Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Rev C | 9 December 2020

This report takes into account the particular instructions and requirements of our client. It is not intended for and should not be relied upon by any third party and no responsibility is undertaken to any third party.

Job number 272867-03

Arup Pty Ltd ABN 18 000 966 165

Arup Level 14 Exchange Tower 2 The Esplanade Perth WA 6000 PO Box 5750 St Georges Terrace Perth WA 6831 Australia www.arup.com

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Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Contents

Page

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project Overview 1 1.2 Assessment Boundary 3 1.3 Assessment Objectives 3

2 Greenhouse Gas Background Information 5 2.1 Greenhouse Gases 5 2.2 Emission Scopes 5

3 Methodology 7 3.1 Calculation Methodology 7 3.2 Scope 7 3.3 Application of Carbon Gauge 8 3.4 Assumptions 9

4 Results 13 4.1 Construction 13 4.2 Operation 14 4.3 Maintenance 15

5 Summary 17

6 Reduction Strategies 19

7 References 21

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

1 Introduction

This report documents the greenhouse gas (GHG) assessment undertaken for the Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road project. This assessment will contribute to achieving an Infrastructure Sustainability (IS) Planning Rating in accordance with the ISCA Planning Technical Manual v2.0 [1] and satisfies the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) environmental factor guideline on GHG emissions [2].

This report includes:  An overview of the GHG assessment methodology,  Estimates of emission’s Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 for the project,  A summary of the attached GHG assessment,  Opportunities and intended targets to reduce Scope 1 emissions over the life of the project, and  Strategies that can be applied to avoid, reduce and offset Scope 1 emissions.

1.1 Project Overview Tonkin Highway (H017) is a key north-south artery that connects into some of Perth’s most important corridors such as Reid Highway, Great Eastern Highway, Leach Highway and Albany Highway. Tonkin Highway is identified as a Primary Distributor, which services key economic areas to around the Perth metropolitan area, including Perth Airport, Malaga, Bayswater and Kewdale industrial estates. The objective of the Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road project is to upgrade a 6.2 km section of Tonkin Highway (from SLK 16.25 to SLK 22.40) and to grade separate the intersections at Hale Road, Welshpool Road and Kelvin Road. The project aims to reduce congestion, improve safety to road users and to increase economic activity around the Perth metropolitan area, whilst minimising impact to the environmentally sensitive areas found within the project extents. The project extents are shown in Figure 1 below.

| Rev C | 9 December 2020 | Arup Page Y:\PROJECT SERVICES BRANCH\SENIOR ENVIRONMENT OFFICER\THC ROE TO KELVIN\HALE & WELSHPOOL\25 GREENHOUSE GAS ASSESSMENT\REV C\THCU - GREEN HOUSE GAS ASSESSMENT - REV C.DOCX

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Figure 1: Project Extents The Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road project will provide 3 lanes in each direction, with provision for 4 lanes in each direction to be implemented in the future. The configuration at the Hale Road interchange was previously intended to be a straight flyover without ramps. This configuration has since been updated to include north facing ramps in a half diamond interchange configuration, to accommodate traffic movements in this direction. The Welshpool Road interchange has been developed as a grade separated eggabout and options are still being developed at the previously proposed grade separated roundabout at the Kelvin Road interchange, due to environmental and land resumption considerations. Tonkin Highway is planned to be grade separated above all three of these interchanges. The scope also includes a Principal Shared Path (PSP) that will be located on the eastern side of Tonkin Highway for the full length of the upgraded extents. Underpasses will be required to allow the PSP alignment to cross under the entry and exit ramps at each of the interchanges. The Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road project has been registered by Main Roads with the Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia’s (ISCA) for a Bronze Planning rating (at a minimum) using IS v2.0 Planning Technical manual [1].

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

1.2 Assessment Boundary This initial GHG assessment has captured Tonkin Highway between SLK 16.25 to SLK 20.40, which includes the Hale Rd to Welshpool Rd interchanges as these interchange forms are unlikely to change during the detailed design phase. The Kelvin Road interchange portion of the project will be assessed separately and incorporated into the GHG assessment once the interchange form has been finalised. In accordance with the EPA guidelines, this assessment has considered the GHG emissions throughout the project life cycle. The assessment between SLK 16.25 to SLK 20.40 will form the ‘Base Case’ datum for this section of the project, which will be used to compare against the project’s ‘Actual Case’ to be assessed at the 100% design stage. The assessment consists of the following components between SLK 16.25 and SLK 20.40:  Hale Road interchange (1 bridge spanning approximately 45 m, Tonkin Highway is elevated over Hale Road with 2 north facing ramps),  Welshpool Road interchange (eggabout configuration includes 2 bridges spanning approximately 45 m each, Tonkin Highway elevates over Welshpool Road with 4 ramps at the interchange),  4.15 km of proposed Tonkin Highway, 0.7 km of Hale Road and 0.7km of Welshpool Road reconstruction, and  4.15 km of proposed PSP along Tonkin Highway and connecting PSPs to Hale Road and Welshpool Road (includes 4 underpasses).

The assessment boundary is shown in Appendix A and the scope of the greenhouse gas assessment is detailed within Section 3.2.

1.3 Assessment Objectives The GHG assessment of the IS Base Case has been conducted to meet the requirements for the Energy Efficiency (Ene-1) credit for the IS Planning Rating under v2.0 and the EPA environmental guideline on GHG emissions.

To achieve the Level 1 of ISCA credit Ene-1, high-level modelling of carbon emissions and energy use for Scopes 1, 2 and 3 must be completed for construction and operational impacts. Following this assessment, proposed mitigations that demonstrate that all reasonable and practicable measures have been considered must be identified. This includes strategies on how to avoid emissions through innovations in design, acknowledging energy and carbon emission reduction opportunities and setting targets on how to avoid, reduce and offset GHG emissions. These objectives align with the EPA guideline requirements [2].

It is noted in the EPA guidelines that GHG emissions from a project will be assessed where they exceed 100,000 tCO2-e of Scope 1 emissions each year. This is also consistent with the threshold criteria for designation of a large facility under Australian Government’s Safeguard Mechanisms. The results of this assessment will show that the Scope 1 emissions for the project per year falls well below this

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

threshold, however this assessment is conducted nonetheless to satisfy the ISCA Ene-1 credit requirements.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

2 Greenhouse Gas Background Information

2.1 Greenhouse Gases The greenhouse effect is the process of natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases emitting infrared radiation that results in the warming of the Earth’s surface. The greenhouse gases that have been denoted as reportable by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HCFs) and perfluorocarbons (PCF) [3]. It should be noted that although this assessment includes all six of the above greenhouse gases, infrastructure road projects typically only result in carbon dioxide emissions.

2.2 Emission Scopes Greenhouse gas emission sources are categorised under Scope 1, Scope 2 and Scope 3 emissions. Emissions within this assessment are associated with the construction and operation of the project. Emission scope includes emissions within the operational control of the project. Definitions and examples of these are described below according to the Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects [4].

2.2.1 Scope 1 Emissions Scope 1 emissions are direct greenhouse gas emissions that occur from activities and/or sources controlled by the project. Examples of Scope 1 emissions include:  Clearing of vegetation (lost carbon sink),  Combustion of diesel or petrol fuel in vehicles to use on site,  Combustion of diesel fuel in vehicles and equipment used in the construction or maintenance of a road, and  Combustion of diesel or petrol fuel in a generator to produce electricity for use on site.

2.2.2 Scope 2 Emissions Scope 2 emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions that result from the consumption of an energy commodity by a project, but which is a source not controlled by the project. Scope 2 emissions are indirect GHG emissions from the consumption of electricity, heating, cooling or steam that is produced offsite. Examples of Scope 2 emissions include:  Consumption of mains electricity by streetlights during the operation phase of the project,  Consumption of mains electricity by construction site offices where the electricity is generated elsewhere, and

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

 Consumption of electricity, heating, cooling and/or steam that is produced offsite

2.2.3 Scope 3 Emissions Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions. These emissions occur outside of the project boundary of a project that are not Scope 2 emissions. Examples of Scope 3 emissions include:  Extraction and production of purchased materials,  Transportation of purchased fuels,  Offsite mining and production of quarry products used in construction and maintenance of a road,  Decomposition of waste disposed to a landfill, and  Emissions from the combustion of diesel or petrol fuel when transporting materials.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

3 Methodology

3.1 Calculation Methodology The footprint calculation has been undertaken in accordance with and based on the Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects [4]. All assumptions used within this calculation are detailed in Section 3.4. To compile the energy and carbon footprint for the project the Carbon Gauge tool created by Transport Authorities Greenhouse Group was utilised [5]. The Carbon Gauge is an industry carbon calculator, which is a software implementation of the greenhouse gas calculation methods described in the GHG Assessment Workbook. Carbon Gauge provide a means of estimating the materially significant, whole of life GHG emissions during the major road activities of construction, operation and maintenance calculated over a 50-year infrastructure life. It is noted that although this assessment estimates emissions over a 50-year period, the design life of some elements of this project is 100 years. Emission factors have been drawn from the Carbon Gauge tool and Appendix D of Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects [4]. The scope and assumptions of this assessment are listed in Section 3.2 and Section 3.3 respectively, to allow for ease of comparison with the final design.

3.2 Scope The scope of this assessment includes the emission sources included within the project boundary between SLK 16.25 and SLK 20.40 and is detailed in Section 1.3. Specifically, to meet combined requirements of Energy Efficiency (Ene-1) credit for the IS Planning Rating under v2.0 and EPA, all Scope 1 and 2 emissions within the GHG assessment boundary during construction, operation and maintenance of the project have been captured. These emissions include:  Emissions from construction site vehicles and fixed/mobile equipment fuel consumption,  Emissions from loss of soil carbon and biomass with vegetation removal,  Operation of street lighting and Intelligent Transportation Services (ITS) systems, and  Maintenance of pavement material. The following Scope 3 emissions are considered in the Carbon Gauge tool:  Extraction and production of purchased fuels used by a road project,  Extraction and production of purchased materials or goods used by a road project (pavements, structures, drainage and road furniture),  Disposal of waste generated in the production of purchased fuels, materials and goods associated with a road project,

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

 Off-site disposal of waste generated by the project, and  Emissions from vehicles travelling within the GHG assessment boundary over the next 50 years. It is noted that this is not an extensive list as there are Scope 3 emissions that are not considered within the tool. As the project is a transport infrastructure project that does not contain any industrial processes or larger scale fossil-fuelled power-generation, there are no sources of fugitive emissions from processes. Additionally, there will be no on-site disposal of wastes (e.g. putrescible, sewerage) apart from vegetation clearing wastes that could generate FGHG emissions on site. As such, these items were not included. Furthermore, emissions from the decommissioning of the road are not considered by the Carbon Gauge tool. Further assessment may be required if decommissioning is to be included within this scope of work.

3.3 Application of Carbon Gauge Carbon Gauge has been used to estimate the emissions of several elements of the construction, operation and the maintenance phases of the project. The version of the Carbon Gauge tool used is 01.140702. The Carbon Gauge has an in-built materiality checklist, accounting only for activities associated with the project that are likely to be significant (see Appendix E for the completed materiality checklist). This is consistent with the ISCA and EPA methodology, which requires only emissions sources that are likely to account for more than five percent of the footprint (therefore considered significant). The following items fell below the Carbon Gauge materiality threshold:  Emissions from on-site batching plants or other continuously operating stationary plant and equipment,  Emissions from tunnelling (note that tunnelling is not required on this project),  Emissions from demolition of buildings/houses (as less than 120 buildings are to be demolished),  Transport of materials to site (as materials source location is less than 200 km away from project site), and  Production and construction of noise walls (as the current design does not include noise walls along 75% of the road length as a minimum). Data was obtained from the internal project team to complete the required inputs for the Carbon Gauge. The full functionality of the tool was used when entering data, including the ability to specify the pavement type. See Appendix E for all inputs, including the composition of the various pavement types.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

3.4 Assumptions As the concept design for the project is still underway, various assumptions had to be made regarding material types, locations and quantities. All assumptions made throughout this assessment are listed below. GHG modelling should be reviewed and updated in future phases of the project based on potential changes to the scope and/or design aspects.

3.4.1 Project Details A basic summary of the overall project was required to be captured into the Carbon Gauge tool. This summary included information on the location, value and construction duration. The construction duration was listed as 2 years with the assumption that there will be no major delay during construction. As this GHG assessment is only initially concerned with Tonkin Highway between SLK 16.25 to SLK 20.40, a basic ratio was calculated against the full project extents being from SLK 16.25 to SLK 22.40. This equates to approximately two-thirds of the entire project boundary. This ratio has been applied against the quantities calculated from the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) for the full extent of the project provided by IQE.

3.4.2 Fuel Type The fuel type utilised by site offices, site vehicles and mobile/fixed equipment was assumed to be diesel. This assumption was based on the typical fuel type used on road projects. It was also assumed that 25% of site vehicles would be non- construction vehicles that use diesel fuel (including site cars and utes) which will be used by various individuals, specifically those working within the site offices. This percentage was a high-level estimate and may change during the project’s delivery phase, when the number of personnel required on site becomes clear.

3.4.3 Pavements Pavement types and their corresponding areas along the highway, were a required input for the Carbon Gauge tool. The following pavement types were assumed for the following sections of road and highway: Pavement Option 1: Tonkin Highway

Table 1: Assumed pavement composition of Tonkin Highway Pavement Material Depth (mm) Hot Mix Asphalt (400MJ/t) 70 Sprayseal 10 Warm Mix Asphalt (372MJ/t) 235 Aggregate Quarried 150

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Pavement Option 2: Hale Road and Welshpool Road

Table 2: Assumed pavement composition of Hale Road and Welshpool Road Pavement Material Depth (mm) Hot Mix Asphalt (400MJ/t) 40 Sprayseal 10 Aggregate Quarried 350 Pavement Option 3: Hale Road Ramps

Table 3: Assumed pavement composition of Hale Road ramps Pavement Material Depth (mm) Hot Mix Asphalt (400MJ/t) 70 Sprayseal 10 Warm Mix Asphalt (372MJ/t) 170 Aggregate Quarried 150 Pavement Option 4: Hale Road and Welshpool Road Bridges

Table 4: Assumed pavement composition of Hale Road and Welshpool Road bridges Pavement Material Depth (mm) Hot Mix Asphalt (400MJ/t) 50 Sprayseal 10 Concrete (40MPa) 200 Pavement Option 5: PSP

Table 5: Assumed pavement composition of the PSP Pavement Material Depth (mm) Hot Mix Asphalt (400MJ/t) 30 Sprayseal 10 Aggregate Quarried 150 It should be noted these pavement material composition and depth have been adopted from other similar projects and may change as the design phase progresses.

3.4.4 Structures The structures that were considered in this calculation include bridges, underpasses and concrete retaining walls. The widths and lengths of bridges and underpasses were measured from the proposed concept design as of October 2020. The underpasses were categorised as concrete retaining walls for the purpose of this calculation, as typical reinforced concrete box culvert (RCBC) sizes were considered to be not suitable for the underpasses on this project. The lengths and heights of the concrete retaining walls were derived from the estimated quantities calculated by IQE (See Appendix B). This estimate includes the entire project boundary (SLK 16.25 to SLK 22.40) and hence approximately two-thirds of this quantity was assumed for this initial assessment for Tonkin Highway between Hale

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Road to Welshpool Road. As the IQE estimate was provided as an area, a wall height of 3 m was assumed, enabling the resulting wall length to be determined.

3.4.5 Drainage The drainage components that were considered for this assessment were road kerbing and the drainage pipes throughout the network. It was assumed that there will be kerbing on both sides of the road along the full length of Tonkin Highway, Hale Road and Welshpool Road and their ramps within the assessment boundary. These lengths were estimated from the proposed concept design as of October 2020. Similarly, the drainage pipe sizes and lengths were also estimated from the proposed drainage strategy as of October 2020 (See Appendix C). It should be noted that these estimates may vary as the design phases progress.

3.4.6 Road Furniture As it is assumed that less than 75% of the road network will include noise walls, the only road furniture that was included in this assessment were barriers. It was assumed that there will be concrete median barriers along the entire length of Tonkin Highway, on either side of the bridges and on either side of the ramps. In addition, it is assumed there will be w-beam barriers on either side of Tonkin Highway for the full length of the road within the project boundary. It should be noted that these estimates may vary as the design phases progress.

3.4.7 Earthworks Similar to the retaining wall estimates, the earthworks volumes were derived from the IQE estimated quantities. Two-thirds of the earthwork volumes for topsoil strip and respread, cut to spoil, cut to fill and imported fill were included in this calculation. By using two-thirds of the IQE estimates, this assumes that the volume of earthworks along the entire project is relatively consistent against other quantities used in this assessment.

3.4.8 Vegetation Removal The biomass class of the vegetation to be removed during construction was determined from the ‘Maximum Potential Biomass Classes – Western Australia’ map included in the Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects. The vegetation was also classed as Class D – Open Woodlands based on the vegetation presented in the Woodman Environmental (2020) Biological Survey Report [6]. The volume of vegetation to be removed was calculated by subtracting the area of existing road within the assessment boundary from the entire area of the current development boundary. By doing so, this assumes that all vegetation within the allocated assessment boundary will be removed during construction.

3.4.9 Lighting For the purpose of this calculation, the Carbon Tool requires the total length of road lighting rather than the number of individual light poles. It was assumed that there will be lighting on either side of Tonkin Highway, Hale Road and Welshpool Road,

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

whilst lighting in the underpasses will be located centrally in the roof. It should be noted that the Carbon Tool input assumes only one side of the road includes lighting, hence the lengths of the roads were doubled to cater for the lighting on either side of the roads. The Carbon Gauge Tool assumes that the lighting source for the side roads, highway and underpasses are High Pressure Sodium (HPS) or Metal-Halide (MH). The latest version of the Carbon Gauge tool does not consider the lighting required for the PSP, however, to ensure that this is captured, the PSP lighting has been included within the underpass lighting estimate. It is noted that pedestrian lighting is typically LED so the estimated emissions from the PSP lighting may not be entirely accurate. If the Carbon Gauge tool is updated to include pedestrian lighting at any stage of this project, the Base Case will be updated accordingly to ensure a fair comparison to the Actual Case.

3.4.10 Vehicle Use The calculation of the emissions from vehicles within the assessment boundary is not included within the Carbon Gauge tool and was required to be calculated separately. High-level traffic volumes were estimated by Arup for 2024, 2036 and 2041 for all classes and heavy vehicles. From these volumes, extrapolation was applied to estimate the total volume of traffic that will use the road network from 2024 to 2074 (Refer Appendix D for the traffic volume calculation). It should be noted that if there was a small decrease (less than 5%) along any of the roads, no linear growth was assumed to ensure a conservative output. From the extrapolation method, it is assumed that the traffic volume growth will be linear over the next 50 years and does not cater for the potential increase in electric vehicle use during this period. Once the volume of cars and heavy vehicles was determined, these values were multiplied by the carbon emission factor obtained from Appendix D in the Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects [4].

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

4 Results

The Carbon Gauge tool breaks down the emissions by activity and emission source during construction, operation and maintenance. It should be noted that the emissions during operation and maintenance are calculated for a 50-year period. As highlighted in the Carbon Gauge results (see Appendix F), the tool is designed to enable a consistent methodology for the assessment of significant emission sources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the tool does not cover activities and emission sources that are deemed insignificant. Section 4.1 to Section 4.3 summarises the results for construction, operation and maintenance phases for the proposed works within the GHG assessment boundary as specified in Appendix A.

4.1 Construction Table 6 categorises the greenhouse gas emissions by activity during the construction phase.

Table 6 Carbon Footprint Summary – Construction Activities Activity GHG emissions during construction (tCO2e) Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Site Offices / General Areas 440 0 34 473 Clearing, Demolition and 23,340 0 983 24,323 Earthworks Construction - Pavements 1,055 0 7,946 9,001 Construction - Structures 604 0 9,500 10,104 Construction – Drainage 1,137 0 889 2,026 Construction – Road Furniture 38 0 2,648 2,686 Total 26,613 0 22,000 48,614 All scope emissions are further illustrated in Figure 2 and Figure 3 below.

Figure 2: Scope 1 &3 GHG emissions by activity pie chart summary

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Figure 3: GHG emissions by activity with scope breakdown

4.2 Operation Table 7 summarises the greenhouse gas emissions by activity during 50 years of the operation phase.

Table 7 Carbon Footprint Summary – Operation Activities

Activity GHG emissions during operation (tCO2e) Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Lighting 0 11,008 1,342 12,350 Vehicle Use 0 0 1,080,000 1,080,000 Total 0 11,008 1,081,342 1,092,350 These results are further illustrated in Figure 4 below.

Figure 4: GHG scope emissions breakdown during operation

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Table 8 summarises the greenhouse gas emissions by activity annually during the operation phase.

Table 8 Carbon Footprint Summary – Annual Operation Activities Activity GHG emissions annually during operation (tCO2e) Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Lighting 0 179 22 201 Vehicle Use 0 0 21,600 21,600 Total 0 179 21,622 21,801

4.3 Maintenance Table 9 summarises the greenhouse gas emissions by activity during the maintenance phase.

Table 9 Carbon Footprint Summary – Maintenance Activities Activity GHG emissions during maintenance (tCO2e) Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Pavements 7,100 0 8,920 16,020 Total 7,100 0 8,920 16,020 These results are further illustrated in Figure 5 below.

Figure 5: GHG scope emissions breakdown during operation Table 10 summarises the greenhouse gas emissions by activity annually during the maintenance phase.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Table 10 Carbon Footprint Summary – Annual Maintenance Activities Activity GHG emissions during maintenance (tCO2e) Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Pavements 142 0 178 320 Total 142 0 178 320

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

5 Summary

The total carbon footprint for the Base Case of Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road project (SLK 16.25 to SLK 20.40) over the design life is summarised in Table 11 and Figure 6 below.

Table 11 Carbon Footprint Summary – Base Case Emissions Over 50 Years

Project Total GHG emissions over 50 years (tCO2e) phase Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Construction 26,613 0 22,000 48,614 Operation 0 11,008 1,342 12,350 Operation - 0 0 1,080,000 1,080,000 vehicles Maintenance 7100 0 8,920 16,020 Total 33,713 11,008 1,112,263 1,156,984

GHGe Summary by Project Phase

Construction - Scope 1 Emissions Construction - Scope 3 Emissions Operation - Scope 2 Emissions Operation - Scope 3 Emissions Operation (vehicles) - Scope 3 Emissions Maintenance - Scope 1 Emissions Maintenance - Scope 3 Emissions

Figure 6: GHG Emission Breakdown over 50 years It is noted that the total Scope 1 emissions over 50 years is 33,716 tCO2-e and is well below the threshold under the EPA guidance for assessment of GHG emissions as a key factor. The material emission sources across the project life cycle are:  Scope 3 emissions from vehicle use on the road during operation,  Scope 1 emissions from clearing, demolition and earthworks,

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

 Scope 1 emissions from structures material construction,  Scope 1 emissions from pavement material construction, and  Scope 2 emissions from lighting during operation.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

6 Reduction Strategies

The results in Section 4 and Section 5 will form the Base Case carbon footprint for the project to be compared with the carbon footprint in the subsequent design phases. In order for the carbon footprint to be reduced as the design progresses, reduction strategies must be identified and implemented. It is noted that if there are significant design and/or scope changes, the Base Case will need to be revised so the calculated reductions are based on the same footprint.

Although GHG are not expected to be assessed as a key factor (due to the Scope 1 emissions falling well below EPA threshold), consideration is made to the EPA guidance with respect to developing strategies for reasonable and practicable measures to avoid, reduce and offset Scope 1 emissions over the life of the proposal.

See Table 12 below outlining high-level potential reduction opportunities, targets and implementation strategies throughout the project’s design life. It is noted that when referring to reductions or improvements, this is referring to reductions/improvements in the ‘Actual Case’ when comparing to the ‘Base Case’.

Table 12: Potential reduction opportunities, targets and implementation strategies Opportunity Impact Draft Target Project Implementation Phase Strategy Reduce area of Reduction in Reduce the area Construction Design to vegetation to be emissions due to of vegetation minimise the area cleared within the clearing of clearing by 5% of vegetation to project boundary vegetation whilst be cleared where also reducing the possible quantity of lost carbon from removed vegetation Vegetation offsets Revegetation Offset 5% of the Construction Planting and/or planting area of / Operation vegetation offsets new vegetation vegetation within/near will offset the cleared project boundary lost carbon from the vegetation removal Use of alternative Reduces Use alternative Construction Investigate the pavements (e.g. greenhouse gas pavements where feasibility of recycled concrete, generation during feasible alternative geopolymer manufacturing pavements and concrete, warm incorporate into mix asphalt, etc.) design Solar generated Reduction in fuel Reduce Construction Investigate costs site offices / combustion from emissions from associated with general areas generating electricity installation of electricity to site generation by solar on-site offices / general 5% to site offices offices. areas and/or general Incorporate into areas project contracts if feasible

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Inclusion of Promotes the use Include Operation / Ensure sufficient laydown electric of provision for 1 maintenance space in an car charging bays automated/electri laydown emergency c vehicles within charging bay to stopping bay to the boundary to be utilised in the allow for a reduce vehicle operation phase charging station emissions to be installed Different energy Reduction in Incorporate Operation Analysis the cost source for emissions from appropriate benefit of the streetlighting (e.g. running alternative different sources solar generated streetlights energy source of street lighting streetlights, within project street lighting and incorporate dimmable lights, boundary where feasible the most LED, etc) appropriate into the design if feasible

The targets above are listed as draft targets as the feasibility and achievement of these are currently uncertain and will require further investigation throughout the design phase to determine if achievable.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

7 References

[1] Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia. (2018). ISv2.0 Technical Manual Planning Rating. Infrastructure Sustainability Council of Australia Pty Ltd.

[2] Environmental Protection Authority. (2020). Environmental Factor Guideline for Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Environmental Protection Authority.

[3] United Nations. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. United Nations.

[4] Renton, S. (2013). Greenhouse Gas Assessment Workbook for Road Projects. Transport Authority Greenhouse Group.

[5] Energy Made Clean. (2020). Carbon Gauge Tool. VicRoads.

[6] Woodman Environmental (2020) Biological Survey Report.

[7] Department of Environment. (2016). National Greenhouse Accounts Factors. Australian Government.

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Appendix A Greenhouse Gas Assessment Project Boundary

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Appendix B IQE Estimated Quantities

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Appendix C Proposed Drainage Concept Design (October 2020)

Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Appendix D Estimate Traffic Volumes

Traffic Volume Estimation - 2024 - 2074

Chainages Section Starting CH End CH Distance (m) Hale Road 16250 17850 1600 Welshpool Road 17850 20400 2550 Kelvin Road 20400 22400 2000 Total 16250 22400 6150

Emission Factors Vehicle Emission Factor (t CO2-e/km) Street Distance (km) EF (t CO2-e) Taken from GHG Assessment Workbook Tonkin Hwy CH16250 - Car 0.000419 Hale Road (Section 5) 0.9 0.0003771 See Hale and Welshpool Road Section mark-ups for section areas Tonkin Hwy CH16250 - Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 Hale Road (Section 5) 0.9 0.001926 Tonkin Hwy Hale Road to Welshpool Road (Section Car 0.000419 6) 1.5 0.0006285 Tonkin Hwy Hale Road to Welshpool Road (Section Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 6) 1.5 0.00321 Tonkin Hwy Welshpool Road to CH20400 Car 0.000419 (Section 7) 1.75 0.00073325 Tonkin Hwy Welshpool Road to CH20400 Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 (Section 7) 1.75 0.003745 Car 0.000419 Hale Road (Section 1) 0.33 0.00013827 Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 Hale Road (Section 1) 0.33 0.0007062 Car 0.000419 Hale Road (Section 2) 0.33 0.00013827 Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 Hale Road (Section 2) 0.33 0.0007062 Welshpool Road (Section Car 0.000419 3) 0.4 0.0001676 Welshpool Road (Section Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 3) 0.4 0.000856 Welshpool Road (Section Car 0.000419 4) 0.4 0.0001676 Welshpool Road (Section Heavy Vehicle 0.00214 4) 0.4 0.000856

Traffic volumes taken from modelling team - volumes only available until 2041, extrapolation required for 50 year period

All Classes - 2024 Heavy Vehicles - 2024 Small Vehicles - 2024 Average Average peak Yearly AM peak PM peak peak Yearly Yearly Section Direction AM peak volume PM peak volume volume Daily volume volume Section Direction volume volume volume Daily volume volume Section Direction volume Section 1 Eastbound 309 822 565.5 5655 2064075 Section 1 Eastbound 26 21 23.5 235 85775 Section 1 Eastbound 1978300 Section 1 Westbound 703 467 585 5850 2135250 Section 1 Westbound 20 8 14 140 51100 Section 1 Westbound 2084150 Section 2 Eastbound 380 501 440.5 4405 1607825 Section 2 Eastbound 21 14 17.5 175 63875 Section 2 Eastbound 1543950 Section 2 Westbound 402 516 459 4590 1675350 Section 2 Westbound 14 12 13 130 47450 Section 2 Westbound 1627900 Section 3 Eastbound 465 1205 835 8350 3047750 Section 3 Eastbound 30 40 35 350 127750 Section 3 Eastbound 2920000 Section 3 Westbound 1175 717 946 9460 3452900 Section 3 Westbound 53 25 39 390 142350 Section 3 Westbound 3310550 Section 4 Eastbound 749 1335 1042 10420 3803300 Section 4 Eastbound 78 85 81.5 815 297475 Section 4 Eastbound 3505825 Section 4 Westbound 1401 891 1146 11460 4182900 Section 4 Westbound 103 50 76.5 765 279225 Section 4 Westbound 3903675 Section 5 Northbound 2694 1290 1992 19920 7270800 Section 5 Northbound 205 116 160.5 1605 585825 Section 5 Northbound 6684975 Section 5 Southbound 1743 3350 2546.5 25465 9294725 Section 5 Southbound 205 188 196.5 1965 717225 Section 5 Southbound 8577500 Section 6 Northbound 3133 1931 2532 25320 9241800 Section 6 Northbound 251 196 223.5 2235 815775 Section 6 Northbound 8426025 Section 6 Southbound 1743 3350 2546.5 25465 9294725 Section 6 Southbound 205 188 196.5 1965 717225 Section 6 Southbound 8577500 Section 7 Northbound 3314 2171 2742.5 27425 10010125 Section 7 Northbound 294 210 252 2520 919800 Section 7 Northbound 9090325 Section 7 Southbound 1933 3459 2696 26960 9840400 Section 7 Southbound 240 212 226 2260 824900 Section 7 Southbound 9015500 All Classes - 2036 Heavy Vehicles - 2036 Small Vehicles - 2036 Average Average peak Yearly AM peak PM peak peak Yearly Yearly Section Direction AM peak volume PM peak volume volume Daily volume volume Section Direction volume volume volume Daily volume volume Section Direction volume Section 1 Eastbound 196 725 460.5 4605 1680825 Section 1 Eastbound 10 24 17 170 62050 Section 1 Eastbound 1618775 Section 1 Westbound 564 536 550 5500 2007500 Section 1 Westbound 20 13 16.5 165 60225 Section 1 Westbound 1947275 Section 2 Eastbound 200 730 465 4650 1697250 Section 2 Eastbound 11 23 17 170 62050 Section 2 Eastbound 1635200 Section 2 Westbound 551 527 539 5390 1967350 Section 2 Westbound 20 12 16 160 58400 Section 2 Westbound 1908950 Section 3 Eastbound 795 1786 1290.5 12905 4710325 Section 3 Eastbound 43 63 53 530 193450 Section 3 Eastbound 4516875 Section 3 Westbound 1480 959 1219.5 12195 4451175 Section 3 Westbound 74 35 54.5 545 198925 Section 3 Westbound 4252250 Section 4 Eastbound 1040 1627 1333.5 13335 4867275 Section 4 Eastbound 72 105 88.5 885 323025 Section 4 Eastbound 4544250 Section 4 Westbound 2278 1149 1713.5 17135 6254275 Section 4 Westbound 185 89 137 1370 500050 Section 4 Westbound 5754225 Section 5 Northbound 5307 4045 4676 46760 17067400 Section 5 Northbound 375 353 364 3640 1328600 Section 5 Northbound 15738800 Section 5 Southbound 3790 6217 5003.5 50035 18262775 Section 5 Southbound 356 331 343.5 3435 1253775 Section 5 Southbound 17009000 Section 6 Northbound 5307 4045 4676 46760 17067400 Section 6 Northbound 375 353 364 3640 1328600 Section 6 Northbound 15738800 Section 6 Southbound 3790 6217 5003.5 50035 18262775 Section 6 Southbound 356 331 343.5 3435 1253775 Section 6 Southbound 17009000 Section 7 Northbound 5672 4359 5015.5 50155 18306575 Section 7 Northbound 439 386 412.5 4125 1505625 Section 7 Northbound 16800950 Section 7 Southbound 3502 5937 4719.5 47195 17226175 Section 7 Southbound 329 338 333.5 3335 1217275 Section 7 Southbound 16008900

All Classes - 2041 Heavy Vehicles - 2041 Small Vehicles - 2041 Average Average peak Yearly AM peak PM peak peak Yearly Yearly Section Direction AM peak volume PM peak volume volume Daily volume volume Section Direction volume volume volume Daily volume volume Section Direction volume Section 1 Eastbound 174 648 411 4110 1500150 Section 1 Eastbound 13 19 16 160 58400 Section 1 Eastbound 1441750 Section 1 Westbound 659 474 566.5 5665 2067725 Section 1 Westbound 20 4 12 120 43800 Section 1 Westbound 2023925 Section 2 Eastbound 174 653 413.5 4135 1509275 Section 2 Eastbound 12 18 15 150 54750 Section 2 Eastbound 1454525 Section 2 Westbound 469 601 535 5350 1952750 Section 2 Westbound 19 4 11.5 115 41975 Section 2 Westbound 1910775 Section 3 Eastbound 904 1924 1414 14140 5161100 Section 3 Eastbound 47 72 59.5 595 217175 Section 3 Eastbound 4943925 Section 3 Westbound 1353 1073 1213 12130 4427450 Section 3 Westbound 67 46 56.5 565 206225 Section 3 Westbound 4221225 Section 4 Eastbound 1084 1816 1450 14500 5292500 Section 4 Eastbound 84 120 102 1020 372300 Section 4 Eastbound 4920200 Section 4 Westbound 2208 1368 1788 17880 6526200 Section 4 Westbound 185 106 145.5 1455 531075 Section 4 Westbound 5995125 Section 5 Northbound 6148 4663 5405.5 54055 19730075 Section 5 Northbound 427 401 414 4140 1511100 Section 5 Northbound 18218975 Section 5 Southbound 4399 7243 5821 58210 21246650 Section 5 Southbound 423 374 398.5 3985 1454525 Section 5 Southbound 19792125 Section 6 Northbound 6148 4663 5405.5 54055 19730075 Section 6 Northbound 427 401 414 4140 1511100 Section 6 Northbound 18218975 Section 6 Southbound 4399 7243 5821 58210 21246650 Section 6 Southbound 423 374 398.5 3985 1454525 Section 6 Southbound 19792125 Section 7 Northbound 6568 5152 5860 58600 21389000 Section 7 Northbound 479 442 460.5 4605 1680825 Section 7 Northbound 19708175 Section 7 Southbound 3984 7077 5530.5 55305 20186325 Section 7 Southbound 384 395 389.5 3895 1421675 Section 7 Southbound 18764650

Volume Increase from 2036-2041 Use these percentages to calculate traffic increase between 2041-2074 Section Direction HV Increase (% per year) SV Increase (% per year) If there is a negative growth, use 0 as the % increase to remain conservative Section 1 Eastbound 0 0 Section 1 Westbound 0 0.787253983 Section 2 Eastbound 0 0 Section 2 Westbound 0 0.019120459 Section 3 Eastbound 2.452830189 1.890909091 Section 3 Westbound 0.733944954 0 Section 4 Eastbound 3.050847458 1.654618474 Section 4 Westbound 1.240875912 0.837297812 Section 5 Northbound 2.747252747 3.151669759 Section 5 Southbound 3.202328967 3.272532189 Section 6 Northbound 2.747252747 3.151669759 Section 6 Southbound 3.202328967 3.272532189 Section 7 Northbound 2.327272727 3.460786444 Section 7 Southbound 3.35832084 3.442772458 Total Traffic Volume 2024-2074 Heavy Vehicle Small Vehicle Section Direction 2024-2036 2036-2074 Total 2024-2036 2036-2074 Total Section 1 Eastbound 886950 62050 949000 21582450 1618775 23201225 Section 1 Westbound 667950 60225 728175 24188550 2623255 26811805 Section 2 Eastbound 755550 62050 817600 19074900 1635200 20710100 Section 2 Westbound 635100 58400 693500 21221100 1922869 23143969 Section 3 Eastbound 1927200 485824 2413024 44621250 9204171 53825421 Section 3 Westbound 2047650 262646 2310296 45376800 4252250 49629050 Section 4 Eastbound 3723000 1012035 4735035 48300450 8477984 56778434 Section 4 Westbound 4675650 798983 5474633 57947400 7899369 65846769 Section 5 Northbound 11486550 3721025 15207575 134542650 51176383 1.86E+08 Section 5 Southbound 11826000 4153560 15979560 153519000 57823205 2.11E+08 Section 6 Northbound 12866250 3721025 16587275 144988950 51176383 1.96E+08 Section 6 Southbound 11826000 4153560 15979560 153519000 57823205 2.11E+08 Section 7 Northbound 14552550 3609026 18161576 155347650 61208721 2.17E+08 Section 7 Southbound 12253050 4270863 16523913 150146400 57938502 2.08E+08

Car Emissions Heavy Vehicle Small Vehicle Section Total Volume EF (t CO2-e per vehicle) EF (t CO2-e) Total Volume EF (t CO2-e per vehicle) EF (t CO2-e) Section 1 1677175 0.0007062 1184.420985 50013030.38 0.00013827 6915.30171 Section 2 1511100 0.0007062 1067.13882 43854069.17 0.00013827 6063.70214 Section 3 4723320.627 0.000856 4043.162457 103454471.1 0.0001676 17338.9694 Section 4 10209668.15 0.000856 8739.475935 122625202.8 0.0001676 20551.984 Section 5 31187135.14 0.001926 60066.42229 397061238.7 0.0003771 149731.793 Section 6 32566835 0.00321 104539.5408 407507538.7 0.0006285 256118.488 Section 7 34685489 0.003745 129897.1548 424641272.9 0.00073325 311368.213 Sub-Total 309537.3161 Sub-Total 768088.452 Total 1077626 Round up to 1080000 t Co2-e for Carbon Gauge tool Section 1 (Hale Road to Tonkin Highway -West)

Section 3 (Welshpool Road Section 6 (Tonkin Highway - to Tonkin Highway -West) between Hale and Welshpool)

Section 5 (Tonkin Highway - CH16250 - Hale Road)

Section 2 (Hale Road to Tonkin Highway -East)

Section 7 (Tonkin Highway - Section 4 (Welshpool Road Welshpool Road to CH20400) to Tonkin Highway -East) Main Roads Tonkin Highway Corridor Upgrade: Roe Highway to Kelvin Road Greenhouse Gas Assessment

Appendix E Carbon Gauge Concept Design Base Case Assessment

GHG Assessment Workbook for Road Projects

Summary Report

Note: This Workbook is designed to enable a consistent methodology for the assessment of significant emission sources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. As such it deliberately does not cover activities and emission sources assessed as insignificant, and it is not designed for compliance reporting.

Project Description

Project title Tonkin Highway Grade Separations (partial)SLK 16.25 to SLK 20.40 Project location Perth Metro State WA Description Main Roads Western Australia (Main Roads) proposes to reconstruct the existing Tonkin Highway from SLK 16.25 to SLK 22.40, including grade separations at Welshpool Road, Kelvin Road and Hale Road. The reconstruction will provide 3 lanes in each direction, with

Project Value ($m) 270 Project Duration (Months) 24

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Emissions released into the atmosphere as a direct result of an activity, or series of activities (including ancillary activities) Scope 1 emissions that constitutes the facility. Emissions released as a result of one or more activities that generate electricity, heating, cooling or steam that is Scope 2 emissions consumed by the facility but that do not form part of the facility. Emissions that occur outside the site boundary of a facility as a result of activities at a facility that are not Scope 2 Scope 3 emissions emissions.

Project Summary

Major Activity Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Design 0 0 0 0 Construction 26,613 0 22,000 48,614 Operation 0 11,008 1,342 12,350 Operation - Vehicles 0 0 1,080,000 1,080,000 Maintenance 7,100 0 8,920 16,020 Total 33,713 11,008 1,112,263 1,156,984

GHGe Summary by Activity 1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000

et CO2- 600,000

Scope 3

Scope 2 400,000 Scope 1

200,000

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Construction Summary

GHGe Summary by activity Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Site Offices/General Areas 440 0 34 473 Demolition and Earthworks 23,340 0 983 24,323 Construction - Pavements 1,055 0 7,946 9,001 Construction - Structures 604 0 9,500 10,104 Construction - Drainage 1,137 0 889 2,026 Construction - Road Furniture 38 0 2,648 2,686 Total 26,613 0 22,000 48,614

GHGe Summary by Activity 30,000

25,000

20,000

et CO2- 15,000

10,000 Scope 3

Scope 2 5,000 Scope 1

GHGe Summary by Activity

6% 4%

Site Offices/General Areas

21% Demolition and Earthworks

Construction - Pavements

50% Construction - Structures

Construction - Drainage

Construction - Road Furniture 18%

Operations Summary (Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period)

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Summary Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Lighting - 11,008 1,342 12,350 Incadescent Traffic Signals - - - - Quartz Halogen Traffic Signals - - - - LED Traffic Signals - - - - Other - - - - Total - 11,008 1,342 12,350

Summary - Vehicles Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Vehicle Use - - 1,080,000 1,080,000 Total - - 1,080,000 1,080,000

Operations GHGe Summary

14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000

et CO2- 6,000

Scope 3 4,000 Scope 2

Scope 1 2,000

Maintenance Summary (Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period)

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Summary by Pavement Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total 01. Full Depth Asphalt 6,927.80 - 8,893.35 15,821 02. Deep Strength Asphalt - - - 0 03. Granular with Spray Seal - - - 0 04. Stablised Pavement - - - 0 04. Plain Concrete (PC) 172.23 - 27.02 199 05. Reinforced Concrete (RC) - - - 0 Other - - - 0 Total 7,100 0 8,920 16,020

GHGe by Scope

(tCO2-e)

7,100 Scope 1 Scope 2

Scope 3 8,920

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Construction Report

Note 1: This Workbook is designed to enable a consistent methodology for the assessment of significant emission sources and estimation of greenhouse gas emissions. As such it deliberately does not cover activities and emission sources assessed as insignificant, and it is not designed for compliance reporting. Note 2: All emission values shown on this report are in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (t CO2-e) unless otherwise stated.

Project Description

Project Value ($m) 270 Project Duration (Months) 24

Construction

Materiality Checklist Options

Checklist Option Selection Details Will a diesel generator be used to provide power to the project site office for Fuel combusted in powering site offices #### more than 12 months? YES will be included. Will more than 120 buildings be required to be demolished per 1km of road? Fuel combusted in demolishing buildings #### NO will NOT be included.

2 Will more than 0.5 ha (5,000m ) of vegetation be removed? Vegetation removal and/or revegetation #### YES will be included. Will the project involve tunnelling? Electricity consumption and explosives #### NO used will NOT be included. Is the project located more than 200 km from the nearest material The emissions associated with the #### suppliers/quarry/city? NO transport of materials to site will NOT be included. Will the project utilise on-site batching plants or other continuously operating #### Fuel combusted in stationary engines will stationary plant and equipment for more than 6 months? NO NOT be included.

Will the project include road safety barriers along more than 50% of the road #### length if barriers are used on both sides of a dual carriageway (i.e. 4 sets) or The emissions from the construction and 100% of the road length if used on both side of a single carriageway (i.e. two YES installation of road safety barriers will be sets)? included.

Will the project include noise walls along more than 75% of the road length? The emissions from the construction and #### NO installation of noise walls will NOT be included.

Fuel Types

GHGe Construction Activity Fuel Type (t CO2-e) Plant Equipment Fuel Site Offices Diesel 392 Petrol 82 Construction Diesel 3,050 Demolition and Earthworks Diesel 13,728 Vegetation Removal Diesel 144 17,396

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Pavements

GHGe Pavement Option Pavement Type Total Area (m2) (t CO2-e) Selected Pavement 1 01. Full Depth Asphalt 186,800 6,066 Yes Pavement 2 01. Full Depth Asphalt 58,000 804 Yes Pavement 3 01. Full Depth Asphalt 60,000 1,599 Yes Pavement 4 04. Plain Concrete (PC) 6,000 392 Yes Pavement 5 01. Full Depth Asphalt 18,000 141 Yes Pavement 6 01. Full Depth Asphalt - - No 9,001

Structures

GHGe Structure Type Total Length (km) Width/Height (m) (t CO2-e) Bridges (including Bridge constructed using precast reinforced 0.13 45.0 7,015 interchanges and concrete beams Bridge constructed using steel beams overpasses) - - - Reinforced Soil Walls Reinforced Soil Walls - - - Retaining Walls Concrete retaining walls 3.11 3.0 3,089 Timber retaining walls - - - Rock retaining walls - - - 10,104

Material Transport

Distance from GHGe Truck Size per Load of Material (GVM) source to site (km) (t CO2-e) Aggregate - - Asphalt & Bitumen - - Cement and Concrete - - Steel - - Timber - - -

Drainage

GHGe Drainage Type Total Length (km) (t CO2-e) Kerbing Mountable Kerb - - Semi-mountable Kerb 13.50 248 Upright kerb and Gutter (Channel) - - Invert drain - - Culverts – pipes or box Small <450 RCP 6.00 894 culverts for water drainage Medium 450 – 750 RCP 2.50 505 Large 750 – 1200 RCP 1.00 372 375x 600 RCBC - - 600 x 1200 RCBC - - Open, Unlined Drains Form open, unlined drains 4.50 6 2,026

Road furniture

Road Furniture Type Total Length (km) GHGe

(t CO2-e) Road Safety Barriers Wire rope barrier 2.50 112 W-beam barrier 5.00 264 F-type (New Jersey) barrier 10.00 2,311 Noise Walls Reinforced concrete wall - - Hebel noise wall - - Timber wall - - Steel plate wall - - 2,686

Vegetation Removal

Selected Biomass Class

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Biomass Class Potential maximum biomass class Class 2: 50 - 100 (t dry matter/ha)

Vegetation Class Area cleared (ha) GHGe

(t CO2-e) Vegetation Removed Class A (Rainforest and vine thicket) Rare Class - Class B (Eucalypt tall open forest) Not Possible - Class C (Open forest) - - Class D (Open woodlands) 50 10,594 Class E (Callitris forest & woodland) - - Class F (Mallee & Acacia woodland) - - Class G (Open shrubland) Rare Class - Class H (Heathlands) - - Class I (Grasslands) - - 10,594

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Emissions released into the atmosphere as a direct result of an activity, or series of activities (including ancillary activities) that Scope 1 emissions constitutes the facility. Emissions released as a result of one or more activities that generate electricity, heating, cooling or steam that is consumed by the Scope 2 emissions facility but that do no form part of the facility.

Scope 3 emissions Emissions that occur outside the site boundary of a facility as a result of activities at a facility that are not Scope 2 emissions.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary by Activity

GHGe Summary by Activity

1% 4% 6% Site Offices/General Areas

Demolition and Earthworks 21% Construction - Pavements Construction - Structures

50% Construction - Drainage

Construction - Road Furniture 18%

GHGe Summary by Activity

30,000

25,000

20,000 Scope 1 Scope 2

et CO2- 15,000

10,000 Scope 3

5,000

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Summary by Emissions Source

GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Pavements 7,000

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7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

t CO2-e 3,000

2,000

1,000

Pavement 1 Pavement 2 Pavement 3 Pavement 4 Pavement 5 Pavement 6

GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Structures 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000

et CO2- 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 -

GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Drainage 1,000 900 800 700 600

et CO2- 500 400 300 200 100 -

GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Road Furniture

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GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Road Furniture 2,500

2,000

1,500

et CO2- 1,000

500

Materials GHGe by Materials Totals 8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

et CO2- 4,000 3,000

2,000

1,000

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GHG Summary - Construction

Emissions released into the atmosphere as a direct result of an activity, or series of activities Scope 1 emissions (including ancillary activities) that constitutes the facility. Emissions released as a result of one or more activities that generate electricity, heating, cooling or Scope 2 emissions steam that is consumed by the facility but that do no form part of the facility. Emissions that occur outside the site boundary of a facility as a result of activities at a facility that Scope 3 emissions are not Scope 2 emissions.

GHGe Summary by activity Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Site Offices/General Areas 440 - 34 473 Demolition and Earthworks 23,340 - 983 24,323 Construction - Pavements 1,055 - 7,946 9,001 Construction - Structures 604 - 9,500 10,104 Construction - Drainage 1,137 - 889 2,026 Construction - Road Furniture 38 - 2,648 2,686 Total 26,613 - 22,000 48,614

GHGe Summary by emission source - Construction Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Fuel combustion - electricity generation 200 - 15 215 Fuel combustion - site vehicles 240 - 18 258 Fuel combustion - plant & equipment 2,834 216 3,050 Fuel combustion - demolition and earthworks 12,756 973 13,728 Fuel combustion - vegetation removal 134 10 144 Vegetation removal - lost carbon sink 10,450 10,450 Electricity consumption - demolition and earthworks - Electricity consumption - construction - Transportation of vegetation offsite - Tunnelling equipment - Material usage - aggregate 2,325 2,325 Material usage - concrete 7,616 7,616 Material usage - cement 283 283 Material usage - sand/gravel - - Material usage - steel 5,097 5,097 Material usage - hot mix asphalt - - Material usage - bitumen 5,447 5,447 Material usage - hot mix asphalt processing energy - - Material usage - lime - - Material usage - timber - - Material usage - aluminium - - Material usage - explosives - - Material usage - bricks and clay - - Material usage - plastics (polymer) - Material usage - copper - - Other - Total 26,613 - 22,000 48,614

Site Offices/General Areas Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Fuel combustion - electricity generation 200 - 15 215 Fuel combustion - site vehicles 240 - 18 258 Other - Total 440 - 34 473

Demolition and Earthworks Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Fuel combustion - demolition plant & equipment - - - Fuel combustion - vegetation removal plant & equipment 134 10 144 Fuel combustion - earthworks plant & equipment 12,756 973 13,728 Transport of vegetation off site - Vegetation removal - lost carbon sink 10,450 10,450 Electricity consumption (tunnels only) - Tunnelling equipment - Other - Total 23,340 - 983 24,323

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Construction - pavements Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Materials - Pavement Option 1 - - 5,389 5,389 Materials - Pavement Option 2 - - 578 578 Materials - Pavement Option 3 - - 1,407 1,407 Materials - Pavement Option 4 - - 384 384 Materials - Pavement Option 5 - - 108 108 Materials - 01. Full Depth Asphalt - - - - Materials Total - - 7,866 7,866 Energy - Pavement Option 1 629 - 48 677 Energy - Pavement Option 2 210 - 16 226 Energy - Pavement Option 3 178 - 14 192 Energy - Pavement Option 4 7 - 1 7 Energy - Pavement Option 5 30 - 2 33 Energy - 01. Full Depth Asphalt - - - - Energy Total 1,055 - 80 1,135 Transport of material to site - - - - Other - Other - Pavements Total 1,055 - 7,946 9,001

Construction - structures Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Materials 9,454 9,454 Energy 604 46 650 Transport of material to site - - Structures Total 604 - 9,500 10,104

Construction - drainage Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Materials 803 803 Energy 1,137 87 1,224 Transport of material to site - - Drainage Total 1,137 - 889 2,026

Construction - road furniture Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Materials 2,645 2,645 Energy 38 3 41 Transport of material to site - - Road Furniture Total 38 - 2,648 2,686

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Material Summary - Construction

Material Totals (t) Pavements Structures Drainage Road Furniture Total Aggregate 297,263 - 35,305 - 332,568 Aluminium - - - - - Asphalt & Bitumen 8,646 - - - 8,646 Bricks/Clay - - - - - Cement and Concrete 436 32,683 3,772 16,191 53,082 Copper - - - - - Explosives - - - - - Plastic (Polymer) - - - - - Rubber - - - - - Steel 41 2,004 35 269 2,349 Timber - - - - - Total 306,387 34,687 39,112 16,460 396,645

Demolition and Vegetation Fuel Totals (kL) Site offices Construction earthworks removal Total Biodiesel (B10) - - - - - Biodiesel (B20) - - - - - Diesel 136 1,056 4,755 50 5,997 Fuel Oil - - - - - Kerosene - - - - - LPG - - - - - Unleaded Petrol 32 - - - 32 Total 168 1,056 4,755 50 6,029

Material Transport GHGe (t CO2-e) Pavements Structures Drainage Road Furniture Total Aggregate - - - - - Asphalt & Bitumen - - - - - Cement and Concrete - - - - - Steel - - - - - Timber - - - - - Total - - - - -

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Pavement Options Summary Report

Pavement 1

01. Full Depth Asphalt Proposed Pavement Option 1 GHG GHG Depth Emissions Layer Mass Depth Emissions Layer Mass 2 2 2 2 (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 280 mm 36.5904 609.84 Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 70 mm 9.1476 152.46 Cement Treated Aggregate (2%) 150 mm 7.81536 336 Sprayseal 10 mm 1.1534758 21.47 Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 Warm Mix Asphalt (372 MJ/t) 235 mm 28.560114 511.83 0 mm Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 580 mm 46.75776 1281.84 465 mm 41.21319 1021.76

Pavement 2

01. Full Depth Asphalt Proposed Pavement Option 1 GHG GHG Depth Emissions Layer Mass Depth Emissions Layer Mass 2 2 2 2 (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 280 mm 36.5904 609.84 Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 40 mm 5.2272 87.12 Cement Treated Aggregate (2%) 150 mm 7.81536 336 Sprayseal 10 mm 1.1534758 21.47 Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 Aggregate - Quarried 350 mm 5.488 784 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 580 mm 46.75776 1281.84 400 mm 11.868676 892.59

Pavement 3

01. Full Depth Asphalt Proposed Pavement Option 1 GHG GHG Depth Emissions Layer Mass Depth Emissions Layer Mass 2 2 2 2 (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 280 mm 36.5904 609.84 Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 70 mm 9.1476 152.46 Cement Treated Aggregate (2%) 150 mm 7.81536 336 Sprayseal 10 mm 1.1534758 21.47 Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 Warm Mix Asphalt (372 MJ/t) 170 mm 20.660508 370.26 0 mm Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 580 mm 46.75776 1281.84 400 mm 33.313584 880.19

Pavement 4

04. Plain Concrete (PC) Proposed Pavement Option 1 GHG GHG Depth Emissions Layer Mass Depth Emissions Layer Mass 2 2 2 2 (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) Concrete 40MPa (1:1.5:3) 270 mm 96.255 621 Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 50 mm 6.534 108.9 Concrete 20 MPa (1:3:6) 150 mm 33.12 345 Sprayseal 10 mm 1.1534758 21.47 Aggregate - Quarried 300 mm 4.704 672 Concrete 40MPa (1:1.5:3) 200 mm 71.3 460 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 720 mm 134.079 1638 260 mm 78.987476 590.37

Pavement 5

01. Full Depth Asphalt Proposed Pavement Option 1 GHG GHG Depth Emissions Layer Mass Depth Emissions Layer Mass 2 2 2 2 (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 280 mm 36.5904 609.84 Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 30 mm 3.9204 65.34 Cement Treated Aggregate (2%) 150 mm 7.81536 336 Sprayseal 10 mm 1.1534758 21.47 Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 580 mm 46.75776 1281.84 190 mm 7.4258758 422.81

Pavement 6

01. Full Depth Asphalt No Proposed Pavement Option Selected 0 GHG GHG Depth Emissions Layer Mass Depth Emissions Layer Mass 2 2 2 2 (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) (mm) (kg CO2-e/m ) (kg/m ) Hot Mix Asphalt (400 MJ/t) 280 mm 36.5904 609.84 Cement Treated Aggregate (2%) 150 mm 7.81536 336 Aggregate - Quarried 150 mm 2.352 336 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm 580 mm 46.75776 1281.84 0 mm 0 0

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Operation Report

Project Description

Project Value ($m) 270 Project Duration (Months) 24

Operations (Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period)

Materiality Checklist Options

Checklist Options Selection Details Will the project include lighting continuously along the road The emissions from the operation of street lighting length? YES will be included. #### Will the project include traffic signals and/or interchanges The emissions from the operation of traffic signals using incandescent lights? NO using incandescent lights will NOT be included. #### Will the project include traffic signals and/or interchanges The emissions from the operation of traffic signals using quartz halogen lights? NO using quartz halogen lights will NOT be included. #### Will the project include traffic signals and/or interchanges The emissions from the operation of traffic signals using LED lights? NO using LED lights will NOT be included. #### Will the project include vehicle use during the operation of the The emissions from the operation of vehicles on road? YES this section of road will be included. ####

Street Lighting

GHGe Lighting Area Street Length (m) (t CO2-e) Lighting Freeway through carriageways 8,250 7,514 Freeway ramps and arterial roads 4,220 2,485 Underpasses 4,260 2,352 12,350

Traffic Signals

Number of GHGe Intersection Type Intersections (t CO2-e) Incadescent Traffic Signals Major urban intersection - Divided Road - - Major intersection - Undivided Road - - Freeway with divided road (full diamond interchange) - - Quartz Halogen Traffic Signals Major urban intersection - Divided Road - - Major intersection - Undivided Road - - Freeway with divided road (full diamond interchange) - - LED Traffic Signals Major urban intersection - Divided Road - - Major intersection - Undivided Road - - Freeway with divided road (full diamond interchange) - - -

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Vehicle Use

GHGe Vehicle Type (t CO2-e) Vehicles Emissions from vehicles using road 1,080,000 1 1,080,000

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period.

Operations

Summary - Vehicles Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total Vehicle Use - - 1,080,000 1,080,000 Total - - 1,080,000 1,080,000

Operations GHGe Summary 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 et CO - 2 6,000 4,000 Scope 3 2,000 Scope 2 - Scope 1

GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Lighting

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GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Lighting 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000

et CO2- 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 -

GHGe Summary by Emissions Source - Traffic Signals

1 1 1 LED Traffic Signals 1 Quartz Halogen Traffic 1 Signals et CO - 1 2 Incadescent Traffic 0 Signals 0 0 0 -

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Maintenance Report

Project Description

Project title Tonkin Highway Grade Separations (partial) SLK 16.25 to SLK 20.40 Project location Perth Metro State WA Description Main Roads Western Australia (Main Roads) proposes to reconstruct the existing Tonkin Highway from SLK 16.25 to SLK 22.40, including grade separations at Welshpool Road, Kelvin Road and Hale Road. The reconstruction will provide 3 lanes in each direction, with

Project Value ($m) 270 Project Duration (Months) 24

Maintenance (Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period)

Maintenance Activities

Pavement Type GHGe Pavement area (m2) (t CO2-e) Pavements - Flexible 01. Full Depth Asphalt 322,800 15,821 02. Deep Strength Asphalt - - 03. Granular with Spray Seal - - Pavements - Rigid 04. Plain Concrete (PC) 6,000 199 05. Reinforced Concrete (RC) - - 16,020

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Emissions are calculated for a 50 year period.

Maintenance

Summary by Pavement Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3 Total 01. Full Depth Asphalt 6,928 - 8,893 15,821 02. Deep Strength Asphalt - - - - 03. Granular with Spray Seal - - - - 04. Plain Concrete (PC) 172 - 27 199 05. Reinforced Concrete (RC) - - - - Other - - - - Total 7,100 - 8,920 16,020

GHGe by Scope

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GHGe by Scope

(tCO2-e)

7,100 Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3

8,920

GHGe Summary by Pavement Type 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 et CO - 2 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 -

Material Totals (t) Pavements Total Aggregate 213,134 213,134 Aluminium - 0 Asphalt & Bitumen 10,911 10,911 Bricks/Clay - 0 Cement and Concrete 16 16 Copper - 0 Explosives - 0 Plastic (Polymer) - 0 Rubber - 0 Steel - 0 Timber - 0 Total 224,061 224,061

Fuel Totals (kL) Pavements Total Biodiesel - 0 Diesel 2,647 2,647 Fuel Oil - 0 Kerosene - 0 LPG - 0 Unleaded Petrol - 0 Total 2,647 2,647

Material Totals (tonnes) 250,000

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200,000

150,000

100,000

50,000

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