Crashworthiness of the Douro Waterway Lock Gates and Potential

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Crashworthiness of the Douro Waterway Lock Gates and Potential Crashworthiness of the Douro Waterway Lock Gates and Potential Improvements André Sequeira Guedes Tristany Farinha Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Mechanical Engineering Supervisors: Prof. Luís Filipe Galrão dos Reis Prof. Luís Alberto Gonçalves de Sousa Examination Committee: Chairperson: Prof. João Orlando Marques Folgado Supervisors: Luís Alberto Gonçalves de Sousa Member of the committee: Marta Isabel Pimenta Verdete da Silva Carvalho November 2016 ii Agradecimentos Os meus sinceros agradecimentos aos meus orientadores: professores Luís Reis e Luís Sousa, pela sua disponibilidade e apoio no decorrer deste projecto, conselhos técnicos e viagens para a LTU. Uma nota de agradecimento ao engenheiro José Varandas pelos dados fornecidos e pelo feedback sobre o meu trabalho. Como não poderia deixar de ser um sincero obrigado à equipa do projecto PSEM por aturarem 6 meses de nula contribuição para o projecto mas de longa ocupação de espaço e recursos. Em especial ao Frederico e ao Mário pelos conselhos e companhia durante escrita da dissertação. Finalmente agradeço à minha família pelo ânimo e apoio prestado ao logo destes longos anos de estudo e compreensão por ausências prolongadas. iii iv Resumo A recente tendência de aumento do tráfego de navios no rio Douro e a possível reactivação das minas de ferro em Moncorvo forneceram o necessário impulso para se iniciarem os estudos preliminares sobre a modernização da via navegável. Desde a construção das eclusas no Douro que a tonelagem máxima permitida aos navios foi aumentada de 2200 para 2900 toneladas, é então evidente que a resistência das comportas nas eclusas a impactos de navios tem de ser reavaliada em face das circunstâncias actuais. O objectivo do trabalho descrito nesta dissertação consiste então em avaliar a resistência das comportas das eclusas do rio Douro a possíveis impactos de navios e em propor opções que melhorem o seu comportamento ao impacto. Primeiramente é definida uma metodologia para o problema de impacto em termos de tipo de simulação, definição da geometria, ponto de impacto, modelação do material e modelação do contacto. Esta metodologia é então utilizada para avaliar a comporta de montante na eclusa do Carrapatelo, cuja geometria e outras propriedades foram fornecidas por Luís Trigo Simões, Lda.. Utilizando o software Abaqus/Explicit foram criados modelos com a formulação de elementos finitos para avaliar a resposta da comporta a impactos de dois navios diferentes, a níveis de água variáveis. O maior risco consequente de um impacto é considerado como sendo a queda da comporta para dentro da eclusa ou que a sua deformação seja suficiente para que uma grande massa de água caia para dentro da mesma. Isto pode acontecer quer por a deformação da comporta ser excessiva como por o dano nos apoios da comporta ser suficiente para a desalojar da sua posição correcta. Um conjunto de critérios foi então definido com o objectivo de avaliar o dano desenvolvido na comporta e nos seus suportes aquando um impacto de navio. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o dano na comporta não é suficiente para que ocorra queda considerável de água ou da comporta. No entanto, para um dos casos de impacto a força de reacção transmitida para as correntes que ligam a comporta aos actuadores electromecânicos foi equivalente a 3.6 vezes a força espectável de ser transmitida pelo peso da comporta. Embora não tenha sido disponibilizada informação sobre estas correntes, é considerado que existe perigo de rotura das mesmas com a consequente queda da comporta e massa de água de montante, sendo por isso importante avaliar as correntes quando sujeitas a estas condições de carregamento. Finalmente, são avaliadas duas opções de intervenção na comporta para melhorar a sua resposta a um possível impacto; a primeira, consiste em aumentar a rigidez da estrutura, mas não é considerada uma opção ideal uma vez que isso aumentará o carregamento transmitido aos apoios da comporta. A segunda, consiste em aplicar um mecanismo dissipador de energia directamente na estrutura, de forma que a energia cinética do navio não seja inteiramente dissipada na comporta. Esta opção revelou-se eficaz em reduzir o dano na comporta, uma vez que 42 % da energia cinética do navio é dissipada no dissipador. Palavras-Chave: Análise de impacto, Estruturas metálicas, Eclusa, Elementos finitos, Modelação de fractura v Abstract The increasing traffic in the Douro waterway and the prospect of reopening the Moncorvo iron mines have settled the conditions for starting the preliminary works on the modernisation of the waterway. Since the construction of the Douro river lock gates, the mass of the ships navigating the waterway have increased from a maximum of 2200 tons to 2900 tons, so the evaluation of the lock gates’ crashworthiness to ship impacts needs to be updated to the current navigation conditions. The objective of the work described in this document is to evaluate the crashworthiness of the Douro river lock gates to ship impacts and propose some guidelines on how to improve it. The methodology to solve the impact problem is firstly defined in terms of simulation type, geometry definition, impact location, material model and contact model. This methodology is then applied to the Carrapatelo upstream lock gate, whose geometry and physical properties were provided by Luis Trigo Simões, Lda. Using the Abaqus/Explicit solver, finite element dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the response of the lock gate to impacts by two different ships at variable water levels. The greatest risk associated with the impacts is pondered to be the possibility of the gate falling into the lock chamber or that its deformation is enough for a large mass of water to fall into the lock chamber. This may happen if the damage to the gate is too large or if the damage to its supports is enough to dislodge it from its position. In order to evaluate this, a series of criteria are defined with the objective of describing the damage delivered to the lock gate and to its supports. The obtained results showed that the damage in the lock gate is not sufficient for the occurrence of a hazard with possible loss of life. However, for one of the impact cases, the reaction force on the chains that connect the gate to the electromechanical actuators was equivalent to 3.6 times the expected load from the weight of the gate. Even though the fact that the information available on these chains is null, the reaction force obtained is considered to be enough that its strength should be assessed in face of the current conditions. Finally, two possible actions to improve the crashworthiness of the lock gate are evaluated; the first one consists in increasing the rigidity of the structure and is not considered an ideal solution as it increases the load on the supports. The second consists in using an energy dissipating mechanism attached to the lock gate, this option is effective in reducing the damage in the lock gate as the energy dissipated in the mechanism corresponds to 42 % of the ship’s initial kinetic energy. Keywords: Crashworthiness, Metal structures, Lock gate, Finite elements, Fracture modelling vi Contents Agradecimentos ..................................................................................................................................................... iii Resumo ................................................................................................................................................................... v Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................. vi Contents ................................................................................................................................................................ vii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................................ xii Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................................. xiii 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 The Douro Waterway ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Lock Gates and Ports......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2 Current Traffic .................................................................................................................................. 3 1.1.3 Moncorvo Iron Mines........................................................................................................................ 3 1.2 Motivation ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................................................................... 5 2 Literature Review ..........................................................................................................................................
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