DOCSLIB.ORG

Determination of Primary and Secondary Lahar Flow Paths of the Fuego Volcano (Guatemala) Using Morphometric Parameters

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determination of Primary and Secondary Lahar Flow Paths of the Fuego Volcano (Guatemala) Using Morphometric Parameters remote sensing Article Determination of Primary and Secondary Lahar Flow Paths of the Fuego Volcano (Guatemala) Using Morphometric Parameters Marcelo Cando-Jácome and Antonio Martínez-Graña * Geology Department, External Geodynamics Area, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salamanca, Plaza Merced s/n, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-923-294496; Fax: +34-923-923294514 Received: 2 February 2019; Accepted: 25 March 2019; Published: 26 March 2019 Abstract: On 3 June 2018, a strong eruption of the Fuego volcano in Guatemala produced a dense cloud of 10-km-high volcanic ash and destructive pyroclastic flows that caused nearly 200 deaths and huge economic losses in the region. Subsequently, due to heavy rains, destructive secondary lahars were produced, which were not plotted on the hazard maps using the LAHAR Z software. In this work we propose to complement the mapping of this type of lahars using remote-sensing (Differential Interferometry, DINSAR) in Sentinel images 1A and 2A, to locate areas of deformation of the relief on the flanks of the volcano, areas that are possibly origin of these lahars. To determine the trajectory of the lahars, parameters and morphological indices were analyzed with the software System for Automated Geoscientific Analysis (SAGA). The parameters and morphological indices used were the accumulation of flow (FCC), the topographic wetness index (TWI), the length-magnitude factor of the slope (LS). Finally, a slope stability analysis was performed using the Shallow Landslide Susceptibility software (SHALSTAB) based on the Mohr–Coulomb theory and its parameters: internal soil saturation degree and effective precipitation, parameters required to destabilize a hillside. In this case, the application of this complementary methodology provided a more accurate response of the areas destroyed by primary and secondary lahars in the vicinity of the volcano. Keywords: volcano deformation; lahars hazard; magma accumulation; pyroclastic flows; ash plumes 1. Introduction Primary lahars are flows which are formed as a direct result of a volcanic eruption. They tend to be bulky (107–109 m3) and record high speeds (>20 m/s). Their maximum flows are commonly between 103–105 m3/s. These features provide the ability to flow long distances, even hundreds of kilometers downstream. They occur primarily when during an eruptive event incandescent material causes the fast melting of large volumes of ice and snow of the glaciers that cover some volcanic edifices and flows by descent gullies. Secondary lahars mainly include lahars caused by the rains. The unbound, by previous eruptions, pyroclastic material can be easily removed by the rains. In general, these are at lower speed, volume and they travel shorter distances as compared to primary lahars, however, they are most frequent during periods of rain [1]. Guatemala is the only country in the Central American region that has trained local observers to generate reports on volcanic activity, who then transmit the information via radio and/or telephone three times a day. The information is transmitted to the National Institute of Seismology, Volcanology, Meteorology and Hydrology (INSIVUMEH) plant when the following characteristics are present: changes in the release of energy, increase in the number of explosions, increase in the expulsion of ash, increase in seismic activity, rumblings, shock waves, and the manifestation of block avalanches that descend through the ravines in the volcanic perimeter. Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 727; doi:10.3390/rs11060727 www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing Remote Sens. 2019, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 23 43 expulsion of ash, increase in seismic activity, rumblings, shock waves, and the manifestation of block 44 avalanches that descend through the ravines in the volcanic perimeter. 45 On 3 June 2018, a strong eruption of the Fuego volcano in Guatemala produced a dense volcanic 46 ash cloud rising to 10 km high. Following the collapse of the volcanic column, pyroclastic flows and 47 descending lahars caused significant damage and a high number of fatalities around the mountain Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 727 2 of 20 48 [2]. After the eruption, INSIVUMEH, with support from the Volcano Disaster Assistance Program 49 (VDAP) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Edinburgh, and Michigan 50 TechnologicalOn 3 June University, 2018, a strong elaborated eruption 2 scenarios of the Fuegoof lahars volcano for medium in Guatemala and heavy produced rains based a denseon the 51 volcanicnumerical ash models cloud risingobtained to 10from km the high. program Following LAHAR the collapseZ (Figure of 1). the These volcanic scenarios column, can pyroclastic be seen on 52 flowsthe MapAction and descending page [3]. lahars caused significant damage and a high number of fatalities around the 53 mountainOn 19 [2 November]. After the and eruption, for the INSIVUMEH, fifth time during with 2018, support the fromFuego the volcano Volcano erupted, Disaster with Assistance a 1,200- 54 Programmeter long (VDAP) lava flow of the that United descended States Geologicalinto the Ceniza Survey canyon. (USGS), This the volcanic University flow of with Edinburgh, fragments and of 55 Michiganrock producws Technological by erosion University, on the slopes elaborated of the 2volcano scenarios moved of lahars downhill, for medium incorporating and heavy enough rains basedwater, 56 onso thethat numerical they formed models mud obtained flows and from volcanic the program debris or LAHAR lahars Zthat (Figure descended1). These the scenarios slopes of canthe bevolcano, seen 57 onaffecting the MapAction sectors such page [as3]. Las Lajas, El Jute, besides the Ceniza and Seca ravines, according to 58 INSIVUMEH in its last special volcanological bulletins (Nos. 157-2018 and 158-2018) [4,5]. 59 60 61 FigureFigure 1. 1.Web Web Map Map prepared prepared by by MapAction MapAction as as a collaboratora collaborator on on the the HazMap HazMap project project and and in supportin support of 62 Nationalof National Institute Institute of Seismology, of Seismology, Volcanology, Volcanolo Meteorologygy, Meteorology and Hydrology and Hydrology (INSIVUMEH). (INSIVUMEH). Data from Data 63 preliminaryfrom preliminary maps ofmaps the of hazard the hazard of pyroclastic of pyroclastic flows flows and lahars and lahars for scenario for scenario A (moderate A (moderate rainfall) rainfall) and 64 scenarioand scenario B (very B heavy(very rainfall).heavy rainfall). Prepared Prepared in June 2018in June by INSIVUMEH, 2018 by INSIVUMEH, Volcano Disaster Volcano Assistance Disaster Program (VDAP), United States Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Edinburgh, and Michigan 65 Assistance Program (VDAP), United States Geological Survey (USGS), the University of Edinburgh, Technological University. In C, location of Las Lajas, El Jute, Ceniza and Seca ravines. 66 and Michigan Technological University. In C, location of Las Lajas, El Jute, Ceniza and Seca ravines. On 19 November and for the fifth time during 2018, the Fuego volcano erupted, with a 1200-m 67 The theory of LAHAR Z’s operation will not be studied in this article, since it is not the objective long lava flow that descended into the Ceniza canyon. This volcanic flow with fragments of rock 68 of this study. Its operation is reviewed briefly. In this article, reference is made to the LAHAR Z producws by erosion on the slopes of the volcano moved downhill, incorporating enough water, so that 69 program and its results as a basis for superimposing the results obtained by the Differential they formed mud flows and volcanic debris or lahars that descended the slopes of the volcano, affecting sectors such as Las Lajas, El Jute, besides the Ceniza and Seca ravines, according to INSIVUMEH in its last special volcanological bulletins (Nos. 157-2018 and 158-2018) [4,5]. The theory of LAHAR Z’s operation will not be studied in this article, since it is not the objective of this study. Its operation is reviewed briefly. In this article, reference is made to the LAHAR Z program and its results as a basis for superimposing the results obtained by the Differential Interferometry Remote Sens. 2019, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 23 70 Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar Differential (DINSAR) analysis, the morphometric indices Remote Sens. 2019, 11, 727 3 of 20 71 and the unstable areas near the volcano. 72 LAHAR Z was written to delimit areas of potential lahar inundation from one or more user- 73Synthetic specified Aperture lahar Radarvolumes. Differential LAHAR (DINSAR)Z is a code analysis,that is executed the morphometric within a geographic indices and information the unstable system 74areas (GIS), near thewhich volcano. was created by the USGS [4] and is based on a semi-empirical model that delimits flood 75 riskLAHAR zones Z by was lahar written (that is, to areas delimit drawn areas to repres of potentialent the laharprobable inundation floods during from a one lahar or event) more in a 76user-specified digital elevation lahar volumes. model (DEM). LAHAR Z is a code that is executed within a geographic information 77system (GIS),The whichprogram was uses created two by semi-empirical the USGS [4] andequations is based calibrated on a semi-empirical by statistical model analysis that delimitsin the cross 78flood section risk zones of an by area lahar flooded (that is, by areas a lahar drawn (A) toand represent the flooded the probable planimetric floods area during (B) measured a lahar event) in 27 inlahars 79a digitaldeposits elevation of 9 volcanoes model (DEM). in the United States of America, Mexico, Colombia, Canada and Philippines 80 [6]The (Figure program 2). uses two semi-empirical equations calibrated by statistical analysis in the cross 81section of anThe area equations flooded are: by a lahar (A) and the flooded planimetric area (B) measured in 27 lahars deposits of 9 volcanoes in the United States of America, Mexico,/ Colombia, Canada and Philippines [6] 82 = (1) (Figure2). / 83 The equations are: = (2) 2/3 A = a1V (1) 84 Where A is the maximum section area flooded,2/3 B is the total area flooded and V is the volume B = a2V (2) 85 of the lahar, =0.05 and = 200, are constant values.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Human Health and Vulnerability in the Nyiragongo Volcano Crisis Democratic Republic of Congo 2002
    Human Health and Vulnerability in the Nyiragongo Volcano Crisis Democratic Republic of Congo 2002 Final Report to the World Health Organisation Dr Peter J Baxter University of Cambridge Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, UK Dr Anne Ancia Emergency Co-ordinator World Health Organisation Goma Nyiragongo Volcano with Goma on the shore of Lake Kivu Cover : The main lava flow which shattered Goma and flowed into Lake Kivu Lava flows from the two active volcanoes CONGO RWANDA Sake Munigi Goma Lake Kivu Gisenyi Fig.1. Goma setting and map of area and lava flows HUMAN HEALTH AND VULNERABILITY IN THE NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO CRISIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, 2002 FINAL REPORT TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION Dr Peter J Baxter University of Cambridge Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, UK Dr Anne Ancia Emergency Co-ordinator World Health Organisation Goma June 2002 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We have undertaken a vulnerability assessment of the Nyiragongo volcano crisis at Goma for the World Health Organisation (WHO), based on an analysis of the impact of the eruption on January 17/18, 2002. According to volcanologists, this eruption was triggered by tectonic spreading of the Kivu rift causing the ground to fracture and allow lava to flow from ground fissures out of the crater lava lake and possibly from a deeper conduit nearer Goma. At the time of writing, scientists are concerned that the continuing high level of seismic activity indi- cates that the tectonic rifting may be gradually continuing. Scientists agree that volcano monitoring and contingency planning are essential for forecasting and responding to fu- ture trends. The relatively small loss of life in the January 2002 eruption (less than 100 deaths in a population of 500,000) was remarkable, and psychological stress was reportedly the main health consequence in the aftermath of the eruption.
    [Show full text]
  • 1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey
    1921 Tulsa Race Riot Reconnaissance Survey Final November 2005 National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 Summary Statement 1 Bac.ground and Purpose 1 HISTORIC CONTEXT 5 National Persp4l<live 5 1'k"Y v. f~u,on' World War I: 1896-1917 5 World W~r I and Postw~r ( r.: 1!1t7' EarIV 1920,; 8 Tulsa RaCR Riot 14 IIa<kground 14 TI\oe R~~ Riot 18 AIt. rmath 29 Socilot Political, lind Economic Impa<tsJRamlt;catlon, 32 INVENTORY 39 Survey Arf!a 39 Historic Greenwood Area 39 Anla Oubi" of HiOlorK G_nwood 40 The Tulsa Race Riot Maps 43 Slirvey Area Historic Resources 43 HI STORIC GREENWOOD AREA RESOURCeS 7J EVALUATION Of NATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE 91 Criteria for National Significance 91 Nalional Signifiunce EV;1lu;1tio.n 92 NMiol\ill Sionlflcao<e An.aIYS;s 92 Inl~ri ly E~alualion AnalY'is 95 {"",Iu,ion 98 Potenl l~1 M~na~menl Strategies for Resource Prote<tion 99 PREPARERS AND CONSULTANTS 103 BIBUOGRAPHY 105 APPENDIX A, Inventory of Elltant Cultural Resoun:es Associated with 1921 Tulsa Race Riot That Are Located Outside of Historic Greenwood Area 109 Maps 49 The African American S«tion. 1921 51 TI\oe Seed. of c..taotrophe 53 T.... Riot Erupt! SS ~I,.,t Blood 57 NiOhl Fiohlino 59 rM Inva.ion 01 iliad. TIll ... 61 TM fighl for Standp''''' Hill 63 W.II of fire 65 Arri~.. , of the Statl! Troop< 6 7 Fil'lal FiOlrtino ~nd M~,,;~I I.IIw 69 jii INTRODUCTION Summary Statement n~sed in its history.
    [Show full text]
  • Lahars in Crescent River Valley, Lower Cook Inlet, Alaska
    LAHARS IN CRESCENT RIVER VALLEY, LOWER COOK INLET, ALASKA BY James R. Riehle, Juergen Kienle, and Karen S. Emmel GEOLOGIC REPORT 53 STATE OF ALASKA Jay S. Hammond, Governor Robert E. LeResche, Commissioner, Dept. of Natural Resources Geoffrey Haynes, Deputy Commissioner Ross G. Schaff, State Geologist Cover photo: Redoubt Volcano in eruption, January 1966. (Taken by Jon Gardey from an airplane on north side of volcano looking west.) Available from Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, P.O. Box 80007. College. 99708; 941 Dowling Rd., Anchorage. 99502; P.O. Box 7438, Ketchikan, 99901; and 230 So. Franklin St. (Rm 407), Juneau, 99801. CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................................ Introduction............................................................................. Description and inferred origin of the deposits................................................... Location .............................................................................. Internal characteristics .................................................................. Interpretation of observations ............................................................ Ageofthelahars.......................................................................... Originofthelahars........................................................................ Potential hazards of lahars .................................................................. Acknowledgments ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • IEE: India: SH-45: Mihona-Lahar-Daboh-Bhander-Chirgaon Project Road, Madhya Pradesh State Roads Project
    Environmental Assessment Report Initial Environmental Examination for SH-45: Mihona–Lahar–Daboh–Bhander–Chirgaon Project Road Project Number: 43063 November 2010 IND: Madhya Pradesh State Roads Project III Prepared by Government of Madhya Pradesh for the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Table of Contents Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………vii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Project Background/Rationale .......................................................................... 1 1.2. Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) and Environmental Assessment ................................................................................................................. 2 1.3. Purpose of the Study ....................................................................................... 2 1.4. Extent of IEE .................................................................................................... 3 1.5. IEE Content ..................................................................................................... 3 1.6. Team Composition and Acknowledgements .................................................... 3 1.7. Methodology .................................................................................................... 3 1.7.1. Information/ data Sources ...........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rioting in America 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    RIOTING IN AMERICA 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Paul A Gilje | 9780253212627 | | | | | Rioting in America 1st edition PDF Book Gilje suggest that part of the purpose of these assaults was to destroy black wealth. Gilje argues that we cannot fully comprehend the history of the United States without an understanding of the impact of rioting. January 21, January 11, Search within store. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Public Broadcasting Service. The tip of an Iceberg. October 10, While none of the dozen or so major riots that took place in made it to the list above, taken together as a whole the riots become significant to American history. Live Coronavirus updates. France You all know the story -- 63 people died, racial tensions between Korean and black communities intensified, and Adam Sandler became famous for mocking George H. Negroes and The Gun: the black tradition of arms. Shipping to: Worldwide. Protestors could be seen running back in the direction they came. March 6, The Washington Post. November 10, Retrieved June 26, Rioting in America 1st edition Writer Landslide Avalanche Mudflow Debris flow Lahar. Stroud, Gloucestershire: History Press. October 26, This amount is subject to change until you make payment. The San Francisco Chronicle. Marsha rated it liked it Jan 23, April 22, Please enter a number less than or equal to 1. Archived from the original on August 28, April 23, October 15, October 18, March 23, Alasdair Ekpenyong marked it as to-read May 28, April 15, Retrieved August 14, July 4, Lists with This Book. November 30, Monday morning local time. This item will be shipped through the Global Shipping Program and includes international tracking.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling the 2012 Lahar in a Sector of Jamapa Gorge (Pico De Orizaba Volcano, Mexico) Using RAMMS and Tree-Ring Evidence
    water Article Modelling the 2012 Lahar in a Sector of Jamapa Gorge (Pico de Orizaba Volcano, Mexico) Using RAMMS and Tree-Ring Evidence Osvaldo Franco-Ramos 1,* , Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas 2,3, José Ernesto Figueroa-García 4, Lorenzo Vázquez-Selem 1, Markus Stoffel 2,3,5 and Lizeth Caballero 6 1 Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México 04510, Mexico; [email protected] 2 Dendrolab.ch, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 13 rue des Maraîchers, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland; [email protected] (J.A.B.-C.); [email protected] (M.S.) 3 Climate Change Impacts and Risks in the Anthropocene (C-CIA), Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland 4 Posgrado en Geografía Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México 04510, Mexico; ernestfi[email protected] 5 Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, University of Geneva, 66 Boulevard Carl-Vogt, CH-1205 Geneva, Switzerland 6 Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán, México 04510, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 December 2019; Accepted: 21 January 2020; Published: 23 January 2020 Abstract: A good understanding of the frequency and magnitude of lahars is essential for the assessment of torrential hazards in volcanic terrains. In many instances, however, data on past events is scarce or incomplete, such that the evaluation of possible future risks and/or the planning of adequate countermeasures can only be done with rather limited certainty.
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Hazards • Washington State Is Home to Five Active Volcanoes Located in the Cascade Range, East of Seattle: Mt
    CITY OF SEATTLE CEMP – SHIVA GEOLOGIC HAZARDS Volcanic Hazards • Washington State is home to five active volcanoes located in the Cascade Range, east of Seattle: Mt. Baker, Glacier Peak, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens (see figure [Cascades volcanoes]). Washington and California are the only states in the lower 48 to experience a major volcanic eruption in the past 150 years. • Major hazards caused by eruptions are blast, pyroclastic flows, lahars, post-lahar sedimentation, and ashfall. Seattle is too far from any volcanoes to receive damage from blast and pyroclastic flows. o Ash falls could reach Seattle from any of the Cascades volcanoes, but prevailing weather patterns would typically blow ash away from Seattle, to the east side of the state. However, to underscore this uncertainty, ash deposits from multiple pre-historic eruptions have been found in Seattle, including Glacier Peak (less than 1 inch) and Mt. Mazama/Crater Lake (amount unknown) ash. o The City of Seattle depends on power, water, and transportation resources located in the Cascades and Eastern Washington where ash is more likely to fall. Seattle City Light operates dams directly east of Mt. Baker and in Pend Oreille County in eastern Washington. Seattle’s water comes from two reservoirs located on the western slopes of the Central Cascades, so they are outside the probable path of ashfall. o If heavy ash were to fall over Seattle it would create health problems, paralyze the transportation system, destroy many mechanical objects, endanger the utility networks and cost millions of dollars to clean up. Ash can be very dangerous to aviation.
    [Show full text]
  • All-Hazards Risk Assessment—2016
    ALL-HAZARDS RISK ASSESSMENT—2016 TACOMA FIRE DEPARTMENT MISSION: To protect people, property and the environment CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Overview of Service Area ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Hazards Identification and Profile ............................................................................................................................................................ 14 Fire ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Emergency Medical Services ..................................................................................................................................................... 19 Specialty Risk ............................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Hazardous Materials ................................................................................................................................................... 25 Technical Rescue ........................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volcanic Tsunami Generating Source Mechanisms in the Eastern Caribbean Region
    VOLCANIC TSUNAMI GENERATING SOURCE MECHANISMS IN THE EASTERN CARIBBEAN REGION George Pararas-Carayannis Honolulu, Hawaii, USA ABSTRACT Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, volcanic island flank failures and underwater slides have generated numerous destructive tsunamis in the Caribbean region. Convergent, compressional and collisional tectonic activity caused primarily from the eastward movement of the Caribbean Plate in relation to the North American, Atlantic and South American Plates, is responsible for zones of subduction in the region, the formation of island arcs and the evolution of particular volcanic centers on the overlying plate. The inter-plate tectonic interaction and deformation along these marginal boundaries result in moderate seismic and volcanic events that can generate tsunamis by a number of different mechanisms. The active geo-dynamic processes have created the Lesser Antilles, an arc of small islands with volcanoes characterized by both effusive and explosive activity. Eruption mechanisms of these Caribbean volcanoes are complex and often anomalous. Collapses of lava domes often precede major eruptions, which may vary in intensity from Strombolian to Plinian. Locally catastrophic, short-period tsunami-like waves can be generated directly by lateral, direct or channelized volcanic blast episodes, or in combination with collateral air pressure perturbations, nuéss ardentes, pyroclastic flows, lahars, or cascading debris avalanches. Submarine volcanic caldera collapses can also generate locally destructive tsunami waves. Volcanoes in the Eastern Caribbean Region have unstable flanks. Destructive local tsunamis may be generated from aerial and submarine volcanic edifice mass edifice flank failures, which may be triggered by volcanic episodes, lava dome collapses, or simply by gravitational instabilities. The present report evaluates volcanic mechanisms, resulting flank failure processes and their potential for tsunami generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Postglacial Influence of Volcanism on the Landscape and Environmental
    Pringle and Scott: Postglacial Influence of Volcanism on the Puget Lowland Postglacial Influence of Volcanism on the Landscape and Environmental History of the Puget Lowland, Washington: A Review of Geologic Literature and Recent Discoveries, with Emphasis on the Landscape Disturbances Associated with Lahars, Lahar Runouts, and Associated Flooding Patrick Pringle Washington DNR, Division of Geology and Earth Resources Kevin Scott US Geological Survey, Cascades Volcano Observatory Abstract Geologic and geotechnical studies during the last several decades have shown that the environmental history of several major river systems of the Puget Lowland includes periodic severe geomorphic and environmental disturbances from lahars (volcanic debris flows), lahar runouts, and associated flooding. Episodic lahars and post-laharic sedimentation have significantly aggraded the Nisqually, Puyallup, White, Skagit, Duwamish, Stilliquamish, and Nooksack Rivers, caused delta progradation that has dramatically altered the coastline of the Puget Lowland, and, for extremely large events, triggered stream piracy, as exemplified by that in the Stillaguamish/Skagit River, Fraser/Nooksack, and White/Puyallup River systems respectively. These volcanic disturbances buried extensive landscapes including mature, old-growth forests and destroyed and/or severely disrupted pre-Euro-American-settlement human communities. Geologists have identified two main types of lahars, cohesive (>3% matrix clay) and noncohesive (<3% matrix clay), each of which has distinctive flowage and depositional characteristics. The recognition of flow transformations in noncohesive lahars now allows geologists to better identify lahar runout and laharic flood deposits in downstream areas. Collectively, the recent and ongoing studies of volcanic history in the Puget Sound drainage basin have greatly improved our understanding of the magnitude and frequency of the associated landscape disturbances.
    [Show full text]
  • Sub-Section 4G.5 Puyallup Tribe All Hazard Mitigation Plan Volcanic
    SUB-SECTION 4G.5 PUYALLUP TRIBE ALL HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN VOLCANIC HAZARD1 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... 1 IDENTIFICATION DESCRIPTION ................................................................................ 2 DEFINITION ............................................................................................................. 2 PROFILE ................................................................................................................... 5 LOCATION AND EXTENT ............................................................................................... 5 PLANNING AREA ...................................................................................................... 16 THE OCCURRENCES .................................................................................................. 16 IMPACTS ............................................................................................................... 18 VULNERABILITY TO PLANNING AREA....................................................................... 30 LAHAR FLOWS ......................................................................................................... 32 TEPHRA ................................................................................................................ 33 RESOURCE DIRECTORY .......................................................................................... 34 REGIONAL ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sedimentologic Changes in the Deposits of an Evolving Lahar-Flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Fall 12-1-2016 Sedimentologic Changes in the Deposits of an Evolving Lahar-Flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon Matthew Ray Poole Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Poole, Matthew Ray, "Sedimentologic Changes in the Deposits of an Evolving Lahar-Flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon" (2016). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3376. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5267 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Sedimentologic changes in the deposits of an evolving lahar-flood in 2006, Hood River Basin, Mount Hood, Oregon by Matthew Ray Poole A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geology Thesis Committee: Scott F. Burns, Chair Thomas C. Pierson Robert B. Perkins Portland State University 2016 Abstract Over a span of six days from November 2nd – 7th, 2006 approximately 43 cm of precipitation fell over the Hood River Basin in Oregon. A lahar was initiated on the Eliot Branch of the Middle Fork Hood River by two or more landslides that occurred on the lateral moraines of the Eliot Glacier on the early part of November 7th, 2006.
    [Show full text]