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THE LINNEAN SPECIAL ISSUE No. 9
THE LINNEAN SPECIAL ISSUE No. 9 Survival of the Fittest A Special Issue of The Linnean celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution edited by Brian Gardiner, Richard Milner and Mary Morris SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST 97 Charles Darwin: Ghostbuster, Muse and Magistrate Richard Milner FLS Associate in the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History [email protected] On a chilly, misty morning, several years ago, I rambled across a tract of woodland near the Kentish village of Downe, where I clambered down a muddy slope carpeted with dormant native orchids. It was the fabled “Darwin’s orchis bank,” which I thought had been destroyed years ago to make way for housing estates. My four knowledgeable companions, led by historian Randal Keynes, enthused about how beautiful this place becomes in spring, when thousands of wildflowers bloom, and how much they wanted to preserve it for posterity. It is one of the remnants of Charles Darwin’s favorite unspoiled natural places within walking distance of his country home, which is now the Darwin Museum. The Victorian naturalist, who was Keynes’s great-great grandfather, had regularly walked these same footpaths a century and a half ago. He had been especially fond of the tiny orchids that still flourish here, but are becoming increasingly rare in Britain. Darwin wrote about them in The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862), the first book he published after the Origin of Species (1859). Later that day, we raised our glasses in Ye Whyte Lyon Inn near Farnborough Common, in Locksbottom, Orpington, a centuries-old pub where the public-spirited biologist occasionally held court as a part-time magistrate, meting out verdicts and sentences to local law-breakers. -
On TRACKS-THEORY of EVOLUTION
Vol. 16, No. 2 Kansas Wildlife & Parks Spring, 2006 The Scientific Theory of Evolution INSIDE... What Is A Scientific Theory 2 The Scientific Method 3 Don’t Miss Evolution By Natural Selection 4 Species Spotlight:Charles Darwin 8 Our Next Did You Know? 11 Issue: Science Definition 11 Evolution of the Modern Horse 12 The Tree of Life 13 Animal Genetic Variation 15 Problem Concepts in Evolution 17 Champions NABT Statement of Evolution 18 of Kansas WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A the facts as we know them, that they have become SCIENTIFIC THEORY AND A BELIEF? THAT the cornerstones of modern science for today, but REALLY IS THE HEART OF THE CONTRO- who knows about tomorrow? VERSY OVER THE TEACHING OF EVOLU- It is important to remember that scientific theories are never considered fact and are always TION IN BIOLOGY CLASSES. OUR GOAL open to question and change if new scientific evi- FOR THIS ISSUE OF ON TRACKS IS TO dence says otherwise. EXPLAIN WHAT A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS AND HOW THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION Public Definition of Theory MEETS THE CRITERIA FOR A GOOD SCIEN- An idea, speculation, or plan as to how TIFIC THEORY. something might be done. Most of us have theories about all kinds of things in our lives but these are NOT scientific theories WHAT IS A in any sense! Scientific Hypothesis SCIENTIFIC An idea or hunch that is used to form an experiment to determine if it is valid. THEORY? Scientists regularly use an hypothesis to begin a research project. Reprinted with permission from the Roger Tory Institute and the Electronic Naturalist, www.enatu - Scientific Definition of Theory ralist.org Overwhelming evidence in support of a For most people, a theory is an idea, more general principle explaining the operation or less well thought out, that someone has about a of certain phenomena or events that take given event or process. -
Survival of the Fittest
THE LINNEAN SPECIAL ISSUE No. 9 Survival of the Fittest A Special Issue of The Linnean celebrating the 150th anniversary of the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution edited by Brian Gardiner, Richard Milner and Mary Morris WILEY-BLACKWELL 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ Special Issue No. 9 of The Linnean Newsletter and Proceedings of The Linnean Society of London ISSN 0950-1096 © 2008 The Linnean Society of London Burlington House, Piccadilly, London W1J 0BF www.linnean.org Charity Reference No. 220509 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. The designations of geographic entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publishers, the Linnean Society, the editors or any other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Introduction and the “Joint Essay” This Special Issue of The Linnean is to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the most important event in the history of the Linnean Society: the reading of the Joint Essay of Darwin and Wallace in July 1858. It comprises seven papers in all, which are mainly concerned with the post-1858 careers of Darwin and Wallace. Returning to the Joint Essay, it is important to note that in May 1855 Bennett and Hooker submitted a resolution that in future papers communicated for the Proceedings should be printed in full, given a printed cover and registered as a Periodical. -
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Darwin-Inspired Learning NEW DIRECTIONS IN MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE EDUCATION Volume 28 Series Editors Wolff-Michael Roth, University of Victoria, Canada Lieven Verschaffel, University of Leuven, Belgium Editorial Board Angie Calabrese-Barton, Teachers College, New York, USA Pauline Chinn, University of Hawaii, USA Brian Greer, Portland State University, USA Lyn English, Queensland University of Technology Terezinha Nunes, University of Oxford, UK Peter Taylor, Curtin University, Perth, Australia Dina Tirosh, Tel Aviv University, Israel Manuela Welzel, University of Education, Heidelberg, Germany Scope Mathematics and science education are in a state of change. Received models of teaching, curriculum, and researching in the two fields are adopting and developing new ways of thinking about how people of all ages know, learn, and develop. The recent literature in both fields includes contributions focusing on issues and using theoretical frames that were unthinkable a decade ago. For example, we see an increase in the use of conceptual and methodological tools from anthropology and semiotics to understand how different forms of knowledge are interconnected, how students learn, how textbooks are written, etcetera. Science and mathematics educators also have turned to issues such as identity and emotion as salient to the way in which people of all ages display and develop knowledge and skills. And they use dialectical or phenomenological approaches to answer ever arising questions about learning and development in science and mathematics. The purpose of this series is to encourage the publication of books that are close to the cutting edge of both fields. The series aims at becoming a leader in providing refreshing and bold new work—rather than out-of-date reproductions of past states of the art—shaping both fields more than reproducing them, thereby closing the traditional gap that exists between journal articles and books in terms of their salience about what is new. -
Charles Darwin
Contents Articles Alfred Russel Wallace 1 Charles Darwin 24 Publication of Darwin's theory 49 Evolution 57 Natural selection 89 Intelligent design 103 Argument from poor design 133 Teleological argument 139 Watchmaker analogy 148 Irreducible complexity 153 Specified complexity 169 Fine-tuned Universe 176 Intelligent designer 183 Richard Dawkins 189 Gene-centered view of evolution 207 References Article Sources and Contributors 213 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 220 Article Licenses License 222 Alfred Russel Wallace 1 Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace Born 8 January 1823Usk, Monmouthshire, Wales, United Kingdom Died 7 November 1913 (aged 90)Broadstone, Dorset, England Citizenship British Fields exploration, biology, biogeography, social reform, botany Known for his co-discovery of natural selection and his work on biogeography Notable awards Royal Society's Royal Medal (1866) and Copley Medal (1908), Order of Merit (1908) Alfred Russel Wallace, OM, FRS (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the Wallace Line that divides the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts, one in which animals closely related to those of Australia are common, and one in which the species are largely of Asian origin. He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography".[1] Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made a number of other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection. -
Charles Darwin
SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST 97 Charles Darwin: Ghostbuster, Muse and Magistrate Richard Milner FLS Associate in the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History [email protected] On a chilly, misty morning, several years ago, I rambled across a tract of woodland near the Kentish village of Downe, where I clambered down a muddy slope carpeted with dormant native orchids. It was the fabled “Darwin’s orchis bank,” which I thought had been destroyed years ago to make way for housing estates. My four knowledgeable companions, led by historian Randal Keynes, enthused about how beautiful this place becomes in spring, when thousands of wildflowers bloom, and how much they wanted to preserve it for posterity. It is one of the remnants of Charles Darwin’s favorite unspoiled natural places within walking distance of his country home, which is now the Darwin Museum. The Victorian naturalist, who was Keynes’s great-great grandfather, had regularly walked these same footpaths a century and a half ago. He had been especially fond of the tiny orchids that still flourish here, but are becoming increasingly rare in Britain. Darwin wrote about them in The Various Contrivances by which Orchids are Fertilised by Insects (1862), the first book he published after the Origin of Species (1859). Later that day, we raised our glasses in Ye Whyte Lyon Inn near Farnborough Common, in Locksbottom, Orpington, a centuries-old pub where the public-spirited biologist occasionally held court as a part-time magistrate, meting out verdicts and sentences to local law-breakers. The author with Randal Keynes (right) and (left) Professor John and Irene Palmer.