LEAGUE OF NATIONS.

Q fljnunicated to C-39(a) .M.35(a). 1940 .XI he Council and 0 .C./A.R.1938/101(a) ). embers of the (Issued in English only) ,eague ) . Geneva, June 6th ,1940.

TRAFIC IN OPIUM AND OTHER DANGEROUS DRUGS.

ANNUAL REPORTS BY GOVERNMENTS FOR 1938 CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS PERLIS THE FEDERATEDMALAY STATES KELANTAN JOHORE TRENGGANU and KEDAH BRUNEI

Communicated by the Government of the United Kingdom.

Note by the Secretary-General.

In accordance with Article 21 of the Convention of 1931 for Limiting the Manufacture and Regulating the Distribution of Narcotic Drugs, the Secretary- General has the honour to communicate herewith the above-mentioned report to the parties to the Convention. The report is also communicated to other States and to the Advisory Committee on Traffic in Opium and other Dangerous Drugs.

(For the form of annual reports, see document 0 ,C.1422(a)(2). REPORT

ON PREPARED OPIUM

FOR THE YEAR 1938

BY T H E

GOVERNMENTS OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES, JOHORE, KEDAH, PERLIS, KELANTAN, TRENGGANU AND BRUNEI

Published by Authority

SINGAPORE :

P rin t e d at the G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O ffice, S ingapore by XV. T. C h e r r y , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t e r .

1940 REPORT

ON PREPARED OPIUM

FOR THE YEAR 1938

BY T H E

GOVERNMENTS OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS, THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES, JOHORE, KEDAH, PERLIS, KELANTAN, TRENGGANU AND BRUNEI

Published by Authority

SINGAPORE :

P r in ted at the G o v e r n m e n t P r in t in g O f f ic e , S ingapore by W . T . C h e r r y , G o v e r n m e n t P r in t e r .

1940 [This report is prepared in accordance with the League of Nations pro forma O.C. 1422 (c) (2), G eneva, 31st M ay, 1933].

CONTENTS

introduction

Observations applicable to the Malayan territories in general.

P A R T I Page Individual reports on Sections I to V furnished by the Governments of the undermentioned territories : —

A .—Straits Settlements ... 11 B .—Federated Malay States 19 C.— Johore 24 D .— K edah 27 E .— Perlis 31

F .— K elantan 33 G.— T rengganu 36

H .— Brunei 39

P A R T II

Statistical Forms I to X under Section VI in which are tabulated all the statistical figures appended to the above-mentioned reports ...... 46 INTRODUCTION

(Observations applicable to the Malayan territories in general) (i) The control of opium within the Straits Settlements and Malay States worked satisfactorily and there was no change in the laws governing import, export and transhipment. The exclusive right to import opium, remove opium from one Malayan territory to another, or to prepare, sell or retail prepared opium is vested in the Superintendent of the local Government Opium Monopoly. Prepared opium is imported into the Malay States from H.M. Customs, Singapore, packed in tubes ready for retail sale. The sale of prepared opium in Government shops to registered smokers is the only legal form of sale within these administrations. (ii) No propaganda specially organised towards combating the use of prepared opium amongst young people is carried out, but the activities of the Health Branch of the Medical Department, through its various services, are directed generally against the use of opium. (iii) Government does not employ direct action as regards propaganda, but it exerts the most powerful influence in its policy towards ameliorating the social conditions of the people—particularly those of the poorer classes—and towards encouraging healthy outdoor games. Under this influence the standard of living of the Chinese working classes is steadily improving and the opium smoking habit is definitely on the wane. (iv) The social habits of the people have changed considerably during the past ten years and the change has been most noticeable amongst the Chinese community and in the larger towns. Outdoor games now occupy a large and increasing portion of the spare time of the younger generation of both sexes. Sports grounds are to be found in all towns and villages and are eagerly used 011 most evenings of the week. Football and other matches attract large crowds and are topics of conversation of unceasing interest. All these activities keep people interested in healthy pursuits and offer facilities for spending many hours out-of-doors. Such activities have an influence on the tendency to adopt habit-forming vices and save many youths from becoming acquainted with the vice of opium smoking. Another recent development which offers counter-attractions to opium smoking is the popularity of amusement parks which have been opened during the past few years in many towns. These amusement parks are patronised by large numbers of Chinese of all classes nightly, and offer a cheap and healthy evening’s entertainment. One of the most beneficial social developments of recent years is the creation and development of the Singapore Improvement Trust. In 1927 Government set aside a fund of $10,000,000 for slum improvement schemes by the Singapore Improve­ ment Trust. This fund has not yet been fully expended, but an undertaking has been given that a further sum will be provided when it is exhausted. The Trust has acquired large blocks of insanitary property and pulled them down, providing new building sites and open spaces for children’s playgrounds. A programme of back lanes has been carried through giving light, ventilation and sewerage to more than 60 blocks of property in the congested area. In this connection 53 back lanes have been opened up since 1932, necessitating the acquisition and demolition of 131 houses and the reconstruction of the rear portions of 825 houses to conform with modern standards of fitness. The Trust is now carrying out 6 an extensive building programme on land bordering South Chinatown for the relief of congestion in this area. Another large area has been cleared and filled and is being developed for the housing of artisans and dishoused squatters. The Trust has erected 118 better class cottages for occupation by the clerical classes and five large blocks of tenements comprising about 380 rooms. At Tiong Bahru Estate eight blocks of flats have been erected and nine blocks comprising 306 flats and five shops will be completed in 1939. Four hundred and fifty-six Artisan Quarters have been erected at Balestier and a further 78 will be completed during 1939. A block of tenements at Trengganu Street comprising 42 rooms and four shops is in progress together with a block of nine flats in Campbell Lane. In this way the dwellers in the slums are being provided with vacant spaces and more airy dwellings and the artisan and clerical classes are being encouraged to move into the outer suburbs. The movement outwards is being facilitated by a cheap and efficient bus service. Similarly in Penang, by means of grant of $300,000 approved in 1934 by the Legislative Council, the Municipality have been enable to embark on schemes of slum clearance. It «-ill be realised that so far as amusements are concerned these counter attractions act with greater force upon town dwellers, but the rapid expansion of cheap and frequent transport services between the towns and neighbouring villages now enables the rural dwellers to avail themselves of these urban amenities and so relieves the tedium of life in the remoter districts. This revolution in the conditions of life of coolies in remote districts was well brought out by the representatives of the Malayan Governments at Bangkok. The following extract from their report is taken from page 92 of the Minutes of the Conference on the Suppression of Opium Smoking in Bangkok as quoted by Sir M alcolm D e l e v in g n e : — “It is the building of the road system and the coming of the cheap motor-car that has revolutionised communications in Malaya and has had such an effect on the manner of life of the population, especially of the Chinese population. Motor-cars in great numbers run on every road and there are regular runs of hired cars from groups of estates or mines into villages, from one village to another and from villages into towns. The cost of a seat in a hired car is incredibly cheap and the coolie can now, for a very few cents, get into village or town in a hired car at night where it was out of the question for him to walk a long distance in days gone by ...... T h is has had a great effect on the coolies’ way of life. Before, there was nothing for him to do at night except sit in his Kongsi house or coolie lines; he had no interest, and no relaxation was possible to him ...... he only came into a town once in six months or once in a year; in almost every coolie line there was an old opium smoker and others took to it quite naturally to while away the time at night, but to-day, riding their bicycles or paying for a seat in a hired car, they make their way into the towns and villages quite often in an evening. This great road development has accompanied other developments by which other forms of amusement, recreation and relaxation have become available for the coolie. There are more Chinese theatres, there are cinemas in villages of any size and there are talkies in every town and the coolie has begun to take an interest in these amusements. But easy access to centres of population is the great thing; if a coolie can get into a village easily and meet his friends in an evening in a teashop or around a hawker’s stall it does much to remove the conditions which predispose him to smoke opium” . 7

The annual reports of the Medical Department of the Straits Settlements and the Malay States have shown a steadily improving standard of health. The Health Service has been extended to embrace infant and child-welfare work, ante-natal and maternity service and the education of the poorer classes in elementary hygienic principles. Although not directly aimed at the suppression of opium-smoking, these activities amongst the Chinese poor cannot fail to have a repressive effect. The Government travelling dispensaries pay regular visits to the villages in most parts of the country and provide free treatment for simple ailments. The hospitals all over the country offer special inducements in the way of comfortable wards and appropriate treatment for the cure of addicts. At one time the anti­ opium smoking wards were very well patronised, but during recent years the number of applicants for admission has dwindled. The facilities, however, still exist. All Government hospitals provide accommodation for the poorest classes and the majority of patients are Chinese. If it is true, as is often asserted, that the first step towards opium addiction is often taken to alleviate pain, then the Government hospitals all over the country offer a better and safer means of relieving pain. The efforts of the Health Department are constantly being strengthened with the aid of Government funds and are directed towards raising still further the level of health and well-being of the community. It is believed that these efforts are influential in reducing the number of victims of opium smoking. (v) Government is not directly interested in any private organisation engaged in activities to combat the use of prepared opium. The number of opium addicts seeking hospital treatment still remains at a low level and the treatment given has not been appreciably altered. It is not considered necessary to give detailed hospital figures as they would not represent a true picture of the number of opium addicts in the country. Accommodation is still available in all hospitals for opium addicts who present themselves. The opium smokers are almost exclusively Chinese. Though a large number of smokers are of the coolie class, all classes of the Chinese community are represented. (vi) It is an offence to sell or offer for sale any chandu dross except to the Government Opium Monopoly. It is also an offence to be in possession of any chandu dross exceeding five tahils in weight (i tahil = i 1/3 ozs.). Dross purchased by the Government is divided into two qualities, the first quality being paid for at the rate of $7 a tahil and the second quality at $1.50 a tahil. Dross of still poorer quality is also received by Government, but is not paid for. All dross purchased or confiscated is destroyed by burning or is taken out to sea and dumped in deep water. PART I ANNUAL REPORT BY THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS TERRITORIES FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

i . — (a) N e w L e g isl a t iv e a nd A dministrative M e a su r e s t a k en DURING THE YEAR WITH REGARD TO THE USE OF PREPARED OPIUM AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR ADOPTION. New Legislation.—Nil. Administrative Measures.—The sale of prepared opium at Government Shops to registered smokers is the only legal form of sale of opium in the Straits Settlements. On the ist January, 1938, there were 53 such shops, all for the sale of prepared opium for consumption off the premises and 51 on 31st December, 1938. Certain of the smaller shops are open on only one or two days a week, addicts purchasing at these being permitted to buy a sufficient quantity of opium to last them until the next day upon which the shop in question is open.

(i>) W o r k in g o f t h e s y st e m of c o n tro l in fo rc e in t h e T e r r it o r y . On ist January, 1938, there were 29,511 consumers (including 2,135 women) on the register while on 31st December the number was 27,441 (including 2,052 women). Of the smokers registered at the end of the year 24,799 were active and 2,642 inactive (i.e. they had ceased to buy but had reported that their cessation would be temporary). Appendix A shows the number of smokers admitted to the register in each month during the year. The movements of addicts on to and off the register were as follows : — Registered on 1-1-38 ...... 29,511 Transferred from other parts of British M alaya 604 Registered on production of a Medical Certificate from a Government Medical Officer that they required chandu for reasons of health 651 Registered upon proof of previous registration which had lapsed i ,279 32,045

Registration cancelled 011 account of no purchase for one calendar month 263 Registration cancelled on death, transfer to other parts of British Malaya, etc. i , 34i 4,604

Therefore registered at 31-12-38 27,441 12

No machinery exists to ensure that all deaths of registered smokers are reported at the shops at which the smokers were registered and it is probable that a considerable proportion of the smokers whose registration is recorded as cancelled on account of non-purchase for a period of a calendar month have in fact died. Throughout the year close attention was paid to the problem of correlating exactly each smoker’s ration with his individual requirements, the rations of many thousands of smokers being discussed with them by the Officers to whom the working of the registration scheme is entrusted. The rations of the 24,799 smokers active on 31st December, 1938 were as follows : — ( 10 hoons = 1 c h i. N.B - j i o chi = 1 ta h il = i Ys ozs. Avoirdupois. 2 hoons or less per d ie m ...... 4,910 4 ,, ,, ... 7,741 6 ,, ,, ... 7,084 8 ,, ,, ... 2,382 10 ,, ,, ... 1,350 12 ,, ,, 334 14 ,, ,, 194 16 ,, ,, 265 18 ,, ,, 112 20 ,, ,, 255

24,627 More than 2 chis per diem ...... 172

24,799

The sale of prepared opium for consumption in the territory amounted to 506,459.72 tahils as against 556,081.6 tahils in 1937. The nationality and sex of the smokers registered at the end of the year was : — Male Female T otal Alien Chinese 24,105 1,778 25,883 Malayan born Chinese i , i 79 271 1,450 Indians 56 — 56 M alays 36 — 36 Siamese 7 2 9 E urasians 2 — 2 A rabs 1 — 1 A m ericans — I 1 Belgians 2 — 2 Malayan born Jews 1 — 1

25,389 2,052 27,441

The estimated Chinese population of the Territory on 31st December, 1938 was 861,940 out of a total population of 1,357,854. The estimated Chinese population figure reveals an increase of over 40,900 during the year. 13

The age groups of addicts on the register at the end of the year were as follows : —

M ai.e s F em ales Age in Malayan Malayan Alien Alien X otal Y ea rs born born % 21-31 75 745 7 33 S60 3'13 32-41 . 36S 6,091 58 345 6,862 24-99 42-51 379 8,818 82 549 9,828 35-82 Over 51 .. • 376 8,537 125 853 9,891 36-06

1,198 24,191 272 1,780 27,441 100%

II. N e w a c t iv it ie s d u r in g t h e y e a r w i t h a v ie w to com bating t h e u s e o f P r e p a r e d O p i u m . (1) Instructions to young people and the means employed for this purpose. There is nothing of purely local application and interest to record. (2) Propaganda carried out by Government. There is nothing of purely local interest to record. (3) Social and medical services which the Government considers to have an important bearing on the habit of opium smoking. An account of these will be found in the Introduction. (4) Organisations engaging in activities to combdt the use of prepared opium, their strength and activities and financial support, if any, accorded by Government. Government is not directly interested in any private organisation engaged in activities to combat the use of prepared opium.

III. S c ie n t if ic R e s e a r c h . No research has been undertaken in the Straits Settlements during the year.

IV . O t h e r I n f o r m a t io n . (1) The treatment and after care of addicts with such statistics as are possible. There is nothing of purely local application and interest to record. (2) Classes of population from which opium smokers are drawn with any figures available. The opium smokers are almost all Chinese of alien birth; the number of addicts among Malayan born Chinese is small and it appears that the drug has little attraction for this section of the population which is increasing steadily. Though many of the smokers are labourers all classes of the Chinese community are represented. Statistics are given in Part II Form V. (3) System of dross control and disposal of dross collected or purchased by the Government. The sale of dross, except to the Comptroller of Customs, is an offence. It is also an offence to be in possession of dross exceeding 5 tahils ( 1 tahil = 1 1/3 oz.). Dross is purchased by Government from any registered addict and paid for at the rate of $7 per tahil for first quality dross and Si.50 per 14 tahil for second quality. Dross of poorer quality is also received, but no payment is made for it. The total quantity of dross purchased during the year was 40,910 tahils. All dross purchased or confiscated is dumped in the sea. (4) Illicit traffic— areas affected; numbers of seizures of raw and prepared opium; current prices of smuggled raw and prepared opium in the principal centres; organisation, etc. of Preventive Services; international co-operation for suppression of illicit traffic. Seizures during 1938 amounted to 1,684.61 tahils of raw opium and 45,936.76 tahils of prepared opium. The raw opium came largely from China ports, but most of it was apparently of Iranian origin. The prepared opium was almost invariably in containers bearing the well-known “Red Lion” brand. The number of prosecutions under the Chandu Revenue Ordinance was as .follows : — Prosecuted 3, i 94 Convicted 3,041 A cquitted 126 Absconded 9 Cautioned and Discharged ... iS Of these 2,556 persons were prosecuted and 2,510 convicted for offences against the Rules for the Registration of Chandu Smokers. The current prices of illicit raw opium varied from $5 to $5.80 per tahil and of illicit prepared opium from $7.60 to $11 per tahil. The organisation and strength of the Preventive Branch remained substantially the same. The number of Immigrants from China Ports who were searched in Singapore decreased from 228,031 in 1937 to 96,797 in 1938. Vehicles and goods which passed through the Examination Station at the Singapore wharves during the year included 123,006 motor lorries and motor cars, 15,963 rickshaws and 1,535,284 packages. In Singapore, which is the focal point of the illicit traffic in Malaysia, Preventive Officers paid 7,339 visits to suspect premises. During the year 150 persons were banished for offences against the Chandu Revenue O rdinance. While it remains true to say that opium smuggling is still the greatest problem with which the Preventive Branch is confronted, it is manifest that the dimensions of the problem have contracted to such an extent, that those concerned with its solution are within measurable distance of their objective. Nevertheless, the principal incentive to smuggling remains; in brief, the great disparity between the cost of contraband opium to the smuggler and the Monopoly cost of licit opium to the consumers. On the other hand, thanks to the control established over the internal traffic as the result of registration and rationing, the scope of opium contraband activities in recent years has become restricted and perilous in equal proportions. Considerable progress has been made during the year in the compilation of “dossiers” of vessels, members of ships’ crews, agents, dealers, carriers and others, known or suspected to be engaged in the illicit opium traffic. A ppendix B gives a list of ships involved. (5) A n y information as to the use of narcotic drugs which would show whether they are tending to supplant the use of prepared opium or vice versa. Seizures and prosecutions for possession of narcotic drugs are recorded in the Report on the Traffic in ( )pium and Other Dangerous Drugs. 15

There is no reason to believe that narcotic drugs are tending to supplant the use of prepared opium. (6) Indicate here also the price at which prepared opium zcas sold by the Government to consumers during the year. The retail price remained the same as in 1937 i.e. $13 per tahil. (7) Drug Addiction. Extent of Addiction. (N.B .—Statistical information is available only in respect of opium smoking). (i) Approximate number of drug addicts in the country. It is estimated that the number of addicts, registered and un­ registered in the Colony is now less than 35,000 of whom scarcely any are other tban Chinese in race. (ii) N um ber of addicts w ho obtain their supply : — (a) From legitimate sources ... 27,441 (b) From illicit sources ... 5,000 (approximately). T he figure under (ii) (a) relates to registered addicts and is exact. It is not possible to claim that the figure under (ii) (b) is exact. It is however an estimate based on a close examination extending over a number of years of conditions obtaining in the Colony, with particular reference to the lowest strata of the community from whom the great majority of present drug addicts is drawn. (8) Establishments for the treatment of addicts. The question is dealt with in the Introduction. (9) Addiction and the Professions. (i) T otal num ber of : — (a) Doctors ...... 353 (b) D entists ...... 260 (c) Pharm acists ...... 43 (d) Veterinary Surgeons ...... 5 (ii) The number of known addicts in each of the above classes : — (a) Doctors ...... nil (b) Dentists ...... nil (c) Pharmacists ...... nil (d) Veterinary Surgeons ...... nil (iii) The number of each of the above classes convicted of violation of the narcotic laws (a), (b), (c), (d) : — Nil.

V. O p iu m R e v e n u e . The revenue of the Straits Settlements in 1938 from all sources was §69,955,265.02. The net revenue derived from opium was $5,283,841.66. A separate statement of opium revenue and expenditure is set out in A ppendix C.

A. S. SMALL, Colonial Secretary, Straits Settlements. i6

A P P E N D IX A

N u m b e r of S m o k e r s R e g is t e r e d each M o n t h in 1938

January ...... 248 February ...... 297 March ...... 354 April ...... 211 M ay ...... 189 June ...... 190 July ...... 179 August ...... 175 Septem ber ...... 190 October ...... 160 N ovem ber ...... 124 December ...... 217

Total registered in 1938 ...... 2,534

1937 ••• ••• 5,913 1936 ...... 7,413 1935 ...... 656

1934 ••• ••• 32,371 1933 ••• 23,571

Sum Total of numbers registered ... 72,458 Less cards cancelled ...... 45,017

Nett Registration (31st December, 1938) ... 27,441 A P P E N D IX li

Nationalities, Companies and Names of Vessels on which Chandu was found during 1 9 3 8 , together with Quantities and Percentages involved

Nationality Company Name o f Vessel Quantity of Chandu

fY U E N SANG Tahils "] JARDINE MATHESON & Co. - KUM SANG Tahils 288 Tahils 1-2 % [SUISANG Tahils ;

HO HONG, S.S. Co. J HONG KHENG 1 HONG SIANG Tahilsï avî-|S 1 141 Tahils •«%

B r i t i s h :— A. HOLT & Co. ACHILLES Tahils — 2,726 Tahils 11-3% 11,272 Tahils —46'6%< B. I. S. N. Co. TALMA Tahils = 600 Tahils 2-5%

j ANHUI Tahils | BUTTERFIELD SWIRE = 1,322 Tahils 5-4% 1 ANSHUN Tahils 1

BEN LINE, Ltd. BENWYVIS Tahils = 1,200 Tahils 5 % GLEN LINE, Ltd. GLENBEG Tahils = 2,000 Tahils 8'3% J. CHAMBERS, S. N. Co. THURLAND CASTLE Tahils = 2,995 Tahils 12-4% D a n i s h :— 1,265 Tahils=5-2% EAST ASIATIC Co. MUINAM Tahils = 1,265 Tahils 5-2%

| VAN HEUTSZ D u t c h :— K. P. M. IX-5% 5,98/i Tahils=24"8°/J 1 CREMER “H -485 Tahiis S. M. N. SEROOSKERK Tahils = 1,500 Tahils 6 -2 %

(H A I HENG Tahils B. K. Co. \ H A IL E E Tahils 1- = 4,933 Tahils 20-4% N o r w e g i a n :— Tahils J 5,653 Tahils=23-4% ' Lm a b e l l a ( WALLUM & Co. BREIVIKEN Tahils = 720 Tahils 3 %

G r a n d t o t a l Tahils of Chandu. i8

A P P E N D IX C

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS

Statement of Opium Revenue and Expenditure for the Year 1 9 3 8

Gross Revenue from the sale Revenue Debits:- of prepared opium to regis­ Purchase of raw opium .. 1,130,362 74 tered smokers in the Straits Purchase of dross 261,565 14 Settlements 6,582,445 66 Insurance on stocks 7,062 05 Gross Revenue from the sale Payments on account of of prepared opium to other rewards 21,600 00 Administrations . . 1,867,561 48 Audit fees 9,000 00 Interest Charges 586,816 55 Cost of Administration :— Staff and other charges 1,149,759 00 Net Opium Revenue 5,283,841 66

Total . . 8,450,007 14 Total . . 8,450,007 14 19

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

I.— (a) New Legislative and Administrative Measures taken DURING THE YEAR WITH REGARD TO THE USE OF PREPARED OPIUM AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR ADOPTION. Nil.

(b) W o r k in g of t h e s y st e m of c o ntro l in force in t h e T e r r it o r y . The only legal form of sale of chandu in the Federated Malay States is through Government Chandu shops. On the ist January, 1938 there were 112 Chandu shops. Three Chandu shops were closed down during the 3rear thus leaving 109 shops on the 31st December, 1938. The total of the registered smokers on the ist January, 1938 was 31,654, but at the end of the year these figures had decreased to 27,607. Additions to the Registers during the year were 672 smokers on medical certificates, 783 smokers transferred from the Straits Settlements and Unfederated Malay States and 298 sm okers re-instated under Rule 18. Deletions from the Register were as follows : — Five thousand two hundred and forty-two smokers under Rule 18, 361 smokers transferred to the Straits Settlements and Unfederated Malay States and 197 smokers through death or other causes. The rations of the 27,607 smokers at the end of the year were as follows : — 2 hoons per diem 9.265 4 8,622 6 5,281 8 2,087 10 1.266 12 326 14 218 16 193 18 49 20 258 Above 2 chis (20 hoons) 42

27,607

The rations of registered smokers were revised continually throughout the year and every effort was made to ration in accordance with individual needs. The sale of prepare^ opium totalled 479,198.94 tahils. N.B .— 1 T ahil = 1 Ys oz. Avoirdupois. 20

The following table shows the nationality and sex of registered smokers in the Federated Malay States: — Male Female T otal Alien Chinese 25,160 1,282 26,442 Malayan Born Chinese .. 865 192 1,057 Indians 75 1 76 M alays 24 3 27 Siamese 1 1 2 Burmese 2 — 2 Javanese 1 — 1

26,128 1,479 27,607

The age groups of the addicts on the Registers on 31st December, 1938 were as follows : — M ales F em ales T otal % Malayan Malayan A lien Alien Born Born 21-30 ... 98 538 4 24 664 2*40 31-40 ... 361 5,033 59 181 5,634 20'4I 41-50 275 8,566 67 335 9,243 33'48 Over 50 153 11,104 66 743 12,066 43"7I GO rO

00 00 196 27,607 100*00 ■M 25,241

The estimated Chinese population of the Federated Malay States on the 31st December, 1938 was 921,701 out of a total estimated population of 2,103,729. Of these, less than 3% is now addicted to opium smoking. A ppendix A gives the number of smokers registered each month in 1938. The system of rationing introduced in August 1936 was further developed during 1938 and may now be pronounced satisfactory. It is essential that every opium smoker be recorded in the Registers and in this respect certain factors must be given consideration. The majority of the present day addicts are drawn from the poorest classes of the community. Many earn a livelihood in the most uncertain types of employment. Many of them are labourers and during the past year large numbers of labourers working in tin mines and on rubber estates in the Federated Malay States were thrown out of employment because the exportable quotas of these commodities were reduced under the respective Restriction Schemes. It is this class of addict who will pay for Government prepared opium when his income permits, but when he is out of employment or when his money is short he will resort to the smoking of dross obtained from friends or from retailers. This class of addict therefore is largely responsible for the fluctuations in the total figures of registration and for the deletions under Rule 18.

II. N e w a c t iv it ie s d u r in g t h e year w it h a v ie w to com bating t h e u s e o f P r e p a r e d O p i u m . (1) Instructions to young people and the means employed for this purpose. There is nothing of interest to report. 21

(2) Propaganda carried out by Government. There is nothing of purel}7 local interest to report. (3) Social and medical services which the Government considers to have an important bearing on the habit of opium smoking. An account of these will be found in the Introduction. (4) Organisations engaging in activities to combdt the use of prepared opium, their strength and activities and financial support, if any, accorded by Government. Government is not directly interested in any private organisation engaged in activities to combat the use of prepared opium.

III. S c ie n t ific R e s e a r c h . Nil.

IV . O t h e r I n f o r m a t io n . (1) The treatment and after care of addicts with such Statistics as are possible. Nil. (2) Classes x>f population front which opium smokers are drawn with any figures available. Opium smokers are almost exclusively Chinese, and although a large number of smokers are of the coolie class, all classes of the Chinese community are represented. (3) System of dross control and disposal of dross collected or purchased by the Government. Sales of chandu dross by registered smokers may legally be made to the Comptroller of Customs. It is also an offence to be in possession of dross exceeding 5 tahils in weight. (1 tahil = iYz ozs.). Dross is purchased by the Government and paid for according to quality, the first quality is paid for at the rate of $7 per tahil and the second quality at $1.50 per tahil. Dross below the quality of either of these standards is treated as valueless. ($1 = 2/4 at par). All dross purchased or collected is destroyed in the furnaces of the Kuala Lumpur Power Station. The total quantity of dross purchased during the year was 4,343 65 tahils. (4) Illicit traffic— areas affected; numbers of seizures of raw and prepared opium; current prices of smuggled raw and prepared opium in the principal centres; organisation, etc. of Preventive Services; international co-operation for suppression of illicit traffic. Traffic in foreign opium during 1938 was practically negligible in the Federated Malay States. Seizures during the year 1938 were 3 425 tahils of raw opium and 82'246 tahils of prepared opium. All seizures were sent to the Opium Packing Plant, Singapore. Countries of origin were said to be China and Siam and in some cases the origin was unknown. The quantity of Government chandu seized amounted to 98 6449 tahils and chandu dross amounted to 1167162 tahils. 22

(5) Any information as 'to the use of narcotic drugs which would show whether they are tending to supplant the use of prepared opium or vice versa. No information to that effect. (6) Indicate here also the price at which prepared opium was sold by the Government to consumers during the year. The Government retail price of chandu remained the same as in 1937, i.e. $13 per tahil. (7) Drug Addiction. (i) Approximate number of addicts in the country : — N ot know n. (ii) Number of addicts who obtain their supply : — (a) From legitimate sources : 27,607. (b) From illegitimate sources : Owing to the economic conditions referred to in Section I paragraph (t>) it is not possible to estimate the number of unregistered addicts with accuracy. (iii) Methods employed to ascertain the approximate number of addicts in the Federated Malay States. Apart from the registration and the work this involves there is no method of ascertaining with any degree of accuracy the number of unregistered smokers in the Federated Malay States. (8) Establishments for 1the treatment of addicts. Nil. (9) Addiction and the Professions. (i) Total number of: — (a) Doctors ...... 165 (b) Dentists ...... 144 (c) Pharm acists ...... 11 (d) Veterinary Surgeons ...... 4 (ii) The number of known addicts in each of theabove classes: — (a) Doctors ...... 1 (b) Dentists ...... Nil (c) Pharmacists ...... Nil (d) Veterinary Surgeons ...... Nil (iii) The number of each of the aboveclasses convicted of violation of the narcotic laws (a), (i>), (c), (d) : — Nil.

V. O p iu m R e v e n u e . A special account drawn up in accordance with recommendation V of the Final Act at Bangkok on 27th November, 1931 is attached. The gross revenue of the Federated Malay States (including Railway revenue) amounted to $77,738,680.71. 23

A P P E N D IX A

N u m b e r o f S m o k e r s R e g is t e r e d each M o n t h in 19,38

January ...... 191 February ...... 163 March ...... 281 A pril ...... 279 May ...... 175 June ...... 149 July ...... 102 August ...... 112 September ...... 88 October ...... 82 November ...... 69 December ...... 62

T otal registered in 1938 ...... 1,753 Total number of registered smokers in 1937 31,654

33,407 Less cards cancelled ...... 5,800

Nett Registration (31st December, 1938) ... 27,607

S tatem ent o f C h a n d u R e v e n u e a n d E x p e n d it u r e f o r t h e Y ear 1938

Gross Revenue from sale of Revenue Debits:— chandu . . 6,251,032 65

Cost of chandu purchases 979,495 58 Cost of dross purchases 29,753 73 ------1,009,249 31 Payments on account of rewards . . 5,226 20 Rents ,. 15,000 00 Police Services .. 12,856 00 Medical Services .. 2,170 00 Audit Fees .. 4,000 00 Cost of Administration:— Staff and Other Charges 365,966 24 Nett Revenue . . 4,836,564 90

Total 6,251,032 65 Total 6,251,032 65 24

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE JOHORE GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN JOHORE TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

I.— (a) N e w L e g isl a t iv e a n d A dministrative M e a su r e s ta k e n d u r in g t h e y e a r in r e g a r d to t h e u s e of P r e p a r e d O p iu m a n d t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e ir a d o p t io n . New Legislation.—There was no new Legislation in 1938. Administrative Measures.—There have been no new measures and administration has continued on the lines noticed in last year’s report. Stricter Departmental control has resulted in increased efficiency.

(b) W o r k in g o f t h e s y s t e m of contro l in fo rc e in t h e T e r r it o r y . The system of control worked well and continuous inspection of shops and their registers by the Preventive Branch resulted in a considerable improvement in the restriction of sale to registered smokers only. There has been no change in the number of chandu shops. The total number of registered smokers on 1st January, 1938 was 21,420. One thousand five hundred and thirty-nine smokers were added to the register on medical certificates during the year. The majority of these additions were made in the early months of the year and comprised addicts, mostly in outlying parts of the State, who were getting supplies from illicit sources. Five hundred and sixty smokers w ere transferred from the Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States to the Johore registers and 713 were transferred from Johore to other Administrations. The number of reinstatements during the year was 132. Nine thousand and thirty cards were cancelled due to death or other causes and 4,258 inactive smokers, whose whereabouts was unknown, were removed from the register. The total number of active and inactive smokers on the registers on 31st December, 1938 was 9,650 comprising 9,594 active and 56 inactive smokers.

II. N e w a c t iv it ie s d u r in g t h e year w i t h a v ie w to com bating t h e u s e of P r e p a r e d O p i u m . (1) Instructions to young people and the means employed for this purpose. Nil. (2) Propaganda carried out by Government. Nil. (3) Social and Médical Services. Nil. (4) Organisations engaging in activities to combat the use of Prepared Opium. Nil. 25

I I I . S c ie n t if ic R e s e a r c h . Nothing to report.

IV . O t h e r I n f o r m a t io n . (1) Treatment and after care of addicts. Nil. (2) Class of population from which opium smokers are drawn. Of the 9,650 smokers on the registers on 31st December, 1938 9,645 were Chinese, the vast majority being of the labouring classes who smoke small quantities as a stimulant and simple remedy for minor ailments. There are five registered smokers of other nationalities. (3) Chandu Dross. Chandu dross is purchased from registered smokers at all Government retail shops and is destroyed. (4) Illicit Traffic. Traffic in foreign opium was negligible. A number of small seizures of non-Government prepared chandu were made, but the amount was in every case small. Direct imports from foreign countries may be considered to be negligible. (5) Narcotic Drug. There is 110 indication that there is any use of narcotic drugs. (6) Price. The price of chandu 26 cents per 2 hoon tube. (7) Drug Addiction. (i) There are 9,650 chandu smokers on the register on 31st December, 1938. (ii) Number of addicts who obtain their supply : — (a) From legitimate sources : 9,650 registered smokers. (b) From illicit sources : not known. (iii) Methods employed to ascertain the approximate number of addicts in the country. There is 110 means at our disposal apart from the register of smokers. (8) Establishments for the treatment of addicts. N one. (9) Addiction and the Professions. (i) Total number of : — (a) Doctors ...... 98 (b) Dentists ...... 49 (c) Pharm acists ...... 2 (d) Veterinary Surgeons ...... 2 (ii) The number of known addicts in each of the above classes : — So far as is known there are no addicts in the above classes, (iii) The number of each of the above classes convicted violation of the narcotic laws : — Nil. 26

V . Opium Revenue. $ Opium revenue amounted to 2,565,776 Expenses of Administration came to 778,946 Giving a net revenue for opium ... 1,786,830 Gross revenue of the State ... 17,922,090

W. E. PEPYS, General Adviser, Joliore. Johore Bahru, 23rd February, 1939. 27

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE KEDAH GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN KEDAH TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

I . — (a) N e w L e g is l a t iv e a n d A dministrative M e a s u r e s t a k e n DURING THE YEAR IN REGARD TO THE USE OF PREPARED OPIUM AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR ADOPTION. Only one amendment to the Chandu Enactment was passed in 193S. It is Enactment No. 12 of 1357 and published as Gazette Notification No. 632 of 1st October, 1938. This amendment brought the Kedah legislation into line with the latest Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States Laws.

(b) W orking of the system of control in force in the Territory. N o change.

II. New activities during the year with a view to combating the use of Prepared Opium. There was nothing to report under this head, and no special propaganda by either the Government or any private organisation.

III. Scientific Research. Nil.

I V . O t h e r I n f o r m a t io n . (1) Treatment and after care of addicts. The total number of addicts who were treated in the State hospitals during 1938 was 220, namely 89 fewer than during the previous year. The nationalit\- of the patients treated is as given below : — Malays Chinese Indians Sikhs Others Total North Kedah ... 5 17 5 2 1 30 Central Kedah ... 2 121 — 8 — 131 South K edah ... 4 52 — 3 — 59

Total ... 11 190 5 13 1 220

The relative preponderance of Chinese patients over others and the approximate similarity between this year’s and the 1937 figures would show very little change to report, but further analysis of figures returned by the bigger hospitals throws a certain of light on the matter. At Alor Star hospital (North Kedah) 30 cases were treated; the previous year’s figure was 91; a decrease of 61 cases is shown; the decrease is attributed by the Medical Officer to the greatly decreased stringency in issuing “ Opium permits” . (These permits enable people to obtain opium and are only 28 issued to inveterate addicts whose health would seriously suffer if the supply is withheld). The treatment adopted by this Medical Officer is by hypo­ dermic Hyoscine until delirium supervenes; delirium is maintained for 24— 48 hours; Pilocarpine is injected on the patient’s return to mental clarity. The average length of stay of each patient in the hospital works out at 3'2 days. At Sungei Patani hospital (Central Kedah) a different picture is presented. T h e M edical Officer reports an increase of 131 cases (131 in 1938 as against 69 in 1937) and he suggests as the chief cause of this increase is the return to continued prosperity, enabling a higher consumption of opium to be indulged in, thereby lessening the urge to seek treatment for the addiction. This explanation by itself is certainly not sufficient. The method of treatment is the re-injection of auto-serum, exhibition of Bromides and Chloral, etc. One would be inclined to attribute the decline to the comparative unpopularity of the treatment if the same events took place in another centre, namely Kulim. At the Kulim hospital (South Kedah) this year’s figure is 59 (as against 145 for the previous year). The method of treatment is the same as at Sungei Patani. Average duration of stay in hospital is given as 5'98 days. One note is very significant : “43 of the cases spent less than five days in hospital, having abandoned the treatment” . This certainly indicates unpopularity of the method of treatment. The Medical Officer states as follows : "There has been no reason to alter the view previously expressed that cure is impossible without the free co-operation and lasting desire for cure on the part of the patient. Given this factor, almost any form of treatment may be successful by suggestion; and vice versa, e tc .” . The above analysis of events seems to indicate a definite line of action for Kedah under the present conditions. Although follow-up has been impossible in all centres of treatment, and therefore permanency of cure remains very problematical, the greater success experienced by Dr. D. A. Beattie at Alor Star seems to indicate clearly the desirability of the greater scrutiny in issuing “opium permits” and perhaps the adoption of the Hyoscine method of treatment, on the ground of its comparatively lesser unpopularity. These steps will be introduced for 1939. (2) Classes of population from which opium smokers are drawn. The opium smokers are almost exclusively Chinese and the bulk of these are of the coolie and shop-keeping classes. (3) Chandu Dross. The sale of dross except to the Superintendent of the Monopolies Department is prohibited. (4) Illicit Traffic. There were 14 arrests of unregistered persons who were found in possession of prepared opium and 7 other cases of smuggling from the Straits Settlements or Federated Malay States into Kedah. The total amount of the confiscated opium was ’087 kilogrammes. There continues to be no evidence of illicit traffic on any important scale. (5) Narcotic drugs. There is no reason to believe that narcotic drugs are tending to supplant the use of opium. (6) The retail price of prepared opium remained unchanged at $13 a tahil. 29

(7) E xtent of Addiction. (i) Approximate number of addicts in the country See form F. (ii) Number of addicts who obtain their supply (a) F rom legitim ate sources See form V. (b) From illicit sources ... Nil. (iii) Methods employed to ascertain the approxi­ mate number of addicts in the countrv ... From the registers of licensed smokers. (8) Establishments for the treatment of addicts. Number and nature of public establishments for the treatment of addicts Part IV" section i of report. (g) Addiction and the Professions. (i) T otal num ber of : — (a) Doctors 27 (b) Dentists ... 6o includes Pharmacists. (c) Pharm acists Nil. (d) Veterinary Surgeons ... i (ii) The number of known addicts in each of the above classes : — (a) D octors ...... N il. (b) Dentists ...... 2 (c) Pharm acists ...... N il. (d) V eterinary Surgeons ... N il. (iii) The number of each of the above classes convicted of violation of the narcotic laws : — Nil.

V . O p iu m R e v e n u e . The gross revenue of the State of Kedah from all sources for the year 193S was $6,671,437. The gross opium revenue was $1,030,884. A special opium account is annexed.

J. D. HALL, British Adviser, Kedah. Alor Star, nth February, 1939. 30

S P E C IA L O P IU M A C C O U N T , 1938

R e v e n u e E x p e n d i t u r e s Gross revenue from the sale Revenue debits:— of prepared opium to regis­ Cost of prepared opium tered smokers in Kedah . . 1,030,884 00 purchased 176,520 57 Proceeds of fines . . 3,469 00 Monopoly expenses:— Salaries of chandu sales­ men 11,375 72 Rent of chandu shops 2,816 00 Supervision, being l/5th of the annually recurrent cost of the Monopolies and Customs Department 43,084 84 Suppression 1,000 00 Portion of expenses of general services relating to opium :— Medical services, l/100th of $556,102 5,561 02 Police services, l/40th of $474,121 11,853 02 Prison services, l/40th of 867,003 1,675 08 Net proceeds from opium 780,466 75

Total . . 1,034,353 00 Total . . 1,034,353 00 31

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE PERLIS GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN PERLIS TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

P A R T I

I.— (a) New Legislative and Administrative Measures taken DURING THE YEAR IN REGARD TO THE USE OF PREPARED OPIUM AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR ADOPTION. (i) Legislative.—By Enactment No. 8 of 1357 which came into force on 12th September, 1938 power was given to the President of the State Council to restore possession of chandu and any other forfeited article for equitable reasons. (ii) Administrative.—Continual revision of the ration permitted to be sold to individual smokers took place.

(b) W orking of the system of control in force in the Territory. There was no change in the system of control and no difficulties were experienced in its operation.

II. N e w a c t iv it ie s d u r i n g t h e y e a r w i t h a v ie w to c o m ba ting t h e u s e o f P r e p a r e d O p i u m . No Government or private enterprises having as their primary object the combating of the use of chandu were initiated, but it is confidently claimed that the continued improvement of medical and health services, the encouragement of healthy recreation and the development of means of communication are having a beneficial effect.

I I I . S c ie n t if ic R e s e a r c h . Nil.

IV . Other Information. (1) The treatment and after care of addicts with such statistics as are possible. Facilities for the treatment of addiction are afforded in the Government Hospital at Kangar. (2) Classes of population from which opium smokers are drawn with any figures available. The opium smokers are almost exclusively Chinese, the bulk of these being of the labouring class. The few Malay smokers, old men of the small land-owning class, contracted the habit in the old days before there was any opium smoking control. They are gradually disappearing from the Register. The number of registered smokers on the register on 31st December, 1938 was 342, a decrease of 13 from the figure for 1937. A certain number of transfers to and from the registers of other Malayan States takes place. No new smokers were registered during the year. 32

(3) System of dross control and disposal of dross collected or purchased by the Government. The sole right to purchase dross is vested by Law in the Superintendent of Chandu. There were no purchases during the year. (4) Illicit traffic. There is no evidence of illicit traffic. No foreign or non-Government chandu or opium was seized. (5) Narcotic Drugs. There is no reason to believe that the use of prepared opium is being supplanted by the use of narcotic drugs. (6) Price. The retail price of prepared opium remained the same, i.e. $13/- per tahil. (7) E xtent of Addiction. Statistical information is available only in respect of opium smoking. Registered addicts number 348. There may be unregistered addicts obtain­ ing their supplies from illicit sources, but the number is certainly not large. Any attempt at an estimate would be purely conjectural and therefore w orthless. (8) Establishments for the treatment of addicts. One public establishment, the Government Hospital at Kangar, gives treatment for addicts. (9) Addiction and the Professions. There are three doctors in the State, no dentists, pharmacists or veterin­ ary surgeons. None of the doctors is known to be addicted to drugs nor has any been convicted of violation of the narcotic laws.

V. Opium Revenue. The Revenue of the State for 1938 was $771,751. The net revenue derived from sale of prepared opium was $132,579.

A c c o u n t

R e v e n u e E x p e n d i t u r e

8 S Gross revenue from opium .. 163,641 Purchase of chandu .. 25,068 Monopoly expenses . . 5,994 Excess of revenue over expenditure . . . . 132,579

Total . . 163,641 Total . . 163,641

C. W . D A W SO N , British Adviser, Perlis. K a n g a r , nth January, 1 9 3 9 . 33

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE KELANTAN GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN KELANTAN TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

I.— (a) New Legislative and Administrative Measures taken during the year in regard to the use of Prepared Opium and the reasons for their adoption. The legislation covering opium and chandu in this State has already been brought into line with the corresponding legislation in the Straits Settlements. No new legislation was enacted during the year under re­ view.

(b) W orking of the system of control in force in the Territory. All chandu sold in Kelantan is obtained from the Government of the Straits Settlements. It is sold in the eight Government shops; there are no saloons. No new registration was allowed except for persons certified by the Chief Medical Officer to require chandu for reasons of health. On ist January, 1938 there were 724 active smokers. At the close of the year there were 705. There were 117 new registrations made during the year, but 57 smokers wThose cards had been closed for failure to purchase chandu for some months were permitted to re-commence buying on satis­ factory explanation being given. Eight smokers died during the year, 12 permanently left the State and 166 were cancelled under Rule 19, mostly smokers from the Southern Mining Company, Temangan. At the close of the year smokers were rationed as follows : — 2 hoons or less per diem ...... 25 4 ,, ,, ,, 182 6 ,, ,, ,, ...... 306 8 ,, ,, ,, ...... 73 10 ,, ,, ,, ...... 74 12 ,, ,, ,, ...... 12 14 ,, ,, », ... 11 16 ,, ,, ,, ...... 4

20 ,, ,, ,, ...... 17 more than two chis ...... 1

T otal active sm okers ... 705

I I . N e w a c t iv it ie s d u r i n g t h e y e a r w i t h a v ie w to c o m ba ting the u s e o f P r e p a r e d O p i u m . The population in this State is very scattered and is not concentrated in any large towns nor is there any considerable group of Chinese labour :oncentrated on any one mine or estate. The very small Chinese population 11 this State belongs to many different racial groups speaking different iialects; there are thus few opportunities for direct propaganda. Anti-opium activities in this State are most profitably directed under the General Public Health Scheme. The whole State is covered by a 34 system of fixed out-door dispensaries and motor travelling dispensaries, pack travelling dispensaries and out-board motor travelling dispensaries. These travelling units visited 193 centres with 104,544 attendances during the year. A new fixed out-door dispensary was opened at Gua Musang a convenient centre for the Chinese gold mining coolies during the year. Infant and Child Welfare work and ante-natal and maternity services were maintained throughout the year. The Infant and Child Welfare Centre has been under the supervision of a qualified Assistant L,ady Medical Officer. The total number of attendances at this Centre during the year was 13,187. A children’s playground with games apparatus has been added to the Park recently opened in the centre of the Chinese area near the river. The new Park on the site of the old Female Hospital is being developed so as to include games pitches for tennis, badminton and a form of basket-ball which is usually played by Chinese.

III. Scientific Research. No research was carried out as facilities for such work are not avail­ able in the State. Results of research undertaken by the larger Adminis­ trations are always made available to the Medical Department of Kelantan.

IV . Other Information. (1) Provision is made in the Hospitals for the treatment and after care of addicts. Ninety-seven cases were admitted to the General Hospital, Kota Bharu, for anti-opium treatment during the year. (2) On 31st December, 1Q38 the occupations of active smokers shown on the registers were as follows:— Shop-keepers and Traders ...... 146 Doctors (unqualifiedChinese) ...... 7 Dentists do...... 4 Clerks ...... 8 Rickshaw coolies ...... 21 Estate coolies ...... 29 Mining coolies ...... 42 Labourers ...... 448

T otal 705

(3) It is an offence to sell or offer for sale chandu dross except to the Superintendent and also an offence to re-prepare it for use. Govern­ ment is prepared to purchase all first class dross offered to it at $7.00 per tahil and 2nd quality at $1.50 per tahil. No chandu dross was offered during the year. (4) There has been no information to indicate that there is any traffic in opium or other dangerous drugs, but there was one case of smuggling of chandu from Siam into the State. This was detected during the transit. There is no information to show that this or any other narcotic drugs is supplanting the use of opium. (5) There was no prosecution at all for possession of Indian hemp (Ganja). (6) Chandu is sold at 26 cents per two-hoon tube. 35

V . O p iu m R e v e n u e . A special Opium Account is attached to this report. A further con­ tribution of $20,000 was made to the Opium Revenue Replacement Re­ serve Fund. This Fund with the addition of accrued interest now stands at $378,339. There has been a continuous fall both in the nett proceeds of the sale of opium and the proportion of these sales to the general revenue of the State as shown by the following table. y Nett proceeds from Total Revenue of ear the sale of opium the State $ $ 1936 ...... 150,000 2,759,000 1937 ...... 142,000 3,209,000 1938 ...... 137,000 3,134,000

A. C. BAKER, British Adviser, Kelantan. T he R esidency, K ota B h a r u , Kelantan, 5th February, 1939.

S p e c ia l O p i u m A c c o u n t

D e b i t C r e d i t

Prepared opium purchased 36,794 ! Gross proceeds of opium 211,104 Chandu Department Expenses Personal Emoluments 4,073 Proceeds of fines 40 Government shops rents $ 48 Share of Government build­ ings and estimated depre­ ciations .. 8220 268 Portion of the expenses of the General Services relating to opium share of Customs De­ partment, 1/20 of $82,535 . . 4,127 Hospitals and Dispensaries 1/100 of $209,464 2,095 Prisons 1/50 of $29,843 597 Other Police services 1/40 of $222,688 5,567 Anti-opium Propaganda Scientific Research regarding opium Miscellaneous 100 Contribution to Opium Revenue Replacement Reserve Fund 20,000 Net proceeds from opium 137,523

Total .. 211,144 Total .. 211,144 36

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE TRENGGANU GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN TRENGGANU TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

i.— (a) New L e g is l a t iv e a n d A dministrative M e a s u r e s taken DURING THE YEAR IN REGARD TO THE USE OF PREPARED OPIUM AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR ADOPTION. Nil.

lb) W orking of the system of control in force in the Territory. The only legal form of sale of chandu is from the Government shops and licensed shops. There are 14 Government shops and two licensed shops. All the chandu sold at these shops is purchased from the Government of the Straits Settlements. There are no legal saloons for chandu smoking. Legislation passed at the close of the preceding year to enable the individual rationing of chandu smokers was enforced during the year and is now well completed. One result of it was that the unregistered smokers, who previously had obtained their supplies from registered smokers, were forced into the open. The fact that there were 502 new registrations (in each instance on certificate from the Medical Officer that chandu w;as necessary for health reasons) during the year is evidence of the thoroughness of the rationing of individual smokers. Rations in force as on 31st December, 1938 were as follows : — Not exceeding 4 hoons 921 sm okers >> if 6 ,, 68 ,, f i M 8 ,, 21 ,, ,, ,, 10 ,, 6 ,, n a 12 ,, ... 5 ,, >> ,, 14 ,, 1 sm oker ,, ,, 16 ,, 1 ,, ,, ,, 18 ,, 1 ,, ,, ff 20 2 sm okers ,, ,, 24 ,, 1 sm oker ,, ,, 40 ,, 1 ,,

Total ... 1,028 smokers

Thus at the close of the year there wTere 1,028 registered smokers on the books which compares with 1,130 registered smokers at the close of the preceding year. This considerable decrease (viewed in conjunction with the 502 new registration mentioned above) is explained by the fact that during the year numerous Chinese registered chandu smokers quitted their employ­ ment on two Japanese-owned iron-mines for political reasons and left the State. 37

The same reason, together with the introduction and enforcement of individual chandu rationing, operated to reduce the nett profit on the sale of chandu from $249,159 in 1937 to $164,297 in 1938.

II. New activities during the year with a view to combating the use of Prepared Opium. Nil.

I I I . S c ie n t if ic R e s e a r c h . Nothing to report.

IV . O t h e r I n f o r m a t io n . (1) The treatment and after care of addicts with such statistics as are possible. There is no anti-opium clinic for this purpose in the State. (2) Classes of population from which opium smokers are dran'n with any figures available. All the registered smokers except four are Chinese. Nearly all these smokers are Chinese coolies working on tin-mines, road making, hawkers, rubber tappers and other kinds of daily-pay employment. (3) System of dross control and disposal of dross collected or purchased by the Government. The law is that dross may not be sold except to the Superintendent of Chandu Monopoly. (4) Illicit traffic— areas affected; particulars of seizures of raw and prepared opium; current prices of smuggled raw and prepared opium in the principal centres; organisation, etc. of Preventive Services; international co-operation for suppression of illicit traffic. There was no opium seized and only two tahils four chees prepared opium was seized during the year. There were 37 persons prosecuted under the Chandu Enactment of whom 23 persons were convicted. The chandu smoking population of the State is too small and too widely scattered in remote places for any highly-organised smuggling to be worth-while for consumption in the State. One person was banished during the year for offences under the Chandu Enactment. (5) A n y information as to the use of narcotic drugs which would show whether they are tending to supplant the use of prepared opium or vice versa. There is no information available to show that narcotic drugs are tending to supplant the use of prepared opium. (6) Price at which prepared opium was sold by the Government to consumers during the year with reasons for changes, if any. The selling price to registered smokers remained unchanged at $13 per tahil. 38

(y) Extent of Addiction. (Statistical information is available only in respect of opium smoking). (i) Approximate number of addicts in the country. It is estimated that the number of addicts registered and unregistered, does not now exceed 1,150. (ii) Number of addicts who obtain their supply : — (a) From legitimate sources ...... 1,028 (£>) From illicit sources ...: ... 125 (approx.) The figure in (7) (ii) (a) above is accurate and relates to registered addicts, it cannot be claim ed th at the figure in (7) (ii) (b) is accurate, but it is based on local knowledge and probabilities. In a State where there is continual immigration and emigration of Chinese labourers from whom the opium smoking class is drawn there can never be any great exactitude in figures of unregistered addicts. (iii) Methods employed to ascertain the approximate number of addicts in the country. Registration. (8) Establishments for the treatment of addicts. Number and nature of public establishments for the treatment of addicts. N il. (9) Addiction and the Professions. (i) Total number of: — (a) Doctors ...... 7 (b) Dentists (unqualified) ...... 20 (c) Pharm acists do...... 5 (d) Veterinary Surgeon ...... nil (ii) The number of known addicts in each of the above classes. Nil. (iii) The number of each of the above classes convicted of violation of the narcotic laws. Nil. V. Opium Revenue. The total revenue of the State in 1938 amounted to $2,427,004. Statement of Chandu Revenue and Expenditure, 1938

Revenue Expenditure $ c. 5 c. Gross proceeds of opium Cost of chandu purchase 35,403.00 sales 208.242.56 Personal emoluments . . 8,542.34 Excess of revenue over expenditure 164,297.22

Total 208.242.56 Total 208,242.56

W. F. N. CHURCHILL, For Acting British Adviser, T rengganu. Trengganu, 30th January, 1939. 39

ANNUAL REPORT BY THE BRUNEI GOVERNMENT CONCERNING PREPARED OPIUM IN BRUNEI TERRITORY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR 1938

I.— (a) New Legislative and Administrative Measures taken DURING THE YEAR WITH REGARD TO THE USE OF PREPARED OPIUM AND THE REASONS FOR THEIR ADOPTION. No new legislation was introduced during the year.

(bj W orking of the system of control in force in the Territory. No person other than the Superintendent, Trade and Customs may import into or export from the State any prepared opium or have in his possession any prepared opium other than the Government product. This latter is obtained from the Government of the Straits Settlements and is sold through Government shops of which there are eight in the State. This is the only legal method of sale. The prepared opium is sold only to registered smokers, whose purchases are strictly rationed to their individual needs. The system of control worked well and no difficulties were experienced in its operation.

II. N e w a c t iv it ie s d u r in g t h e y e a r w i t h a v ie w to c o m ba ting t h e u s e o f P r e p a r e d O p i u m . There were no new activities during the year with the view to combat­ ing the use of prepared opium.

I I I . S c ie n t if ic R e s e a r c h . No research was undertaken during the year.

IV . Other Information. (1) Treatment and after care of addicts. Free anti-opium treatment for addicts is available at the Government Hospitals in the State. (2) Classes of population from which opium smokers are drawn with any figures available. The number of registered opium smokers on the register decreased during the year from 228 to 215. They were exclusively Chinese, mostly of the labouring and small shopkeeper class. (3) System of dross control and disposal of dross collected or pur­ chased by the Government. The repreparation of dross or its sale to any person other than the Superintendent, Trade and Customs is an offence. It is also an offence to be in possession of an amount exceeding five tahils (6% oz.). Dross is purchased by the Government at the rate of $6.50 a tahil for first quality and $1.50 a tahil for second quality dross. The total quantity purchased during the year was 7 kg. All dross purchased or confiscated is destroyed by dumping at sea. 40

(4) Illicit traffic. There were seven prosecutions for very minor offences during the year and 36 hoons ('0136 kg.) of prepared opium were confiscated. (5) A n y information as to the use of narcotic drugs which would show whether they are tending to supplant the use of prepared opium. There is no reason to believe that the use of other narcotic drugs is tending to supplant the use of prepared opium. (6) Price at which prepared opium was sold by the Government to consumers during the year. The retail price of prepared opium remained at $13.00 per tahil.

(7) Drug Addiction. (i) Extent of addiction.—There is no reason to believe that there are in the State any drug addicts other than opium addicts. The number of the latter who are registered is 215 and, owing to the rationing system, it is unlikely that there are any, but an insignificant few who are unregistered. So far as is known, all the addicts obtain their supplies from legitimate sources.

(ii) Establishments for the treatment of addicts.— T here are no establishments specifically for the treatment of drug addicts, but free anti-opium treatment is available at the Government Hospitals in the State.

(iii) Addiction and Professions.—There are two qualified doctors in the State; no qualified dentists, pharmacists or veterinary surgeons. There are, however, a few unqualified dentists and pharmacists. There were no known drug addicts amongst them, nor was any of them convicted of violation of the narcotic laws.

V. O piu m R ev en u e. The total revenue of the State from all sources was $1,179,979. The net opium revenue was $44,641. A special opium account drawn up in accordance with recommendation V of the final Act at Bangkok on 27th November, 1931 is attached.

J. G. BLACK, British Resident, Brunei.

B r i t i s h R e s id e n t ’s O f f ic e , B ru n e i, 30/fc January, 1939. fC.B. No. 97/1938] 4i

S ta te m e n t o f Opium Revenue and Expenditure for the Year 1938

R e v e n t e E x p e n d i t u r e

S c. Sale of prepared opium 76,854 96 Purchase of prepared opium, 812,735 25 Purchase of Dross §1.209 65 13,944 90 Cost of Administration— Staff and Other Charges 8,269 08 Contribution to Opium Revenue Replacement Reserve Fund 10,000 oo Net opium revenue 44,640 98

Total . . 76,854 96 Total 76,854 96 PART S t a t ist ic a l I n f o r m a t io n c o n c e r n in g P r e p a r e d O p iu m f o r t h e Y ear

(F o rm s i to X )

(British Malayan Territories, 1938) 46

F O R M I

P r e p a r e d O p iu m M anufactured d u r in g t h e Y ear

A 1 2

Name or brand under Quantity Territory which the Prepared manufactured Opium is sold (Kg.)

The Straits Settlements Chandu 70,733 The Federated Malay States — Nil Johore — Nil Kedah — Nil Perlis — Nil Kelantan — Nil Trengganu — Nil Brunei — Nil

Total * 70.733 Kg.

* This figure does not include Packing Plant Washings, Rejections, etc.

F O R M II

Q u a n t it ie s o f R a w a n d P r e p a r e d O p iu m u s e d in t h e M a n u f a c t u r e o f P r e p a r e d O p iu m d u r in g t h e Y ear

A 1 2 3 4 5

Q u a n t i t i e s o f R a w O p i u m Prepared Total EMPLOYED DERIVED FROM Opium quantities used of Raw (seized or Territory Opium Home remanu­ Imports Seizures used produce factured)

Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. Kg. The Straits Settlements Nil * 95,703 218 95,921 2,973 The Federated Malay States Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Johore Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Kedah Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Perlis Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Kelantan Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Trengganu Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Brunei Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

* Indian Opium . . . . 49,309 Kg. Turkish Opium . . . . Nil Iranian Opium . . . . 46,394 Kg. 47

F O R M I I I

C o n s u m p t io n o f P r e p a r e d O p iu m d u r i n g t h e Y ear

A 1 2 3

Q u a n t i t i e s c o n ­ s u m e d b y S m o k e r s Territory Name or brand under which the Prepared Opium was sold Non­ Rationed rationed

Kg. Kg- The Straits Settle­ ments Chandu 19,144 Nil

The Federated Malay States Government Chandu 18,113 Nil

Johore Johore State MCMXXXVIII 8,142-22 Nil

Kedah Chandu 2,997 Nil

Perlis S.S. Government Chandu 475-8097 Nil

Kelantan S.S. Government Chandu 681 Nil

Trengganu S.S. Government Chandu 609-43 Nil

Brunei S.S. Government Chandu 221 Nil

F O R M IV

S t o c k s o f P r e p a r e d O p iu m Amount of stocks held by the Government on 31st December at the Opium Factory or in Government Warehouses

Territory Kg.

The Straits Settlements 42,717

The Federated Malay States 1,582

Johore 878-45

Kedah 405

Perlis 98-28

Kelantan 190

Trengganu . . I 77-9

Brunei 48 48

F O R M V

N u m b e r a n d N a t io n a l it y o f S m o k e r s * a n d R ate o f C o n s u m p t io n

A 1 2 3 4 5

y & 1 o t> -ti 12- >> a i n ? ü ° i Alm 0 d H 3 © o ti e flB "SS ti- a o a ° g o _o E .2 '-5 à C d d o Nati head © tion

H £ P5 Z Consu

The Straits Active Settlements Chinese:— Smokers Kg. China-born . . | 24,703 Nil 861,940 •022 Local-born . . Indians 45 Nil 149,636 Infinitesimal Malays 36 Nil 303,421 „ Eurasians 2 Nil 12,762 ,, Siamese 9 Nil Not recorded American 1 Nil Belgian 1 Nil Arab 1 Nil „ Jew 1 Nil ,, The Federated Malay States Chinese 27,499 921,701 •0196 Indians 76 Malays 27 Javanese 1 Burmese 2 Siamese 2

Johore Chinese 9,589 268,300 •03 Indians 5 72,600 ■001

Kedah Chinese 3,700 80,000 •0463 Malays 293 295,000 •001 Indians 17 55.000 Siamese 12 12.000 Javanese Nil 6,500

Perlis Chinese 314 Nil 8,103 •0086 Others 28 Nil 47,343

Kelantan Chinese 701 Nil 29,294 •023 Indians 3 Nil 11,399 •00008 Malay 1 Nil 350,526 •0000004

Trengganu Chinese 1,024 13,300 •046 Malays 3 164,600 Punjabi 1 Nil

Brunei Chinese 215 3,500 •0631

* Active registered smokers. 49

F O R M VI

N u m b e r o f R et a il S h o p s

O w n e d b y t h e L i c e n s e d b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t G o v e r n m e n t

I 2 3 4 A Territory In exist­ In exist­ Opened Opened ence on ence on during during 31st 31st the year the year December December

The Straits Settlements Nil 51 Nil Nil The Federated Malay States Nil 109 Nil Nil Johore Nil 39 Nil Nil Kedah Nil 41 Nil Nil Perlis Nil 6 * Nil Nil Kelantan Nil 8 Nil Nil Trengganu Nil 14 Nil 2 Brunei Nil 8 Nil Nil

* These are not true retail shops, but fixed centres (usually a Police Station or Customs Office) where opium can be obtained at stated times.

F O R M V II

N u m b e r o f S m o k in g E stablishments

G o v e r n m e n t L i c e n s e d E stablishments E stablishments

1 2 3 4 A Territory In exist­ Opened In exist­ ence on Opened during during ence on 31st 31st the year the year December December

The Straits Settlements Nil Nil Nil Nil The Federated Malay States Nil Nil Nil Nil Johore Nil Nil Nil Nil Kedah Nil Nil Nil Nil Perlis Nil Nil Nil Nil Kelantan Nil Nil Nil Nil Trengganu Nil Nil Nil Nil Brunei Nil Nil Nil Nil 50 FO R M V III

D r o s s

fco 2 © fi I I §; C S5 § ■a i ■ë ti Average price ^ st* c SrV . © Territory o-û R 3 ° o x S paid by the P-i o d .2 ^ Œ X © ■§ fcc Government for 3 oc >> $ .S dross purchased o 2 ï V CO ; 08 0 5 I 2 3 o © J2 —< 05 5 1 - 5 ^ O X £ w CO i—

Kg. Kg- Kg. Kg. The Straits Settlements 509 1,546 8 58 8169-18 per kg.

f $7 per tahil 1st The Federated I quality 6-24 164-18 4-41 4-47 Malay States SI.50 per tahil ( 2nd quality Johore 20-67 44-55 2-67 3-83 SI24 per kg.

Kedah Nil Nil 3 Nil Nil

Perlis 1-21 Nil Nil 1-21 Nil

Kelantan Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

Trengganu . . Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil j 1 $172 per kg. 1st ! quality 10 7 Nil 2-755 Brunei ] $40 per kg. 2nd I quality

($1 Straits Currency = 2/4 (sterling) (1 tahil = l i oz.)

F O R M IX

S e iz u r e s o f R a w a n d P r e p a r e d O p iu m d u r in g t h e Y ear

T o t a l Q u a n t i t y S e i z e d

Territory Prepared Raw Opium Opium

Kg. Kg.

The Straits Settlements 64 1,736 f Foreign 3" 109 The Federated Malay States ■129 -j Government [ Chandu 3'728 Johore Nil 7.59 Kedah Nil •087 Perlis Nil •0083 Kelantan Nil Nil Trengganu Nil 09 Brunei Nil Nil 5i

F O R M X

N u m b e r of P rosecutions , Co n v ic t io n s a n d S e n t e n c e s fo r I nfringements o f t h e R e g u l a t io n s r e l a t in g to R a w a n d P r e p a r e d O p iu m d u r in g t h e Y ear

N u m b e r o f P e r s o n s

A i i 3 Territory

Prosecuted Sentenced Acquitted

The Straits Settlements 3,197 3,043 154 The Federated Malay States 789 750 39 Johore 528 474 52 Kedah 45 39 (i Perlis 1 1 Nil Kelantan 9 8 1 Trengganu 37 23 14 Brunei 7 7 Nil I

1814 - 800—1/40