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Predicting Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarkii) Abundance in High-Elevation Streams: Revisiting a Model of Translocation Success

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Predicting Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarkii) Abundance in High-Elevation Streams: Revisiting a Model of Translocation Success 2399 Predicting cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) abundance in high-elevation streams: revisiting a model of translocation success Michael K. Young, Paula M. Guenther-Gloss, and Ashley D. Ficke Abstract: Assessing viability of stream populations of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and identifying streams suitable for establishing populations are priorities in the western United States, and a model was recently developed to predict translocation success (as defined by an index of population size) of two subspecies based on mean July water temperature, pool bankfull width, and deep pools counts. To determine whether the translocation model applied to streams elsewhere with more precise abundance estimates, we examined the relation between electrofishing-based esti- mates of cutthroat trout abundance and these habitat variables plus occupied stream length. The preferred model was (population size)1/2 = 0.00508(stream length (m)) + 5.148 (N = 31). In contrast, a model based on data from the origi- nal translocation model included stream temperature and deep pool counts as variables. Differences in models appear to largely have a methodological rather than biological basis. Additional habitat coupled with increased habitat complexity may account for the form of the abundance – stream length relation in the electrofishing-based model. Model-derived estimates imply that many cutthroat trout populations are below thresholds associated with reduced risk of extinction. We believe that this model can reduce uncertainty about projected population sizes when selecting streams for reintroductions or evaluating unsampled streams. Résumé : La détermination de la viabilité des populations de truites fardées (Oncorhynchus clarkii) des cours d’eau et l’identification des milieux d’eau courante adéquats pour l’établissement des populations constituent des priorités dans l’ouest des États-Unis; un modèle mis au point récemment permet de prédire le succès des transferts (défini par un in- dice de taille de population) de deux sous-espèces à partir de la température de l’eau en juillet, de la largeur des fosses à plein bord et du nombre de fosses profondes. Afin de déterminer si le modèle de transfert s’applique à des cours d’eau situés ailleurs avec de meilleures estimations de densité, nous avons examiné la relation entre les estimations d’abondance des truites fardées basées sur la pêche électrique et les variables de l’habitat ci-haut, plus la longueur du cours d’eau occupé. Le meilleur modèle est (taille de la population)1/2 = 0,00508 (longueur du cours d’eau, en m) + 5,148 (N = 31). En revanche, un modèle basé sur les données utilisées dans le modèle original de transfert comprend comme variables la température de l’eau et le nombre de fosses profondes. Les différences entre les modèles semblent avoir une base plus méthodologique que biologique. Un nombre plus important d’habitats et une complexité plus grande des habitats peuvent peut-être expliquer la forme de la relation entre l’abondance et la longueur du cours d’eau dans le modèle basé sur la pêche électrique. Les estimations fournies par les modèles laissent croire que plusieurs des populations de truites fardées se trouvent à une densité inférieure au seuil associé à un risque réduit d’extinction. Nous croyons que ce modèle peut réduire l’incertitude reliée aux projections de tailles de populations lors du choix de cours d’eau pour fins de réintroduction ou pour l’évaluation de cours d’eau non inventoriés. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Young et al. 2408 Introduction Duff 1996). Consequently, biologists have made extensive efforts to found new populations, reestablish extirpated Inland subspecies of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus populations, and assess the size and probability of persis- clarkii) have substantially declined throughout most of tence of both (Hepworth et al. 1997; US Fish and Wildlife their historical range over the last 150 years (Behnke 1992; Service 1998; Kruse et al. 2001). Some of this work has Received 30 July 2004. Accepted 29 June 2005. Published on the NRC Research Press Web site at http://cjm.nrc.ca on 24 September 2005. J18240 M.K. Young.1 US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 East Beckwith Avenue, Missoula, MT 59801, USA. P.M. Guenther-Gloss.2 US Forest Service, Medicine Bow-Routt National Forests, Brush Creek – Hayden Ranger District, P.O. Box 249, Saratoga, WY 82331, USA. A.D. Ficke. Department of Wildlife and Fishery Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. 1Corresponding author (e-mail: [email protected]). 2Present address: The Nature Conservancy, P.O. Box 1176, Saratoga, WY 82331, USA. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 62: 2399–2408 (2005) doi: 10.1139/F05-149 © 2005 NRC Canada 2400 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. Vol. 62, 2005 been directed at developing models that relate cutthroat least partially successful, and (iii) use the preferred model trout presence or abundance to habitat characteristics for electrofishing-based estimates to predict amounts and (Bozek and Rahel 1992; Kruse et al. 1997; Dunham et al. kinds of habitat necessary to sustain populations thought to 1999). In one such model, Harig and Fausch (2002) estab- meet conservation thresholds. lished that the potential for small streams to harbor self- sustaining populations of greenback cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias) and Rio Grande cutthroat Methods trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) in Colorado and New Mexico was a function of summer water temperature, Field sites number of deep pools, and pool bankfull width. They con- To address the first objective, we used three sets of data: cluded that this model could also be used to assess risk of electrofishing-based abundance estimates of greenback cut- extinction of existing populations of these and closely re- throat trout in the South Platte River basin in Colorado (N = lated subspecies in comparable environments. 9 streams) (Young and Guenther-Gloss 2004) and of Colo- rado River cutthroat trout in headwater streams in the Little The Colorado River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii Snake River basin in Wyoming (N = 12) and the upper Colo- pleuriticus ) is among the suite of cutthroat trout subspecies rado River basin in Colorado (N = 10) (Fig. 1). To fulfill the in the Rocky Mountains and occupies cold, high-elevation second objective, we used the ocular counts of abundance of streams in much of its remaining range (Young et al. 1996). 21 populations of greenback cutthroat trout in the South Marked declines in its distribution relative to its historical Platte and Arkansas River basins in Colorado and of Rio range have led to special designation by government agen- Grande cutthroat trout in the Rio Grande basin in Colorado cies (CRCT Task Force 2001) and to a petition for listing and New Mexico (Harig and Fausch 2002). All populations under the US Endangered Species Act (US Fish and Wildlife of Colorado River cutthroat trout in Wyoming were believed Service 2004). There have been simulations of population to be indigenous, whereas those in Colorado were either in- viability under a variety of habitat structure and reintroduc- digenous or had persisted for decades after stocking (Young tion scenarios (Hilderbrand 2002, 2003) and thorough inven- et al. 1996). All Rio Grande cutthroat trout and most green- tories of sites for introductions (CRCT Task Force 2001). back cutthroat trout populations were relatively recent intro- For these reasons, the Harig and Fausch (2002) model (here- ductions (Harig and Fausch 2002; Young et al. 2002). Stocks after the translocation model) merits consideration by biolo- represented a mixed heritage; some were believed to be ge- gists working with this subspecies. In preliminary evaluations, netically pure and others were introgressed with nonindig- Harig et al. (2000) used it to assess the likely success of a enous cutthroat trout or rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). reintroduced population of Colorado River cutthroat trout, Segments of named streams (from US Geological Survey and Young and Guenther-Gloss (2004) demonstrated that 1 : 24 000 maps) with allopatric populations of cutthroat model output was related to electrofishing-derived abun- trout were typically treated as the sampling units. Barriers to dance estimates of greenback cutthroat trout populations in migration (desiccated reaches, artificial barriers, or water- northern Colorado. falls) isolated most populations from upstream invasions of Initially, we assembled data on Colorado River cutthroat nonnative fishes. In Wyoming, two-way fish migration was trout populations in Colorado and Wyoming to perform sim- possible between all tributaries and the mainstem North Fork ilar analyses, but these data had two crucial distinctions Little Snake River (the lower boundary of which was from those used to develop the original model. First, most of blocked from upstream fish migration by a weir) except the the populations that we sampled had persisted indefinitely, upper portions of Deadman, Harrison, Ted, and Third creeks whereas some streams in which populations failed to be- and the main stem itself, in which water diversions isolated come established were used to develop the translocation additional populations upstream. Downstream and upstream model. Second, trout abundance was treated as a categorical segments in Deadman and Harrison creeks and the main variable (i.e., levels of translocation success) in the model, stem were treated as different sampling units, whereas the whereas we chose
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