWm Am°a ‡]ßYZ H$m{ ‡`m{J ÒWbr g{ _w∫$ gßVwobV, OmJÍ$H$, gh]ßYwÀd d g_Vm _ybH$ ÒdÒW g_mO H$r aMZm _{ß H$a gw—T> d _O]yV VßÃ odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$r, oOgg{ ]m°o’H$, d°kmoZH$ A[Zr goH´$` ^mJrXmar gwoZoÌMV H$a gH{$ & d AZwgßYmZ[aH$ dmVmdaU H$m oZ_m©U hm{ gH{$ & gßX^©-J´›W oejm H$m g_mOemÛ:- dmÒVd _{ß oejm EH$ odoZ`m{J h° Om{ Ïò∫$ 1. C[m‹`m` Edß e_m© (1999) - ^maV H$r OZ OmVr` gßÒH•$oV, _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W Am°a g_mO Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ ]∂S>r _mÃm _{ß ‡oV\$b ‡XmZ H$aVr h¢& oejm Am°a AH$mX_r ^m{[mb& odH$mg H$m gÂ]›Y g_mO H$r CfioV, OZH$Î`mU Am°a g_Vm g{ grYm 2. H$[ya, _ÒVam_ (1986) - g_gm_mo`H$ ‡oVoH´$`mEß b{IH$ _ßM, oXÎbr& 3. Xw]{, S>m∞. Ì`m_mMaU (1995) - _mZd Am°a gßÒH•$oV, amOH$_b ‡H$meZ oXÎbr& naÌVm h° & ]XbVr [naoÒWoV`m|ß _{ß gm_moOH$ gm_ßOÒ` H{$ obE oejm 4. ogßh, am_Jm{[mb (2001)- gm_moOH$ oZ`ßÃU Edß gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z, _.‡. oh›Xr bm{Jm|ß H$r _Zm{d•oŒm, _yÎ`, kmZ Am°a H$m°eb H$r j_VmAm{ß H$m odH$mg H$a J´›W AH$mX_r ^m{[mb& bm{H$VmßoÃH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß ]m°o’H$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ d gm°X›`©_ybH$ odH$mg H$m{ 5. e_m©, S>m∞. ]´ÂhX{d (1994) -AmoXdmgr odH$mg EH$ g°’mßoVH$ odd{MZ, _.‡. oh›Xr ‡m{ÀgmohV H$aVr h°& oejm emo›V[y m© d g_Vm_ybH$ gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z J´›W AH$mX_r ^m{[mb& H$m _m‹`_ h°& 6. ew∑b, hrambmb (1997) - AmoXdmgr AoÒ_Vm Am°a odH$mg _.‡. oh›Xr J´›W AH$mX_r ^m{[mb& g_mO _{ß ]∂T>V{ gm_moOH$ VZmdm{ß, Aemo›V Am›Xm{bZ, oXemhrZVm 7. hgZ°Z, ZXr_ (1992) - gm_m›` _mZd emÛ, Odmha [o„beg© Edß O∂S>ÒQ≠>rÏ`yQ>g©, Am°a odMbZ O°gr ‡d•oŒm`mß g_mO d amÓQ≠> H{$ EH$rH$aU d gw—T>rH$aU H$m{ ZB© oXÎbr &

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 207 XobV g_mO H{$ ‡d∫$m : S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a S>>m∞. gßO` Ia{ * ""S>m∞. 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AÂ]{S>H$a 25 oXgÂ]a 1927 _{ß H$m{bmdm oOb{ H{$ _hm∂S> gÂ_{bZ _{ß S>m∞. ^r_amd Z{ H$m{ 3 AJÒV, 1928 H$m{ MwZm J`m& A[Z{ gß]m{YZ _{ß H$hm oH$ dU©-Ï`dÒWm g^r Ag_mZVmAm{ß H$r O∂S> h°& AZwgyoMV OmoV`m{ß H$r g_Ò`m [a odMma CZH$m H$hZm Wm oH$ g^r H$m{ g_mZ-Adga o_b{ C›hm{ßZ{ Bg ]mV [a ]b ^maVr` g_mO _{ß AÒ[•Ì`Vm H$m am{J ]hwV [wamZm h° BgH$r O∂S{> BVZr oX`m oH$ - Jhar h° oH$ ]w’ g{ b{H$a Jm±Yr Z{ BgH{$ oZamH$aU H{$ ob`{ g_`-g_` [a * g^r oh›XwAm{ß H$m O›_ g{ gm_moOH$ ÒVa g_mZ h°& ‡`mg oH$`{& * amOZroVH$, AmoW©H$ AWdm gm_moOH$ [nadV©Zm{ß H$m AßoV_ b˙` ""S>m∞. Aß]{S>H$a H$m{ XobV g_mO H$m _grhm _mZm OmVm h° C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zm g^r oh›XwAm{ß H{$ ÒVa H$r g_mZVm H$m{ Ajw ` aIZm Mmoh`{& gß[yU© OrdZ gm_moOH$ odf_Vm H$m{ g_m· H$aZ{ VWm XobV dJ© H$m{ g_mZ

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AoYH$ma oXbmZ{ _{ß Ï`VrV oH$`m&''777 [°Xmèr NyAmNy>V H$m{ g_m· H$aZm ‡YmZ eÛ h¢& CZH{$ OrdZ H$m [a_ b˙` Wm Edß XobV g_mO H$r [aß[amJV XmgVm H{$ 7. AÒ[•Ì`Vm{ß H{$ [mg CÀ[mXZ H{$ H$m{B© gmYZ Zht h° d{ H$mÌVH$ma `m H$maUm{ß H$r Im{O H$a XobVm{ß H$m C’ma H$aZm Wm& _OXya H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m`© H$aV{ h¢& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ ey–m{ß H{$ odf` _{ß H$hm h°, oH$ - 8. AÒ[•Ì`m{ß H$m [wobg Edß H$mZyZ g{ H$m{B© gßajU ‡m· Zht hm{Vm& ∑`m{ßoH$ 1. ey– Am`© hr W{ Om{ gy`©dßer W{& `h Xm{Zm{ß dJ© CÉ OmoV`m{ß g{ ]Zm`{ OmV{ h¢ d{ H{$db ^´ÓQ> hr Zht 2. B S>m{ Am`©Z g_mO _{ß C›h{ß j{Ãr` dße _{ß oJZm OmVm Wm& Ao[Vw [j[mVr ^r hm{V{ h¢& 3. EH$ E{gm H$mb ^r Wm O] B S>m{ Am`©Z g_mO _{ß H{$db 3 dU© hwAm 9. Bg Ï`dÒWm H$m g]g{ Iam] Í$[ `h h°, oH$ `h A›`m` Edß CÀ[r∂S>Z H$aV{ W{& H$mZyZ H$r gr_mAm{ß H{$ AßVJ©V oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h¢& gdU© oh›XwAm{ß H$m{ 4. ey– amOmAm{ß Am°a ]´m˜Um{ß H{$ ]rM H$bh Wr oOgH{$ H$maU ]´m˜Um{ß `h H$hZ{ H$m H$mZyZr AoYH$ma h° oH$ dh EH$ AÒ[•Ì` H$m{ H$m_ [a [a AÀ`mMma oH$`{ J`{ Am°a CZH$m A[_mZ oH$`m J`m& \$bV: ]´m˜Um{ß Zht bJm`{J{, dh CgH$m{ A[Zr ^yo_ g{ hQ>m X{Jm dh Cg{ A[Z{ I{Vm{ß Z{ ey–m{ß H$m{ OZ{D$ g{ dßoMV H$a oX`m OZ{D$ g{ dßoMV hm{ OmZ{ H{$ _{ß g{ CgH{$ [ewAm{ß H$m{ Zht b{ OmZ{ X{Jm& H$mZyZ _{ß ]Mmd H{$ AZ{H$ H$maU ey–m{ß H$m ÒVa oJa J`m d{ d{Ì`m{ß g{ ^r ZrM{ AmH$a Mm°Wm dU© amÒV{ h¢ d gdU© oh›Xy C›h{ß A¿N>r Vah g{ OmZV{ h¢& ]Z J`{& AÒ[•Ì`Vm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß d{ H$hV{ h¢ oH$ gZ≤ 200 B©. VH$ AßVV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a EH$ _hmZ H´$mßoVH$mar W{ AÒ[•Ì`Vm Zht Wr BgH$m ‡MbZ 600 B©. _{ß hwAm& oO›hm{ßZ{ A[Zm gß[yU© OrdZ g_mO H$r H$_Om{a Am°a Xmg ]Zm X{Z{ dmbr gdUm~ H{$ gmW gßKfm~ _{ß AÒ[•Ì` h_{em Aghm` hwAm H$aV{ W{ S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a gm_moOH$ ]wamB©`m{ß g{ gßKf© H$aZ{ _{ß bJm oX`m& Bg gßX^© _{ß [ßoS>V Odmha Z{ BgH{$ H$maUm{ß H$m{ Vbme oH$`m Am°a oZÂZ H$maUm{ß H$m{ gyMr]’ oH$`m - bmb Z{hÍ$ Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ ""CZH{$ H$m`©H$bm[m{ß _{ß gdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© gßodYmZ 1. Ohm± VH$ gßª`m H$m gß]ßY h° Xm{Zm{ß g_yhm{ß _{ß Agm_ZVm h°& ]ZmZ{ VWm XobVm{ß H$m C’ma H$aZm XrK©H$mb VH$ Ò_Ur` ah{Jm&''8'8'8 2. H$m{B© ^r Ïò∫$ AÒ[•Ì`m{ß H$m{ [hw±MmB© JB© joV H{$ ob`{ ‡oVem{Y b{Z{ gßX^© H{$ ob`{ V°`ma Zht h°& 1. \$∂S>H{$, ]mbMß– :S>m∞. ]m]m gmh{] AÂ]{S>H$a ""od⁄m ‡H$meZ, [wU{, 1985. 3. Jm±d H{$ AoYH$mße AÒ[•Ì` Jm±d H{$ Zm°H$a h¢ AWdm ^yo_hrZ lo_H$ 2. ^JdmZ Xmg :S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ odMma _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb, 1991. Am°a d{ A[Zr OrodH$m H{$ ob`{ [yU©V: gdU© oh›XwAm{ß [a AmolV h¢& 3. gm{oY`m, M›–^mZ : S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Ïò∫$JV H•$oVÀd ""EH$ E{oVhmogH$ A‹``Z'', 1996. 4. AÒ[•Ì`m{ß H{$ [mg OrdZ-`m[Z H$m H$m{B© _mJ© Zht h°& d{ XyY-g„Or 4. O°Z, hrambmb : ""gm_moOH$ g_Vm H{$ AJ´XyV S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a'' ‡oV[j, ZB© oXÎbr, Zht ]{M gH$V{ Z H$m{B© A›` H$m`© H$a gH$V{ h¢& `h dhr H$m`© H$a 1991. gH$V{ h¢ Om{ dßemZwJV h¢ Edß CZH$r AmoW©H$ oZ^©aVm [yU©V: gdUm~ 5. AÂ]{S>H$a, ]r.Ama. : ""EZQ>robeZ Am∞\$ H$mÒQ>'' S>m∞. ]m]m gmh] AÂ]{S>H$a amB©oQß>Ωg [a h°& E S> Ò[rM{O dmb 2, EOwH{$eZ oS>[mQ©>_{ßQ>, _hmamÔ≠>≠> ]ß]B©, 1979, [•. 87. 5. AÒ[•Ì`m{ß H{$ g^r AmoW©H$ gß]ßYm{ß H$m{ g_m· H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ gdUm~ Z{ 6. am`, d°o_e _m{hZXmg : ""S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$m oejm Xe©Z, ZB© oXÎbr. 1993. EH$ gßJoR>V fS>ÁßÃ aMm h°& 7. ob_`{, _Yw : ""gm_moOH$ ›`m` Am°a AmajU'' ZB© oXÎbr,, 1994. 6. emarnaH$ AmH´$_U Edß gm_moOH$ ]ohÓH$ma AÒ[•Ì`m{ß H{$ oIbm\$ Xm{ 8. Jw·m, amO{e : ""S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Am°a gm_moOH$ ›`m`'' _mZH$ [o„bH{$eZ, ZB© oXÎbr, 1999.

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S>m∞. am_Jm{[mbqgh-S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m gm_moOH$ OrdZ AdYmaUm H{$ obE I∂S>m oH$`m h°& S>m∞.AÂ]{S>H$a H$m OrdZ gßKf© dU© Ï`dÒWm 2. S>m∞.]r.EZ. qgh- ^maVr` gm_moOH$ qMVZ H{$ AoVna∑V _ohbmAm| H$m odH$mg Am°a ÒdmYrZVm ^r ahm h° Om{ dV©_mZ _| 3. OJXreogh- XobV `wdmAm| H{$ [nadoV•V X•pÓQ>H$m{U _ohbm-[wÍ$f Ag_mZVm H{$ gm_moOH$ XyamMma _ß{ emo_b hm{ J`m h°& `h 4. S>m∞.Y_©dra Edß _hmOZ- ^maVr` g_mO H{$ [na‡{j _wX≤Xm dmÒVodH$ VWm gÀ` H{$ CVZ{ hr H$ar] h° oOVZm oH$ ]m]m gmh{] H$m 5. S>m∞.]r.Ama. AÂ]{S>H$a- XobVm{ÀWmZ ^mJ EH$ Edß Xm{ * ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j (g_mOemÒÃ) ** ghm.$ ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß od^mJm‹`j AßJ´{Or, _hmamOm ^m{O emg. ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hm., Yma (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 210

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^r A‹``Z H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& [aÂ[am Edß [wÍ$f gÀVm _| ‡^mdr hm{Z{ g{ gÂ]ßoYV odÌb{fU H$m{ ‡ÒVwV 7. _ohbmEß AmoW©H$ Ï`` H$m ‡]ßYZ H°$g{ H$a ahr h° ∑`m CZH$m oH$`m h°& oeojV _ohbmEß amOZ°oVH$ [na—Ì` _| A[Zr ^yo_H$m [wÍ$fm| H$s [mnadmnaH$ Am` `m [oV H$s Am` [a [yU© AoYH$ma h°? `h A‹``Z A[{jm ghOVm g{ oZ^m gH$Vr h° VWm [wÍ$fm| H{$ EH$ [jr` oZU©` g{ ^r H$aZm& ]M gH$Vr h°& Bg A‹``Z H{$ AmYma [a `h Vœ` gm_Z{ Am`m oH$ òX 8. gaH$ma ¤mam _ohbmAm| _|{ H$Î`mUmW© MbmB© Om ahr `m{OZmAm| H$m Adga ‡mflV hm{ gH{$ Vm{ _ohbmEß [∂T>-obIH$a Òdmdbß]r hm{Z{ [a [nadma _ohbmEß oH$VZm bm^ CR>m [m ahr h°, BgH$m A‹``Z H$aZm& VWm g_mO _| _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$Vr h° VWm [nadma d g_mO _| 9. ∑`m _ohbmAm| H$s AmoW©H$ pÒWoV _ß{ [nadV©Z Am`m h°? ∑`m d{ gÂ_mZ ^r ‡mflV H$a gH$Vr h°& Òdmdbß]r Edß AmÀ_oZ^©a h°? BgH$m A‹``Z H$aZm& ‡o_bm H$[ya 666 (1974) Z{ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm| [a A[Zm A‹``Z _ohbmAm| g{ gÂ]ßoYV odo^›Z em{Y g_mOemÒÃ _| oZaßVa oH$E Om ah{ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h° VWm B›hm|Z{ ]Vm`m oH$ ‡m`: _ohbmAm| H$m H$m`© j{Ã Ka H{$ h°& _ohbm gep∑VH$aU H$s oXem _| gaH$mar J°a gaH$mar ‡`mg ^r oH$E AßXa VH$ _mZm OmVm ahm h° b{oH$Z ZJarH$aU Am°a ZB© oejm ZroV Z{ Om ah{ h° E{gr pÒWoV _| AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ AmÀ_oZ^©a _ohbmEß oH$g gm_moOH$ oeojV _ohbmAm| H$m{ Ka g{ ]mha AmZ{ H{$ obE ‡{naV oH$`m h° oOgg{ BZH$s pÒWoV H$m ‡oVoZoYÀd H$a ahr h° `h OmZZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z [mnadmnaH$ Am` _ß{ Vm{ d•o’ h˛B© h° VWm BZH$m OrdZ ÒVa VWm _Zm{d•pÀV Bg oXem _| g_mOemÒÃ H$m{ oXE OmZ{ dmb{ `m{JXmZ H$s EH$ N>m{Q>r gr H$∂S>r Am°a _yÎ`m| _| ^r [nadV©Z Am`m h°& h°& h_ma{ Bg A‹``Z H$m EH$ CX≤X{Ì` `h ^r h° oH$ Bgg{ _ohbmEß Vm{ gr.E. hm∞Q> 777 (1969) Z{ H$m_H$mOr _ohbmAm| H$s ]XbVr pÒWoV H$m bm^mßodV hm|Jr hr gmW hr _ohbmAm| H$s gm_moOH$ [•>^yo_ H$m ^r [Vm A‹``Z oH$`m &amO [w´Wr VWm ]{bm amZr e_m© (1995)888 Z{ ^r _ohbmAm| bJm`m Om gH$Vm h°& [a A[Zm A‹``Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& _ohbmAm| H$m{ AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ `m A[Zr gm_moOH$ pÒWoV H$m{ gwYmaZ{ _| Bg A‹``Z H{$ AZwgma _ohbmEß oejm ‡mflV H$a g_mO Edß X{e _| oH$g ‡H$ma H$s g_Ò`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h°? BZ g_Ò`mAm| H$m{ _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahr h°& Bg ]mV [a ^r Om{a oX`m J`m oH$ _ohbmAm| oH$g ‡H$ma hb oH$`m OmE VWm o_bZ{ dmbr gwodYmAm| H$m B›hß{ oH$VZm _| am{OJma H$s Ï`dÒWm Bg ‡H$ma hm{Zr MmohE oH$ C›h| H$m`© H$aV{ g_` kmZ h°? _ohbmEß H$hmß VH$ oH$g ‡H$ma g{ bm^mßodV h˛B© h°? E{gr H$m°Z gr oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma [a{emZr AWdm VZmd Z hm{ VWm `h gwPmd ^r oX`m J`m g_Ò`mEß h° oOZH$s dOh g{ `{ gaH$ma H$s odH$mg `m{OZmAm| H$m ]h˛V oH$ _ohbmAm| H$s `m{Ω`Vm H$m ghr _yÎ`mßH$Z H$a C›h| H$m`© oX`m OmZm AoYH$ bm^ Zht b{ [m ahr h°? BZ g^r ‡ÌZm| H$m odÒVma g{ A‹``Z h_ MmohE& Eg. oJaAfl[m 999 (1988) Z{ _ohbmAm| H$s Xm{har ^yo_H$m g{ A[Z{ em{Y ‡]ßY _| H$a|J{& gÂ]ßoYV A‹``Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°& [yd© _| oH$`{ J`{ A‹``Zm| H$s g_rjm:- A‹``Z [’oV ( Methodology)-)-)- _ohbmAm| [a AZ{H$m| A‹``Z h˛E h°, CZ_| g{ Hw$N> ‡_wI A‹``Z h_Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _| [’oV H{$ Í$[ _| AZwgyMr [’oV, oZXe©Z _ohbmAm| H{$ odÍ$’ odo^›Z gm_moOH$ A›`m`m|, ]wamB©`m| VWm CZH$s ‡Umbr, gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr Edß Adbm{H$Z [’oV ¤mam J´m_ oVÎbm°a g_Ò`mAm| g{ gÂ]ßoYV h° oOZH$m ^r d{ gm_Zm H$aVr Am ahr h°, O°g{ [Xm© IwX© H$s _ohbmAm| g{ OmZH$mar ‡mflV H$s h°& ‡Wm, Aoejm, Xh{O, ]bmÀH$ma g{ gÂ]ßoYV A‹``Z h°& BZ_| CZ A‹``Zm| oH$gr ^r AZwgßYmZ `m em{Y H{$ obE A‹``Z odf` g{ gÂ]ßoYV H$m{ ^r emo_b oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° Om{ _ohbmAm| H$s OmJÍ$H$Vm g{ gÂ]ßoYV dmÒVodH$ Vœ`m| H$m gßH$bZ AmdÌ`H$ h° ∑`mß{oH$ BgH{$ A^md _| A‹``Z h° O°g{ oH$ MQ≤Q>m{[m‹`m` (1939), Zram X{gmB© (1957), ‡o_bm H$[ya gß^d Zht hm{ gH$Vm& h_Z{ Vœ`m| H$m{ ndo^›Z ÒÃm{Vm| ‡mWo_H$ VWm ¤°oV`H$ (1978), [X_mb`m Xmg (1981) AmoX ¤mam oH$E JE A‹``Z& ÒÃm{Vm| ¤mam ‡mflV oH$`m h°& Hw$N> A‹``Z _ohbmAm| H$s pÒWoV _| [nadV©Z g{ gÂ]ßoYV h°, O°g{ BgH{$ od[arV ¤°oV`H$ ÒÃm{V d{ AmßH$∂S>{ h° oO›h| AZwgßYmZH$Vm© E.Eg. AmÎV{H$a (1938), E.oS>gyOm (1975), `yZ{ÒH$m{ na[m{Q>© (1985), ‡H$moeV, A‡H$moeV ‡b{I, na[m{Q>©, gßX^© [wÒVH$m|, [Ã, S>màr, OrdZ Zram X{gmB© Am°a od^yoV [Q>{b (1987) Z{ BgH{$ gßX^© _| _ohbmAm| H$m BoVhmg AmoX g{ ‡mflV H$aVm h°& h_Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Z _| ‡mWo_H$ ÒÃm{Vm| H{$ A‹``Z oH$`m h°& Í$[ _| Òd`ß oZarjU H$aH{$ odo^›Z _ohbmAm| g{ Ï`p∑VJV Í$[ g{ MMm© ‡o_bm H$[ya (1974) Z{ A[Z{ A‹``Zm| _| Z H{$db oeojV, H$m`©erb H$aH{$ OmZH$mar H$m{ ‡mflV oH$`m h° VmoH$ h_| A‹``Z H{$ ghr oZÓH$f© ‡mflV _ohbmAm| H{$ X•pÓQ>H$m{U _| [nadV©Z H$m{ ]pÎH$ A[Z{ Xyga{ odo^›Z A‹``Zm| hm{ gH{$& Bgr [´H$ma h_Z{ ¤°oV`H$ ÒÃm{Vm| O°g{ ‡H$moeV, A‡H$moeV ‡b{I, _| ^r ^maV _| H$m`©erb _ohbmAm| H$s [mnadmnaH$ pÒWoV H$s odd{MZm H$s na[m{Q>©, gßX^© Jß´Wm|, [Ã-[oÃH$mAm|, [wÒVH$m| H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ^r A[Z{ A‹``Z h°& [ŸZr g{Z JwflVm (1960) Z{ ^maVr` _ohbmAm| _| am{OJma g{ gÂ]ßoYV h{Vw OmZH$mar EH$oÃV H$s h°& Í$[a{Im H$s odd{MZm H$s h°& gmjmÀH$ma-AZwgyMr AZwgßYmZ Edß gd©{jU _| Vœ` ‡H$Q>rH$aU H{$ Ama.]r. o_lm VWm Mß–[mbqgh555 (1997) Z{ AH$]a[wa oObm _m‹`_ H{$ Í$[ _ß{ ‡MobV h° BgH$m ‡`m{J ‡À`{H$ ‡H$ma H{$ em{Y gßaMZm _| \°$Om]mX CÀVa‡X{e _| AmR> _ohbmAm| H$m d°`p∑VH$ A‹``Z oH$`m Om{ oH$`m OmVm h°& oH$ _‹`_ dJ© [nadma g{ gÂ]ßoYV ahr h°& BZ d°`p∑VH$ A‹``Zm| H$m h_Z{ A[Z{ em{Y H$m`© _| odÒV•V Edß Ï`dpÒWV gm_J´r gßH$bZ h{Vw oZÓH$f© `h oZH$bm oH$ _ohbmEß [∂T>-obIH$a Òdmdbß]r hm{Z{ [a [nadma gmjmÀH$ma-AZwgyMr H$m oZ_m©U oH$`m h°& CÀVaXmVmAm| H$s gwodYm H$m{ Edß g_mO _| _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m gH$Vr h° VWm A[Z{ [nadma _| AmoW©H$ ‹`mZ _| aIV{ h˛E h_Z{ AZwgyMr H$m oZ_m©U gab ^mfm _| H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg gh`m{J X{H$a ]¿Mm| H$s oejm Edß ôdÓ` oZ_m©U _| ^r _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oH$`m h° VWm odf` g{ gÂ]ßoYV ‡ÌZm| H$m hr g_md{e oH$`m h° oOg_| h_| oZ^m gH$Vr h°& C[am{∑V A‹``Z _| _ohbmAm| Z{ oeojV hm{Z{ H{$ ]mX ^r J´m_ oVÎbm°a IwX© H$s _ohbmAm| H{$ ]ma{ _| ghr OmZH$mar ‡mflV hm{ gH{$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 212

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VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3 oZU©` b{Z{ H$m AoYH$ma ^r ‡mflV h˛Am h° Om{ [nadV©Z H$m Km{VH$ h° Hw$N> Ï`mdgmo`H$ pÒWoV _ohbmEß gaH$mar `m{OZmAm| H$m [yam bm^ ^r b{ ahr h° Om{ gep∑VH$aU H$s H´$. Ï`mdgmo`H$ pÒWoV Amd•pÀV ‡oVeV oXem _| EH$ A¿N>m ‡`mg h°& 1 I{Vr 10 20% gwPmd:- 1. AmdÌ`H$Vm Bg ]mV H$s h° oH$ _ohbmAm| H$s g\$b gh^moJVm h{Vw 2 Ka{by H$m`© VWm I{Vr 20 40% CZH$s j_Vm _| g_woMV odH$mg oH$`m OmE& pÒÃ`m| H$m{ Òd`ß A[Zr 3 Zm°H$ar 1 2% [hMmZ Am°a ]{hVa N>od H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm MmohE VWm odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ 4 _OXyar 6 12% gm{M [°Xm H$aZ{ H$s H$m{oee H$aZm MmohE& 5 H{$db Ka{by H$m`© 12 24% 2. _m°OyXm `m{Ω`VmAm| H$m{ ]{hVa ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE `m ZE h˛Za grIZ{ H{$ obE 6 oZOr H$m`© 1 2% ‡oejU VWm H$m°eb odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ MbmZm MmohE& gßX^© J´ßW:- Hw$b `m{J 50 100% 1. Mß–e{Ia, __Vm (2011) _mZdmoYH$ma Am°a _ohbmEß, _‡ oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb $C[`w©∑V VmobH$m H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ [a `h Vœ` gm_Z{ Am`m h° oH$ 2. oJaAfl[m, Eg. (1988) X am{b Am∞\$ dy_Z BZ Í$ab S>{db[_|Q>, X`m ZB© oXÎbr& g]g{ ¡`mXm _ohbmEß AWm©V 40% _ohbmEß Ka ^r X{IVr h° VWm I{Vr H{$ 3. Km{f, Eg.H{$. (1988) dy_Z BZ M|qOJ gm{gm`Q>r: E arS>a, g{O [p„beg©, ZB© oXÎbr H$m`© ^r ]h˛V A¿N>r Vah g{ X{I ahr h° VWm 1 _ohbm E{gr o_br Om{ 4. hm∞Q>, gr.E. (1969) M°ßqOJ ÒQ>{Q≤g Am∞\$ dy_Z BZ [mÒQ> BßoS>[{›S>{›Q> Bp S>`m, EbmB©S> [p„beg©, ]ß]B©& gaH$mar Zm°H$ar _| h° AWm©V oejU H$m`© H$aVr h° VWm 1 _ohbm oZOr YßYm 5. H$[ya, ‡o_bm (1974) X M°ßqOJ ÒQ>{Q≤g Am∞\$ dy_Z BZ Bp S>`m, odH$mg [p„bqeJ „`yQ>r [mb©a Mbm ahr h° 6 AWm©V 12% _ohbmEß _OXyar H$aVr h° VWm 12 hmD$g, oXÎbr& _ohbmEß Ka{by H$m`© H$a ahr h°& 6. o_lm, Ama.]r. VWm Mß–[mb qgh (1997) Bp S>`Z dy_Z M°b|Og© E S> M|O, H$m_Zd{ÎW C[`w©∑V VmobH$m `h Xem©Vr h° oH$ _nhbmEß Ka{by H$m`© H{$ gmW-gmW [p„beg©, ›`y oXÎbr& H•$of, oZOr Ï`dgm` Edß gaH$mar Zm°H$ar ^r H$a ahr h° Om{ CZH$s AmoW©H$ 7. _ßOybVm (2004) AZwgyoMV OmoV _| _ohbm CÀ[r∂S>Z, AOw©Z [p„bqeJ, ZB© oXÎbr& 8. ‡wWr, amO VWm ]{bm amZr e_m© (1995) [m{ÒQ> BßS>r[{›S>{›Q> BßoS>`m E S> dy_Z, AZ_m{b pÒWoV _| [nadV©Z H$m Km{VH$ h° Am°a Zmar gep∑VH$aU H$s oXem _| A¿N>m [p„bH{$eZ, ZB© oXÎbr& ‡`mg h°& 9. e_m©, ‡{_ ZmamÙ VWm gßOrd Hw$_ma Pm (2004) _ohbm gep∑VH$aU Edß g_J´ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 odH$mg, ^maV ]wH$ g|Q>a, bIZD$& _ohbmAm| H$s AmoW©H$ ÒdVßÃVm Bibliography H´$. AmoW©H$ ÒdVßÃVm Amd•pÀV ‡oVeV ò Agarwal, Bina (1968) Conceptualizing Women's Studies: Some Note (Mime) 1 Òd`ß ¤mam IM© 10 20% ò Agarwal, Sushila (1988) Status of Woman, Print Well 2 [nadma ¤mam IM© 20 40% Publisher, Jaipur. ò Ahooja, Krishna Patel, S.Vina Devi and G.A. Tadad (1999) 3 Òd`ß H$_m H{$ IM© 8 16% Women and Development, Har Anand Publication, New 4 [nadma [a oZ^©a 12 24% Delhi. Hw$b `m{J 50 100% ò Altekar, A.S. (1959) The Position of Women in HIndu Civilization, Motilal Banarsidas Publication, Delhi. $C[`w©∑V VmobH$m H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ [a `h Vœ` gm_Z{ Am`m h° oH$ ò Bakshi, S.R. (1987) Gandhi and Status of Women, Criterion [hb{ H$s VwbZm _| AmO _ohbmAm| _| AmoW©H$ ÒdVßÃVm ¡`mXm X{IZ{ _| Am Publication, New Delhi. ahr h°& `⁄o[ C[`w©∑V VmobH$m AZwgma 12 AWm©V 24% _ohbmEß AmoW©H$ ò Bela, Raj (1999) The Legal and Political Status of Women in India, Mohit Publications, New Delhi. _m_bm| _| AmO ^r [nadma [a oZ^©a h° [aßVw o\$a ^r 10 AWm©V 20% ò Chawla, B.R. (1981) Women and Social Change in India, _ohbmEß Òd`ß IM© H$aZ{ H$m AoYH$ma aIVr h° VWm 16% Òd`ß _{hZV H$aH{$ Heritage Publications, New Delhi. IM© H$a ahr h°$& C[`w©∑V VmobH$m AZwgma `h Vœ` gm_Z{ Am`m h° oH$ ò Dash, L.N. (1993) Women: Family Life and Rural Welfare, dV©_mZ _| ]h˛V ]∂S>m [nadV©Z X{IZ{ _| Am`m h° oH$ AmO _ohbmEß AmoW©H$ Manak Publications, New Printing Press, Delhi. Í$[ g{ ÒdVßÃ h˛B© h°& ò Devendra, Kiran (1985) Status and Position of Women in India, Shakti Book Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. odÌb{fU Edß oZÓH$f©:- ò Devi, Satnam (1987) Women in Rural Development, Mittal C[`w©∑V VmobH$mAm| H$m A‹``Z H$a oZÓH$f©V: h_ H$h gH$V{ h° oH$ Publication, Delhi. J´m_ oVÎbm°a IwX© _ß{ J´m_rU _ohbmAm| H$m gm_moOH$ ÒVa Om{ gm_m›` Wm ò $Oo∂S>`m, ‡^mdbr (2003) oh›Xy Zmar : H$m`©erbVm ]XbV{ Am`m_, dh Vm{ Dß$Mm CR>m hr h° gmW hr e°joUH$ ÒVa ^r Dß$Mm CR>m h°& _ohbmEß AOw©Z [p„bqeJ hmD$g, ZB© oXÎbr& AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ ÒdVßÃ h˛B© h° VWm _ohbmAm| _| oejm H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm ò H$[ya, ‡o_bm (1976) H$m_H$mOr ^maVr` Zmar, amO[mb E S> gßg, X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b ahr h°& _ohbmEß Jmßd H$s gm_moOH$ JoVodoY`m| VWm ZB© oXÎbr& amOZ°oVH$ JoVodoY`m| _| ohÒgm b{Vr oXImB© X{ ahr h°& CZH$m{ [nadma _| ò _m{oV`mZr, [wÓ[m (1998) _ohbm odH$mg H$s ZB© oXemEß, H$Zm©dVr gÂ_mZ VWm gh`m{J o_bm h°, d{ Òdmdbß]r Edß AmÀ_oZ^©a h˛B© h° VWm [p„bH{$eZ, Ah_Xm]mX & Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 214 _roS>`m H$m ]mOmarH$aU Edß _yÎ`hrZVm S>m∞. ]r.EZ. [Q{>b * S>m∞. lroZdmg o_l **

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Kwna`{ Z{ OmoV H{$ BoVhmg H$m{ Mma `wJm{ß- d°oXH$ H$mb, BgobE Bg{ Ò_•oV `wJ ^r H$hm OmVm h°& Bg `wJ _{ß `mkdÎ∑` gßohVm, CŒmma-d°oXH$ H$mb, Y_©emÒÃ H$mb Am°a dV©_mZ H$mb _{ß ]mßQ>m h°& 333 odÓUw gßohVm, [mamea gßohVm Am°a ZmaX Ò_•oV H{$ AmYma [a odo^fi dUm} d°oXH$ H$mb- `h H$mb B©gm g{ 200 df© [yd© g{ b{H$a 600 df© [yd© _mZm H{$ H$V©Ï` oZYm©naV oH$E JE& Bg `wJ _{ß Xm{ _hÀd[yU© odH$mg hwE oOZg{ OmVm h°& F$Ωd{X Am°a ]´m˜U J´ßW Bg H$mb H{$ ‡_wI J´ßW h¢& Bg `wJ _{ß OmoV H{$ g°’mßoVH$ Edß Ï`mdhmnaH$ [jm{ß [a ‡^md [∂S>m& EH$ Va\$ ]´m˜Um{ß g_mO Mma dUm}- ]´m˜U, joÃ`, d°Ì` Am°a ey– _{ß ]ßQ>m hwAm Wm& Bg `wJ H$m XmZ X{Z{ H$r [odÃVm Edß _hÀd [a Om{a oX`m J`m Am°a Xygar Am{a _{ß ]´m˜U, joÃ`, d°Ì` Am°a ey–m{ß H$r CÀ[pÀV g•oÓQ> H{$ aMo`Vm ]´˜m H{$ [wZO©›_ Am°a H$_© H{$ og’mßV H$m ‡oV[mXZ H$aZ{ g{ ]´m˜Um{ß H$m _hÀd ]∂T>m odo^fi AßJm{ß g{ _mZr J`r& E{gm _mZm Jm oH$ _mZd g•oÓQ> H$r aMZm H{$ obE Am°a OmoV-Ï`dÒWm gw—∂T> hwB©& Xygar Am{a eyXm´{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß Am°a oJamdQ> ]´˜m Z{ A[Z{ _wI g{ ]´m˜U, ]mhwAm{ß g{ joÃ`, CXa g{ d°Ì` Am°a [°am{ß g{ ey– Am`r `⁄o[ O°Z Am°a ]m°¤ Y_© H{$ ‡^md H{$ H$maU ey–m{ß H{$ ‡oV emÛH$mam{ß CÀ[fi oH$E& 444 Bg `wJ _{ß BZ dUm}, _{ß H$R>m{aVm Zht Wr& Bg `wJ _{ß dU© e„X _{ß Hw$N> CXmaVm Am`r& d°Ì`m{ß Am°a ey–m{ß H$m{ EH$ hr l{Ur _{ß aIm J`m ∑`m{ßoH$ H$m ‡`m{J aßJ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m Am°a Mma dUm} H{$ Mma aßJ _mZ obE JE, Xm{Zm{ß H$r CÀ[pÀV A[{jmH•$V A[odÃ AßJm{ß g{ hwB© h°& AZwbm{_ Am°a ‡oVbm{_ O°g{, ]´m˜U H$m{ Ìd{V dU© H$m, joÃ` H$m{ a∫$ dU© H$m, d°Ì` H$m{ [rV dU© oddmh H{$ H$maU Bg `wJ _{ß OmoV`m{ß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>r& Bg `wJ _{ß OmoVJV H$m Am°a ey–m{ß H$m{ H•$ÓU dU© H$m _mZm J`m& Bg `wJ _{ß dUm} [a [{e{ H$m ^r [{em{ß H$m{ _m›`Vm Xr J`r, oH$›Vw Xygar OmoV H{$ Ï`dgm` ^r A[ZmE JE& H$m{B© ‡oV]ßY Zht Wm Am°a EH$ dU© H$m Ïò∫$ Xyga{ dU© H$m [{em A[Zm Bg `wJ _{ß OmoV H$m{ g_mO H$m AmdÌ`H$ Am°a Òdm^modH$ AßJ _mZm J`m gH$Vm Wm& Bgr ‡H$ma g{ oddmh-gß]ßYr ‡oV]ßY ^r Zht W{ Am°a EH$ dU© Am°a OmoV-gßJR>Z H$m{ ]ZmE aIZ{ H{$ obE AZ{H$ ‡`ÀZ oH$E JE& 777 H$m Ïò∫$ Xyga{ dU© _{ß oddmh H$a gH$Vm Wm& g_` H{$ gmW-gmW Bg `wJ dV©_mZ H$mb- `h H$mb ^maV _{ß AßJ´{Or am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm g{ b{H$a _{ß Mmam{ß dUm} Z{ OmoV H$r ode{fVmEß J´hU H$aZm ‡maß^ H$a oX`m Wm d{ ÒdmV›Ã`m{Œmma H$mb VH$ _mZm OmVm h°& Bg `wJ _{ß OmoV _{ß AZ{H$ [nadV©Z AbJ-AbJ gm_moOH$ BH$mB© H{$ Í$[ _{ß gro_V hm{ MwH{$ W{ Am°a CZH{$ ]rM hwE Am°a H$B© C[OmoV`mß AoÒVÀd _{ß Am`t& Bg H$mb _{ß OmoV _{ß [nadV©Z CÉVm Edß oZÂZVm H$m H´$_ ^r V` hm{ MwH$m Wm& dUm} H{$ gßÒVaU _{ß ]´m˜Um{ß H$m{ B©gmB© Y_© VWm Z`r AmoW©H$ Am°a amOZroVH$ Ï`dÒWm Z{ ‡^modV H$r oÒWoV gdm}É Wr, CgH{$ ]mX joÃ`, d°Ì` Am°a ey–m{ß H$r&555 oH$`m& AßJ´{Or emgZ H$mb _{ß [yßy∞OrdmXr Ï`dÒWm H$m lrJU{e hwAm Am°a CŒma-d°oXH$ H$mb- `h H$mb B©gm g{ 600 df© [yd© g{ B©gm H$r Vrgar CgH{$ gmW Am°⁄m{JrH$aU Edß ZJarH$aU ]∂T>m& OmoV-Ï`dÒWm H$m{ J´m_rU eVm„Xr VH$ _mZm J`m h°& Bg H$mb _{ß VrZ ‡H$ma H$m gmohÀ` o_bVm h° Om{ H•$of-Ï`dÒWm [a AmYmnaV g_mO Z{ ‡l` oX`m Wm& [y∞OrdmXr Am°⁄m{oJH$ OmoV H$r JoVerbVm [a ‡H$me S>mbVm h°& ‡W_, dh gmohÀ` oOg_{ß Ï`dÒWm Z{ Cg AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ g_m· H$a oX`m& emÛH$mam{ß Z{ OmoV`m{ß _{ß Am`m} H{$ gm_moOH$ OrdZ gß]ßYr oZ`_m{ß Edß AmXem}ß} H$m CÎb{I oH$`m oOg Dß$M-ZrM H$m{ O›_ oX`m AßJ´{Or am¡` _{ß ]Z{ H$mZyZm{ß Z{ Cg{ g_m· H$a J`m h°& Xygam, am_mÙ Am°a _hm^maV H$m gmohÀ` Am°a Vrgam, ]m°¤ oX`m& B©gmB© Y_© H{$ ‡^md H{$ H$maU H$B© gwYmadmXr Am›Xm{bZ hwE& gmohÀ`& `h `wJ ]´m˜Um{ß Edß joÃ`m{ß H{$ ]rM gßKf© H$m `wJ Wm& Bg `wJ H{$ Am°⁄m{JrH$aU Edß ZJarH$aU H{$ H$maU ZdrZ [{em{ß H$m O›_ hwAm& Bg `wJ gmohÀ` _{ß dUm} H{$ gmW-gmW dU©gßH$a OmoV`m{ß H$m ^r CÎb{I oH$`m J`m _{ß OmoV Am°a [{e{ H$m gß]ßY Qy>Q>m& A›VOm©Vr` oddmhm{ß H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ o_bm& * ‡m‹`m[H$ g_mOemÒÃ, emgH$r` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Va CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 217

[oÌM_ H{$ Ïò∫$dmX, CXmadmX Am°a am{_mßg H{$ odMmam{ß Z{ d°ò∫$H$ ÒdVßÃVm oddmh H$hbmVm h°& BgH{$ od[arV oZÂZ dU© H$m b∂S>H$m O] CÉ dU© H$r H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m& Bgg{ ‡{_-oddmh Am°a A›Va-OmoV oddmh ]∂T{>& AßJ´{Or b∂S>H$r g{ oddmh H$aVm h° Vm{ Cg{ ‡oVbm{_ oddmh H$hV{ h¢& Om{ bm{J OmoV emgZ-H$mb Z{ OmoV-[ßMm`V H{$ Xmà{ H$m{ gro_V H$a oX`m, oddmh, A›Vod©dmh H{$ oZ`_m{ß H$m CÎbßKZ H$a oH$gr Xygar OmoV _{ß oddmh H$a b{V{ VbmH$ d ›`m` H{$ H$m`© A] OmoV [ßMm`V H{$ ÒWmZ [a ›`m`mb` H{$ h¢, C›h{ß OmoV ¤mam ]ohÓH•$V H$a oX`m OmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma g{ A›VOm©Vr` AoYH$ma-j{Ã _{ß Am JE& Bg ‡H$ma AßJ´{Or emgZ-H$mb _{ß E{gr ‡oH´$`mEß oddmh H$aZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$ EH$ Z`r C[OmoV H$m oZ_m©U H$a b{V{ h¢& AoÒVÀd _{ß Am`t oOZH{$ H$maU OmoV-‡Wm H$r O∂S{>ß ohb J`t& ÒdVßÃVm H{$ *** OmoV-‡Wm _{ß h_{ß gßÒVaU H$r Ï`dÒWm X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h° oOgH{$ ]mX ^maV _{ß Y_©-oZa[{j am¡` H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB©& OmoV d ‡OmVßÃ H$m{ AZwgma g^r OmoV`m{ß H$m{ CÉVm Am°a oZÂZVm H{$ H´$_ _{ß aIm J`m h°& Bg odam{Yr _mZH$a Bg{ g_m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$mZyZr ‡`mg oH$E JE& gßodYmZ Ï`dÒWm _{ß g^r OmoV`m{ß H$r EH$ oZpÌMV gm_moOH$ ‡oÒWoV h°& O] H$m{B© _{ß OmVr` ^{X^mdm{ß H$m{ g_m· H$a oX`m J`m& oZÂZ OmoV`m{ß H$m{ gm_moOH$, oZÂZ OmoV `m C[-OmoV `m CgH$m H$m{B© g_yh OmoV _{ß hr H$m{B© odoeÔ>> Am°a AmoW©H$ d amOZroVH$ gßajU Edß AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$E JE& OmVr` gßJR>Z _hÀd[yU© C[-OmoV ]ZZm MmhVm h°, `m [hb{ g{ od⁄_mZ oH$gr CÉ OmoV ]Z{, CZ_{ß amOZroVH$ M{VZm Am`r Am°a CgH$m amOZroVH$ _hÀd ]∂T>m& _{ß goÂ_obV hm{Zm MmhVm h°, V] ^r OmoV _{ß odI S>Z H$r ‡oH´$`m ‡maß^ hm{Vr OO_mZr gß]ßY oeoWb hwE Am°a gßJoR>V hm{H$a gßÒH•$oVH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m h°& oZÂZ Am°a _‹`_ l{Ur H$r OmoV`m{ß H{$ [nadma CÉ [Xm{ß H$m{ ‡m· H$a A[Zm ¤mam oZÂZ OmoV`m{ß Z{ gßÒVaU _{ß Dß$Mm CR>Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m& 888 [wamZm OmVr` Zm_ ]XbH$a, CÉ OmoV g{ Ow∂S>Z{ H$m ‡`mg H$a ah{ h¢& OmoV-Ï`dÒWm H{$ ‡maßo^H$ Ï`dÒWm, bjU Am°a CZ_{ß hm{Z{ dmb{ oZaßVa *** odo^fi C[OmoV`m{ß ¤mam g_mZ Ï`dgm` A[ZmZ{ g{ EH$ÃrH$aU CVma-M∂T>md H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ hr h_ dV©_mZ g_` _{ß OmVr` CÀ[fi hm{Vm h°& Bgr ‡H$ma g{ OmoV H$m H$m{B© g_yh A[Z{ [aÂ[amÀ_H$ M{VZm H$m odÌb{fU H$a gH$V{ h¢& OmoV e„X AßJ´{Or ^mfm H{$ H$mÒQ >'Caste' Ï`dgm` H$m{ À`mJ H$a CgH{$ ÒWmZ [a H$m{B© ZdrZ Ï`dgm` J´hU H$a e„X H$m oh›Xr AZwdmX h°& AßJ´{Or H{$ 'Caste'H$r Ï`wÀ[pÀV [wV©Jmbr b{Vm h° Vm{ `h g_yh AmJ{ MbH$a EH$ C[OmoV H{$ Í$[ _{ß odH$ogV hm{ OmVm ^mfm H{$ 'Caste' e„X g{ hwB© h° oOgH$m AW© _V, od^{X VWm OmoV g{ ob`m h°& ZdrZ Ï`dgm` A[ZmZ{ H{$ [rN{> g_mO _{ß CÉ ‡oÒWoV ‡m· H$aZm ^r OmVm h°& `h b°oQ>Z e„X 'Caste' g{ ^r KoZÓR> Í$[ g{ gß]ßoYV h° oOgH$m hm{Vm h°& Bgg{ odI S>Z H$r ‡oH´$`m oH´$`merb hm{Vr h°& AW© dßemZwH´$_U [a AmYmnaV EH$ ode{f gm_moOH$ g_yh g{ hm{Vm h°& Bg * O] H$m{B© OmoV AWdm CgH$m H$m{B© g_yh AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ gÂ[fi hm{ ‡H$ma OmoV H$m AW© EH$ ode{f AmZwdmßoeH$ g_yh g{ hm{Vm h°& OmoV- OmVm h° Vm{ dh A[Zr OmoV g{ [aÂ[amÀ_H$ gß]ßY Vm{∂S> b{Vm h° Am°a g_mO Ï`dÒWm ^maVr` g_mO H$r AmYma^yV ode{fVm h°& O] gm_moOH$ ÒVar _{ß CÉ [X Am°a ‡oVÓR>m ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE EH$ Z`r C[OmoV H$m oZ_m©U H$a b{Vm h°& O] ^r H$m{B© OmoV g_•’ hm{ OmVr h°, Vm{ dh [hb{ g{ l{ÓR> OmoV H$aU H$_© H{$ AmYma [a Z hm{H$a O›_ H{$ AmYma [a hm{Vm h° Vm{ Cg{ OmoV hm{Z{ H$m Xmdm H$aZ{ bJVr h°& H$hV{ h°& BgH$r gXÒ`Vm O°odH$r` CŒmamoYH$ma g{ oZpÌMV hm{Vr h°&999 *** gßÒH•$oVH$aU Edß ]´m˜UrH$aU Z{ OmoV`m{ß _{ß odIßS>Z Am°a EH$ÃrH$aU Bg ‡H$ma OmoV EH$ E{gm gm_moOH$ g_yh h° oOgH$r gXÒ`Vm O›_ H$m{ ]∂T>mdm oX`m h°& gßÒH•$oVH$aU dh ‡oH´$`m h° oOgH{$ ¤mam H$m{B© oZÂZ [a AmYmnaV hm{Vr h° Am°a Om{ A[Z{ gXÒ`m{ß [a ImZ-[mZ, oddmh, [{em oh›Xw OmoV `m OZOmoV `m H$m{B© ]m˜ g_yh oH$gr CÉ Am°a ‡m`: o¤O Am°a gm_moOH$ ghdmg gß]ßYr AZ{H$ ‡oV]ßY bmJy H$aVm h°& dV©_mZ g_` OmoV H$r oXem _{ß A[Z{ aroV-nadmO, H$_©H$m S>, odMmaYmam Am°a [’oV _{ß OmoV-Ï`dÒWm H$m{ AZ{H$ eo∫$`m{ß Z{ ‡^modV oH$`m h° Am°a OmoV H$r H$m{ ]XbVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma g{ CÉ OmoV`m{ß H$r OrdZ-odoY, ImZ-[mZ, AZ{H$ ode{fVmEß [nadoV©V hm{ aht h¢& OmoV-‡Wm _{ß gßÒVaU H$r Ï`dÒWm [hZmdm, ahZ-ghZ, aroV-nadmO Am°a ‡WmAm{ß H$m AZwH$aU H$a oZÂZ [m`r OmVr h° oOg_{ß ‡À`{H$ OmoV H$m ÒWmZ oZYm©naV h°& g°’mßoVH$ —oÓQ> g{ OmoV`mß O] CÉ ‡oÒWoV ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m ‡`ÀZ H$aVr h¢, V] ^r OmoV- EH$ Ïò∫$ A[Z{ OrdZH$mb _{ß OmoV Zht ]Xb gH$Vm ∑`m{ßoH$ BgH$r ‡Wm _{ß odI S>Z Am°a EH$ÃrH$aU H$r ‡oH´$`m oH´$`merb hm{Vr h°& gXÒ`Vm O›_ g{ oZYm©naV hm{Vr h° AWm©V≤ Ïò∫$ oOg OmoV _{ß O›_ b{Vm Bg ‡H$ma h_ X{IV{ h¢ oH$ OmoV-‡Wm _{ß odI S>Z Edß EH$ÃrH$aU H$r h°, OrdZ-[`©›V Cgr H$m gXÒ` ]Zm ahVm h°& `h g] Hw$N> hm{Z{ H{$ C[amßV ‡oH´$`m gX°d JoVerb ahr h° Om{ oH$ OmoV H$r JoVerbVm H$m ^r gyMH$ ^r ^maV _{ß OmoV`mß oÒWa Zht ahr h¢, CZ_{ß JoVerbVm Am°a [nadV©Z H$r h°& OmoV-‡Wm gm_moOH$ JoVerbVm H$r odam{Yr ahr h° o\$a ^r g_`- ‡oH´$`m gX°d MbVr ahr h° Am°a H$^r EH$ gß[yU© OmoV Vm{ H$^r CgH$m EH$ g_` [a Bg_{ß JoVerbVm oXImB© X{Vr ahr h°& g_H$mbrZ ^maV _{ß Vm{ g_yh `m Aße OmVr` gßÒVaU _{ß D$[a `m ZrM{ H$r Am{a J_Z H$aVm ahm h°& [nadV©Z H$r ZdrZ eo∫$`m{ß Z{ Bg{ Am°a ]∂T>mdm oX`m h°& A] OmVr` oZ`ßÃU EH$ _wª` OmoV H$m Qy>Q>H$a odn^fi C[OmoV`m{ß `m C[-C[OmoV`m{ß _{ß ]ßQ> oeoWb hwE h¢ Am°a OmoV H{$ ÒWmZ [a Ïò∫$ H$m _hÀd ]∂T>m h°, Bgg{ ^r OmZ{ Am°a odo^fi C[OmoV`m{ß ¤mam EH$ OmoV H$m Zm_ J´hU H$a b{Z{ H$r gm_moOH$ JoVerbVm _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& AmO OmoV H$m{ gm_moOH$ JoVerbVm ‡oH´$`m EH$ E{oVhmogH$ Vœ` h°& BZ ‡oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ odI S>Z `m o]Iamd g{ _{ß gm_m›`V: ]mYH$ Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm, ∑`m{ßoH$ Ïò∫$ H$r gm_moOH$ VmÀ[`© EH$ OmoV H$m odo^fi C[OmoV`m{ß `m C[-C[OmoV`m{ß _{ß od^mOZ ‡oÒWoV H{$ oZYm©aU _{ß A›` H$maH$m{ß H$m ^r gm[{j _hÀd ]∂T>m h¢& 121212 101010 g{ h°& Bg ‡oH´$`m g{ Z`r C[OmoV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U hm{Vm h°& OmoV ‡Wm _{ß gßX^© gyMr * 1. AÂ]{S>H$a, ]r.Ama. : H$mÒQ> BZ BßoS>`m, ObßYa ^r_ [oÃH$m [nadoV©V [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ ob`{ odI S>Z Edß EH$ÃrH$aU H{$ H$maUm{ß H$m ‡H$meZ, 1977 * 2. Kwna`{, Or.Eg. : H$mÒQ> E S> a{g BZ BßoS>`m, [m∞[wba ‡H$meZ, CÎb{I S>m∞. E_.EZ. lr-oZdmg Z{ Hw$N> o]›XwAm{ß ¤mam Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m h°-111111 ]m∞Â]{, 1969 * 3. Kwna`{, Or.Eg. : VX°d * 4. Kwna`{, Or.Eg. : VX°d * 5. Kwna`{, * oh›Xw g_mO Ï`dÒWm _{ß ]´m˜U, joÃ`, d°Ì` Am°a ey–, Mma dU© Or.Eg. : VX°d * 6. Kwna`{, Or.Eg. : VX°d * 7. Kwna`{, Or.Eg. : VX°d * 8. Kwna`{, _mZ{ JE h¢& ‡W_ VrZ dUm} H$r A[Z{ dU© H{$ AoVna∫$ A[Z{ g{ ZrM{ H{$ g^r Or.Eg. : VX°d * 9. H$d}, BamdVr : Ïhm∞Q> BO H$mÒQ>, oX BH$m{Zm∞o_H$ drH$br, 1958 * 10. lroZdmg, E_.EZ. : gm{of`b M{›O BZ _m∞S>Z© BßoS>`m, `yoZdog©Q>r Am∞\$ H°$ob\$m{oZ©`m dUm} g{ oddmh H$r ‡mMrZH$mb _{ß ÒdrH•$oV Wr& dh oddmh oOg_{ß EH$ CÉ ‡g, bm∞g EßoOobg, 1966 * 11. lroZdmg, E_.EZ. : VX°d * 12. lroZdmg, E_.EZ. dU© H$m b∂S>H$m A[Z{ g{ oZÂZ dU© H$r b∂S>H$r g{ oddmh H$aVm h° AZwbm{_ : _m{o]obQ>r BZ Xr H$mÒQ> ogÒQ>_, oeH$mJm{ [p„bqeJ Hß$[Zr, oeH$mJm{{, 1968 Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 218

Manju Kapoor's Difficult Daughters : A Personification of New Women

Dr. Amitabh Dubey * Women, the creator of the world, are not treated on at par new women who have been carrying the burden of inhibition with men in the society they are portrayed as meek and since ages and want to be free now. Confined in the socio- submissive, who play a subservient role to father, husband, cultural surroundings they suffer inwardly. The writer clearly or son. Since independence, many Indian women novelists shows the dilemma of women who carry the burden of being in English have presented woman as the central concerns in female as well as the added responsibility of being mothers their novels. It is a matter of great pride that Indian Women's to members of their own sex. In the traditional social milieu fiction has come into its own and is recognized as literature of the novel where mothers and daughters exist, marriage is with a substance. Over the past few decades women have regarded as the ultimate goal and destiny from which these contributed significantly to life and literature by interrogating women cannot escape. Knowledge and speech are and exploring their own lives and that of other women. Today considered as undesirable and dangerous traits for women. Indian Women's fiction is dealing with multiple issues Manju Kapur succeeds in presenting the real picture of women concerning self and society. And much of women's writing is in a male-dominated society. Her female protagonists are primarily a critique of social justice and equality in a patriarchal mostly educated aspiring individuals caged within the confines society. A woman's quest for identity and redefining herself of conservative society. Their education leads them to finds reflection in their writings. independent thinking, for which their family and society Women's Studies have gained believability as a subject and become intolerant towards them. Them struggle between a mode of enquiry. Unraveling their private spheres it has tradition and modernity. also exhibited the inner dreams, desires and dilemmas of It is their individual struggle with family and society through women. The Western literary tradition has left an indelible which they plunge into a dedicated effort to carve an identity impression on English writing in India. Today feminist literary for themselves as qualified women with faultless backgrounds. theory has emerged as a significant body of criticism focusing The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as women caught on the multiple aspects of the woman question. Sherry in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and the Ortner looks at "the universal devaluation of women...by yearning to be a part of the political and intellectual movements postulating that women are seen as closer to nature than of the day. Their free spirits are curbed and all they do is men (who are) seen as...occupying the high ground of culture. 'adjust, compromise and adapt' 3 The culture/nature distinction is itself a product of culture..."1 Manju Kapoor's Difficult Daughters is the story of young the thrust of her argument is that woman is granted a status woman, named Virmati born in Amritsar into an austere and inferior to man. This has deeper implications as it not only high minded household. The story tells how she is torn circumscribes and restricts her function but also devalues between family duties, the desire for education and ellicit woman. It is also believed that woman is incapable of making love. This is a story of sorrow, love and compromise. It choices she has to follow the culture of obedience. The image displays a very compulsive and a creative conviction. The of women in fiction has undergone a change during the last very title of the novel 'Difficult Daughters' is an indication to four decades. Women writers have moved away from the message that a woman, who tries in search of an identity, traditional portrayals of enduring, self-sacrificing women is branded a difficult daughter by the family and the society toward conflicted female characters searching for identity, as well. The protagonist is a rebellious daughter who no longer characterized and defined simply in terms of their embraces education and career as an alternative to arranged victim status. In contrast to earlier novels, female characters marriage. Virmati makes tentative moves into independence from the 1980 onwards assert themselves and defy marriage but in fact makes very few choices for herself and yearns for and motherhood. 2 Recent writers depict both the diversity of a conventional life with her lover. Her lover 'The Professor' (as women and the diversity within each woman, rather than he is primarily referred to) is a selfish and domineering limiting the lives of women to one ideal. They make society character, binding Virmati to him when it would be kinder to aware of women's demands, and in providing a medium for let her go and preferring the romantic ideal to the real woman. self-expression and, thus, re-writing the history of India. He is as domineering as her family, albeit with different values, Manju Kapoor, recipient of the Commonwealth Writer' and her interest in education is largely shaped by what he Prize for Best First Book (Eurasia region) Difficult Daughters, wants her to become. Virmati is likeable but often frustrating, has a significant contribution in this direction. The women in an intelligent woman letting everyone else control her life-a the novels of Manju Kapoor seem to be the personification of problem which isn't neatly solved. These complications mad * Head, Dept. of English Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Sagar (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 219 the novel far more interesting. totally alienate her from her family and she fails to create a In the character of Virmati's daughter Ida, once again we see space for herself for which she had been striving all alone. a conflicting situation in which a woman fails to relate to her Perhaps it is this inability of Virmati to strike independent mother's life. She also does not sympathize with her mother's roots and grow and forces Ida to remark 'the one think I had past. In Virmati, Ida finds a woman she would never like to wanted was not to be like my mother. be.Virmati's thirst for knowledge is stifled by her foolish This shows that feminism is the consequence of the culture decision to love. She too is trapped in the bogey of sexual of society shaped and governed by men to suit their needs immaturity and subservience. As a mother to her siblings and interests regardless of the basic needs and happiness she comes across as extremely caring and dutiful. Torn of women. The aspiration of Virmati is condemned to failure, between duty and desire, loving and knowing, responsibility thanks to the incomprehension she receives from both her and restraint her intrinsic vitality and enthusiasm can do little own family and that of the man she marries-but also thanks to make her happy. In Manju Kapoor's novels woman sexuality to her won mistakes, for no-one obliged her to marry who is a "domain of restriction, repression and danger" and for a became her husband, and she was free not to make the man it is "domain of exploration, pleasure and agency." 4 choice she did. Gur Pyari Jandial (2003), correctly points Denial and freedom are seen as contradictory to each other. about the unfruitful attempt of Virmati: 'what is necessary is And freedom for women is never a question of choice. It is to to break the patriarchal mould, and for Virmati to have tried 7 be fought for. Women have either you give it up and continue to do that in the forties was a great achievement'. living like a stifled toad or rebel and snatch it . Even if they do The novelist has portrayed her protagonists as woman caught so they have to be ready to live with a permanent sulk, anger in the conflict between the passions of the flesh and a yearning and guilt. Though the novel doesn't seem to profess or to be a part of the political and intellectual movements of the propagate feministic outlook yet there is an undercurrent of day. The women of India have indeed achieved their success feministic autonomy and separate identity. Vandita Mishra in half a century of Independence, but if there is to be a true comments in The Pioneer: "Kapoor never permits Virmati female, independence, much remains to be done. The fight any assertion of power of freedom. Because even as she for autonomy and separate identity remains an unfinished breaks free from old prisons, she is locked into newer ones. combat and a million dollar question. Throughout this novel Her relationship with the Professor, for instance....Even years declaration by Ida echoes that she doesn't want to be like her mother and wants to assert her autonomy and separate of studying and working alone do not give her the confidence identity. She refuses to do any compromise as her mother to strike independent roots and grow...Eventually, marriage did. The concluding lines of the novel reiterate Ida's rejection to the man of her choice in no triumph either...5 of Virmati not as a mother but as woman. Virmati has to fight against the power of the mother as "This book weaves a connection between my mother and well as the oppressive forces of patriarchy symbolized by me, each word-brick in a mansion I made with my head and the mother figure. The rebel in Virmati might have actually my heart. Now live in it, Mama and leave me be. Do not exchanged one king of slavery for another. But towards the haunt me anymore." 8 (Kumar 108) Ida, who grew up struggling end she becomes free, free even from the oppressive love of to be a model daughter, does not have the heart to reject her husband. Virmati never corresponds to the age old tradition Virmati, the mother but her head, the rationale, rejects her but makes Ida to fit in the channel of the family. In her futile as a woman, after having an insight into Virmati's past. Thus attempt she tries to keep her under control. But Ida emerges Manju Kapoor's 'Difficult Daughters' is a feminist discourse a woman of no passion. Virmati was a difficult daughter for where the quest for emancipation is represented in a very her mother and Ida is for her. Sumita Pal rightly focuses on immature stage, keeping in mind the Indian context. the autobiographical nature of the novel: References: "Like Virmati, Manju Kapoor was born in Amritsar and teaches 1. Ortner B. Sherry. Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture? (In in college. Her family was victim of partition and was Arya- woman, Culture and societeyed. Roasaldo and Lamphere) Stanford, Smajis like Virmati's family...Manju Kapoor admits that she 1947.P83-84. herself has been a difficult daughter for her mother whose 2. Ahmad Aijaz, In Theory. Delhi, 1994. 3. Mayur Chhikara, Manju Kapoor's Difficult Daughters: A Saga of Feminist priority was marriage and she, in turn wants her daughters to Autonomy and Separate Identity, in language in India, vol.-10-2010 have good jobs". 6 4. Vance Carol Pleasure and danger: Exploring female sexuality.Boston, 1984. But one can clearly see that whenever Virmati tries to assert 5. The Pioneer. New Delhi: 1 August, 1998. her autonomy and separate identity, she is repulsed and 6. Pal, Sumita. "The Mother-Daughter Conflict in Manju Kapur's Difficult Daughters" Indian writing in English in the New Millennium. Edited by ordered to be part of the contemporary society, its culture R.K. Dhawan. New Delhi:I.A.E.S., 2000. and rituals by psychotherapy of the Professor. Thus Virmati 7. Jandial, Gur Pyari. 'Evolving a Feminist Tradition: The Novels of Shashi dares to cross one patriarchal threshold, she is caught into Deshpande and Manju Kapur'. In Atlantic Literary Review [Delhi], 4.3.2003 (awaiting publication). another, where her free spirit is curbed and all she does is 8. Kumar, Gajendra. Indian English Literature:A New Perspective. New adjust, compromise and adapt. She is a loser whose acts Delhi: Sarcup and Sons, 2001. Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 220

The Message of Environmental Conservation from Kalidas's Abhigyan Shakuntalam.

Dr. Sumanlata Gupta *

The priest; and time's dividers, moon and sun; Abstract - Conservation of environment for the existence The all embracing ether, path of sound; of human beings is very essential. Since time immemorial The earth, wherein all seeds of life are found; poets, dramatists and writers have sung praises of wild And air, the breath of life:… (Prologue) expanse in their literature. In Kalidas's Abhigyan 'The fine elements - earth, water, light, air and ether exist in Shakuntalam we find nature working in close harmony with the proportion in the Universe and if their quantity or quality is human life as well as there is a reflection of human feelings disturbed, the whole cosmic structure would be disturbed. Our and aspirations. All the seven acts of the drama give the scriptures give divinity to nature and ask us to conserve it.' 4 message that we should conserve this beautiful nature as Kalidas loves nature deeply without doing any harm to it. it is the part and parcel of our life. Prologue of the play shows the beautiful description of Keywords : Environment , conservation, harmony, feelings summer season in the song of the actress: Abhigyan shakuntalam,hermitage. The Message of The Siris - blossoms fair, environmental conservation from Kalidas's Abhigyan With pollen laden, Shakuntalam. Are plucked to deck her hair 'Nature has been so kind to man. Ever since its appearance By many a maiden, on the earth's surface man has been dependent on nature for But gently; flowers like these his subsistence. He needed edible plants and animals. He Are kissed by eager bees. (Prologue) identified these natural gifts available around him and learnt Kalidas 's deep love for nature is revealed in the above stanza. to use them. Everything that comes from nature has some Handsome maids gather the Siris flowers to deck their hair utility for man. Land, sun sine, wind, forest and wildlife were but without doing any harm as well as these flowers are kissed present much before the appearance of man on the earth.' 1 by the eager bees without harming them. Most king loved to Forest and wildlife are essential for ecological balance of an hunt, but it was disapproved of by Brahmins, and hunting is area. Forest are important components of our environment. forbidden in the sacred grove where the ascetics live. King Conservation of environment appeal "to the respect for life, a Dushyanta is chasing a spotted deer, but suddenly there is reverence for the living world, a sense of intrinsic value in a voice - O, king! this deer belongs to the hermitage; Please nature and a concept of divine creation." 2 do not kill this. 'Since time immemorial poets, dramatists and writers have Why should this tender form expire, sung praises of wild expanse, forests, rivers, mountains birds As blossoms perish in the fire? Act I and the whole of majestic nature. Pristine environment has Here kings arrows are cruel in the context of hermitage. He been one of the major sources of inspiration.' 3 gives the message of preservation of wildlife which gives us Kalidas has been hailed as poet of the nature. He is able to grew us happiness and love. Even 'the trustful deer do not capture the vibrant aspects of nature with his keen run away as we draw near' Act I observation and make them the lovely backdrop of his plays. Beauty of forest is inherent in Shakuntala. She is an integral The play Abhigyan Shakuntalam has its setting amidst part of flora and fauna; beautiful forest and gives the message of environmental Her arms are tender shoots; her lips conservation. Are blossoms red and warm; The Benedictory stanza in Abhigyan Shakuntalam reveals Bewitching youth begins to flower in beauty on her form. Act I the powerful images of nature. Great kings are often portrayed as destroyers of demons not 'Eight forms has Shiva, Lord of all the King; of animals. Here also Dushyanta has no desire for hunting. And these are water, first created things; For I am not able to bend this strung bow; And the fire, which speeds sacrifice begun; The bow is strung, its arrow near;

* Professor English, Govt. S. G. S. P. G. College, Ganjbasoda Distt. - Vidisha (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 221

And yet I can not bend And rub them till you rest more easily ? Act III That bow against the fawns who share King Dushyanyta feels happy after mating with Shakuntala: Soft glances with their friends. Act II No sooner did the thirsty bird Vicinity of hermitage is not in hunting but let they enjoy their life. With parching throat complain; The horned buffalo may shake Than farming clouds in heaven stirred The turbid water of the lake; And sent the streaming rain. Act III Shade - seeking deer may chew the cud, When Shakuntala goes back with Gautami Dushyanta wants Boars trample swamp - grass in the mud. Act II to get solace in the lap of Nature: Kalidas was the priest of beautiful nature, We see here The flower - strewn bed whereon her body tossed; preference for the natural over the cultivated. When clown The bracelet, fallen from her arm and lost; ridicules the king for having chosen to desire a hermit girl The dear love - missive, in the lotus - leaf than the woman in his palace, like that of a man who lost Cut by her nails:… Act III taste for dates and long for sour tamarind. Beauty of hermitage A beautiful picture of dawn has been painted by Kalidas gives is more appealing than the beauty of the kingly palaces: the message of vicissitude of life: She seems a flower of whose fragrance none has tasted, The moon behind the western mount is sinking; A gem uncut by workman's tool, The eastern sun is heralded by down; A branch no desecrating hands have wastage, From heavens twin lights, Their fall and glory linking, Fresh honey, beautiful cool. Act II Brave lessons of submission may be drawn. Act IV There is nothing in this world without love. Dushyanta's intensely The simultaneously rising and setting of the two luminaries romantic encounter with shakuntala takes place amids nature. of heaven offers a lesson to the people of the world regarding ' Cooling salves were used in high summer, vicissitudes of their life. And again : And can also signify that the user is burning with passion.' 6 Night - blooming lilies, when moon is hidden, Dushyanta's love for shakuntala is like water that flows straight Have naught but memories of beautiful life. Act IV from a level land to a deep valley. He is so overwhelmed by And again: love that - The moon that topped the loftiest mountain ranges; ' Moon darts fire from the frosty beams; That slew the darkness in the midmost sky, Thy flowering arrow cut and sting; Act III Is fallen from heaven, and all her glory changes; Shakuntala usually spends intensely hot noon on the bank So high the rise, So low at last to die ! Act IV of river Malini where there are bower of creepers, Dushyanta And again: also feels pleasant in the lap of nature: On jujube - trees the blushing dew drops falter; He feels the breeze stirring. Act III The peacock wakes and leaves the cottage - thatch; This is a pleasant spot, with the wind among the trees: A dear is rising near the hoof marked alter, Limbs that love fever seizes, And stretching, stands, the days new life to catch. Act IV Their fervent welcome pay 'Kalidas's Knowledge of nature is not only Sympathetic, it is To lotus - fragrant breezes also minutely accurate. Not only are the snows and windy That bear the river spray. Act III music of Himalayas, the mighty current of the sacred Gangas, With this Kalidas has proved that intensity of feeling love is his possession; his too are smaller streams and trees and more powerful amids natural environment than palaces of every lift lest flower.' 7 kings. Dushyanta and Shakuntala both are suffering the acute Our daily needs are fulfilled by this nature. Flora and fauna pain due to love - provide us each and every thing to survive upon this earth. In Though love torment you, slender maid, Abhigyan Shakuntalam also - Yet he consumes me quit One tree bore fruits, a silken marriage dress As Day light shuts night blooming flowers That shamed the moon in its white loveliness; And slays the moons out right: Act III Another gave us lac - dye for the feet; Healings from the pain of love is also Possible through nature, From other fairy hands extended sweet 'Shell I employ the moistened lotus leaf Like flowering twigs, as far as to wrist, To fan away your wearing and grief ? And gave us gems, to adorn her as we list. Act IV Or take away your lily feet upon my knee There for we should take care of natural environment as Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 222 shankuntala did - Although the days are warm; Act VI Seen II O trees of pious grove, in which the fairies dwell, King Dushyanta says to Metali that on account of our quick She would not drink till she had wet descend plains appear to melt: Your roots, sisters duty, nor pluck your flowers; she loves The plans appear to melt and fall you yet From mountain peaks that grow more tall; Act VII Far more then selfish beauty. Act IV " It is hardly true to say that Kalidas Personifies rivers and ' Indian spirituality is all about showing respect to all living mountains and trees; being - animals, trees, rocks, and even water and lead a to him they have a conscious individuality as truly and as positive and healthy life. It is believed that the super creator certainly as animals or men or Gods. Fully to appreciate has put each one of us in this world for a purpose and that Kalidas's poetry one must have spent some weeks at least purpose is to be a compassionate caring and loving to one among mountains and forests untouched by man; there the another. The great Indian spiritual personalities and gurus conviction grows that trees and flowers are indeed individuals, have played an important role in spreading the message of fully conscious of a personal life and happy in that life. The love, care and the need for positive living all over the world.' 8 return to urban surrounding makes the vision fade; yet the This nature has life. It weeps with our sorrows and laughs memory remains, like a great love or a glimpse of mystic with our sufferings. Shakuntala is parting for husband's home. insight, as an intuitive conviction of a higher truth." 10 Nature is bidding farewell - Living in the hustle - bustle of everyday life, when one goes The grass drops from the feeling doc; amides nature, new energy evokes from within. If kalidas The peahen stops her dance; has its setting in concrete palaces without flora and fauna, Pale, trembling leaves are falling slow, impact would not be that appealing. What appeals to all of The tears of clinging plants. Act IV us in this drama is its environment. This gives universal This nature is full of human relations. Shakuntala while parting message of environmental conservation. This nature is divine approaches the vine and embraces it. She wants father Kanva and if we pollute it, we'll disobey divinity. to send word when the female deer delivers young one. She Environment conservation is a very strong and powerful moves to tears at the unwillingness of the young deer to part message from Abhigyan Shakuntalam. Love for literature is from her. There is not a living being in the entire hermitage an evergreen technology to conserve environment. that does not feel grieved to bid good bye. Even the bird References And Backgrounrd Reading: Sheldrake does not respond to the call of his male: 1. Sharma, P.D. 2004. Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications The Sheldrake does not heed his male Shivaji Road, Meerut- 250002 India - Page 315 Who calls behind the lotus - leaf; 2. Ibid - Page 628 3. Tiwari Shubha. A message of Environmental Conservation from the He drops the lily from his bill world of literature. Boloji.com And turns on you a glance of grief. Act IV 4. Ibid. Nature is very powerful. It works day and night without any 5. Kalidas : The loom of Time, Panguin Books. Study guide for kalidas rest for the welfare of human beings: : The recognition of Shakuntala. Act II The sun unyokes his horses never; 6. Ibid. Act III Blows night and day the breeze; Act IV 7. Kalidas, translation of Shakuntals and other works, by Arthur W. Ryder ( London: J.M. Dent, 1920) Chapter : Introduction Kalidas - 'Rarely has a man walked our earth who observed the His Life And Writings. phenomena of living nature as accurately as he, though his 8. http://www.iloveindia.com/wildlife/wildlife conservation.html. accuracy was of course that of the poet, Not that of the (spirituality) scientist.' 9 9. Kalidas,Translation of Shakuntala And Other Works, By Arthur W. Nature obeys kings commands: Ryder (London: J.M. Dent, 1920 ) Chapter : Introduction Kalidas His The mango branches are in blooms, Life And Writings. 10. Ibid Yet pollen does not form; 11. Shakuntala : A Play In Seven Acts Translated By Arthur W. Ryder. The cuckoo's song sticks in his throat, 12. Ibid.(All the quotations related to this play are taken from this edition.)

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 223

Concepts Of Tradition And Modernity In The Novels Of Shashi Deshpande

Prof. Mamta Garg *

Change is the law of nature. 'Old order change the yielding second generation Indian women novelists have shifted from place to new.' When everything undergoes through a portraying women as meek and humble to the portrayal of transformed stage, the sociological conditions of the society the world of conflicted women characters searching for identity also change with the rapidly changing scenario and the writers not ready to yield before the male- dominated world. K. V. are primarily concerned to describe the changed conditions Sunderam observes in this context, "There has been a very of their time in their writings. slow evolution in women's writing to come to its own. This Shahshi Deshpande is one such famous writer in the may be owing to several reasons like a lack of education, contemporary time who is engaged in the task to present a their social and familial obligations, tradition of child marriage, social world of changing values. She describes in her novels child bearing and child rearing etc. History has ignored and the juxta position of many complex relationships where both submerged their contributions, the critics have dismisses the traditions and modernity co- exist. In her novels both the their works and its aesthetics on the ground that they were males and females live together representing themselves in concerned with a limited world of experience because they different fields, very closely connected to their set codes of were more confined to their domestic duties and liabilities." lives. Due to old traditions bound world which governs them, The image of women in fiction has transformed like anything an unforeseen gap is created among themselves which now. And a number of novelists like Anita Desai, Shashi ultimately affects the family ties and proves disastrous. The Deshpande, Bharti Mukherjee and several others have novels of Shashi Deshpande deal with the issues and themes retaliated to Indian life on one hand and Indian women in which originate from the situations of women standing at the particular. The attitude of Indian women from submission and crossroads of transitional society, changing from traditional negation to assertion and affirmation has been presented in to modern. In a very sensitive manner, Shashi Deshpande their novels of second generation women novelists. With their touches the predicament of women caught between her keen expertise, these novelists have shattered the myth regarding desire to realize her own self and the dominance of patriarchy. the issue that women find fulfillment in marriage; rather Her young heroines rebel against the traditional way of life feminine psyche has been portrayed differently by them. and patriarchal values. They can't remain silent sufferers rather If Shashi Deshpande presents the weaknesses of women, with a spirit of defiance handle their own situations. The words, simultaneously she presents the strengths also of women. very closely associated with the paragon of ideal women like She has described as is observed by Dhawan- "Vulnerability 'sacrifice', 'patience', 'self-denial', 'devotion' etc, may be of women. The Power of women. The deviousness of women. meaningful for certain women characters like Sarita in 'The The helplessness of women. The courage of women." Dark Holds No Terror' who is always underestimated, or for No aspect related with women has been left untouched by Indu, Mini and Akka in Roots and Shadows, but Jaya in That Shashi Deshpande. She has probed the inner psyche of Long Silence can't afford to be a scapegoat. Mira, in The women. That's why Atray and Kirpal observe in this context, Binding Wine, disdains the way her mother has been "Shashi Deshpande's novels electrically employ the surrendering herself to her husband without realizing her own postmortem technique of deconstructing patriarchal culture identity. and customs, and revealing these to be man-made The condition of women has changed over the centuries. A constructs." reasonable new perception of women has emerged in the It won't be an exaggeration to say that Shashi Deshpande present time. The patriarchal culture which considered women has done the postmortem of the patriarchal system. Because as inferior and inefficient is over. Women are no longer meek of her these concerns she has been called a Feminist, though and submissive. She is a liberated woman enjoying her own she resents being called so, as she herself has stated: "Is rights as an individual and also as a 'Human Being'. So the writing by women only for women... When I sit down to write,

* Asst. Prof. in English, Govt. Narmada P.G. College, Hoshangabad (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 224

I am just a writer. My gender ceases to matter to me… We which is above all these roles and gives meaning to one's are different, yes, but once again the factors which unite us life. Saru undergoes great humiliation and neglect as a child are far more important than the gender differences which divide when her parents discriminate between male and a female us….. I'm a novelist, I write novels, not as a piece of work child. And after her marriage when she gains a high social that intends to propagate feminism." status than her husband Manohar, it proves to be a bolt from On another occasion again, she refutes being labeled the blue for her husband as it hurts his ego. His inferiority exclusively as a feminist. She writes: "My writing has been complex frustrates him and indulges in sexual sadism which categorized as 'writing about women' or 'feminist writing'. In has been vividly portrayed by Shashi Deshpande. This attitude this process, much has been missed. I have been denied exhorts Saru to leave her husband's home and leads to her the place and dignity of a writer who is dealing with issues transformed self. that are human issues, of interest to all humanity." Major novels of Shashi Deshpande trace the quest of self- So it is a serious mistake to call Shashi Deshpande purely definition of woman who is educated and modern. Roots and as a feminist because she has explored the Human Psyche Shadows, That Long Silence, The Binding Wine, A Matter of and not merely the feminine psyche. The art of Shashi Time trace the shift from traditional concepts to Modernity Deshpande as a writer lies in the fact that she selects those where women's urge for "inner freedom" has been projected. situations which are very close to the Indian women and all They accept their roles with a new awakening. Prasanna Indian women start identifying themselves with those Sree views Indian women like this: situations. But whatever may be, simultaneously, we can't "The Indian Women- She is the one who is torn between ignore the reality that issues related with the women are the tradition and modernity, she is one who is in search of self- pressing concerns of Shashi Deshpande, where both the sides identity, and she is the one who tries to give shape and content of womanly figures are projected in her novels. If she has to (her) individual existence in a sexist society." been presented as a victim of a number of atrocities inflicted In Roots and Shadows, Indu too emerges as a woman with upon her by the society, as a victim of tortuous physical, rebellious spirits like Sarita. In spite of being bid by Akka, mental and emotional agony; she has also been presented she liberates herself from the traditional role of a wife and as a changed person, having voice of their own, having the mother. Though she gets married with Jayant with her own capacity to make free choice, without following the choice of will but this marriage proves a failure which makes her to feel their male counterparts. Betty Fridman holds the view that as if she is hanged till death. Over dominance of her husband caught between the two worlds, women also need to define chokes her breath which is reflected in these lines. She says, themselves, their place in the society and their relationship. "When I look in the mirror, I think of Jayant. When I dress I He states: think of Jayant… Always what he wants, what he would like, "For a women, as for a man, the need for self fulfillment- what would please him…? Have I become so fluid, with no autonomy, self realization, independence, individuality, self- shape, no form of my own" She goes beyond what Elaine actualization- is as important as the sexual need, with as Showalter calls the "Female Phase" which is a phase of serious consequences when it is thwarted." self- discovery, a turning inward freedom from the dependent In Indian Writing in English, Shashi Deshpande is a strong or opposition, a search for identity." voice to present the conflict between traditional and Modern The quest for liberation and emancipation of women is the attitudes of women. Her protagonists refuse to sacrifice their dominant theme of the novels of Shashi Deshpande's writing. individuality for the sake of upholding the traditional role She depicts how in our Indian set up women are reared in a models laid down by society for women. But they attempt to specific way since their childhood; they are trained to behave resolve their problems by a process of temporary withdrawal. with a special code of conduct. They are reminded recurrently In The Dark Holds No Terrors (1980), Sarita returns to her about their being 'WOMEN' and are injected with the values paternal home to escape from the sadistic attitude of her of sacrifice, forbearance and modesty. They are indoctrinated husband Manohar. And this withdrawal proves to be a blessing to with hold, conceal and suppress their real self. Even our in disguise as it is only at this stage when she realizes about traditional society, deeply under the precepts of Manu doesn't her individuality and the fact that being an individual she also grant a woman separate identity apart from that of a daughter, has certain expectations of life which need to be fulfilled. wife or mother. But Shashi Deshpande's women characters She doesn't have to play merely the role of a mother, wife, in the contemporary changing scenario revolt against these sister and daughter. Rather there is something more important prescribed role models. Standing at the cross currents of Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 225 traditional ideals and modern ones, they embrace the changed best to set the things right for every suffering woman. She values and refuse to be the victims of patriarchal traditions, gets the poems of her mother-in-law published and even social taboos, outdated religious customs and excruciating admonishes Vaana, for her humbleness and exhorts her to values of their ancestors. They feel an urge to redefine their be more assertive. role and consequently emerge Phoenix like from the ash of In A Matter of Time Sumi though dies in sudden accident, traditions with Modern concepts of freedom and selfhood. but she remains resolute to begin her life in a new way as a Jaya in That Long Silence is a convent educated English teacher and a writer, having a lot of creativity and a new speaking lady with a literary taste. Mohan gets married with confidence. The crises change the picture in her life and the Jaya due to her this quality which he considers to be an dormant woman lying within her gets awakened and ultimately asset to raise his social status and not her personal trait. He decides to explore her hidden talent. curbs her individuality and makes her to act according to his Shashi Deshpande has portrayed the world of women in her own wishes. She cuts her hair short because Mohan wants novels. Their Odyssey which constitutes the enforced various her to. She can be friendly only with those people whom roles leading thereby to suppression, subjugation and Mohan likes. He even gives her new identity by changing her dislocation has been aptly depicted by the novelist. But name from 'Jaya' to 'Suhasini', because 'Jaya' means victory another side of the coin is that women have immense potential and 'Suhasini' means a docile submissive woman. Once Jaya for self actualization. How the women conquer their being pregnant, repulses with the odor of cooking oil and predicament and reveal themselves in full colors by making asks Mohan to cook which is something unmanly to him. It the society aware that their mind and vision can't be denied leads to the quarrel between the two and Jaya responds in to them, is pertinent in the modern context. Words of Virginia bad temper which is shocking to Mohan. He argues," My Woolf in A Room of One's Own apparently are relevant: mother never raised her voice against my father, however "There is no gate, no lock, and no bolt that you can set upon badly he behaved to her." the freedom of my mind." According to Shashi Deshpande, there is a sharp division Shashi Deshpande has explored the psyche of females with between the female world and male world, with which women the same approach. Main concern of the novelist is to present can never come at par. Beauvoir exhorts women to gain the dilemma of the modern woman oscillating between the autonomy to explore and nurture their authentic self through dichotomy of the traditional and the modern concepts. But self- realization. Jaya in That Long Silence gains this ultimately they conquer their psychic upheaval by deciding awareness when Mohan gets involved in a financial to adhere to their SELF and liberation and also from negation malpractice and she is forced to hide with Mohan in their old to assertion. Like Phoenix, they appear to be completely Dadar flat in Bombay. It is here Jaya contemplates her 'The Newly Born Woman' at the end of their odyssey. childhood and her past life. Loneliness and isolation become Works Cited for her means to self knowledge and contentment. If there 1. Atrey, Mukta and Viney Kirpal. Shashi Deshpande: A feminist study had not been any such crisis in her life, she would never of Her Fiction. New Delhi: B.R.Publishing Corporation.1998 have pondered about herself. Adele King opines: 2. Deshpande, Shashi. Roots and Shadows. New Delhi: Penguin.1983 "Jaya finds her normal routine so disrupted that for the first 3. Deshpande, Shashi. The Long Silence. London: Virago.1988 time she can look at her life and attempt to decide who she 4. Deshpande, Shashi. The Binding Vine. New Delhi: Penguin.1998 5. Dhawan, R.K.ed. Indian Women Novelists Vol.V. New Delhi: prestige really is." Books.1991 Her suffering initiates the process of transformation in her. It 6. Friedman, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. Harmondsworth: leads her towards self- revelation through writing. She gets Penguin.1971 aware that in order to be free from emotional turmoil she 7. King, Adele. Effective Portrait. Debonair. June.1988 should continue to write. She becomes more assertive now 8. Showalter, Elainc. A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists and abandons her traditional role and clings to modernism. from Bronte To Lessing. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Shashi Deshpande's women characters, though, bound by Press. 1977 the shackles of tradition, ultimately overcome it and emerge 9. Surendran, K.V. Indian Women Writers: Critical Perspectives. ed. as a NEW BEING with independence and with a spirit of Swarup and Sons.2007 defiance. Urmi in The Binding Wine appears to be the most 10. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. Harmondsworth. Middlesex rebellious of Deshpande's woman protagonist who tries her England. Penguin.1967

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Interpreters and Translators : A Profession Enhancing Business Relations.

Ms. Vanashree Godbole *

Effective communication in business is all about translating spoken or written words into another language. communicating constructively with other people. It includes They are the ones who enable the clients and business being able to support and encourage others, being able to partners who do not speak the same language to give and receive constructive criticism and negotiation. In communicate. These translators and interpreters provide the business world, using interpreters to overcome the different services. In communication 'Interpreters' deal with language barrierhas become a necessity. Even if there are verbal communication while 'Translators' deal with written common languages between businesses people, Interpreters communication. Translators and interpreters also assist in are still preferred for a number of reasons, as:- cross-cultural communication among businesses by 1. Interpreters are trained professionals in specific converting written or verbal language into the target language. languages, meaning they can ensure communication They play a vital role in global business. Some of the between sides is as clear as possible. business areas in which translators and interpreters play a 2. Having an interpreter allows you to speak in your native key role are: Medical interpreters and translators: Localization language, ensuring you to express yourself successfully. translators, Specialized business translators, Conference 3. Using an interpreter helps to minimize possible expensive interpreters. misunderstandings. Language skills are must for a successful career in the 4. For tactical reasons in a negotiation an interpreter can international business world, combination of business, culture help you bide time to formulate responses. and language works together. Language component links 5. If properly briefed, an astute interpreter can help you with culture, people management, change management, HR, presentations and negotiations by working with you to personnel, or one of many other business skill areas. While achieve goals. in earlier times, the main focus was on the translation of 6. Interpreters assist in overcoming cross cultural differences literature into another language, but in today's globalised world, and can act as guides in cross cultural matters. the provision of a vast number of services is practically Language is socially constructed and therefore embedded in unthinkable without a whole team of translator. Economy, the culture. Understanding the embedded meanings requires technology, international legal relations or, like in the past, mastering of the language, a process that can be extremely the great world literature - without the expert knowledge and time consuming and difficult. Misinterpreting the words or linguistic skills of interpreters and translators to bridge the the cultural meaning associated with them may negatively gap between the languages and, consequently, in the cultures, affect the entire interchange. In the case of a business deal, there would be plenty of incomprehension. Interpreters work it may be a deal-breaker. Whereas, a good interpreter can at meetings and conferences, translate what is said within the become a major asset in a successful business venture. framework of business negotiations or before the court and Translating and interpreting are the art and the science of are on the stage alongside VIPs or politicians, where the latter converting one language to another, usually into the native face the media. Beyond this, it is not rare for interpreters to be language. Translators work with written materials and in charge of organizing an entire team including the interpreters deal with the spoken word. These roles require a corresponding technology for a conference, a sophisticated high level of fluency and varied vocabulary to convey meaning appearance and manner and a vast general knowledge are and capture the original intention of the topic, whether particularly important. Furthermore, careful preparations technical, commercial or literary. before the actual event are essential so that the interpreter Interpreters and translators are the experts when it comes to is absolutely familiar with the relevance of subject matter.

* Asst. Prof. of English, Maharani Laxmi Bai Govt. Girls P.G. College, Kila Bhavan, Indore (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 227

Interpreters have primarily two different ways of doing their software also provide translators with plenty of work. Especially job - either simultaneously or consecutively. The former refers fields like these call for a sound knowledge of the language to the almost simultaneous whispering of the spoken word patterns of the respective countries and, perhaps even more which can be done "live" or through the relevant technical importantly, in-depth know-how concerning the subject equipment. In the case of "live transmissions", the interpreter matter. After all, someone who attempts to translate a text is on the stage with the speakers; he is likely to be seated on semiconductor technology without understanding the somewhere else, ensuring that speakers and guests receive contents is not going to be able to deliver a high-quality the immediate translation through small device worn in the translation. ear. Consecutive interpreting means that the contents of a There are several important characteristics that comprise a speech are reproduced in the other language after the speaker good interpreter besides the one that is most obvious; being is finished; other modes of interpretations are Whisper, Relay, able to speak in English alongwith second language and Liaison. In whispered interpreting the interpreter sits or proficiently. Other qualities which an interpreter possess stands next to the small target-language audience whilst are Objectivity, Flexibility, Good Judgment Reliability and whispering a simultaneous interpretation of the matter to Integrity, High Motivation to Achieve, Good Physical and hand; this method requires no equipment, Relay interpreting Mental Health Excellent Recall/Memory, Skills and is usually used when there are several target languages. A Proficiency in English as well as different sign language source-language interpreter interprets the text to a language systems. common to every interpreter, who then .render the message Because the interpreting profession serves a population with to their respective target languages .Liaison interpreting varied communication needs and language proficiencies, involves relaying what is spoken to one, between two, or interpreters must be extremely versatile so that they can among many people meet the challenges that arise in interpreted situations. On the other hand Translators are in charge of the written Interpreters should not be viewed solely as language world. A qualified translator is expected to carefully analyze assistants. In addition to helping you overcome the language the text at hand, to keep in mind the purpose of the translation barrier they can also assist in many other areas such as and to subsequently produce a target group-oriented organization, formulating strategies and advising on cross translation. Therefore, it can be said that a translator not cultural differences. It is critical to see interpreters as not only needs to grasp the meaning of the individual words, but working for you but with you. must also take into an account of potential "hidden meanings" References:- and stylistic devices in order to understand and consider the ò Interpretation: Techniques and Exercises (Professional Interpreting respective background. Translators produce written in the Real World) by James Nolan (Oct 15, 20 ò Found in Translation: How Language Shapes Our Lives and translations of all kinds of texts from foreign languages into Transforms the World by Nataly Kelly and Jost Zetzsche (Oct 2, their mother tongue - or vice versa. Interpreters simultaneously 2012) or consecutively provide oral translations of the spoken word. ò Aquinas on Being and Essence: A Translation and Interpretation by Technical translations are assuming an increasingly bigger Joseph Bobik and St. Thomas Aquinas (Mar 31, 1988) ò The list of references include items those which are referred but proportion of the trade. User manuals for cars or technical not mentioned in the arcticle. equipment, documentations or the adaptation of computer

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Kamala Das'An Introduction : An Attempt to Assert The Feminine Identity Against Social Norms

Dr. M.P. Sharma *

the language of identity of a woman as a woman. Its regionalist Abstract - 'An Introduction' is one of the most remarkable title situated the poet away from the colony in the orient. and popular poem of Kamala Das. In this poem, the poetess The advent of a robust postcolonial was announced by concerns herself with the question of human dignity it. The poem begins with the following statement: and identity.It is an autobiographical piece where in she I do n't know politics but I know the names of those in makes a catego-rical introspective exposition of an average power, and can repeat the mlike Days of week ,or names woman or the girl child in the process of her growth and of months. development under oppressive and humiliating The poem starts in a significant way with the obvious implic circumstances is our cultural tradition.This lyric depicts at iontha the gemonic patriarchyh as kept women a way the experience of every female entering her pubescence from the gamut of politics as it does not expect them to be a descending dreams to a world of many social and familial ware of it . Mechanically, a woman can only repeat the names dictates. of the politician safter the irmale counterparts. The use of an The poem' An Introduction' is one of the most remarkable tithesishasits own purpose of ventilating the painful manner and popular poem. It is variously interpreted and applauded in which the politics of man and woman interpersonal as intensely autobiographical and. as the poet's aesthetic relationships are creating a harrowing unrest in her manifes to. It is one of the best poetic pieces from the pen introspective moments. of Kamala Das ; in which the fission and fusion of different "An Introduction" is such a great poem that it has been related themes with in the frame work off eminist cause, considered as one of the most brilliant poems ever written takes place with acinematic effect. Many of the the matic in indo English poetry. It encompasses the whole of dimensions and variations. of her poetry are sensitively Das's poetic journey including the obvious postcolonial and obliquely hintedin this poem. It can the refore, be agenda. This lyric shows a desire to make one understand conjectured that" An Introduction" is the most the workings of the feminine consciousness. It is concerned representative of her poetic genrethatis, the exclusive with the question of human identity. It effectively uses the feminist rebellion. confessional and the historical tone in order to highlight In "An Introduction " Kamala Das concerns her self with the the questions related to a woman or an Indian poet's identity question of human dignity an didentity. It is an in English; and colloquial rhythm and short emphatic line autobiographical initiation of her poetic verse where in she heightens the musicality of the poem. She asserts herself makes acategorical introspective exposition of an average as an individual and boldly declares that a poet as she woman or the girl - child in the process of her growth and herself is, has a right to write an any language. There is development under oppressive and humiliating circumstances poetic delicacy coupled with the stubbornness, expressing in our cultural tradition. The poetess attitude is conspicuously her anger in the manner in which Kamala Das substantiates proactive as opposed to the reactive attitude of main stream her argument. For instance : feminist. In fact, it is this proactive position that makes Why not leave Kamala Das a Third World Feminist. Me alone critics, friends, visiting cousins, We see in this poem that every attempt by patriarchy to Every one of you? Why not let me speak in marginalize her is rendered in effective by her persistent Any language I like? The language I speak refusal to change her ways. The poem is complexly Become mine, its distortions, its queerness 'structured, as it is about the growth of a poet's mind on All mine, mine alone. It is half English, half one hand while on the other hand it is about the growth of a Indian, funny perhaps, but it is honest feminist consciousness. It is a double theme and deals with It is an human as I am human..

* Head, Dept. of English, Govt. (P.G.) Autonomous College, Datia (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 229

Transforming her alienation from " critics, friends " and Kamala Das does not pretend unawareness about her cousins who advise her not to write in English into larger unique position as a feminist mouth piece. She is a self and more universal alienation being sexual,social and- conscious poet. Perhaps her uniqueness is asserted when artistic that seems to feature some of the best literature of she writes that her poems are: our age and is perhaps at the of ahy attempt at self exploration ...... the speech of the mind that is and self integration. These lines address to the feminist Here and not there, a mind that sees and hears and question of identity of a woman who is also a poet. It voices Is aware. Not the deaf blind speech her firm refusal to abandon English as an alien tongue and Of trees in storm or of monsoon clouds or of rain or the advocating the choice to use English language as a poetic Incoherent mutterings of the blazing medium, she identifies it as a vital and inseparable Funeral pyre. component of the Indian identity. This emphatic declaration Then comes the puzzling and embarrassing adolescence came in the wake of challenges to write poetry in English. and the pain of growth is revealed to her. Kamala Das She is the first woman poet to challenges the critics who impresses by being very much herself in all creative works, said and believed that Indians could not produce good especially poems. She presents the naked truth the places poetry in English. Regarding this context KamalaDas's own words boldly in such a manner in people have their no word are worth quoting; she says: oncomings. Her expression becomes dramatic,. Strongand I don't find it easy to write either in English or in against old images. She speaks about her bitter experience Malayalam. Languagehas been very difficult for of getting rejected in love; which was enough to shatter me.....Thoughts were there, but to cover themup, to all her adolescent dreams.She writes wrap them up in decent language is very difficult. I am I was a child, and later they discoveringa new language, trying to make a new Told me I grew, for I become tall, my limbs language, create it, which will suitme. Because I have Swelled and one or two places sprouted hair. When yet to find a language which can keep pace with I asked for love, not knowing what else to ask thinking. For, he drew a youth of sixteen into the Kamala Das surpasses all the possible linguistic convention, Bedroom and dosed the door. He did not beat me in creating her own language. The alliteration of the first But my sad woman body felt so beaten. person singular possessive pronoun mine accompanied The weight of my breasts and womb crushed me. by 'alone' indicates certain vehemence about this sense The creative urge leads to a confession of her experience as of possession. Thelanguage, with all its traits including a married woman, notknowing what marriage exactly is, the queerness and distortions gets absorbed into the and what does it demands of a woman. poetic consciousness leading to an emphatic identification One of the major theme ; is a lamentation for the lost of the poet with the language which comes to acquire for innocence of childhood and its surroundings. Her her honesty and humanity. The very heat and dust of her introspection thereby turns out to be a painful confession of humiliation in being sabotaged and relegated being in the her concerns with life, particularly as woman in the Indian world is directed towards the trenchant sexual or gender scenario. The fact is that, the poet's early marriage seems politics ingrained in our social and domestic conventions. to have given a rude jolt to her sensibility as a woman. For a Kamala Das moulds and re moulds the colonial and woman, her physicality seems to stand in the way of patriarchal layers of thelanguage by peeling it off. This establishing her identity. According to Juliet Mitchell, the become her most significant contribution to theevolution of tone of the poem appears to be hysterical: the post colonial feminine sensibility. In this context, what Hysteria is the woman's simultaneous and refusal of Eunice De Souza said isquite genuine, she says: the organization of Sexuality under patriarchal Woman writers owe a special debt to Kamala Das. capitalism. It is simultaneously what woman can do She mapped out the terrain for the post colonial both to be feminine and to refuse femininity. Within women in special and linguistic terms.Whatever her patriarchal discourse. vernacular oddities, she has spared us what in In order to revive the self from the humiliating experience, the somecircles, nativists and expatriates, is still poetess changes her dress,wears a shirt and trousers and considered mandatory : the politically correct "anguish" even cuts her hair shorts to neglect her womanliness. This of writing in English. very act seems to the categorizers as a rebellion against Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 230 male authority. Her desire to be with the male world on its burdens of growth. The absence of the sublime in the life of own terms, despite the family and ,social pressure to confirm the creatures is due to the incompatibility of the masculine to the traditional feminine role, is to have the freedom to be and feminine entities. In him the hunger haste of rivers that herself as a female. To quote her : has the basic suggestion at the thoughtless urgency of man Dress in sarees, be girl, who is an aggressive partner, and in me the oceans. Tireless Be wife, they said. Be embroiderer, be cook, waiting where the ocean symbolizes the profound manner in Be a quarreler with servants. Fit in, oh, which the female partner patiently awaits the arrival of the Belong, cried the categorizers. Don't sit river. Iqbal kaur states that, On walls or peep in through our lace- draped windows. The clue to understanding Das's poetry is the poem 'An Be Amy, or be Kamala...... introduction' which reveals her life philosophy basedon Choose a name; a role. the vedantic concept of 'Thou art me' (TwameVaham). Kamala Das is concerned with the question of the woman's Her own experience becomes Everybody's experience dignity and identity. Kamala Dasresents to the and Everybody else's experience become her own. categorizers when they said I fit in ' to all The poem culminates in a note of failure, disappointment circumstances. She is critical of the society, which and reconciliation: demanded of her to put on sarees as an Indian girlis expected Who are you, I ask each and every one, and be a wife. She was also married before she could The answer is, it is I. Anywhere and understand love and sex as per the practice prevailing during Everywhere. I see the one who calls himself those days. Thus, we see that Indian situations form a vital I. part of her poetry. It ends with the enumeration of unconventional roles of a Finally, the poem acquires a change in tone. The woman is not expected to play by categorizers. But every personal details begin to dissipate and give way to the woman has a self and the subjective need to call herself 'I', general and universal truth. The society binds the woman in notwithstanding normal, socio political categorization. On the the shackles and tells her to pretend like, a schizo or a poetry of Kamala Das which makes her sometimes victim bympho, even if she is not happy or contented with herself and sometimes crazy woman in whom we find an evaluating or her husband. Till here, the poem seems to be a mild reason, the quest for the identity of a woman as a woman satire on the male attitudes and the conventional gender goes a long way in making the self out of various disjunctive role assigned to a wife in terms of do's and don'ts.The psychometric pressures. remaining portion of the poem is a mild protest of a female Thus the lyric well depicts the experience of every female who aspires to have an identity of her own and earnestly entering her pubescence, descending dreams to a world of seeks it. Kamala Das realizes it ultimately that her many social and familial dictates. At first these anxieties experiences are the experiences of every woman and therefore lead to fear and then to anger, but they lead her finally to a she says: realization of the vanity of human existence, and a resultant …. I met a man, loved him. Call reconciliation. Him not by any name, he is every man Work cited Who wants woman, just as I am every 1. Kamala Das, ' An Introduction', Summer in Calcutta ; New Delhi: Woman who seeks love. In him…. The human Earnest Press, 1965 Of rivers in me……. The ocean's tireless Waiting. 2. Desouza Eunice, 'Nine Indian Women Poets' , An anthology; Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997 This lyrics is an attempt to assert the poet's individuality and 3. Nabar, Vrinda. ' The endless Female Hungers' , A study of Kamala feminine identity against social and cultural conformity. The Das Poetry; New Delhi , Sterling Publishers Pvt.Ltd. 1994 attempt, however, is dissipated to a large extent due to the 4. Naekar, Basav Raj [ed], Indian English Literature, Vol. III, Atlantic intrusion of extraneous sensibilities. The short lines used in Publishers and Distributors; 2002 the poem indicate an abrupt and annoyed reaction to the 5. Kaur, Iqbal [ed], 'Prespectives on Kamala Das's poetry', Intellectual Publishing House; 1975

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 231 Oughtths And Influences That Made The Frail Mohan Das- Mahatma Gandhi : An Overview Dr. B. Shrivastava * Much has been spoken and written on the life and thoughts The Gita, The Ramayana, The light of Asia left an everlasting of Mahatma Gandhi and it will be very difficult to write impression on him as he said, That renunciation was the something new which has not been attempted or said by the highest favour of religion appealed to me greatly. (The story scholars of Gandhi. Even so much has been written about of my life 35). his ideas his values and his personality, his experiences The Ramayan had become an "infallible remedy" for him. and experiments in life His satyagraha is not weapon of the weak or the meek. It In this paper, my endeavor is to take into account, Gandhiji's aimed to solve all the political and international problems thoughts his social, political, economic and religious concerns and to show the path of righteousness and sublimity to and the influences that worked as a potter's wheel to shape themankind. His thinking was not confined to the east or the Gandhi into Mahatma Gandhi - acclaimed as the most west north or south, neither was his thinking confined to the influential personality and the greatest man in the world. century in which he lived. He was a man who thought of the Basically Gandhiji was a socialist and his sole aim was the welfare of humanity as a whole . real services to mankind. The Whole world was home and its The age of Gandhi may be named the Gandhian Era due to people his family. He once said, "I love all mankind as I love its unprecedented national upsurge under his leadership which my countrymen because God dwells in the heart of every made the whole world acutely conscious of its present and human being and I aspire to realize the highest in the life its past and stirred it with new hopes for the future. Gandhi through the service of humanity (Gandhi's life 86)" His love had a tremendous working and organizing capacity. His was all embracing and universal, irrespective of the boundaries organizing capacity,his discipline and devotion to work were of caste, creed status and religion. This half naked frail man overshadowed by his popular image as a high priest of truth was the world's favorite. and non-violence. This organizing capacity made him an Truth and non - violence were Gandhi's flesh and blood and international citizen. He had two of he greatest disciples the breath of his life. He never harbored the feelings of anger Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan and Marlin Luther King. No proofs and hatred for anyone. He rarely visited temples because he are required to believe that the tenets of Gandhism or the believed that God lives in the hearts of the people. He believed elements of his thought are of global value and significance. in Hinduism as he believed in Jainism, Buddhism and In the words of lord Mountbatten he was one- man boundary Christianity. All religions were equally important to him and force; When gandhiji was shot dead by Godse Lord Casey their teachings has a deep influence on him. His religious remarked when this dreadful thing happened, a particular sort beliefs were based on the Upnishads and the Gita. He did of light went out of India. (lyengar 270). The world will always not enter the temples which banned the entry of the Harijans. remember the greatness of immortal Gandhi- The greatest He believed that God did not create man with the badge of man in the world after Christ" in the words of Dr. John Hayn superiority or inferiority'. He always condemned the practices Holmes and it is Gandhi who makes us proud forever to be of proxelytization. Indians. His muberous contemporaries were willing captivs The teachings of the Gita left a permanent impression on of his mysterious charm and powr and found it difficult to Gandhi's mind and soul. He believed that truth is an ultimate wriggle out of the brilliant spell of his charming personality reality. To him Truth is like a vast tree which yields more and and he exerts the same influence even today more fruit the more you nurture it (Gandhi's life 10). He was References :- the apostle of truth and non- violence. The influence of the 1. Kriplani, J.B. Gandhi, His Life and thought, Delhi; Publication Division new testament of the Bible was clearly visible in him, 2. Srinivas Gyengar, K.R.S. Indian writing in English, Delhi Sterling especially the Sermon on the Mount. Publication, 1983. But say unto you, 3. The story of my life, Ahmedabad Navjivan Publishing House, 1927 That ye resist not evil, 4. The story of my life Ahmedabad Navjivan Publishing House 1983 But wherever shall smite thee on 5. The survey of Indian English Novel - Dr. Satish Kumar 6. Mahatma Gandhi on Removal of Untouchability - Har Mohinder Singh, Thy right cheek, K.C. Saushik, S.R. Sharma - Publications Swaroop & Sons, New Turn to him the other also Delhi. And if any man take away the coat let him have thy cloak too" 7. Gandhian Strain in the Indian English Novel - Ambuj Sharma Publishers: (The story of my life 35) Swaroop & Sons, New Delhi. * Associate professor,English, S.L.P.Govt. P.G.College, Morar, Gwalior (M.P.) INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 232

Indian Words in Indian English Fiction

Dr. Sudhir Dixit *

Indian words have been making their way into the English expressions like 'the chutnification of history'. language from centuries, but with the rising popularity of Indian Shobha de also uses words as will be intelligible only people English novel in the west the use of Indian words has also familiar with Indian ethos. In her Socialite Evenings she uses, increased. When Indian writers started to produce creative 'a shudh vegetarian kitchen', 'kutcha roads', 'a paan-bidi shop', writing in the language of their rulers, they were humorously 'the raddiwalla' etc. compared with 'Matthew Arnold in a sari'. Nowadays the R. K. Narayan favours the growth of "a Bharat brand of English' comparison seems outdated and outrageous. Indian English with a Swadeshi stamp about it unmistakably. As Dr. Pathak writers are a potent force in Literature written in English. observes, "Indianization of English, however, is a linguistic Indian writers in English are conscious of the double burden fact, which cannot be wished away". on their shoulders, "The alps of the European tradition and Indianisms consist of the Himalaya of...their past". As they write in a foreign 1. the use of native Indian words in English, language, they have to handle their medium with extra care 2. literal translations of Indian expressions, idioms, sayings and command. As they happen to be Indian and their setting 3. hybridizations (e. g. Lathi stick, potato bonda) is more often than not Indian, they have to give Indian touch 4. the imposition of the syntax of the native language without to their writing. In the expression of Indian reality a writer doing great violence to English grammar cannot ignore Indian myths and Indian words, which are part 5. the imposition of the native speech rhythms on the English and parcel of the sub-continent psyche. This is why even the language spoken by the Indian characters. Britishers writing about India have to take recourse to Indian All the Indian writers writing in English are instinctively words mostly from Sanskrit, Hindi and Urdu languages. bilinguals. The English language as developed by these writers The setting of most of the Indian English novels is India, will realise 'the power of Indian inheritance, the complexity of though often these novelists also parallel the Indian setting Indian experience, and the uniqueness of the Indian voice'. with a western setting. It is normal to see the first part of the The Indian writers forged new words, new idioms and ney novel set in India, and the second in America or Britain and rhythms in their English. vice-versa. They consciously reoriented the English language and Indian literary writers have found that the King's (or, the synthesized Indian and European values in contemporary Queen's) English is inadequate for an Indian writer. As Mulk India. Indian words are introduced into English for the sake Raj Anand complains that in the Indian context English cannot of reflecting cultural undertones and overtones, to refer to fully express the verbal richness of Indian languages. Pure local realities, traditions and ways of feeling. English, for him, "seemed a completely unsuitable medium R. K. Narayan says, "we are all experimentalists....We are to interpret my mother's village Punjabi wit, wisdom and folly", not attempting to write Anglo-Saxon English....The English in which "there are inevitable echoes of the mother tongue". language is now undergoing a process of Indianization". Raja In search of an authentic expression of Indian reality, writers Rao points out that the major problem of Indian English writers have developed a variant of English which is popularly known is that "one has to convey in a language that is not one's as Indian English. In Indian English, Indian words are often own, the spirit that is one's own". used, sometimes because no English equivalent is to be The native Indian words which are most frequently used found and sometimes because the Indian word is simply more by Indian English writers are related to expressive and apt. 1. religion (Puja, bhajan, shastra, veda, purana, karma, According to Dr. R. S. Pathak, in his search for an authentic rishi, sadhu, sanyasi, swami) style, Mulk Raj Anand at times makes an almost literal 2. Dress (sari, dhoti, topee, khadi, kurta, jibba) translation of dialogues, culture-bound expressions like swear 3. Food (Barfi, jilebi, halwa, chapathi, idli, dosa, bonda, words and terms of abuse and so on, which might carry 'the roti, ghee, samosa) sound and sense of the original speech'. 4. Flora (Peepul, tulsi, neem, ashoka, motia) Rushdie also playfully adds the Indian touch to his writing in 5. Mythical names (Rama, Sita, Ravana, Shiva, Parvati,

* Head, Dept. of English, Govt. Narmada College, Hoshangabad [M.P.] INDIA Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 233

Krishna, Laxmi, Vishnu, Yama, Satyavan, Savitri, He who Rides a Tiger like "Sonar Bangla, Pronam, Sandesh, Narada, Arjuna, Natraja, Hanumana, Kama) Khoka". Nirad C. Chaudhuri mainly uses Indian philosophical 6. Festivals (Holi, Deewali, Dushara) & mythological words, for example in his Continent of Circle: 7. Daily use items (hookah, bidi, anna, paan, charka) "Sanatana Dharma, Dharma Yuddha, Karma-kanda, Nara- 8. Musical instruments (Tabala, Veena, Sitar, Sarod etc.) Pungava, Baglamukhi mantra". 9. Titles (Maharaja, Maharani, Mami, Appa, Amma, The use of Indian words in English is convenient as it is Zemindar, Saith, Vaid, Babu, Bania, Devadasi) difficult and awkward to give English synonyms for Hindi words 10. Freedom Movement (Satyagraha, bandh, jaloos, hartal, like 'soft, circular wheat cakes' for phulka and 'hard paper- Jai Hind, Vandematram) thin wheatcake' for papad as Louis Fischer does in Mahatma 11. Swear Words and abusive expressions (badmash, sala, Gandhi's biography. goonda, rape-mother etc.) Can we agree with Narsingh Srivastava's view that the Literal translation of idioms, proverbs and sayings has been nativization of English has no roots in the soil and it only used by Indian writers time and again. Raja Rao uses 'a serves decorative purposes 'like taking Indian leaves and traitor to one's salt-giver' when he wants to convey the full flowers for decorating English vases' and to merely add 'the meaning of the Indian word "Namak-Haraam". Mulk Raj flavour and the fragrance' to the story like Indian spice? The Anand uses the literal translations often in expressions like answer is obviously 'no'. Indianness in Indian English fiction "son of a pig" (Suar ka bachcha), "Why do you eat my head" is not merely decorative or ornamental; it is an essential (Mera dimag kyon kha rahe ho?), 'rats were running about in condition of the efficacious expression of Indian reality. his belly' (Uske pet mein chuhe daud rahe the), 'frogs in a As Ashok Kumar Sharma puts it, "the term Indianism can well' (Kupamanduka). be used as a label for an intended formal manipulation of Mulk Raj Anand makes use of extensive lexical borrowings English in order to make it an adequate mode of expression from Indian languages Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi and his is a of the exigencies and contingencies of Indian themes, context conscious attempt at Indianism.Anand also coins new words and scenario, particularly in literary communication". C. V. to realistically convey the mis-pronunciation of Indians, like Venugopal also asserts that Indianism tries to evolve a variant 'tation' for 'station', dagdar for 'doctor' and cirgut for ciggaratte. of English language 'capable of communicating the Indian Bhabani Bhattacharya at times uses Bengali words in his environment'.

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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_V ogßh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 246

Bg_{ß goÂ_obV h¢$& EH$ hOma df© g{ Bg ^y-^mJ _{ß Om{ ^r H$od `m gßV hwE H$r dmUr H{$ AZwerbZ g{ hm{ OmVm h°$& gah[m,AmR>dt gXr H$r aMZmAm{ß _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ gd©Wm A[Zr aMZmAm{ß Am°a C[X{em{ß H{$ obE qhXr ^mfm H$m ‡`m{J I∂S>r ]m{br H$r Í$[ ‡oH´$`m H$m ‡À`j Xe©Z hm{V{ h¢ V{ahdt gXr H{$ AßV _{ß oH$`m h° [aßVw ‡X{e ^{X g{ ‡maßo^H$ eVmo„X`m{ß _{ß qhXr H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß ^r ^{X A_ra Iwgam{ Z{ R{>R> J´mÂ` ^mfm _{ß Om{ oXÑr H{$ Amg[mg ‡X{e H$r ]m{br ahm h°$& Bg ÒdÍ$[ ^{X H{$ ahV{ hwE ^r AmO qhXr H$m{ oOg I∂S>r ]m{br Í$[ Wr, [h{ob`m± obIr h¢, gmohoÀ`H$ [naoZoÓR>V ^mfm H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a R{>R> H$m{ gd©_m›`Vm ‡m· hwB© h° Cg Í$[ H{$ ‡`m{J ^r qhXr g{ CX≤^d H$mb g{ hr J´m_dmgr _{ß obIZ{ H$m H$maU oXÑr _{ß _wgb_mZr gÎVZV H{$ Amaß^ H{$ gßVm{ß Am°a H$od`m{ß H$r aMZmAm{ß _{ß ‡m· hm{V{ h¢$& CZ gßVm{ß _{ß g{ H$m{B© o]hma, gmW emgH$ Am°a OZVm H{$ Amaßo^H$ gß]ßYm{ß H$m ‡^md Wm$& CZH$r [h{ob`m± ]ßJmb H{$ h°$& H$m{B© _hmamÓQ≠> d amOÒWmZ H{$ Am°a H$m{B© [ßOm] H{$ h¢$& gßVm{ß H$r AmO ^r qhXr H{$ _yb, Í$[ _{ß h¢$& ogßh ZmW[ßWr Edß A›` gßVm{ß H$r dmoU`m{ß dmUr H$m gß[H©$ A∑ga bm{H$dmUr g{ hr hm{Vm h°$& AV: gßVm{ß ¤mam ‡`w∫$ H$m{ X•oÔ>JV `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ AmO H$r qhXr H$m _yb I∂S>r ]m{br, ZmJar qhXr H$m I∂S>r ]m{br Í$[ CgH$r Ï`m[H$Vm H$m gyMH$ h°$& h_ gßVm{ß _{ß 8 dt Í$[ [ßOm] g{ _hmamÓQ≠> VH$ Am°a ogßY g{ o]hma,]ßJmb VH$ oH$gr Z oH$gr gXr H{$ gah[m AmoX (Mm°amgr og’m{ß) g{ b{H$a H$]ra 12 dt gXr H$r Í$[ _{ß A[Zm ‡^md \°$bm ahm Wm AWdm ^mfmAm{ß `m ]m{ob`m{ß _{ß `Ã-VÃ AdoY VH$ H{$ bm{H$ Y_© H$r H´$mßoV OJmZ{ dmb{ AZ{H$ gßVm{ß H{$ Zm_ AmV{ h¢$& CgH$r gŒmm H{$ Xe©Z hm{ OmV{ W{$& oOZ_{ß qhXrVa ‡X{em{ß H{$ ^r bm{H$o‡` gßV h¢ BZ gßVm{ß Z{ oOg ^mfm H$m ]Ó Am°a AdYr ^mfmAm{ß H{$ j{Ã H{$ ]mha I∂S>r ]m{br H$m ‡`m{J A›` ‡`m{J oH$`m h° Cg_{ß AmO H$r I∂S>r ]m{br H{$ ‡`m{J h¢ C›h{ß X{IH$a I∂S>r ^mfm H{$ gmW Am°a ÒdVßÃ Í$[ _{ß hm{ ahm Wm$& _hmamÓQ≠> H{$ N>Ã[oV oedmOr H{$ ]m{br H{$ bm{H$ Ï`m[H$ Í$[ H$m [Vm MbVm h°$& Zm_X{d _hmamÓQ≠> H{$ gßV h¢ `{ AmolV ^yfU,17dt gXr H$r H$odVm _{ß I∂S>r ]m{br H{$ ‡`m{J h¢$& g_W© 13 dt gXr H{$ od⁄_mZ W{$& 444 am_Xmg,17dt gXr H$r aMZmE± I∂S>r ]m{br _{ß h¢, JwOamV H{$ gßV XmXy,17dt [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr Or H$m H$hZm h° oH$ I∂S>r ]m{br H$m _yb Zm_ gXr Am°a H$od X`mam_,18dt gXr H$r I∂S>r ]m{br H$r aMZmE± o_bVr h¢$& ZmJar h°-ZmJar ^mfm H$m ‡`m{J _{aR> Am°a _wO‚\$aZJa H{$ Cg j{Ã _{ß O°g{ AmR>ahdt gXr _{ß ogßYw, JwOamV, [ßOm], C∂S>rgm, _hmamÓQ≠> gd©Ã I∂S>r ]m{br [yd© _{ß Wm d°g{ dV©_mZ _{ß ^r R>rH$ d°g{ hr ]m{br OmVr h¢ `⁄o[ A_ra gwIam{ _{ß gßVm{ß H$r aMZmE± obIr OmVr aht$& Am°a Zm_X{d H$r Hw$N> aMZmE± ZmJar H$r gd©‡W_ aMZm H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[b„Y h¢, oZÓH$f© `h h° oH$ gZ≤ 1820 H{$ ]mX 1900 B©. VH$ H$m g_` qhXr H{$ AV: CZH$r ^mfm H$m [wÓQ> Í$[ X•oÔ>JV hm{Vm h°$& Cg{ X{IV{ hwE `h AgßoXΩY _hÀd[yU© gßKfm~ H$m ahm h° oOg_{ß 19 dt gXr H{$ AßoV_ XeH$m{ß _{ß qhXr H{$ Í$[ g{ H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Bg ^mfm _{ß [hb{ g{ aMZm hm{Vr ahr h° Om{ AmßXm{bZ H$m{ _wInaV H$aZ{ _{ß AZ{H$ ‡oV^mdmZ bm{Jm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m _hÀd[y m© dV©_mZ _{ß C[b„Y Zht h°$& odH´$_ H$r 8 dt eVm„Xr _{ß Hw$_wX{›– _woZ H$m{ ahr$& qhXr H$r obo[ Am°a CgH{$ e„Xm{ß VWm AWm~ H$m CÉmaU Edß ]m{Y "^ydb`' J´ßW _{ß Ohm± CZ ^mfmAm{ß H{$ Zm_ oJZm`{ J`{ h¢ oOZ_{ß Cg J´ßW H$m BVZm d°kmoZH$ AWm©V≤ ghO h° oH$ qhXr H$r bm{H$o‡`Vm A[Z{ Am[ ]∂T>r$& [∂T>m OmZm gß^d h°, dhm± ZmJar H$m ^r CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h°$& Bgg{ hr `h Bg_{ß gßX{h Zht oH$ hOma df© [wamZr qhXr H$m{ bm{H$o‡`Vm H$r Ma_ gr∂T>r og’ hm{ OmVm h° oH$ AmO g{ 200 df© [yd© ^r AmO H$r ZmJar,H$r ‡ogo’ [a [h±wMmZ{ _{ß kmZr gßVm{ß H$r dmUr _{ß bm{H$dmUr H$m Í$[ X{H$a qhXr H{$ _wª` ^mfm H{$ Í$[ _{ß hr Wr$& ‡Mma-‡gma H$m{ JoV Xr$& [ßoS>V grVmam_ MVwd}Xr Or Z{ ZmJar H{$ odÒV•V j{Ã H$m ^r CÑ{I oH$`m gZ≤ 1900 VH$ qhXr H{$ ‡Mma-‡gma H{$ obE oOVZ{ ^r H$m`© hwE CZ_{ß h° CZH$m H$hZm h° oH$ oOg ‡H$ma AdYr, amOÒWmZr, ]Ó Am°a _°oWbr H{$ qhXr H$r ghO bm{H$o‡`Vm gmH$ma hm{ CR>r$& Bg ‡H$ma 1901 g{ 1950 ode{f j{Ã h¢, Cgr ‡H$ma ZmJar H$m ^r, [ßOm] Am°a amOÒWmZ H{$ S>m±∂S{> g{ VH$ H$r AdoY _{ß qhXr ^mfm Am°a ZmJar obo[ H{$ ‡Mma H$m AÀ`ßV Ï`m[H$ b{H$a _‹`‡X{e H{$ _‹` ^mJ _{ß hm{Vr hwB© C∂S>rgm H$m{ Ny>Vr hwB© o]hma H{$ [ydr© ‡`mg hwAm$& qhXr H{$ gßKf© H$r gßVm{f‡X g\$bVm gZ≤ 1950 _{ß ^maVr` N>m{a VH$ A[Zm hmW \°$bmH$a ^m{[mb H$r VamB© H{$ ZrM{ g{ AmH$a ^maV H$r gßodYmZ _{ß qhXr H{$ amO^mfm ÒdrH•$V hm{ OmZ{ g{ gm_Z{ Am`r$& 555 amOYmZr H{$ [pÌM_ [∂S>Z{ dmb{ gß[yU© ^y-^mJ H$m{ A[Z{ AßH$ _{ß ZmJar gßX^© gyMr - g_{Q> b{Vr h°$& 12 dt gXr _{ß JwOamV H{$ ‡og’ od¤mZ h{_Mß– Z{ og’ h{_ 1. oed[yOZ ghm`-qhXr Am°a qhXwÒVmZr, gmamße ‡H$meZ, 2000, Xna`mJßO ZB© Mß– "e„XmZwemZd' Zm_H$ J´ßW H$r aMZm H$r oOg_{ß{ gßÒH•$V H{$ gmW ‡mH•$V oXÑr [•ÓR> 14 Am°a A[^´ße H{$ Nß>Xm{ß H{$ CXmhaU oX`{ J`{ h¢$& Bgr ‡H$ma 14 dt gXr H{$ 2. 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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 247 CŒma AmYwnZH$ g_mO H$m H$m{bmhb -gßX^© aKwdra ghm` H$r H$ndVm

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* ‡m‹`m[H$ oh›Xr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 248

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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 249 Yyo_b : ‡hma Am°a [Xm©\$me H{$ H$od S>m∞. gwerb „`m°hma * g_H$mbrZ H$odVm H{$ ge∑V hÒVmja gwXm_m [mßS{>` "Yyo_b' H$m O›_ h_{ß CZH{$ H$mÏ` _{ß Am_ AmX_r H$r ^yI Am°a Am±gy oXImB© X{Vm h°& dh 9 ZdÂ]a 1936 H$m{ ]Zmag g{ ]mah oH$bm{_rQ>a Xya "I{dbr' Zm_H$ Jm±d _{ß X{e H$m oZ`m_H$ h°, H$U©Yma h°, oH$›Vw H$O© _{ß Sy>]m h°& emgZ Edß gaH$ma H$r hwAm Wm& CZH$m N>m{Q>m gm BbmH$m [mßS{>[wa H{$ Zm_ g{ ‡og’ h°& d{ oedZmW Mm]r CgH{$ [mg _{ß h°, [a›Vw H$R>[wVbr ]Zm h°& Am±I h°, [a CgH$r M_H$ [mßS{>` Am°a aOdßVr X{dr H{$ ¡`{ÓR> [wÃ h¢& o[Vm H{$ AmH$oÒ_H$ oZYZ H{$ ]mX Jm`] h°& S>m∞. 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H$r OZOmoV`m± g_mO Edß Ï`dÒWm, S>m∞. oedHw$_ma oVdmar, S>m∞. lrH$_b e_m© Mdbm, _∏$m AmoX _{ß XmZ{ Am OmV{ h° Vm{ Cgr g_` ^rb BZ AZmOm{ß H$m{ 2. EH$ g\$a - ^maV H{$ ˆX` ‡X{e H$m, amÓQ≠>r` em{Y g{o_Zma 2007 [H$mH$a ImV{ h°& Bg_{ß Ka H$m _woI`m YmaU X{d H{$ [mg Hw$Qw>Â] H{$ X{dr- 3. gÂ[Xm

* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ oh›Xr, _hmamOm ^m{O emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 251 _‹`‡X{e _{ß bm°h YmVwoeÎ[ Am°a gm_moOH$ gß^mdZmE±

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A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r`H$aU H$r YmVw ‡_wI ah{ h¢$& ‡d•oŒm H{$ ]rM ÒdX{er Am°a _m°obH$ aMZm H{$ Zm_ [a _‹`‡X{e H{$ BZ BZ YmVwAm{ß g{ H$bmÀ_H$ VarH{$ g{ T>mbZ{ Am°a gm¢X`©[aH$, AmZwÓR>moZH$ oeÎ[m{ß Z{ A[Zr O]X©ÒV [hMmZ ]ZmB© h°$& O°gm oH$ h_ OmZV{ h¢ oH$ Am°a C[`m{Jr H$bmH•$oV`mß AmßMobH$ AmdÌ`H$Vm Am°a gm¢X`© M{VZm H{$ _‹`‡X{e H{$ odo^fi AßMbm{ß _{ß YmVw oeÎ[m{ß H$r A[Zr _m°obH$ Am°a g_•’ AZwgma ghO Í$[ g{ goX`m{ß g{ ]ZVr Am ahr h°$& gßÒH•$V gmohÀ` _{ß ^r [aÂ[am h°$& ‡X{e H{$ bJ^J g^r AmoXdmgr Am°a bm{H$mßMbm{ß H{$ H$bmH$ma oeÎ[ Am°a oeÎ[r H{$ gmW odo^fi YmVwAm{ß Am°a YmVw g{ oZo_©V ÒWm[À`, [maÂ[naH$ Í$[ g{ YmVw H$r T>bmB© H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h¢$& `{ goX`m{ß g{ gm°›X`©[aH$, AbßH$aU, d{e^yfm, AÛ-eÛ H$m odÒV•V oddaU o_bVm h°$& AmZwÓR>moZH$, Am°a C[`m{Jr H$bmH•$oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$a A[Zr g•OZmÀ_H$, ‡mMrZ d{Xm{ß, [wamUm{ß, Edß _hm^maV _{ß ^r YmVw g{ gß]ßoYV AZ{H$ Am°a aMZmÀ_H$ Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m [naM` X{V{ Am`{ h¢$& oOgg{ AmßMobH$ CXmhaU o_bV{ h¢$& oeÎ[ aÀZ_ _{ß AmR> ‡H$ma H{$ YmVwAm{ß H$m dU©Z oH$`m AmdÌ`H$Vm 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* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$, oMÃH$bm, _hmamZr b˙_r ]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 252

O°gm oH$ h_ g^r OmZV{ h¢ oH$ bm{H$ [’oV g{ bm{h{ H$m{ JbmZm Am°a H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°$& `y Vm{ Bg H$m`© _{ß oeÎ[r H$m gÂ[yU© [nadma hr H$bmÀ_H$ Í$[m{ß _{ T>mbZm EH$ XwÓH$a H$m`© h°$& Bg h{Vw EH$ ode{f ‡H$ma H$r OwQ> OmVm h°$& _‹`‡X{e _{ß AJna`m OZOmoV bm°h oeÎ[ oZ_m©U Edß bm°h ^≈>r Am°a CÉ Vm[_mZ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°$& Bg —oÓQ> g{ j{Ã H{$ ‡JbZ H$m H$m`© H$aV{ h°! oeÎ[r A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ qH$oMV Aghm` [mV{ h°$& gß^dV: Bgrob`{ bm°h oeÎ[ _{ß bm{H$ H$bm H{$ ÒVa [a AoYH$ ‡`m{J gß^d Zht hm{ [m`{ h¢$& bm°h oeÎ[r A[Zr H$_Om{a AmoW©H$ oÒWoV H{$ H$maU ^r H$É{ _mb (Hw$ßdmar bm{hm) H$r AZw[b„YVm H{$ oeH$ma hm{ OmV{ h°$& Am°a Hw$ßdmar bm{hm H{$ A^md _{ß oeÎ[ oZ_m©U H{$ j{Ã _{ß Bo¿N>V ‡`m{J H$aZ{ _{ß Òd`ß H$m{ Aghm` [mV{ h¢$& AV: bm°h oeÎ[ C⁄m{J AoYH$ ‡MbZ _{ß Zht Am [m`m$& òX C[`w©∫$ Vœ` H$m d°kmoZH$ odÌb{fU oH$`m Om` Vm{ h_ Bg oZÓH$f© [a [hwßM gH$V{ h¢ oH$ ∑`m{ß bm{H$ OrdZ _{ß bm°h oeÎ[ Z{ [rVb, Vmß]m `m H$mßg{ H{$ oeÎ[m{ß H{$ g_mZ AoYH$ ‡MobV Zht hm{ [m`m$& Bg [a MMm© H$aZ{ g{ [yd© oZÂZ VmobH$m 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Q{>Â[qaJ H$a, H$Q>mB© H$a Edß [mobqeJ H$a oeÎ[ oZ_m©U H$r AmZwÓR>moZH$ oeÎ[m{ß l_gm‹` H$bm gÂ[fi H$r OmVr h°$& H$m hr oZ_m©U oH$`m Om bm°h oeÎ[ VH$ZrH$ `m ‡m{⁄m{oJH$r H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ H{$ gß]ßY _{ß H$m{B© ode{f ahm h°$& BZ bm°h OmZH$mar C[b„Y Zht h°$& bm°h oeÎ[r A[Z{ Amdmg ÒWb H{$ g_r[ Iwb{ oeoÎ[`m{ß H{$ gm_Z{ ÒWmZ [a ^≈>r ]ZmVm h°$& Am°a bm°h ‡JbZ odoY g{ bm°h A`ÒH$ ‡m· H$a gßgmYZm{ß Edß oeÎ[m{ß H{$ oeÎ[ AWdm X°oZH$ C[`m{J _{ß AmZ{ dmb{ C[H$aU, Am°Oma, ]V©Z BÀ`moX ‡oV H$bm aogH$m{ß H{$ H$m oZ_m©U bm{h{ H{$ N>∂S>m{ß, gna`m{ß, [o≈>`m{ß H$m{ Hy$Q>H$a, _m{∂S>H$a, N{>XH$a, J_© Í$PmZ _{ß H$_r H{$ MbV{ g•OZmÀ_H$ oeÎ[m{ß H$m oZ_m©U H$_ h°$& ÒWmZr` bm{h{ H$m{ [aÒ[a Om{∂S>H$a odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ AmH$ma ‡XmZ H$aV{ h¢$& bm°h AmoXdmog`m{ß H$m{ odo^fi Ymo_©H$ `m AmZwÓR>moZH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß h{Vw oeÎ[ H$bm AÀ`ßV l_gm‹` H$bm h°, Bg H$m`© h{Vw H$_ g{ H$_ Xm{ oeoÎ[`m{ß AmdÌ`H$ Xr[ÒVÂ^ (haZm{Q>r Xr[H$,OmbrXr[H$), odo^fi Adgam{ß _{ß Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 253

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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 254 ]ßoX`m{ß H$m{ oX`{ OmZ{ dmb{ H$mÓR>H$bm Edß VH$ZrH$ H$m ‡oejU (_‹`‡X{e H$r odo^fi O{bm{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß ) e°b{›– Zm_X{d * S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd ** g•OZmÀ_H$ ‡oejU H{$ j{Ã _{ß _.‡. 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(A) C[`m{Jr H$bm$& 4.4.4. 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""Hw$eZ H$m`©:- H$rbm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°$& Hw$eZ H$m`© H$m ‡oejU ^r oX`m OmVm h°$& Bg_{ß \$m{_ H$r H$oQß>J d H$rbm{ß H{$ ‡H$ma oZÂZobnIV h°:- Cg [a bJZ{ dmb{ H$[∂S>m, a{JOrZ AmoX H$r ogbmB© H$aZm ^r ogIm`m 1.H$Q> Z{ÎO, 2.\$m{O©S> Z{b, 3.gOmdQ>r H$rb{ß, 4.Ò[{eb H$rb{ß, 5.H$rb OmVm h°$& gm{\$m, S>mòZßJ, Ïhrb M{à, A›` Hw$og©`m∞ AmoX [a Hw$fZ bJmZ{ H$r odoY`m±'' (7) H$m`© H$m [yU© ‡oejUoX`m OmVm h°$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 256

9. H°$oZßJ:- C[`m{J H$aV{ h°$& oKgmB© g{ gßVwÓQ> hm{Z{ [a [m∞obg H$aV{ h°$&'(12)(12)(12) H°$oZßJ ]∂T>B© H$m`© g{ Ow∂S>m hwAm H$m`© h°$& BgH$r ]wZmB© Edß Bg_{ß odo^fi odo^fi O{bm{ß _{ß ‡oejU H{$›–mß{ [a ^m{[mb _{ß lr ]r. 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Edß C¡O°Z _{ß lr A._VrZ Hw$a°er ‡^mar h°$& ‡^mar gß]ßYr g^r dÒVwAm{ß H$m oZ_m©U O°g{-Hw$gr©, Q{>]b, ÒQy>b, gm°\$m, ]°S>, ]{ßM, òX A›` oH$gr Q≠>{S> H{$ h° Vm{ Hw$eb ]ßXr ‡oejUmWu A›` AHw$eb ]ßoX`m{ß XrdmZ, Ab_mar, H$mCM, S≠>{ogßJ, S>mòZßJ, a{H$, Q{>≠, Q≠>mbr, _Mm{br, dmg H{$ H$m{ ‡oeojV H$aV{ h°$& O{bm{ß _{ß{ ‡oejU O{b _°ZwAb H{$ oZX}emZwgma Edß H$bmÀ_H$ \$Zr©Ma, _yoV©`m∞, H$mod™J, oH$`m hwAm \$Zr©Ma AmoX Bgr ‡H$ma g^r Q≠>{S>m{ß h{Vw g_mZ Í$[ g{ hm{Vm h°$& A›` H$bmÀ_H$ dÒVwE{ßß V°`ma H$r OmVr h°$& ‡oejUH{$›–mß{ [a ^m{[mb _{ß lr H°$oX`m{ß H{$ OrdZ _{ß [nadV©Z Edß CZH{$ [wZ©dmg H$m{ gmH$ma H$aZ{ H{$ ]r.Eb. odÌdH$_m© dnaÓR> ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, gmJa _{ß lr Z{[mb ]´ÂhZ{ ]∂T>B© obE O{b od^mJ oejU-‡oejU H{$ odo^fi H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ gßMmobV H$aVm ‡oejH$, O]b[wa _{ß lr gßVbmb CBH{$ ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, BßXm°a _{ß lr _hmX{d h°$& Bgr ‡oejU H$m`©H´$_ H{$ VhV≤ ]∂T>B©Jrar H$m ‡oejU ‡X{e H{$ H°$oX`m{ß amd AÂ]mS>H$a ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, Ωdmobà _{ß lr e{a ogßh amdV ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H$m{ oX`m Om ahm h°$& ]∂T>B©Jrar EH$ E{gr hr g•OZmÀ_H$ od⁄m h°, oOgH{$ gVZm _{ß lr Am{_‡H$me H$m°Vh{ ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$m{ß H{$ _mJ© Xe©Z _{ß ]ßoX`m{ß H$m{ VhV≤ H$mÓR> g{ oZo_©V dÒVwAm{ß d H$bm H•$oV`m{ß, oOZH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm g_mO ‡oeojV oH$`m Om ahm h°$& H{$ g^r dJm} H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ hm{Vr h°, H{$ ¤mam nahmB© C[am›V O{b g{ ‡m· Bg dwS> H$mod™J `m H$mÓR> H$r _yoV©H$bm - X{e Edß ‡X{e _{ß _yoV© H$bm H$m od⁄m H{$ _m‹`_ g{ g_mO Edß [nadma _{ß Òd`ß H$m{ ÒWmo[V H$a gH{$Jm Am°a _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ ahm h°$& Bg_{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ [ÀWam{ß Edß YmVwAm{ß [a A[Z{ [nadma H$m [mbZ-[m{fU H$a gH{$Jm$& Bg ‡H$ma A[amYr H{$ OrdZ _yoV©`m{ß H$m{ CH{$am J`m h°$& ode{f Í$[ g{ ÒdU©, aOV, H$m±g{, [rVb, Vmß]{, _{ß _hÀd[yU© [nadV©Z H{$ ob`{ _‹`‡X{e H$r O{bm{ß _{ß hm{ ah{ g•OZmÀ_H$ EÎ`yn_oZ`_, AÓQ> YmVw odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r bH$o∂S>`mß{, flbÒQ>a Am∞\$ [{nag, ‡oejU H$m _hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ h°$& o_≈r, [{[a _{er, hmWr XmßV, gr_{ßQ> AmoX [a _yoV©`m{ß H$m{ J∂T>m J`m h°$& gmjmÀH$ma - ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _{ß d°oXH$ H$mb g{ AmO VH$ _yoV©`m{ß H$m A[Zm _hÀd[yU© 1. amdV lr e{a ogßh, ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b Ωdmobà$& ÒWmZ ahm h°$& oh›Xy `m gZmVZ Y_m©dboÂ]`m{ßß H$r ‡maß^ g{ hr _yoV©`m{ß Edß 2. odÌdH$_m© lr ]r.Eb., dnaÓR> ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b ^m{[mb$& _yoV©-[yOm _{ß ode{f AmÒWm ahr h°$& 3. ]´ÂhZ{ lr Z{[mb, ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b gmJa$& O{b _{ß ^r _yoV©H$bm H{$ ‡oejU Mbm`{ Om ah{ h°$& ^m{[mb, B›Xm°a, 4. CBH{$ lr gßVbmb, ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b O]b[wa$& gmJa, O]b[wa, Ωdmobà AmoX H{$›–r` O{bm{ß [a odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r _yoV©`m{ß 5. AÂ]mS>H$a lr _hmX{d amd, ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b B›Xm°a$& H$m{ CH{$am Om ahm h°$& oOg_{ß bH$∂S>r, S>m∞b _{oHß$J, flbmÒQ>a Am∞\$ [{nag, [{[a 6. H$m°Vh{ lr Am{_‡H$me, ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b gVZm H{$ ¤mam$& _{er Edß gr_{ßQ> AmoX H$r _yoV©`m{ß H$m H$m`© ‡X{e H$r O{bm{ß [a Mb ahm h°$& 7. ^yfU lr X{od›–, ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b ^m{[mb$& ""H$mÓR> H$r _yoV© oZ_m©U H$m ^r O{bm{ß _{ß ]ßoX`m{ß H$m{ ‡oejU oX`m Om 8. d_m© lr ‡Xr[, C[ AYrjH$ C⁄m{J, H{$›–r` O{b ardm$& ahm h°$& _wª` Í$[ g{ gmJm°Z, grg_, MßXZ, A∑CAm ([yOZ h{Vw _yoV©) AmoX 9. Hw$∂S>m[{ lr Y_© ogßh, C[ AYrjH$ C⁄m{J, H{$›–r` O{b O]b[wa$& H$r gyIr bH$o∂S>>`m{ß [a _yoV©`m{ß H$m{ CH{$am OmVm h°$& _wª` È[ g{ Xm{ ‡H$ma H$r gßX^© J´ßW gyMr - _yoV© ]ZmB© OmVr h° nabr\$ Edß AmbamC S>, nabr\$ VrZ ‡H$ma H{$ hm{V{ h° (1) gm°O›`-lr ]r.Eb. odÌdH$_m© dnaÓR> ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b ^m{[mb$& 1.bm{ nabr\$, 2.g{_r nabr\$, 3.hmB© nabr\$, Bg_{ß _{ß [•ÓR> ^mJ Ow∂S>m ahVm (2) e_m©© S>m∞. bm{H{$e M›X, ^maV H$r oMÃH$bm H$m gßoj· BoVhmg, [•.H´$. 4 Jm{`b h°$& O]oH$ AmbamC S> _{ß [•ÓR> ^mJ H$m{ H$mQ> oX`m OmVm h°$& oOgg{ _yoV© `m [p„bqeJ gw^mf ]mOma _{aR>-2$& (3) e_m©© S>m∞ bm{H{$e M›X, ^maV H$r oMÃH$bm H$m gßoj· BoVhmg, [•.H´$. 5, Jm{`b H•$oV [•WH$ hm{ OmVr h° gd© ‡W_ ‡oejw H$m{ [{o›gb ¤mam bH$∂S>r [a oMÃ [p„bqeJ gw^mf ]mOma _{aR>-2$& `m oS>OmBZ ]ZmZm ogIm`m OmVm h°, VÀ[ÌMmV≤ Am°Oma H{$ _m‹`_ g{ C∫$ (4) e_m©© S>m∞. bm{H{$e M›X, ^maV H$r oMÃH$bm H$m gßoj· BoVhmg, [•.H´$. 7, Jm{`b bH$∂S>r [a ]Zm`{ hwE oMÃ `m oS>OmBZ H$m{ oMo›hV oH$`m OmVm h°$& VÀ[ÌMmV≤ [p„bqeJ gw^mf ]mOma _{aR>-2$& Cg{ AmH$ma oX`m OmVm h° AWm©V O°g{- oH$gr Ïò∫$ ode{f H$r _yoV© oZo_©V (5) d_m© dr. ]r., am∞`b H$ma[{ßQ>ar œ`m{ar, [•.H´$. 12, am∞`b ]wH$ oS>[m{$& H$aZm h° Vm{ gd©‡W_ bH$∂S>r [a Cg Ïò∫$ H$m oMÃ a{ImßoßH$V H$a Am°Omam{ß H{$ (6) gm°O›`- lr X{od›– ^yfU ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b ^m{[mb$& (7) d_m© dr. ]r., am∞`b H$ma[{ßQ>ar œ`m{ar, [•.H´$. 165,166,167,168,164 am∞`b ]wH$ _m‹`_ g{ oMo›hV H$aV{ h° oMo›hV H$aZ{ H{$ ]mX oMÃ H$m{ ]mha oZH$mbZ{ H{$ oS>[m{, Omb›Ya$& obE [•ÓR> ^mJ H$m{ Am°Omam{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ H$mQ> oX`m OmVm h°$& E{gm H$aZ{ g{ (8) d_m© dr. ]r., am∞`b H$ma[{ßQ>ar œ`m{ar, [•.H´$. 103, am∞`b ]wH$ oS>[m{, Omb›Ya$& _yoV© _{ß C^ma AmVm h° Am°a BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ _yoV© H{$ _wª` Í$[ H$m{ AmH$ma oX`m (9) gm°O›`-lr _hmX{d amd AÂ]mS>H$a, ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b B›Xm°a$& OmVm h°$& o\$a Cg_{ß ]marH$ H$m`© H$aV{ h°$& CgH{$ ]mX g{ßS> [{[a g{ oKgH$a (10) d_m© dr. ]r., am∞`b H$ma[{ßQ>ar œ`m{ar, [•.H´$. 114 am∞`b ]wH$ oS>[m{, Omb›Ya o\$oZqeJ H$aV{ h° h°$& Bgg{ _wª` Í$[ g{ 80 g{ 320 N>d VH$ H{$ [{[a H$m (11) gm°O›`-lr ]r.Eb. odÌdH$_m© dnaÓR> ]∂T>mB© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b ^m{[mb$& (12) lr Z{[mb ]´ÂhZ{ ]∂T>B© ‡oejH$, H{$›–r` O{b, gmJa$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 257 ^∫$m_a H$mÏ` Am°a CgH{$ aMo`Vm AmMm`© _mZVwßJ

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AZ{H$ AoVe`m{ß H{$ H$aZm Agß^d h°, Cgr ‡H$ma Am[H{$ oZ_©b JwUm{ß H$m dU©Z Agß^d h°$&'' Ymar oOZ{›– X{d H$m{ ^∫$m_a ÒÃm{V _{ß Am`{ ‡VrH$m{ß H$m{ ‡À`{H$ H$bmH$ma Z{ ‡W_ Vm{ AmÀ_gmV O›_ g{, H{$db kmZ ‡mo· oH$`m, CZH$r JhamB`m{ß H$m{ Ò[e©© oH$`m, VÀ[ÌMmV A[Zr VyobH$m g{ ^mdm{ß H{$ C[am›V Am°a X{dm{ß H$m{ BVZr gOrdVm H{$ gmW oMoÃV oH$`m h° oH$, e„X Zht oMÃ ]m{bV{ h¢$& ¤mam oZo_©V AoVe` oMÃm{ß _{ß H$mb ode{f H$r N>m[ Ò[ÓQ> [nabojV hm{Vr h°$& hm{V{ h¢$& `{ AoVe` AmMm`© _mZVwßJ gmohÀ` H{$ BoVhmg [a AßoH$V dh H$mbO`r hÒVmja ‡VrH$m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ h¢, oO›hm{ßZ{ gßÒH•$V H{$ ÒÃm{V gmohÀ` H$m{ A[Z{ H$mÏ` H$r A_•VYma g{ H$mÏ` _{ß H$od ¤mam AoôgßoMV H$a Cg{ ZßXZH$mZZ O°gr oXÏ` Am^m ‡XmZ H$a Xr$& AßoH$V Am°a oMÃH$mam{ß CZH{$ H$mÏ` _{ß ^mfm H$m gm°ÓR>d, AbßH$mam{ß H$r N>Q>m Am°a AW© H$m ¤mam oMoÃV oH$`{ J`{ h¢$& JÂ^ra g_w– ohbm{a{ß b{Vm h°$& A[Z{ Amam‹` H{$ ‡oV AJmY g_[©U H$m Om{ Aem{H$ d•j em{H$ g{ _wo∫$ oZÌN>b JmZ Bg H$mÏ` H$r [ßo∫$`m{ß g{ CVaVm hwAm AmamYH$ H{$ hm{ßR>m{ß g{ H$m ‡VrH$ h° Vm{ ogßhmgZ oZ:lV hm{Vm h° dh gmar gr_mAm{ß H$m{ Ï`m· H$aVm hwAm VrZm{ß bm{H$m{ß H{$ emgZ/gdm}ÉVm H$m$& H$U-H$U _{ß g_mohV hm{ OmVm h° Am°a e{f ah OmVr h° EH$ AoZd©MZr` VrZ N>Ã Km{ofV H$aV{ h¢, _rR>r-_rR>r gwJ›Y/gm{ßYr-gm{ßYr gwJ›Y, Amfm∂T> H$r [hbr dfm© g{ ^rJr oH$ `{ ‡^w aÀZÃ` H{$ Ymar YaVr g{ CR>Z{ dmbr gwdmg O°gr$& E{g{ _hmZ aMZmH$ma AmMm`© _mZVwßJ Z{ h¢$& ^m_ S>b ew∑b b{Ó`m ^m{[mb H{$ oZH$Q> ‡mH•$oVH$ gwf_m g{ [na[yU© ""^m{O[wa'' Zm_H$ ÒWmZ H$m{ H$m ‡VrH$ h°$& Bgr Vah A[Zr gmYZm ^yo_ ]Zm`m Wm$& d•jm{ß g{ Am¿N>moXV gwaÂ` [hmo∂S>`m{ß H{$ Xw›Xwo^ZmX, [wÓ[d•oÓQ>, 64 M_a AmoX H$m ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ AW© Am°a AßH$Z h°$& _‹` lr emo›VZmW oOZmb` H{$ g_j CZH$r g_moY ÒWbr ^mdwH$ ^∫$m{ß ""ÀdX≤ô∫$a{d _wIar Hw$Í$V{ ]bm›_m_≤'' H{$ ob`{ l’m H$m H{$›– ]Zr hwB© h°$& _mZVwßJmMm`© Or Z{ Zm_ Ò_aU _{ß ^r ‡VrH$m{ß H$m{ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°$& 555 gßX^© gyMr :- Am[H$m kmZ d›XZr` h° Bgob`{ Am[ ]w’ H$hbmV{ h¢$& VrZm{ß bm{H$m{ß H{$ gd© 1. ^∫$m_a ^maVr ‡moU`m{ß H{$ gwI gßdY©H$ h¢ Bgob`{ Am[ eßH$a h¢$& h{ ‡^w H$mbMH´$ H{$ Bg gÂ[mXH$ - emÛr [ß. H$_b Hw$_ma O°Z, [•ÓR> - 10 od^mJ _{ß Am[ hr _m{j_mJ© H{$ ‡dV©H$ h¢ AV: Am[ JU{e h¢$& h{ X{dmoYX{d lr ^maVdfr©` oXJÂ]a O°Z od¤V≤ [nafX≤, 1974 2. VrW™H$a _hmdra Am°a CZH$r AmMm`© [aÂ[am Am[ hr Am⁄, Aj`, AZ›V, EH$mZ{H$, `m{Jre, ]´Âhm, B©Ìda, OJrÌda, emÛr S>m∞. Z{o_M›X, [•ÓR> - 158 _woZZmW, _H$a‹dO, OJfimW, OJ[oV, OJXre BÀ`moX Zm_m{ß g{ g›Vm{ß lr ^maVdfr©` oXJÂ]a O°Z od¤V≤ [nafX≤, 1974 ¤mam Bgob`{ [y¡` h° oH$ Am[ ""`WmZm_ VWmJwU'' H$m{ MnaVmW© H$aV{ h¢$& 3. ^∫$m_a ^maVr ^∫$m_a H$mÏ` _{ß _Xm{›_Œm hmWr H´$m{Y Am°a _Zm{odH$mam{ß H$m ‡VrH$ h°$& gÂ[mXH$ - emÛr [ß. H$_b Hw$_ma O°Z, [•ÓR> - 11 ogßh ohßgm H$m ‡VrH$ h° odH$amb g[© H$m_-H´$m{Y H$m ‡VrH$ h°$& aUj{Ã lr ^maVdfr©` oXJÂ]a O°Z od¤V≤ [nafX≤, 1974, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 4. VrW™H$a (^∫$m_a ÒÃm{V ode{fmßH$) gßgma H$m ‡VrH$ h°$& ‡b`H$mb H$r Aoæ Am›VnaH$ H´$m{Y H$r ‡VrH$ h° Om{ gÂ[mXH$- O°Z S>m∞. Z{o_M›–, [•ÓR> - 32 ‡^w Zm_ H{$ erVb Ob g{ VÀH$mb emßV hm{ OmVr h°$& [›M [m[ Í$[r hram ^°`m ‡H$meZ, B›Xm°a _Ja_¿N>m{ß g{ â{ gmJa H$m{ ô∫$ H$r Zm°H$m g{ hr [ma oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°$& 5. ^∫$m_a ^maVr bm°h l•ßIbm O°gm H$R>m{a gmßgmnaH$ ]›YZ ‡^w ô∫$ `m Zm_ Ò_aU g{ gÂ[mXH$ - emÛr [ß. H$_b Hw$_ma O°Z, [•ÓR> - 11 odl•ßIobV hm{ OmVm h°$& lr I{_MßX O°Z, M{naQ{>o]b Q≠>ÒQ>, gmJa, 1974, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU 6. ^∫$m_a ^maVr (goMÃ), [•ÓR> - 8 ^∫$m_a ÒÃm{V _{ß ^∫$ ˆX` H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ ô∫$ H$r gKZVm H$r ⁄m{VH$ ‡H$meH$ - O°Z od⁄m gßÒWmZ h°, Hw$N> CXmhaU h¢ -""oOg ‡H$ma ^`ßH$a gmJa H$m{ A[Zr ^wOmAm{ß g{ [ma O`[wa o‡ßQ>g© ‡m.ob. 2005

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 259 ^rb oMÃmßH$Z : ZE Am`m_ oeIm Q>hZ≤JwoZ`m * S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd ** ^maV df© _{ß Om{ Hw$N> ]∂S>r OZOmoV`m± h¢ CZ_{ß ^rbm{ß H$m ÒWmZ ‡_wI h°$& AV: ^rbm{ß _{ß ^r `h ‡d•pÀV Òdm^modH$ Í$[ g{ hm{Vr h°, Am°a ^rb H$bmH$ma AXÂ` gmhg Edß gVV≤ [mnalo_H$ ‡d•pÀV H{$ H$maU ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV _{ß AmZwÓR>moZH$ oMÃm{ß H{$ AoVna∫$ ^r h_{em oMÃmßH$Z H{$ obE bmbmo`V ahm! A[Zm AZyR>m ÒWmZ ahm h°$& `⁄o[ dh odf`m{ß H{$ _m_b{ _{ß A[Zr o_WH$WmAm{ß H$m{ Om{ J´m_X{d, [yd©Om{ß, ""^rb OmoV H$m BoVhmg ‡mMrZ Am°a Am{OÒdr ahm h°$& d{Xm{ß, [wamUm{ß, YaVr, [hm∂S>, I{Vr-oH$gmZr `m oXZM`m© g{ gß]ßoYV hm{Vr h°, g{ ]mha Zht am_mÙ Am°a _hm^maV _{ß Am`m~ H{$ dU©^{X _{ß ""[ßMOZm'' _{ß ^rb oJZ{ OmV{ Om gH$m$& h¢$& _‹`‡X{e _{ß ^rb _wª`V: Yma, Pm]wAm, IaJm°Z Am°a aVbm_ oOb{ _{ß ""bJ^J Xm{ XeH$ [yd© _‹`‡X{e H{$ Pm]wAm H{$ ^rb H$bmH$ma ""[{_m oZdmg H$aV{ h¢$& _‹`‡X{e H{$ AoVna∫$ ^rb amOÒWmZ, JwOamV Am°a \$mÀ`m d ^yar ]mB©'' Am°a JwOamV H{$ amR>dm H$bmH$ma ""oMob`m ^mB©'' d _hmamÓQ≠> am¡`m{ß _{ß oZdmg H$aV{ h¢$& ^rb A[Z{ Am[ H$m{ oMÀVm°∂S>, amOÒWmZ ""^‘y ^mB©'' H{$ oMÃ ‡H$me _{ß AmE Om{ ""^rb o[Wm°am'' oMÃ H{$ og’hÒW H$m ahdmgr _mZV{ h¢$& CZH{$ _VmZwgma CZH{$ [yd©O amO[yV W{$& amOZ°oVH$ H$bmH$ma h¢, oO›hm{ßZ{ o[Wm°am H{$ AoVna∫$ ^r A[Z{ ÒWmZr` o_WH$mß{ß H$m{ H$maUm{ß Edß AH$mb O°gr Am[XmAm{ß H{$ H$maU `{ bm{J oMÀVm°∂S> N>m{∂S>H$a oMÃ H{$ Í$[ _{ß Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZm ‡maß^ H$a oX`m Wm$& [{_m \$mÀ`m d oMob`m gß[yU© ^maV _{ß \°$b JE$&'' ^mB© Z{ V] VH$ ""o[Wm°am'' oMÃmßH$Z H$m{ AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` \$bH$ _{ß ÒWmo[V H$a `h EH$ ]∂S>r odS>Â]Zm h° oH$ ^rb AmO [bm`Z H$r M[{Q> _{ß h¢$& ∑`m{ßoH$ oX`m Wm$& BgH{$ ]mX g{ hr ^rbm{ß H$r `{ oMÃ [ßa[am ‡H$me _{ß AmB©$& BZ Xm{ BZH$r gyIr O_rZ, XeH$m{ß g{ [`m©· \$gb X{Z{ _ß{ Ag\$b ahr h¢, o\$a ^r XeH$m{ß _{ß ^rb oMÃm{ß H$m bm{H$o‡`H$aU AmÌM`©OZH$ h°$&'' d{ A[Zr gßÒH•$oV Edß [maß[naH$ aroV-nadmO H$m{ Ajw U aIZ{ _{ß g_W© h¢$& `{ bm{J Òd`ß A[Z{ Img OZOmVr` OrdZ H$r [aß[am Edß gmXJr H$m{ A[Zr H•$oV`m{ß _{ T>mbZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aV{ ah{ h¢$& A[Zr oXZM`m© _{ß H$m_- H$mO H{$ ]rM ^rb _ohbm Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ jU, \$e© [a Jm{]a H$r ob[mB© Am°a Xrdmam{ß [a oMÃmßH$Z _{ß [m b{Vr h°$& ^rbr ]m{br _{ß oMÃmßH$Z H$m AW©-obIZm hm{Vm h°- dh g] Om{ CÀ[pÀV `m aMZm H{$ gß]ßY _{ß o[Wm°am X{d H{$ obE obIm J`m H$WmZH$ ]ZVm h°$& Om{ _‹`ÒW OmVr` H$bmH$mam{ß ¤mam Ymo_©H$ AZwÓR>mZ H$r [yoV© H{$ obE KoQ>V hm{Vm h°$& ^rbm{ß _{ß AmZwÓR>moZH$ oMÃ ]ZmE OmZ{ H$r [aß[am ]hwV [wamZr h°$& oOg_{ß o[Wm°am EH$ _hÀd[yU© Ymo_©H$ AZwÓR>mZ h°$& o[Wm°am oMÃmßH$Z A[Z{ MQ>I aßJm{ß H{$ H$maU Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ Ad`dm{ß H{$ goÂ_obV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU AÀ`ßV gwßXa oXImB© [∂S>V{ h¢$& `hr ^rb H$bmH$mam{ß H{$ _yb oMÃmßH$Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß OmZm OmVm h°$& ""YZOr ^mB© amR>dm ¤mam oMoÃV o[Wm°am oMÃ ""o[Wm°am ^rb AmoXdmog`m{ß H$r OZOmVr` [hMmZ h°, Am°a BgH$m ""JwOamV H{$ ^rb H$bmH$ma ""YZOr ^mB© amR>dm'' EH$ o[Wm°am oMÃH$ma gß]ßY ^rbm{ß H$r OmVr` gßd{XZm g{ Ow∂S>m hwAm h°$& o[Wm°am ^rbm{ß H{$ ajH$ X{d h°$& o[Wm°am H{$ H$WmZH$ _{ß JU{e X{d Z{ Km{∂S{>, H{$S>m Hw$S>r X{d, amUr ^m{I{Am{, h¢$& BZH$m odÌdmg h° oH$ Ka _{ß o[Wm°am hm{Jm Vm{ od[pÀV`m{ß Edß ]mhar (o[R>m°amUr Am°aV) o[R>m{amUr _m± (amUr H$mOb) H{$ D$[a H$r Mmb, o]¿Ny>, ]mYmE± Zht AmE±Jr, Am°a OrdZ gwI g{ ]rV{Jm$& o[Wm°am ]m[Or, JU{e H{$ Bß–mU, Bß–mUr, bImamUr Km{∂S>r, gmßâ, Dß$Q>, _m{a, Km{∂S>r, ]ΩJr, gy`m©Ur [wÃ h¢$& d{ ew^ßH$a X{dVm h¢$& O] o[Wm°am Ka _{ß Am OmV{ h¢ Vm{ [nadma H$r Km{∂S>r, Mm°H$r [{am, amdU O{g{ o]ß]m{ß H$m oMÃmßH$Z oH$`m OmVm h°$& oOg_{ß oMßVm o_Q> OmVr h°$& [nad{e _{ß Ï`m· gm_o`H$ Í$[mH$ma O°g{ IOya H{$ [{∂S> [a M∂T>Vm Ïò∫$, ^¢g Pm]wAm _{ß hr o[Wm°am H{$ ]ma{ _{ß AbJ-AbJ oH$dXßoV`m ‡MobV h°$&ß H$m{ XwhV{ hwE, _∑IZ oZH$mbV{ hwE, Z•À` H$aV{ bm{J, _wJm©, _wJr©, VrVa, Pm]wAm H{$ ^rb Bg{ Y_r©amOm H$m [wÃ _mZV{ h¢$& BßXramOm, oXdmgm Hw$±da, Hw$ÀVm AmoX ^r oMoÃV oH$E OmV{ h¢$& oMÃ H$m{ JU{e X{d H{$ Km{∂S{> ]ZmH$a amIr, Xrdmbr ]{hZm, Y_r©amOm H{$ [wÃ [woÃ`m± h¢$& ‡maß^ oH$`m OmVm h°$&'' o[Wm°am H{$ H$m{B© E{oVhmogH$ Vœ` Vm{ ‡m· Zht hm{V{ h¢, d{ H{$db _m°oIH$ C[am{∫$ o[Wm°am H{$ H$WmZH$ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°, oH$ ^rbm{ß H{$ _‹` X{dVmAm{ß H{$ OZlwoV`m{ß, oH$dXßoV`m{ß, o_WH$WmAm{ß Am°a oMÃ H$WmAm{ß _{ß hr o_bV{ gmW-g_mO d [nad{e _{ß oH$VZm gm_ßOÒ` h° Am°a X{dVmAm{ß H{$ _‹` ^r h¢$& Bg AmYma [a o[Wm°am Hw$ßda H$m oH$gr _hmZm`H$ H$m ÒdÍ$[ CZH$m ]am]ar H$m ÒWmZ h°$& Xyga{ AWm~ _{ß Om{ oMÃmßH$Z H$m H$bm[j ^r h°- CâVm h°$& AmoX_ JmWmAm{ß _{ß Cg{ H$mObamUr Am°a Hw$ Sy>amUm{ß H$m Ò[{g _{ß _yb Hß$Q{>ßQ> H$m{ _hÀd[yU© Í$[ g{ ÒWmo[V H$aZm h°$& BgobE oMÃ _{ß [wÃ oZÍ$o[V oH$`m h°$&'' gm_moOH$ [nad{e H$m{ oMoÃV Vm{ oH$`m OmVm h° [aßVw _yb H$WmZH$ g{ Jm°∂S>$& O°gm oH$ gd©odoXV h° ""Ao^Ïò∫$ _mZd H$r ghO ‡d•pÀV hm{Vr h°$&'' Xyga{ A›` _m_b{ _{ß `{ H$bmH$ma H$r _mZogH$ XjVm H$m{ ^r gmo]V H$aVm

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_{ß oeÎ[r Z{ ‡mH•$oVH$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ gm°›X`©[yU© gOrd Edß AmH$f©H$ A’©oMÃ ]rM _{ß VrZ [ßIw∂S>rZw_m [wÓ[ H$m AßH$Z `WmW© ÒdÍ$[ _{ß oH$`m J`m h°& H{$ Í$[ _{ß oZo_©V oH$`m h° Om{ bJ^J 6 o\$Q> H$r oebm [a AßoH$V h°& Bgr A’©Jm{b{ H{$ Amg[mg H{$ AßXa H{$ na∫$ ÒWmZ H$m{ ^r ]∂S>r Hw$ebVm [yd©H$ Vah H{$ AZ{H$ gß`m{OZ gÂ[yU© ‡mW©Zm H$j H$r oôŒm`m{ß [a AßoH$V h¢ Om{ âm J`m h° oOg_{ß ZrM{ Jm{b H$brZw_m `m JwbXmZ Zw_m Amb{IZ _{ß g{ A[Z{ AX≤^wV gß`m{OZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß AmH$f©H$ h¢& gÂ[yU© ]{bß{ oZH$br hwB© Xem©B© JB© h¢& dhr D$[ar H$m{Zmß{ H{$ na∫$ ÒWmZ H$m{ _gmoOX _{ß Ohmß AY©oMÃm{ß H$m [wÓ[r` Amb{IZ g{ âm J`m h° Bg gÂ[yU© Ombr H$r bJ^J _m{Q>mB© 3-5 odemb ^ S>ma h° dhr _oÒ∂OX _{ß BßM hm{Jr& [ÀWam{ß H$m{ Vame H$a oZo_©V VmOwb _oÒ∂OX H{$ AßXa ‡mW©Zm Omob`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U ghO hr H$j H$r Omob`m{ß _{ß b`mÀ_H$ Amb{IZm{ß H$bmH$mam{ß H{$ AX≤^wV H$m°eb H$r _{ß gÂ_moÃH$ AbßH$aU [’oV H$r Am{a H$bm o[[mgwAm{ß H$m{ AmH$of©V AoYH$Vm X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°& oOg_{ß H$aVm h°& _oÒ∂OX _{ß bmb Jwbm]r ¡`mo_Vr` Amb{IZm{ß H{$ gmW ‡mH•$oVH$ [ÀWam{ß [a oeÎ[H$mam{ß ¤mam Í$[mH$mam{ß H$m{ ^r ]∂S>r XjVm g{ oeÎ[r oZo_©V AZ{H$ Omob`mß bJr hwB© h¢ Z{ AbßH•$V H$aZ{ H$m g\$b ‡`mg oH$`m BZ H$bmÀ_H$ Omob`m{ß H$m h°, oOg_{ß _wJbH$mbrZ H$bm e°br H$m d°kmoZH$ _hÀd ^r Wm oOZH{$ ¤mam _oÒ∂OX _{ß hdm Edß ‡H$me H$r g_woMV ‡^md oXImB© X{Vm h°& Ï`dÒWm H$r OmVr Wr& B›hr _{ß g{ EH$ _oÒ∂OX H{$ AßXa [ydr© eJ _{ß C[ar Bg Vah gÂ[yU© VmOwb _gmoOX oXem _{ß{ oÒWV Ombr [a \y$bmß{ H{$ JwbXÒV{{ H$m AßH$Z h°& BamZr H$mbrZm{ß [a A^yV[yd© oôŒm AbßH$aU Edß H$bmÀ_H$ Omob`m{ß g{ gwgo¡OV h° oOg{ ^r Bgr ‡H$ma H{$ AßbH$aU ‡m· hm{V{ h¢& AV: `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h°, oH$ oZo_©V H$aZ{ h{Vw ^maV H{$ hr odo^fi oeoÎ[`m{ß Z{ A[Z{ AX≤^wV H$bm BZH{$ oZ_m©U _{ß B©amZr ‡^md X•oÔ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h°& H$m°eb H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m h°, oH$›Vw _oÒ∂OX H{$ AbßH$aU _{ß B©amZr Edß _wJb _oÒOX H{$ oH$Zma{ H{$ ohÒg{ _{ß BÒbmo_H$ ÒWm[À`H$bm Edß B©amZr e°br ‡^md H$r PbH$ Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© X{Vr h°& Bgr Vah H{$ AbßH$aU am{_Z H$mbrZ H$m ‡^md X•oÔ>Jm{Ma hm{Vm h¢& VmOwb _oÒ∂OX H$r `h Xrdma 70 o\$Q> D∞$ßMr Edß O{Í$gb_ H$r Am∑g _oÒ∂OX VWm BÒ\$hmZ, [yd© \$mag H$r emhr h°, oOg_{ß _{ham]m{ß `w∫$ bÂ]r Am°a Am`VmH$ma Omob`m{ß H$r AoYH$Vm h° _oÒ∂OX-E-emh Edß _woÒb_ ]hwb X{emß{ _{ß oZo_©V ÒWm[À`m{ß H{$ AbßH$aU _{ß oOg_{ß CÉH$m{Q>r H{$ H$bmÀ_H$ Amb{IZ h°& Bgr ‡H$ma _gmoOX H{$ A›Xa ^r X{Im Om gH$Vm h°& oOg Vah _wJb ehßemh emhOhm± Z{ ^maV H{$ oXb ^r Omob`m{ß H$r l•ßIbm oZo_©V h°, _mZm{ ew’ dm`w‡dmh Edß ‡H$me H$r oXÑr _{ß H$bmÀ_H$ ÒWm[À` H$r ‡og’ Om_m _oÒ∂OX H$m oZ_m©U H$am`m Wm Ï`dÒWm h{Vw H$bmÀ_H$ ÒWm[À` H{$ Í$[ _{ß BgH$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm hm{& R>rH$ Cgr ^mßVr _‹`‡X{e H{$ ˆX` ÒWb ^m{[mb _{ß emogH$m Zdm] emhOhm± O] Bg _oÒOX H$m oZ_m©U ‡maß^ hwAm Wm V] ^m{[mb eha _{ß o]Obr ]{J_ Z{ VmOwb _gmoOX H$m oZ_m©U H$adm`m Wm Om{ oXÑr Om_m _oÒ∂OX H{$ H$r Ï`dÒWm Zht Wr& Cg g_` oMamJm{ß, b{Â[m{ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ am{eZr H$r AbßH$aUmß{ g{ ^r g_mZVm aIVr h°, oH$›Vw VmOwb _gmo∂OX A[Z{ CÀH•$ÓQ> Ï`dÒWm H$r OmVr Wr& Hw$N> Bgr H$maU Bg _oÒ∂OX _{ß Omob`m{ß H$m AbßH$aUm{ß Am°a d•hX ÒWm[À` H{$ H$maU odÌd-‡og’ h°& AßH$Z AoYH$ ÒVa [a oH$`m J`m h°& BZ Omob`m{ß H$r bÂ]mB© EH$ g{ gßX^© J´ßW :- S{>∂T> _rQ>a Edß Mm°S>∂mB© 1/2 _rQ>a 1 gmßBoQ>o\$H$ ^m{[mb Xe©Z/ [ßM_ gßÒH$aU/[•H´$.05 H$r h°& Bg_{ß gÂ[yU© Omob`m{ß H$m{ ‡H$meH$- gmBßoQ>o\$H$ [o„beg© 3, ZmoXam ]g ÒQ°> S> [naga/^m{[mb - 462001/ ]∂S>r Hw$ebVm [yd©H$ AßoH$V H$aZ{ 2 dht...... /[•.H´$.-5 3 ^m{[mb (BoVhmg, [wamVÀd, gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß [`©Q>Z) [•.H´$.-36 ‡H$meZ: Am`w∫$ _{ß oeÎ[r g\$b ahm h°& [wamVÀd Ao^b{ImJma Edß gßJ´hmb` _.‡. ^m{[mb - 462003/2002 VmOwb _oÒOX H{$ AßXa 4 dhr...... [•.H´$. 40 ‡mW©Zm H$j H$r Xrdma [a 10- 5 ^m{[mb ;BoVhmg,[wamÀd,gÒßH•$oV Eßd [`©Q>Z/[•.H´$.-40, ‡.2002 12 o\$Q> H$r D$±MmB© [a oÒWV `h 6 dhr -[•.H´$.- 41 Ombr Am`VmH$ma h° oOg_{ß 7 dhr - /[•.H´$.-79 8 Sultan jehan begum: Hayat-I-shahjehani/1926/ p.no.288 Amb{IZ h{Vw A’©Jm{bmH$ma (S>r 9 oXZmßH$ 24.11.1961/_‹`‡X{e amO[Ã, ^mJ-3 (1) [•.H´$.2115 e{[) H{$ AßXa AßS{>Zw_m [yU© d•V _{ß gÂ_moÃH$ [’oV ¤mam Amb{IZ CH{$am J`m h° oOg_{{ß Kw_mdXma [Œmr Edß

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* AoVoW od¤mZ, gw^–m e_m© emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, JßO ]mgm{Xm, odoXem (_.‡.) ^maV ** Ï`mª`mVm, Am±JZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm© ‡oejU H{$›–, AmZ›XZJa, Ωdmob`a (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 268

C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 68 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß _{ß oejU H{$ C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ `h kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$m oejU [ÌMmV≤ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm H$m CÉ ÒVa [m`m J`m [yd© d oejU [ÌMmV≤ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aZ{ [a Q>r-_yÎ` 28.13 h° Om{ O]oH$ oejU g{ [yd© ZJ ` Wm $& Bgr Vah 48 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß _{ß 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h° AV: ey›` [naH$Î[Zm ìJ´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$m oejU g{ [yd© _{ß [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm H$m ÒVa _‹`_ oejU [yd© d oejU [ÌMmV≤ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm _{ß VWm oejU [ÌMmV≤ 28 ‡oVeV [m`m J`m$& 52 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß _{ß H$m{B© AßVa Zht [m`m OmEJmî AÒdrH•$V hm{Vr h°$& AV: oejU X{Z{ H{$ oejU g{ [yd© oZÂZ d oejU [ÌMmV≤ 4 ‡oVeV [m`m J`m$& [ÌMmV≤ CZH$r [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` OmJÈH$Vm _{ß d•o’ [m`r JB© oOgH$m VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-2 _m‹` 9.72 h°$& (J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$r [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` oZÓH$f©:- ‡ÒVwV em{Y A‹``Z ¤mam kmV hm{Vm h° oH$ AmßJZdm∂S>r gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm H$m ÒVa) H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß _{ß{ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr oejU X{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ CZH$r H´$. ÒVa oejU g{ [yd© oejU g{ [ÌMmV≤ OmJÈH$Vm _{ß d•o’ hwB©$& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-1 H{$ AZwgma oejU [ÌMmV≤ gßª`m ‡oVeV gßª`m ‡oVeV 68 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß _{ß OmJÈH$Vm H$m CÉ ÒVa [m`m J`m Cgr Vah J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß _{ß ^r oejU [ÌMmV≤ d•o’ X{Ir JB©$& VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z 1. CÉ 0 - 34 27.2 H$aZ{ [a `h ^r kmV hwAm oH$ `oX _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` 2. _‹`_ 28 22.4 68 54.4 gÂ]›Yr oejm o_b{ Vm{ CZH$r OmJÈH$Vm _{ß AßVa [m`m OmVm h°$& VmobH$m 3. oZÂZ 97 77.6 23 18.4 H´$_mßH$-3,4 H{$ AZwgma AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß d J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H$r Hw$b `m{J 125 100 125 100 oejU [ÌMmV≤ OmJÈH$Vm _{ß ‡^md X{Im J`m$& C[am{∫$ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 27.2 ‡oVeV J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß _{ß AV: oZÓH$f© oZH$bVm h° oH$ `oX AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm© H$m{ CoMV oejU H{$ [ÌMmV≤ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm H$m CÉ ÒVa [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm hm{Jr Vm{ dh J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß [m`m J`m O]oH$ oejU g{ [yd© 77.6 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß _{ß oZÂZ Wm$& H$m{ ^r ]{hVa Tß>J g{ OmJÈH$ H$a{ßJr$& oejU [ÌMmV≤ 54.4 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$r [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm© H$m [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr oejm ‡Mma OmJÈH$Vm H$m _‹`_ ÒVa [m`m J`m$& _{ß `m{JXmZ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-3 AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm© H$m [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` oejm ‡Mma _{ß _wª` AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß H$m oejU [yd© d oejU [ÌMmV≤ > `m{JXmZ h°$& [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` oejm ¤mam _mVmE±, ]Ém{ß H{$ ÒdmÒœ` VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z [m{fU gÂ]›Yr gm_m›` AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H$r [yoV© H$aZ{ _{ß gj_ hm{ßJr VWm ]mb odH$mg H$m{ ]∂T>∂mdm X{Z{, _mV•-_•À`wXa, oeew-_•À`wXa, Hw$[m{fU H$m{ OmJÍ$H$Vm _m‹` _mZH$ ÒdmVßÃ Q>r [arjU na_mH©$ H$m\$r hX VH$ H$_ H$aZ{ _{ß g\$b hm{ßJr$& AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm© hr EH$rH•$V H$m ÒVa odMbZ `mße H$m _yÎ` ]mb odH$mg g{dm `m{OZm H{$ AßVJ©V g^r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ OmJÈH$ H$aZ{ _{ß oejU [yd© 5.36 2.8 48 5.43 p 0.05 _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^mVr h°$& dh _mVmAm{ß, ]Ém{ß H$m{ ÒdmÒœ`, [m°oÓQ>H$ oejU 9.6 Amhma, Q>rH$mH$aU, gÂ]›Yr g{dmE± ‡XmZ H$aVr h°$& [ÌMmV BgH{$ Abmdm g_`-g_` [a _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gm\$-g\$mB©, ]r_mna`m±, 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ d•o’ oZJamZr, Hw$ÓR> C›_ybZ, ‡gd[yd© d ‡gd [ÌMmV≤ X{I^mb, ÒVZ[mZ, ghr g_` [a D$[ar Amhma, Am{. Ama.Eg. Km{b [a MMm© AmoX odf`m{ß [a C[am{∫$ VmobH$m ¤mam AmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß H$m oejU [yd© d gbmh X{Vr h¢$& oOgg{ J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß H{$ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` ÒVa H$m{ oejU [ÌMmV≤ H$m Q>r [arjU _yÎ` 48 ÒdmVßÃ`mße [a 5.43 h° Om{ 0.05 D±$Mm CR>m`m Om gH{$$& ÒVa [a gmW©H$ h° AV: ey›` [naH$Î[Zm ìAmßJZdm∂S>r H$m`©H$Vm©Am{ß H$m oejU [yd© d oejU [ÌMmV≤ [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` gÂ]›Yr OmJÈH$Vm _{ß *************** H$m{B© AßVa Zht [m`m OmEJmî AÒdrH•$V hm{Vr h°$& AV: [m{fU Edß ÒdmÒœ` oejm X{Z{ H{$ [ÌMmV≤ CZH$r OmJÈH$Vm [a ‡^md X{Im J`m$& VmobH$m H´$_mßH$-4 J´m_rU _{hbmAm{ß H$m oejU [yd© d oejU [ÌMmV≤ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z OmJÍ$H$Vm _m‹` _mZH$ ÒdmVßÃ Q>r [arjU na_mH©$ H$m ÒVa odMbZ `mße H$m _yÎ` oejU [yd© 3.25 1.9 248 28.13 p 0.05 oejU 9.72 [ÌMmV 0.05 ÒVa [a gmW©H$ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 269 g_mO _{ß Zmar H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV Edß g_Ò`mEß

S>m∞. Eg.Eg. ]K{b * Xro· `mXd ** ‡ÒVmdZm dV©_mZ g_` _{ß ^maVr` Zmar H$r oÒWoV Hw$N> hX VH$ gwYa JB© h°, [a›Vw [yU©V: Zht& dh A^r ^r AoeojV [Xm© ‡Wm g{ oKar, Xh{O g{ ‡Vmo∂S>V VWm oZarh OmZ [∂S>Vr h°& Jmßdm{ _{ß Vm{ BZH$r oÒWoV Am°a ^r ]XŒma h°°& "" dh [wÍ$f H{$ [°amß{ H$r OyVr g_Pr OmVr h°"" VWm Cg{ H$R>[wVbr H$r Vah ZMm`m OmVm h°& Cg{ dh AmXa, gÂ_mZ Zht oX`m OmVm Om{ Cg{ [nadma H$r g{dm, À`mJ H$aZ{ H{$ ‡oV\$b _{ß o_bZm MmohE& Zmar H$m{ XobV, Hw$R>mJ´ÒV ahZm [∂S>Vm h°& Zmar H{$ gß]ßY _{ß ^maV H{$ _hmZ H$od _°oWbreaU Jw· A[Zr [ßo∑À`m{ß _{ß Hw$N> Bg ‡H$ma Ï`∫$ H$r h° - "" A]bm OrdZ hm` VwÂhmar `hr H$hmZr& Xh{O H$r ‡Wm H{$ obE Xm{Zm| hr [j CÀVaXm`r h°& Z Vm{ h_ Xh{O X{ß Am°a Am±Mb _{ß h° XyY Am°a Am∞Im{ _{ß [mZr"" Zht b{ß V^r oÒWoV gwYa gH$Vr h°& BgH{$ ob`{ oOVZm da[j CÀVaXm`r h° Bg o]J∂S>V{ Zmar H{$ _mZogH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ ]XbV{ gm_moOH$ [nad{e CVZm hr H$›`m [j ^r& _{ß ZdrZ Í$[ g{ ÒdrH$mam h°& Bg o]J∂S>V{ Zmar H{$ _mZogH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m{ 5.5.5. ]mobH$m ^ýU hÀ`m- AmOH$b Ûr gßVmZ H$m{ bm{J CgH$r J^© _{ß hr ]XbV{ gm_moOH$ [nad{e _{ß Bg{ ZdrZ Í$[ g{ ÒdrH$mam h°&Zmar H$r gm_moOH$ Z•eßhÀ`m H$adm X{V{ h° ÒdVßÃVm ‡mo· g{ [hb{ bm{J A[Zr ]mobH$mAm{ß oÒWoV ZJar` VWm ehar` ÒVa [a Hw$N> gwYar hwB© h° b{oH$Z J´m_rU ÒVa H{$ S>a g{ Z•eßg hÀ`m H$a X{V{ h° H$maU _wJb emgH$ Ka H$r ]hy ]{oQ>`m{ß [a AmO ^r X`Zr` h°, CgH$r _yb oÒWoV h_ oZÂZ Vœ`m{ß g{ g_P gH$V{ h°& H$m{ A[Zr hdg H$m oeH$ma ]ZmV{ W{& Zmar H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV Edß g_Ò`mEß - AZw.OmoV VWm J´m_rU [naga _{ß bm{J ]mobH$m H$m{ ZdOmV Í$[ _{ß hr 1.1.1. [Xm© ‡Wm g{ ‡Vmo∂S>V Zmar- ^maV _{ß AmO ^r [Xm© ‡Wm ‡MbZ _{ß Jbm X]mH$a `m A\$r_ oIbmH$a _ma S>mbV{ h° [a›Vw g‰` oeojV h° J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß _woÒb_ [nadmam{ß _{ß AmO ^r ]hy ]{oQ>`mß∞ [X} H$r Am{Q> bm{J gm{Zm{J´m\$r [arjU H{$ C[amßV J^©[mV H$adm b{V{ h°& oOgg{ _{ß H°$X h°& J^© _{ß [b ah{ Z›h{ß oeeww H$r OK›` ^yÚ hÀ`m hm{ OmVr h°& 2.2.2. Aoejm g{ oKar Zmar- ^maVr` Zmar AmO ^r AoeojV h°, Cg{ 6.6.6. e°joUH$ ÒVa oZÂZ hm{Zm- ^maV _{ß _ohbm gmjaVm 30-40 [∂T>Z{ obIZ{ H$r ÒdV›ÃVm Zht h°& dh Í$o∂T>dmXr _mZogH$Vm dmb{ ‡oVeV h°& VWm odo^›Z dJm} _{ß ^r BZH$r oÒWoV X`Zr` h° dh [nadmam{ g{ Ow∂S>r h°, MmhH$a ^r dh [∂T> Zht [mVr& AmO ^r ]hwV g{ _m± AoeojV h° gZ≤ 2012 _{ß AmßH$S>m{ H{$ AZwgma ^maV _{ß odo^›Z dJm} ]m[ H$r YmaUmE± h° oH$ ]{Q>r [∂T>H$a ∑`m H$a{Jr Ka H$m Mm°H$m MyÎhm _{ß oejm H$m ‡oVeV dJ©dma oZÂZmZwgma h°& ‡oV 100 _ohbmAm{ß [a H$aZm CgH$r oZòV h°& YmaUm h° gmar ÒdV›ÃVm [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ ob`{ Am°a BgH$m AmßH$bZ oH$`m OmVm h°& gmar AYrZVm oÛ`m{ß H{$ ob`{ h°& gm_m›` dJ© 70 ‡oVeV 3.3.3. ]mb oddmh- ^maV _{ß AmO ^r ]hwV g{ oh›Xr ^mfr am¡`m{ß `Wm o[N>∂S>m dJ© 25 ‡oVeV amOÒWmZ, CÀVa‡X{e, hna`mUm, o]hma VWm _‹`‡X{e _{ß ]mb oddmh _woÒb_ 3.4 ‡oVeV H$m ‡MbZ h°& ]mobH$mAm{ß H{$ 10 df© H{$ hm{Z{ [a CgH$m oddmh H$a AZw.OZOmoV 0.8 ‡oVeV oX`m OmVm h° oOgg{ CgH$m ]hwAm`m_r odH$mg Zht hm{ [mVm h°& Am°a AZwgyoMV OmoV 1.8 ‡oVeV dh Ka H$r MmhaXrdmar _{ß H°$X hm{H$a ah OmVr h°& 4.4.4. Xh{O ‡Wm- ^maV _{ß A^r da [j dmb{ _Z_mZm [°gm dgybV{ h°& Am°a H$›`m [j dmb{ E{gm Z H$a [mZ{ [a Vah Vah g{ gVm`{ OmV{ h° VWm C›h| Xh{O X{Z{ [a _O]ya H$a oX`m OmVm h°& Xh{O ‡Wm g{ ‡Vmo∂S>V _ohbmAm{ß H$m odo^fi dJm} _{ß ‡oVeV oZÂZmZwgma h°& OmoV/Y_© Xh{O g{ ‡Vmo∂S>V _ohbm`{ß gm_m›` dJ© 30 ‡oVeV o[N>∂S>m dJ© 20 ‡oVeV hnaOZ 25 ‡oVeV _woÒb_ 10 ‡oVeV AZw.OZOmoV 10 ‡oVeV

* ‡^mar ‡mMm`©,emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡) ^maV ** em{YmWu, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 270

7.7.7. AmZw[moVH$ b°oJH$ AgßVwbZ - ^maV _{ß odo^fi VarH$m{ß ¤mam H$r OmVr h°, Vah Vah H{$ VmZ{ oX`{ OmV{ h° Am°a gm_moOH$ VWm ]mobH$mAm{ß H$m em{fU O°g{ hrZVm H$r oeH$ma,Xh{O g{ _•À`w, ]mobH$m [mnadmnaH$ A[_mZ g{ C›h|ß _aZ{ [a _O]ya H$a oX`m OmVm h°& ^yÚ hÀ`m, Hw$[m{fU,Aoejm,ÒdmÒœ` H{$ ‡oV bm[admhr AmoX 10. _mZogH$ —oÓQ>H$m{U H$m o[N>∂S>m[Z - ^maV _{ß AmO ^r [nadma _{ß H$maUm{ß g{ Ûr [wÍ$f AgßVwbZ hm{ ahm h°& obßJmZw[mV o]J∂S>Z{ g{ b∂S>H$s H$m{ Vha Vah g{ am{H$m Q>m{H$m OmVm h° dh MmhV{ hw`{ ^r Hw$N> Zht odo^fi g_Ò`mE± h_ma{ gm_Z{ Am`r h°& ^maV _{ß ‡oV 1000 [wÍ$fm{ß H$a gH$Vr h° BgH$m _wª` H$maU _mZogH$ o[N>∂S>m[Z hr h°& 934 oÛ`mß h°& C[gßhma 8.8.8. [wÍ$f ‡YmZ g_mO - ^maV _{ß AmO ^r [wÍ$f g_mO h°, oÛ`m{ß H$m{ ^maVr` Zmar H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV g•—T> hm{V{ hwE ^r H$_Om{a h° CgH$m ]am]a g{ H$m_ H$aZ{ [a H$_ ‡oV\$b o_bVm h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gßÒH$mam{ß h_ AmoW©H$ gm_moOH$ odH$mg H$a{ß VWm Zmar H$r _hÀVm H$m{ g_P{ß Cg{ _{ß ^r `hr o_bm h°& oH$ [wÍ$f Mmh{ oH$VZm hr oJam hwAm hm{ b{oH$Z [`m©· AmXa Am°a gÂ_mZ X{ß ∑`mß{oH$ Zmar ‡H•$oV H$m Ao¤Vr` gw›Xa [wÓ[ h° oZÓR>mdmZ [oVd´Vm gÉnaÃ dmÀgÎ` H$r _yoV© [oÀZ MmohE Om{ Cg{ dh [wÍ$f H$r ‡{aUm h°, E{gr oMad›XZr` Zmar H$m{ AmXa gV≤ gV≤ Z_Z& B©Ìda H$r Vah [yO{& gßX^© J´ßW 9.9.9. [aÂ[amAm{ß Am°a ‡WmAm{ß H$m odH•$V Í$[ - ^maV _{ß AmO odYdm`{ß 1. e_m©,a_m(2010),""^maVr` g_mO _{ß ZmarÐ[• gß. 71& h° Am°a gßÒH$mam{ß _{ß `h Zht obIm h° oH$ CgH$m [wZod©dmh oH$`m Om`{& 2. [Q{>b,AoZVm (2002),""_ohbm CÀ[rS>Z{{ H$m ogbogbm H$] VH$Ð[• gß. 21& oOgg{ dh OrdZ â KwQ>Vr ahVr h° VWm CZH$r H$B© Vah g{ XwX©em 3. AmhwOm,am_ (1987),""^maVr` gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mEß,amdV [p„bH{$eZ,Odmha ZJa, O`[wa,[• gß. 238&

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 271

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g{ ob[Q{> da-dYw [grZ{ _{ß Va-]Va hm{ OmV{ h¢ V] "_hmob`m" Am{a ]amVr Am°a YamVr Xm{Zm{ß hr [aß[amJV aroV _{ß ZmMV{ h¢ Am°a Bgr _ß∂S>[ MmXa Im{bVm h° oOg{ ¡`mXm [grZm Am`{Jm dh Xwga{ [a hmdr ah{Jm& Hw$N> _{ß da-dYw ""]wAm"" H{$ gmV \{$a{ b{V{ h¢& oddmh H{$ bJ^J 4-5 oXZ [yd© g{ g_` [ÌMmV≤ ""MwoH$`m oX`m"" hm{Vm h° BgH{$ AßVJ©V hÎXr [mZr _{ß Km{bV{ h¢ hr H$_ma da-dYw H$m Zm_ b{Zm ]ßX H$a oX`m OmVm h°& C›h{ß (da-dYw H$m{) Bg [mZr H$m{ ""Ya_[Zr"" H$hV{ h¢ ""Mm°oW`m"" (dYw H{$ _m±-]m[) H$m{ AmdmO amOm-amZr Zm_ g{ gÂ]m{oYV oH$`m OmVm h°& X{V{ h¢ Am°a CZH{$ AmZ{ [a "Ya_ [mZr"" X{V{ h¢ Bg [mZr H$m{ ]ZmZ{ g{ [hb{ X{dm{ß H$_mam{ß H{$ oddmh Hw$N>-Hw$N> _amR>r ]ßJmbr oddmh [’oV g{ _{b ImV{ h¢ H$m{ EH$ ]m{Vb eam] Am°a Zmna`b MT>mV{ h¢, H$_mar oddmh H$m AÀ`ßV am{MH$ O°g{ da-dYw H{$ oga [a ]ßYw ""_m°a"" (_wHw$Q>)& amVâ da-dYw H$m{ Jm{X _{ß —Ì` ""oMH$bhr"" g{ AßV VH$ H$m hm{Vm h¢""$& oMH$bhr"" H{$ AßVJ©V da-dYw CR>mH$a Z•À` H$aZm& "V{bMwYr", "V{bMT>r" Edß gÂ[yU© amoÃ da-dYw H$m _mÃ _ß∂S>[ H{$ _‹` ]°R> OmV{ h¢, da-dYw H$m{ ""[mH$ ZMmZm"" hm{Vm h° AWm©V da-dYw Ìd{V dÛ YmaU H$a Z•À` BÀ`moX& g^r H$_ma emXr H{$ Ka _{ß OmH$a Om{a em{a Bg oH$M∂S> _{ß gmW-gmW ZmMß{J{, `h Z•À` H$r [amH$mÓR>m hr H$h{ (`nX ehar g{ Z•À` H$aV{ h¢ oOg{ ""OmobAmZm"" H$hm OmVm h°& H$_mam{ß _{ß Xh{O H$r H$m{B© aßJ_ßM [a BVZm bÂ]m Z•À` hm{ Vm{ oZpÌMV hr naH$m∂S©> ]Z{) oH$ [wZ: Z•À` ‡maß^ ode{f [aß[am Zht, o\$a H$_mar aroV nadmOm{ß H{$ AZwgma da [j [a AmoW©H$ hm{Vm h° Am°a V] VH$ MbVm h° O] VH$ g^r Cg oH$M∂S> _{ß bW[W ga g{ [mßd VH$ X]md ¡`mXm ahVm h°& da-[j AoYH$ gm_J´r ^{Q> H$aVm h° O]oH$ Om{ gm_J´r Zht hm{ OmV{, oZpÌMV hr "hm{br-gm" AmZßX ‡m· hm{Vm h° Z•À` ]ßX hm{Z{ [a dYw [j da [j H$r ^{Q> H$aVm h°& dh gÂ[yU© ^{Q> dhr _ß∂S>[ _{ß hr, g_mO H{$ g^r oHß$M∂S> _{ß gZ{ da-dYw H{$ gmW ZmMV{ JmV{ ÒZmZ H{$ obE Vmbm] [a OmV{ _‹` odVnaV hm{ g_m· hm{ OmVr h°& oddmh _{ß da [j ¤mam dYw H{$ o[Vm H$m{ Xr h¢ Vmbm] [a OmV{ g_` H$_mam{ß H{$ [mg "YZw-H$mß∂S>", "MwoH$","_Q>H$m", _Nw>E H$r OmZ{ dmbr gm_J´r _{ß g\{$X gm∂S>r, Myo∂S>`mß, H$bJr, X[©U, Mmdb AmY{ g{ Q>hZr" hm{Zm AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ h¢ & AoYH$ o∑ßdQ>b, 5 Zmna`b, EH$ [r[m _hwEß H$r eam], 2 MH$r Jw∂S> Edß Bgg{ ÒZmZmXr H{$ [ÌMmV da-dYw H$m{ ZdrZ dÛ YmaU H$adm`{ Om`{J{ oOg{ AoYH$ Om{ ^r da [j dYw H{$ o[Vm H$m{ X{Zm Mmh{ dYw H{$ o[Vm ¤mam-H$_ g{ ""_∂S>dm-g∂S>m{Zm"" H$hV{ h¢, oddmh H$m AÀ`ßV am{MH$ Vœ` "" o_Jm©"" Om{ oH$ EH$ H$_ 6 ]m∞Q>b _hwE H$r eam] Edß ]mamV H$m{ ^m{OZ oOgg{ AoZdm`©V" I{b hr h¢ oOg{ ªm{bV{-I{bV{ da-dYw oZdmg VH$ AmV{ h¢ ""o_Jm©"" _{ß H$m{B© Mmdb, H$T>r, g„Or hm{Vm h°& H$_ma ohaU `m A›` OßJbr OmZda H$m ÒdmßJ aM{Jm, da dYw A[Z{ oga [a H$_mam{ß H{$ oddmh _{ß [aß[amJV JrVm{ß Edß Z•À` H{$ AoVna∫$ [maß[naH$ _Q>H$m aI{Jr, OmZda H$m ÒdmßJYmar Ïò∫$ Zd dYw H{$ AmJ{-AmJ{ OmZda dm⁄`ßÃm{ß H$m{ ]Om`m OmVm h° oOg{ ]OmZ{ H$m H$m`© ""Jmß∂S>m OmoV"" H{$ bm{J H$r ^mßoV Mb{Jm, dYw H{$ ga [a aI{ _Q>H{$ Edß _Q>H{$ H$m{ [H$∂S{> hmW H{$ _‹` g{ H$aV{ h¢& oddmh H{$ AßV _{ß odXmB© g{ [yd© ""oQ>H$mdZ"" hm{Vm h° Am°a AßV _{ß odXm& AWm©V H$mZ H{$ [mg g{, dYw H{$ [rN{> Mb ahm da, YZw-H$mß∂S> g{ Cg OmZda H$m ode{fV: Bg gÂ[yU© oddmh _{ß H$hr ^r [o ∂S>V `m ]°Jm oddmh H$m`© gÂ[fi oZemZm bJmVm h¢ oZemZm MyH$Zm Zht Mmoh`{ A›`Wm Cg da H$r "YZw- H$amV{ oXImB© Zht X{Vm, gÂ[yU© d°dmohH$ H$m`© ""_hmob`m"" hr H$aVm h°& H$mß∂S>"" _{ß [maßJVVm [a ‡ÌZ oM›h bJ OmVm h¢ _hwE H$r Q>hZr H$r Am∂S> g{ A^r oddmh [yU©V: g_m· Zht hwAm Bg oddmh H$r [yU©Vm da [j H{$ OmZda H$m{ Nw>[m`m OmVm h° `hr oH´$`m ]ma-]ma H$r OmVr h° $& O] oZdmg oZdmg [a [hwßMH$a, H$_ g{ H$_ Xm{ oXZ ]mX hm{Jr dhmß ^r V{b M∂T>{>Jm, V{b ]hwV H$_ Xyar [a hm{Vm h° V] H$_ma ""_m{aJm"" H$aV{ h¢ ""gm]a"" (I∂S>≤∂S>m Im{XZ{ CVa{Jm, amVâ [maß[naH$ Z•À` hm{Jß{& H$_ma Jm±d _{ß O°g{ hr ]mamV dYw H$m{ H$m bm{h{ H$m Am°Oma) g{ I∂S>≤∂S>m Im{XZ{ H{$ ]mX Cg{ Q>m{H$Zr _{ß aI{ßJ{ Bg{ ""H$mßXm b{H$a da H{$ Ka H{$ ]mha VH$ [hwßM{Jr, ]mha hr da dYw H$m{ 1-2 KßQ{> M]yVa{ IZm"" H$hV{ h¢ "H$mßXm IZm" H$m{ Q>m{H$Zr _{ß aIH$a AmJ{ ]∂T>V{ h¢, oOg{ ""∂S>m{∂S>H$"" [a ]°R>m oX`m OmVm h° oOg{ ""]mgm"" H$hV{ h¢& ""]mgm"" _{ß JrV-Z•À` H$hm OmVm h° [wZ: g^r H$_ma ZmMV{ JmV{ oZdmg H$r Am{a MbZ{ bJV{ h¢ V^r MbVm ahVm h° V^r Om{ bm{J ]mamV _{ß Zht Om gH{$ W{ d{ da-dYw (amOm- AMmZH$ H$ht g{ dhmß \$m∞a{ÒQ> Jm∂S©> (Om{ oH$ ÒdmßJ aM{ H$_ma hm{V{ h¢) Am OmV{ amZr) H$m{ b{ OmV{ h¢ [wZ: amOm-amZr O] "]mgm" _{ß AmV{ h¢{ V] da-dYw H$m{ h¢ g^r H$m{ K{a b{V{ h¢ & "H$mßXm IZm" H$r Q>m{H$Zr _{ß _•V ohaU hm{Vm h¢ Edß _hwE J•h-‡d{e H{$ obE ¤ma [a I∂S>m H$a AmaVr CVmaV{ h¢ oOg{ "AmaWr" H$hm H$r Q>hZr H$m{ H$Q>m d•j CgH{$ [°am{ß [a oJa ah_ H$r ^rI _mßJVr h¢ [a›Vw OmVm h°& em_ hm{V{ VH$ g^r [wZ: ""]mgm"" _{ß EH$oÃV hmß{J{ Am°a amVâ H$R>m{a \$m∞a{ÒQ> Jm∂S©> Zht N>m{∂S>Vm AßV _{ß Hw$N> Í$[`{ b{-X{H$a ]mV ]Z OmVr amOm-amZr (da-dYw) H$m{ ZMm`ß{J{ oOg{ "ZMmdm" H$hV{ h¢& h¢ Bg Vah I{bV{-Hy$XV{, ZmMV{-JmV{ gß‹`m hm{ OmVr h° Am°a oZdmg ^r ‡mV: hm{V{ VH$ ^r "ZMmdm" ]ßX Zht hm{Vm& o\$a da dYw H{$ _‹` Z{J H$r Am OmVm h¢ $& A] ""_mßXr"" H$m H$m`©H´$_ hm{Vm h¢ oOgg{ g^r H$_ma Iy] eam] g^r bm{J ]°R> H$a [rV{ h¢, oOg{ ""O_mB© ]gyZ"" H$hm OmVm h° Bg eam] [rV{ h¢ Edß XmdV H$m AmZßX CR>mV{ h¢ eam] H{$ g{dZ H{$ ]mX "bJrZ" hm{Vm h° oOgg{ _amR>r aroV AZwgma —Ì` My∂S>r oddmh-> Bg ‡H$ma H$m oddmh H$_mam{ß _{ß AoYH$ ‡MobV h¢ oOgH{$ oXIV{ h¢, da-dYw H{$ _‹` MmXa bJm Xr OmVr Am°a g^r C›h{ß Mmdb _maV{ AßVJ©V oH$gr ^r H$_ma _ohbm H$m{ Myo∂S>`mß [hZmH$a Cg{ A[Z{ Ka bm`m Om h¢ da H$r Yw{Vr g{ dYw H$r gm∂S>r ]mßY X{V{ h¢ ]ßYZ{ dmbr oJR>mZ _{ß "H$Ér gH$Vm h° E{g{ oddmh AoYH$mße odYdm AWdm VbmH$ewXm _ohbmAm{ß g{ hÎXr" Am°a "gmV Mmdb" ]mßY X{V{ h¢, Bg "bJrZ JR>" H$m{ ""JR>^ma`"" hm{V{ h¢ E{g{ oddmh _{ß da Myo∂S>`m± [hZmV{ g_` Mma ]m{Vb eam] EH$ ]H$am, H$hm OmVm h° H$_mam{ß H$m dnaÓQ> Ïò∫$ `m A›` AZw^dr H$_ma da-dYw H{$ [m±M H$mR>m YmZm, EH$ H$mR>m Xmb, EH$ gm∂S>r X{Vm h°, `h oddmh [wZod©dmh [°am{ H{$ AßJwR>m{ß H$m{ o_bmH$a ]mßYVm h° oOg{ ""bJrZ Om{∂S>Zm"" H$hV{ h¢& ""YwV H{$ obE oH$`m OmVm h¢& (H´$_e:) [B©`m"" H{$ VhV≤ Amam‹` X{d H$r AamYZm H$r OmVr h° ]ob Xr OmVr h°& `h em{Y [Ã em{YmWu ¤mam "H$_ma' g_mO H{$ ‡À`{H$ Ka [a Òd`ß OmH$a H$_mam{ß _{ß "^mßda"" hm{Jr, da-dYw H$m{ _ß∂S>[ _{ß Iß^{ g{ ]mßY oX`m OmVm h° Am°a ‡ÌZm| H{$ ¤mam Am°a X{I{ J`{ AZw^dm| g{ obIm J`m h°$& Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 275 O°Z Xe©Z Am°a odÌd emßoV

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*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 277 Am‹`moÀ_H$ C[bo„Y H$m gÂ‡À`` oXZ{e oVdmar * ‡m{.‡drU Xm{gr ** o]Z{ Am°a gmB_Z (1905), Q>a_{Z (1916), _°nab (1937), ]wo’ dmb{ Ïò∫$ oZÌM`V: gXmMma [a ‹`mZ X{V{ h°& _hm^maV VWm VWm O{._m{a{ (1972) AmoX Z{ ]rgdt eVmo„X _{ß ]wo’ _m[Z h{Vw [arjUm{ß odÓUw[wamU (3,12,41,) _{ß obIm h°:- H$m oZU©` oH$`m & ""]wo’_mZ gXmMmar oejm Edß odZ` g{ `w∫$ hm{Vm h°, _°Ãr[yU© Ï`dhma ]wo’bo„Y (IQ) H{$ ]mX gmßd{oJH$ ]wo’ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß gd©‡W_ S{>oZ`b H$aVm h°, VWm Xygam{ß H{$ gmW H$^r ^r H$ÓQ>‡X Ï`dhma Zht H$aVm h°&'' Jm{b_{Z (1990) Z{ A[Zr [wÒVH$ "gmßd{oJH$ ]wo’' _{ß ]Vm`m& Jm{b_{Z H{$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ o‡` Ïò∫$ Òdm‹`m` ‡{_r hm{Vr h¢ Òdm‹`m` _{ß ‡_mX Zht [ÌMmV [rQ>a g{bm{dr (1997), ]{am{Z (1997) AmoX Z{ gmßd{oJH$ ]wo’ H$aV{ h°& VWm XrK©gyÃVm H$m À`mJ H$aV{ h°& d{ H$^r ^r [∂T>Z{ _{ß ‡`ÀZhtZVm H$m{ [na^mofV oH$`m& Zht aIV{ h°& ^JdmZ doeÓR> H$hV{ h° H´$m{Yey›`Vm, [odÃVm, AoVerK´Vm C›hm{ßZ{ gmßd{oJH$ ]wo’ H$m{ Bg ‡H$ma H$r `m{Ω`Vm ]Vm`m h° oH$ oOgH{$ Z H$aZm, ^mdew’r bm{^-_m{h H$m A^md, H$V©Ï` [amÙVm AmoX JwUm{ß g{ ¤mam Ïò∫$ Òd`ß A[Z{ VWm Xygam{ß H{$ gßd{Jm{ß d ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ g_PH$a _Z, oMŒm, VWm ]wo’ [odÃ hm{Vr h°& BZ JwUm{ß g{ `w∫$ Ïò∫$ AmJ{ MbH$a C›h{ß ghr oXem ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& Jm{b_{Z (1995), H{$ AZwgma ]wo’ bo„Y ‡kmdmZ hm{Vm h°& (IQ) H{$ C[`m{J h{Vw ^r gmßd{oJH$ ]wo’ bo„Y (EQ) H{$ _yb^yV ^JdmZ lr H•$ÓU Z{ AOw©Z H$m{ gÂ]m{oYV H$aV{ hwE H$hm h°- AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& VWm JrVw ^mI{Zr (2000) H{$ AZwgma ]wo’ bo„Y (IQ) 1. oZÌM`mÀ_H$ ]wo’ EH$ hr hm{Vr h°ß (2.40) H{$ gmW gmßd{oJH$ ]wo’ bo„Y (EQ) H$m C[`m{J H$aZ{ [a Ïò∫$ H{$ H$m`© 2. 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AkmZOoZV gße` H$m odZme oddH$ kmZ g{ hm{Vm h° (4.42) H$maU h_ma{ Am‹`moÀ_H$ _yÎ`m{ß _{ß Hw$N> ˆmg hwAm& AV: dV©_mZ g_` _{ß 11. oOgH$m _Z A[Z{ de _{ß h°, odew’ A›V:H$aU dmbm h°, g^r ‡moU`m{ß A›` X{em| H{$ gmW gmW ^maV _{ß ^r BgH$r AmdÌ`H$Vm _hgyg H$r Om ahr H$m ohV{fr h° - dh [m[ _{ß ob· Zht hm{Vm & (5,10) h° VWm Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$r MMm© IQ & EQ$ H$r C[{jm AoYH$ hm{ ahr h°& 12. [a_mÀ_m H{$ VÀd kmZ ¤mam _m{h OoZV AkmZ H$m{ ZÓQ> H$a X{Zm od⁄m dhr h° Om{ Ïò∫$ H$m{ gmßgmnaH$ ]›YZm{ß g{ _w∫$ H$amH$a AmÀ_kmZ MmohE& (5,15) ‡XmZ H$aVr h° AV: ‡kmdmZ Edß ]wo’_mZ Ïò∫$ dhr h° Om{ A[Z{ eara 13. kmZr Ïò∫$ _mZ- A[_mZ, gwI Xw,I AZHy$bVm, bm^ hmoZ _{ß H$m C’ma H$aVm h° - `hr OrdZgma h°, `hr ]wo’ H$r [naUoV h° Am°a `hr g_—oÓQ> aIV{ h° (6,7) Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm H$r [amH$mÓR>m h°& [wZ: ]wo’_mZ Ïò∫$ dhr h° Om{ `h Xm{ 14. ^JdX≤ ‡mo· H{$ ob`{ H$_© H$aZ{ dmbm H$m{B© ^r _ZwÓ` XwJ©oV H$m{ ‡m· ]mV{ß JmßR> ]mßY b{Vm h° :- Zht hm{Vm h°ß& 1. AdÌ`_{d ^m{∑Àd`ß H•$Vß H$`© ew^mew^_≤ 15. ]wo’_mZm{ß H$r ]wo’ VWm V{OoÒd`m{ H$m V{O `hr h°ß& (7,14) AWm©V A[Z{ H•$VH$_m} H$m \$b ^m{JZm [∂S>Vm h°& 16. oZof’ H$m`© H$m À`mJ H$a{ß, oZ`V H$_© H$a{ß& (18,6) 2. gÀ`_≤ [aohV ‡m{∫$_ AWm©V Om{ Ïò∫$ g^r ‡moU`m{ß H$r ohV gmYZm C[`w©∫$ o]›XwAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ AmMaU _{ß CVmaZ{ dmbm Ïò∫$ oZÌM` hr _{ß gßbæ ahVm h° Vm{ `h gÀ` h°, CgH$r gmar gmYZmEß∞ ÒdV: g\$b Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’ `w∫$ hm{Vm h°ß& [óg’ AmÀ_odX [{oQ≠>H$ ]´{ZZ (2002) Z{ hm{ OmVr h°& `{ Xm{ ]mV{ dhr oH´$`mo›dV H$aVm h° oOg_{ß Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm A[Z{ gßX{e _{ß ]Vm`m oH$ Ïò∫$ H$r gÂ[yU©Vm, ‡gfiVm, gwIX AZw^yoV, H$m [`m©·[wQ> hm{& gmW hr dh AmMmadmZ hm{- Edß gwIX OrdZ h{Vw Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’ ]hwV AmdÌ`H$ h°ß& AmMma: [a_m{Y_©:&& h_mam AmMaU [yU©V: d°XodoXV H$_m~ Edß H$V©Ï`m{ß 1.1.1. _mZddmXr ZroV Xe©Z Edß A‹`mÀ_ :- H{$ AZwÍ$[ hm{Zm Mmoh`{& hrZmMmar Z Vm{ [odÃmÀ_m hm{ gH$Vm h° Am°a H$mÏ` _mZddmXr ZroV Xe©Z _{ß ^r emarnaH$, ]m°o’H$ Am°a Z ]wo’_mZ& Cg{ d{X ^r [odÃ Zht H$a gH$V{& Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ g^r _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ CoMV ÒWmZ oX`m J`m h°ß& òX _ZwÓ` * Ï`mª`mVm Edß em{YH$Œmm©, [{gro\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV ** g{dmoZd•Œm ‡mMm`© Edß AoYÓR>mVm, bm{H$_m›` oVbH$ oejH$ ‡oejU _hmod⁄mb` S>]m{H$ CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 278

emarnaH$ oZ`_m{ß H$m [mbZ Zht H$a{Jm Vm{ ]m°o’H$ Am°a Am‹`moÀ_H$ 1. OmJÍ$H$Vm _yÎ`m{ß H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ _{ß eara CgH$m gmW Zht X{Jm& Bgr ‡H$ma òX 2. _mZogH$ g›VwbZ ]wo’ Am°a _oÒVÓH$ H$m odH$mg Am°a gßVm{f ‡m· Zht oH$`m J`m Vm{ 3. AmÀ_ - oZarjU ]hwYm Ïò∫$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ oÒWoV`m{ß Am{a ‡oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ g_PZ{ _{ß JbVr 4. gßH$Î[ eo∫$ H$m odH$mg H$a{Jm& òX _mZd Am‹`moÀ_H$ oÒWoV`m{ß Am{a ‡oH´$`mAm{ß H$m{ g_PZ{ _{ß 5. ‡_moUH$Vm JbVr H$a{Jm Vm{ dh emarnaH$, [moÌdH$ ÒVa [a ah OmEJm `m ewÓH$ 6. H$Í$Um ]m°o’H$ ÒVa H{$ Chm[m{h _{ß CbPm ah{Jm VWm OrdZ H{$ AmZ›X Edß 7. AZwemgZ Am°a gohÓUwVm gßVm{f g{ gX°d Xya ah{Jm& (am_ZmW e_m©, 1987 [•. 43) 8. gh- AoÒVÀd Am°a g_›d` 2.2.2. C[oZfX≤ Am°a A‹`mÀ_ :- 9. Ï`gZ _wo∫$ C[oZfXm{ß _{ß Am‹`mÀ_ H{$ ]hwV [jm{ß [a MMm© H$r J`r h°ß& 10. aMZmÀ_H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U _w S>m{H$m{[oZfX≤ _{ß [am Edß A[amod⁄m [a MMm© H$r J`r h°& oOg C[`w©∫$ JwUm{ß H$m{ YmaU H$a Ïò∫$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ Cfi`Z H$r `mÃm od⁄m H{$ ¤mam bm°oH$H$ kmZ hm{Vm h°ß AWdm d{Xm{ß H$m kmZ hm{Vm dh ‡maÂ^ H$a gH$Vm h°ß& Am‹`moÀ_H$ Cfi`Z H{$ gß]ßY _{ß AmMm`© Vwbgr A[am od⁄m VWm [am od⁄m H$m AW© h°ß, ""``m VXja_oYJÂ`V{'' Z{ H$hm h°ß :- AWm©V≤ oOgH{$ ¤mam ""Aja'' H$m kmZ hm{Vm h° dh [am od⁄m h°ß& Am‹`moÀ_H$ Cfi`Z hr, "Vwbgr' h° AmX{`& h_ma{ gm_Z{ Xm{ e„X h° ja Am{a Aja& gmam gßgma BZ Xm{ e„Xm{ß _{ß g_m hm{ b˙`m{ß›_wI M{VZm, gY{ ghO hr l{` OmVm h°ß& oOVZ{ ^r —Ì_mZ [XmW© h°ß d{ g] ja h° VWm h_mar gmar AWm©V Am‹`moÀ_H$ odH$mg h_ma{ obE C[mX{` h°ß& A›` odH$mgm{ß H$m{ A[amod⁄m ja g Ow∂S>r hwB© & oOg od⁄m g{ AoVo›–` M{VZm H$m kmZ hm{ Jm°U Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm [a d{ g] [naoY _{ß ah{ß& h_mam H{$›–r` dh [am od⁄m h°, Aja H$m kmZ h°& Aja H$m kmZ hr A‹`mÀ_ od⁄m hß°& b˙` A‹`moÀ_H$ odH$mg h°ß& `h b˙` oZa›Va gm_Z{ ah{ Vm{ ghO hr 3.3.3. ‡Omo[Vm ]´˜Hw$_ma Edß A‹`mÀ_ :- l{`g H$r og’r hm{ gH$Vr h°ß& ]´˜Hw$_ma OJXre Mß– (1996 [•. 287) H{$ AZwgma AmO h_ma{ 5.5.5. `m{J doeÓQ> Am°a A‹`mÀ_ :- gm_Z{ ‡m`: oOVZr ^r g_Ò`mEß h° d{ _ZwÓ`m{ß H{$ [maÒ[naH$ gß]ßYm{ß H{$ `m{J doeÓQ> H{$ AZwgma - AZ]Z g{ [°Xm hwB© h°& X{e H$r gwajm d odÌd emo›V H{$ obE _Z: ‡_mXmX dY©›V{, Xw:ImoZ oJnaHy$Q>dV≤ gwgßdmoXVm Am°a [maÒ[naH$ Vmb_{b ]hwV AmdÌ`H$ h°ß& gwgßdmoXVm VX≤ demX{d ZÌò›V, gy`©Ò`mJ´{ oh_ß `Wm& AWdm Vmb_{b ]ZmE aIZ{ h{Vw C›hm{ßZ{ N>h gyÃ ‡oV[moXV oH$E& AWm©V≤ AJa Ïò∫$ H$m _Z R>rH$ Zht h°ß, _Z AÒdÒW hß° Vm{ N>m{Q>m gm 1. ‡{_ VWm ew^ ^mdZm Xw:I ^r _hmZ≤ Xw:I ]Z OmEJm Am°a _Z Iwe h°ß Vm{ [hm∂S> oOVZm XwI 2. ›`m` Am°a Am°oMÀ` ^r amB© oOVZm ]Z OmEJm& BgobE Ïò∫$ H$m{ _Z ÒdÒW aIZm 3. _ZwÓ` H{$ ‡oV VWm _mZdr` AoYH$mam{ß H{$ ‡oV gÂ_mZ MmohE& _Z H$m{ A[Z{ AYrZ ]ZmZ{ h{Vw A‹`mÀ_ H$m kmZ ]hwV 4. ghZerbVm AmdÌ`H$ h°ß, ∑`m{ßoH$ gwI XwI g] _Z H{$ AYrZ hß°& `m{J doeÓQ> Z{ 5. Aßohgm _{ß —∂T> AmÒWm Am°a CgH{$ ‡oV ‡oV]’Vm A‹`mÀ_ h{Vw Hw$N> _hÀd[yU© gyÃm{ß H$m ‡oV[mXZ oH$`m - 6. Xygam{ß H$r ^bmB© H{$ ‡oV ‹`mZ 1. _Z ÒdÒW Edß A¿N>m ah{& `{ oZ`_ h_ma{ X°oZH$ OrdZ _{ß h_mar H$m`©odoY H{$ oZ`m_H$ Edß 2. _Z H$m{ EH$mJ´ H$aZm grI b{& gßMmbH$ hm{ BgH{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ hß° oH$ h_ A[Z{ OrdZ _{ß 3. Vwa›V ‡oVoH´$`m Z H$a{ß& Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm H$m g_md{e H$a{ß& 4. Xw:I H$m{ ]∂S>m, N>m{Q>m Z _mZ{ daZ≤ g_^md g{ X{I{& Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm H{$ g_md{e _{ Ïò∫$ H{$ gm_Z{ H$B© ‡H$ma H{$ odøZ O°g{ 5. Ïò∫$Àd H$m Í$[m›VaU H$a{ß& gße`, Ï`W© gßH$Î[, ]wa{ gßÒH$ma, odH$Q> [naoÒWoV`mß, CÀgmh H$r 6. Xygam{ß H$r ^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ g_PZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$a{ß& H$_r, [yd© H$_m} H$m ohgm] oH$Vm] VWm Xygam{ß H{$ Òd^md g{ Q>H$amd 7. gßH$Î[ eo∫$ H$m{ —∂T> ]ZmE∞& AmoX AmV{ h°& b{oH$Z h_{ß —∂T> oZÌM` H$a BZ odøZm{ß H$m{ Xya H$a A‹`mÀ_ H{$ BZ _hÀd[yU© gyÃm{ß [a odMma od_e© H$a OrdZ _{ß CVmaZ{ Òd^md H$m{ Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]ZmZ{ H$r Am{a ‡`mgaV ahZm MmohE& [a A¿N{> OrdZ H{$ oZ_m©U H$m [W ‡eÒV hm{ gH$Vm h°ß& Am‹`moÀ_H$Vm 4.4.4. AmMm`© _hm‡k Edß A‹`mÀ_ :- g{ gß]ßoYV C[`w©∫$ o]›XwAm{ß H$m{ A[Z{ AmMaU _{ß CVmaZ{ dmbm Ïò∫$ AmMm`© _hm‡k (2005 [•. 45) H{$ AZwgma h_mar M{VZm H{$ VrZ Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’`w∫$ hm{Vm h°ß& ÒVa hß° - Z°oVH$ M{VZm, Y_© M{VZm, Am°a A‹`mÀ_ M{VZm& Z°oVH$ 6.6.6. AI S> ¡`m{oV (_B© 2006 [•. 24) - M{VZm H$m gßX^© h° -g_mO, Y_© M{VZm H$m gßX^© h°ß - Ïò∫$ Am°a AI S> ¡`m{oV _{ß ‡H$moeV b{I H{$ AZwgma odMma Edß ^mdZm g{ [a{ Am‹`moÀ_H$ M{VZm _{ß Z g_mO h°ß Am°a Z Ïò∫$ & Ohm∞ A‹`mÀ_ M{VZm Ïò∫$Àd H$r Agr_ Dß$MmB© H$m{ Ò[e© H$aZ{ H{$ obE Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’ h°ß dhmß∞ H$m{B© C[moYH•$V ^{X e{f Zht ]MVm, gma{ ^{X odbrZ hm{ OmV{ hß° H$r OÍ$aV [∂S>Vr h°& Am°a BZ ]m¯ AmdaUm{ß H{$m MraH$a H{$db Ïò∫$ H$r AmÀ_m hr oXImB© Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’ [yU© [naÓH•$V ‡km h°ß& gm_m›` ]wo’ odÌb{fU X{Vr h°ß& AmMm`© _hm‡k H{$ AZwgma A‹`mÀ_ H$r oZÂZ [JSß>oS>`m{ß [a H$aVr h°ß, VH©$ H$aVr h°ß& O] ]wo’ CoMV AZwoMV _{ß ^{X H$a H{$db Mb Am‹`moÀ_H$ M{VZm H$m{ OmJ•V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°ß :- CoMV H$m{ hr A[ZmVr h°ß Vm{ Cg{ ‡km H$hV{ h° `hr Zra jra odd{H$ h°ß, Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 279

[a›Vw O] `h M{VZm H{$ CÉ ÒVar` Am`m_m{ß H$m{ Ny>Vr h°ß Vm{ H$m{B© ^{X 3. "H$_©' AWdm H$maU ‡^md oZ`_ `m gßX{h e{f Zht ahVm h°ß& `h AßY{a{ _{ß b˙` H$r Vbme Zht H$aVr 4. AÎ[ ‡`mg H$m oZ`_ daZ≤ M°V›` ¡`m{oV _{ß MrOm{ß H$m{ X{IVr h°ß& `h o]Zm ^{X oH$E Om{ O°gm 5. CXX{Ì` Am°a B¿N>m H$m oZ`_ h° d°gm hr X{IVr h°ß& 6. AZmep∑V H$m oZ`_ Am‹`moÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m _wª` Am`m_ h°ß Í$[m›VaU& Í$[m›VaU AWm©V 7. Y_© AWdm OrdZ C‘{Ì` H$m oZ`_ OrdZ H{$ g^r VÀdm{ß H$m [yU© [nadV©Z Edß ]Xbmd& _Z ]wo’ odMma BZ oZ`_m{ß H$m{ A[Z{ AmMaU _{ß CVmaZ{ dmbm Ïò∫$ OrdZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ Edß ^mdm{ß _{ß [yU© Edß g_J´ [nadV©Z hr Í$[m›VaU h°ß& j°Ã _{ß g\$bVm H{$ oeIa Ny>Vm h°& Í$[m›VaU g{ eara, ‡mU, _Z, ]w’ Edß ˆX` H$r _brZVm Yyb OmVr 8.8.8. Am‹`moÀ_H$ ‡]ßYZ - h°ß Am°a BZH{$ Vb ]Xb OmV{ h°ß& `h AZw^d g{ OmZm Om gH$Vm h°& [ŸMßX JmßYr (2006 [•. 15) H{$ AZwgma AmÒWmAm{ß, _m›`VmAm{ß Edß Í$[m›VaU g{ Ïò∫$Àd oZIa CR>Vm h° Am°a M{VZm COm©o›dV hm{ OmVr _yÎ`m{ß H{$ _m[X S>m{ß _{ß odH•$oV`mß AmZ{ H{$ H$maU ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ A[Zm h° VWm `h Ïò∫$Àd H$r g^r jw–VmAm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>H$a A[Z{ A›Xa g{ emarnaH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß _mZogH$ emo›V Jß∞dm MwH$m h°& Bg oÒWoV H$m{ ^mJdV≤ gm°›X`© H$m{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aVr h°& `h gm°›X`© hr Am‹òÀ_H$ gwYmaZ{ H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° "Am‹`moÀ_H$ ‡]ßYZ' Om{ OrdZ H$r ]wo’ h°& `h oXÏ` j_Vm g^r _{ß od⁄_mZ h°, [a›Vw Bg{ odf` Ztd gw—∂T> H$aZ{ OrdZ OrZ{ H$r H$bm H$m{ emÌdV og’ H$aZ{ H{$ obE dmgZmAm{ß H$r jw–Vm H$m{ Í$[m›VnaV H$aH{$ hr [m`m Om gH$Vm h°& OÍ$ar h°& `h AmÀ_m H$r gwI em›Vr Edß OrdZ H$r Hw$ebVm, AV: BgH{$ obE h_{ß A[Z{ _Z ]wo’ Edß ^mdZm H$m{ [odÃ Edß oZ_©b Iwehmbr Edß l{ÓR>Vm H$m{ COmJa H$aVm h°& Am‹`moÀ_H$ ‡]ßYZ H{$ H$aZm hm{Jm& A›V©JV OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ obE oZYm©naV _m[X S>m{ß H$m hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ 7.7.7. g\$bVm H{$ gmW Am‹`moÀ_H$ oZ`_ - h°& ]m°o’H$ j_Vm `m AoYH$ YZ AO©Z H$aZm hr l{ÓR>Vm H$m AmßH$bZ ""g\$bVm H{$ gmW Am‹`moÀ_H$ oZ`_'' _{ß Xr[H$ Mm°[∂S>m (2003 [•. Zht h°& X{d gßÒH•$oV odÌdod⁄mb` Z{ l°ÓR>Vm H$m AmßH$bZ H{$ obE 4 17) Z{ Ïò∫$ H$r g\$bVm h{Vw gmV Am‹`moÀ_H$ oZ`_m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß _mZH$ ÒWmo[V oH$E - ]Vm`m& CZH{$ AZwgma oZ`_ dh [’oV h°ß oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ A‡H$Q>, 1.1.1. Ï`dhmnaH$ gm_ßOÒ` H$r Hw$ebVm : BgH{$ A›V©JV ‡H$Q> hm{ OmVm h°, Xe©H$ —ÓQ>m hm{ OmVm h°& [`©d{jH$, [na—Ì` ]Z Ï`dhmnaH$ bMrbm[Z, [maÂ[naH$ gm°hm–, gwI-XwI _{ß ^mJrXmar OmVm h°& `h dh [’oV h° oOgH{$ ¤mam ÒdflZ—ÓQ>m A[Z{ g[Zm{ß H$m{ AmoX AmV{ h°& gmH$ma H$aVm h°& 2.2.2. ]m°o’H$ l{ÓR>Vm : ]m°o’H$ odH$mg H{$ gmW Am‹`moÀ_H$ odH$mg ]´˜m S> _{ß Om{ h_ Om{ Hw$N> ^r X{IV{ h° oOZH$m g•OZ hm{Vm h° CZH$m h{Vw ^r ‡`mgaV ahZm& _yb Ûm{V B©ÌdaÀd h°, g•OZ ‡oH´$`m Cg B©ÌdaÀd H$r H•$oV h° Am°a 3.3.3. gm_moOH$ ‡oV]’Vm : gm_moOH$ CÀWmZ H{$ obE ‡`mg H$aZm& aMZm dÒVw ]´˜m S> h°& h_mar C[oÒWoV _{ß M{VZm `mZr B©ÌdaÀd H$r 4.4.4. Am‹`moÀ_H$ OrdZ —oÓQ> H$r [na[π$Vm - BgH{$ A›V©JV `h [yar ‡oH´$`m hr dmÒVd _{ß ]´˜m S> H{$ ^m°oVH$ oZ`_ h°& òX h_ BZ OrdZ H$r gÂ[yU©Vm H$m A‹``Z H$am`m OmVm h° oOgg{ Ïò∫$ oZ`_m{ß H$m{ A¿N>r Vah g_PH$a B›h{ß A[Z{ OrdZ _{ß A[Zm`{ßJ{ V^r OmZ gH{$ oH$ OrdZ CVZm hr Zht oOVZm ZOa AmVm h° ]oÎH$ g\$bVm o_b{Jr& Xr[H$ Mm°[∂S>m Z{ g\$bVm H{$ oZÂZoboIV Ûm{V `{ BgH{$ Am°a ^r Jha{ Am`m_ h°& Am‹`moÀ_H$ oZ`_ ]VmE h°& Bg ‡H$ma Am‹`moÀ_H$ ‡]ßYZ ¤mam Ïò∫$ A[Z{ OrdZ H$m{ ghr 1. odew– gm_œ`© H$m oZ`_ oXem ‡XmZ H$a gÂ[yU© Ïò∫$Àd H$m{ COmJa H$a Iwehmbr ‡m· H$a 2. X{Z{ H$m oZ`_ gH$V{ h°&

*************** Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 280 Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ oVÎbm°aIwX© H$r _ohbmAm{ß _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A‹``Z ]´˜Xr[ AbyZ{ * S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{ ** ‡ÒVmdZm - Zmar em{fU H$m ‡W_ MaU ‡maß^ hm{Vm h° Ka{by ohßgm H{$ CZH$r oÒWoV ]X g{ ]XVa H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ dfm~ g{ H$maJma ‡`mg oH$`{ Om ah{ _m‹`_ g{$& AoYH$Va _ohbmEßß Ka, [nadma _{ß hr em{ofV hm{Vr h¢$& dh h¢$& BgH{$ ]mdOyX AmO VH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV gwYma Z{ H{$ ob`{ H$m{B© ohßgH$ Ï`dhma `m oH´$`m Om{ oH$ Ka-[nadma g{ oH$gr gXÒ` ¤mam Ka H{$ ]∂S>m d H$maJa H$X_ Zht CR>m`m J`m$& N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> ‡`mgm{ß g{ `h g_Ò`m oH$gr gXÒ` H{$ gmW H$r OmVr h°$& dh Ka{by ohßgm h° `m Bg ‡H$ma ^r H$h hb Zht hm{ gH$Vr$& AV: Bg j{Ã _{ß ‡^mdr H$m`m~ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°, Om{ gH$V{ h¢ oH$ O] [nadma H$m H$m{B© gXÒ` [nadma H{$ oH$gr Xyga{ gXÒ` H$m{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H$r oXem _{ß H$maJa H$X_ gmo]V hm{ gH{$$& _mZogH$ `m emarnaH$ AWdm Xm{Zm{ß Vah g{ oH$gr ‡H$ma g{ XwI [hwßMmVm h° `hmßß VH$ oH$ Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ^r _ohbmEß AZo^k h¢$& CgH$r AdmßoN>V `m ZH$mamÀ_H$ ^Àg©Zm H$aVm h°, ‡Vmo∂S>V H$aVm h°, oOgH$m Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ H$m oZ_m©U 2005 _{ß oH$`m J`m Am°a 26 A∑Qy>]a, ‡^md ‡Vmo∂S>V gXÒ` H{$ emarnaH$ d _mZogH$ ÒdmÒœ`, AmMma - 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* _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV Ka{by ohßgm gßajU AoYoZ`_ H$r ‡^mderbVm O]H$r 10 ‡oVeV H$m CŒma AÒ[ÓQ> ahm$& H$m A‹``Z H$aZm$& VmobH$m-4([nadma [am_e©© H{$›– OmZ{ H$r OmZH$mar H$m oddaU) em{Y ‡odoY ‡ÒVwV em{Y h{Vw oVÑm°aIwX© Jm±d H{$ 20 [nadmam{ß H$m M`Z H´ß$. [nadma [am_e© H{$›X´ _ohbmAm| H$s gßª`m ‡oVeV (`m—oeH$ [’oV) ¤mam oH$`m J`m$& ›`mXe© H{$ Í$[ _{ß MwZ{ JE [nadma 1 OmVr h° 02 10 gß`w∫$ [nadma h¢$& B›Xm°a g{ 15 oH$._r. Xya IßS>dm am{∂S> [a oÒWV oVÎbm°aIwX© 2 H$^r Zhßr OmVr h° 04 20 H{$ ]hwb g_mO [mQ>rXma g_mO H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$m M`Z C‘{erH•$V odoY g{ 3 OmZH$mar Zht h° 14 70 oH$`m J`m$& oOZH$m oddaU oZÂZ VmobH$mAm{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> oH$`m J`m h° - VmobH$m 4 H{$ AZwgma 70 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [nadma [am_e©© H{$›–m{ß VmobH$m 1 (_ohbmAm{ß H$r gm_moOH$ oÒWoV) H$r OmZH$mar hr Zht h°$& O]oH$ 20 ‡oVeV [nadma [am_e©© H{$›– VH$ Bg ‡H$ma VmobH$m 1 H{$ AZwgma Ka{by ohßgm AoYoZ`_ 2005 H{$ Zht OmVr$& Bgg{ bm^mßodV hm{Z{ dmbr _ohbmEß og\©$ 10 ‡oVeV hr h°$& oZÓH$f© Edß gwPmd :- Ka{by ohßgm oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ bmJy H$aH{$ gaH$ma Z{ ]ßX XadmOm{ß H{$ [rN{> hm{Z{ dmb{ ohßgH$ ]Vm©d H$m{ am{H$Z{, _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ gwajm X{Z{ Am°a Xm{of`m{ß H$m{ gOm oXbmZ{ H{$ obE EH$ ode{f H$mZyZ ]ZmEß OmZ{ H$r ImgH$a Òd`ßg{dr gßÒWmAm{ß Am°a _ohbm gßJR>Z H$r _mßJ [yar H$a Xr$& Bg H$mZyZ H{$ OnaE CZ H$o_`m{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$r JB© h° Om{ o[N>b{ H$mZyZm{ß _{ß ANw>Vr ahr Wr `moZ CZ g^r _ohbmAm{ß H$r H$mZyZr oh\$mOV H{$ C[m` oH$`{ JE h¢ oOZH$m ‡Vmo∂S>V H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H{$ gmW H$m{B© naÌVm h° Am°a d{ EH$ hr Ka _{ß gmW-gmW ahV{ h¢, emarnaH$-_mZogH$ ‡Vm∂S>Zm, Y_H$r, VmZm _maZ{, Xh{O H{$ obE gß]ßoYV _ohbm `m CgH{$ [naOZm{ß H$m{ VßJ H$aZ{, ]mobJ b∂S>H$r [a CgH$r B¿N>m H{$ odÍ$’ oddmh Wm{[Z{ `m _Or© g{ emXr Z H$aZ{ O°g{ V_m_ H•$À`m{ß H$m{ A[amoYH$ l{Ur _{ß aIH$a CZH{$ obE gOm H$m ‡mdYmZ oH$`m J`m$& _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE H$mZyZr gßajU ]∂T>mZ{ H{$ oH$gr ^r H$X_ H$m Am°oMÀ` gm\$ h°$& gdmb h° Vm{ ]g `hr oH$ Z`m H$mZyZ H$hmß VH$ Ï`dhmnaH$ hm{ [mEJm$& gßX^© _{ß ‡m· AmßH$∂S>m{ H{$ AmYma [a 55% _ohbmEß o_oS>b VH$ `m H$_ J´m_ oVÎbm°aIwX© _{ß [mQ>rXma g_mO oeojV g_mO h° Edß `h g_mO oeojV h° O]H$r 30% BßQ>a VWm 15 ‡oVeV ÒZmVH$ `m CÉ oeojV h°$& emH$mhmar hm{H$a Ï`gZm{ß g{ _w∫$ h° AV: E{gm bJVm h° oH$ _ohbmEß Ka _{ß [mQ>rXma g_mO AoYH$mße H•$of AmYmnaV [nadma hm{V{ h° AV: _ohbmEß gwIr h°$& b{oH$Z A‹``Z g{ `h kmV hwAm oH$ Ka{by ohßgm gßajU AoYoZ`_ [nadma [a hr AmolV h° Edß CZH$m Òd`ß H$m Ï`dgm` 10 ‡oVeV VH$ h°$& H$r OmZH$mar 60 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Zht h° O]oH$ 70 ‡oVeV _ohbmEß VmobH$m - 2 ([nadma _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV Ï`dhma gß]ßYr oddaU) [nadma [am_e©© H{$›– H{$ ]ma{ _{ß Zht OmZVr$& Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Bg AoYoZ`_ g{ J´m_rU _ohbmEß A^r VH$ [naoMV hr Zht h°$& BgH$m H$maU ‡Mma H$r H$_r H´ß$. Ï`dhma gß]ßYr oddaU _ohbmAm| ‡oVeV H$s gßª`m Edß J´m_rU BbmH$m{ß VH$ [am_e©© H{$›–m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m A^md 1 gÂ_mnZV VarH{$ g{ gm_m›` Ï`dhma dmbr _ohbmE± 12 60 _mZm Om gH$Vm h°$& AV: _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg od^mJ VWm [wobg 2 gmg ggwa H$m Ka _| CXma Ï`dhma Zht E{gr _ohbmE± 06 30 ‡emgZ ¤mam o_bH$a Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a J´m_rU BbmH$m{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß _{ß 3 [oV ¤mam gßVm{fOZH$ Ï`dhma Zht E{gr _ohbmE± 02 10 OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ obE Ao^`mZ MbmZ{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°$& `hr Zht ÒHy$br VmobH$m 2 g{ ‡m· AmßH$S>m{ß H{$ AZwgma 60 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H{$ ‡oV oejm _{ß ^r E{g{ H$mZyZ H$m{ [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß AoZdm`© Í$[ g{ emo_b oH$`m _mZm Ka _{ß gÂ_mZOZH$ Ï`dhma oH$`m OmVm h°$& 30 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß Z{ gmg MmohE oOgg{ b∂S>oH$`m{ß, _ohbmAm{ß Edß g_mO _{ß gwIX gßX{e Om`{$& ggwa H{$ Ï`dhma H$m{ CXma Zht _mZm O]oH$ 10 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß Z{ [oV gßX^© gyMr :- H{$ Ï`dhma H$m{ gßVm{fOZH$ Zht _mZm$& 1. `yZrg{\$ Bﬁm{g{ßQ> nagM© g{ßQ>a, ‚bm{a{ßg, BQ>br ¤mam 'S>m{_{oÒQ>H$ dm`b{ßg AJ{ßÒQ> dr_{Z EßS> JÎg©' odf` [a ‡H$moeV S>mBO{ÒQ> [oÃH$m H$r gßª`m 6, gZ≤ 2000, VmobH$m - 3 (_ohbm CÀ[rS>Z H{$ odÍ$’ H$mZyZ Edß Ka{by ohßgm 2. X{dga{ Ïhr.,(2007),Ka{by ohßgm d°oÌdH$ gßX^©, Am`© ‡H$meZ _ßS>b, ZB© oXÎbr gßajU AoYoZ`_ - 2005 H$r OmZH$mar H$m oddaU) 3. Í$]r AÍ$U http://www.chauthiduniya.com/2012/03/rights-and- H´ß$. OmZH$mar h° _ohbmAm| H$s gßª`m ‡oVeV law-of-women.html 4. o‡`aßOZ Aem{H$, 13 ZdÂ]a.2009 1 OmZH$mar h° 06 30 http://ashokvichar.blogspot.in/2009/11/blog-post.html 2 OmZH$mar Zht h° 12 60 5. O{. _rZmjr,(2007),dw_Z EßS> ›`y gm{eb Am∞S©>a, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU, Am{_{Jm 3 CŒma AÒ[Ô> 02 10 [o„bH{$e›g, ZB© oXÎbr VmobH$m 3 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ 30 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ hr _ohbm CÀ[rS>Z 6. AmhyOm Ama.,(2003),dm`b{ßg AJ{ßÒQ> dw_Z, ‡W_ gßÒH$aU, amdV [o„bH{$e›g, O`[wa 7. http://socialissues.jagranjunction.com/2011/09/28/ H{$ odÍ$’ H$mZyZ Edß Ka{by ohßgm gßajU AoYoZ`_ - 2005 H$r OmZH$mar domestic-violence-in-india-and-measures-to-be-taken- h° O]oH$ 60 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ E{g{ oH$gr H$mZyZ H$r OmZH$mar Zht h° after-being-victim-of-this/ Naveen Shodh Sansar (An International Refereed Research Journal) ISSN 2320-8767 Oct. to Dec. 2013 282

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