Saxon Curriculum Development Teacher notes

Contents

Introduction & background

History National Curriculum

Who were the Saxons in the Meon Valley

The Meon Valley in the Year of 1066

School Re-enactment outline - September to October 14th 1066

Meon Valley Archaeology Surveys

Making Contact with local archaeologists and history societies

Summary of possible activities so far in the project

Possible enquiry questions

Books to support learning

Additional Signposting

Watch out for events and opportunities here

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Introduction & background

The aim of this document is to support teachers in developing their own Schemes of work.

The theme and opportunity on which these notes focus is the ‘Story of the Saxons in the Meon Valley’. The river Meon runs from East Meon on the South Downs to the Solent at Titchfield Haven. The valley is rich in Saxon heritage and narrative, as well as that relating to earlier (Celtic, Roman) and later eras, - Norman through to modern times including the Valley’s role in D-Day.

Over the last few years a project engaging the community of the ten villages and schools of the Meon Valley has been developing the ‘Story of the Saxons in the Meon Valley’. This project is led by a local charity – the Friends of the Saxon Church at in the heart of the valley. The Church built in 1020 AD is one of the oldest active churches and centres of community in England. The Friends have gained funding and/or support in other ways from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the South Downs National Park, Hampshire and Winchester councils, the Universities of Winchester, Cambridge and Nottingham and other heritage organisations

For more information about the Friends and the ‘Saxons in the Meon Valley’ project www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk or read the history of the Church at Corhampton which is set in the context of the Saxon era. This book is also available for download on the South Downs National Park Learning Zone.

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History National curriculum

In September 2013 the new history curriculum was announced by the government with emphasis at KS2 on the Saxon era to be in place from September 2014. Ross Irving, head teacher at Droxford School and Peter O'Sullivan, Trustee and Saxon programme lead for the Friends of the Saxon Corhampton Church initiated a project. The purpose is to support the delivery of the new curriculum by making use of the resources developed, experiences gained, and resource networks built through the ‘Saxons in the Meon Valley’ programme.

The other six schools in the Meon Valley have joined the working group. Resources and leadership contributions are also engaged through the South Downs National Park Authority learning team (led by Amanda Elmes, Learning and Outreach Strategy Lead) Pat Hannam, Hampshire County Council primary history adviser.

The collaborative work is motivated by the opportunity to offer resources for the new curriculum and a model for community engagement across the National Park and Hampshire schools. The resources are being made available at no cost to these schools through the South Downs National Park Learning zone http://learning.southdowns.gov.uk/culture-and-heritage/saxons-in-the-meon-valley

The learning zone will help schools (teachers, pupils and parents) access a range of both specific and generic narrative and resources.

The schools involved to date are East Meon, , , Droxford, Curdridge, Wickham and Titchfield. Each of the schools has a different starting point which is reflected in their contribution and need from the project. These include  KS1: significant historical events, recreating Saxon life through re-enactment and activities, learning about key people and places in their own locality.  KS2: settlement of England from the 5th Century (post Roman) by Saxons and other peoples from Northern Europe Viking invasions of Saxon England the Viking and Saxon struggle for control of England creation under Alfred and his successors of a unified ‘Anglo-Saxon’ England to the time of and leading to the transition to Norman England with the invasion of William of Normandy in 1066 (KS3 curriculum) a local history study.

The schools also wanted to use this as a way of forging greater links with their community. The schools looked at the experiences of Meonstoke and Droxford (close to the Saxon Church at Corhampton) and explored the wide range of opportunities that were available to them. A summary of these is shown below and on the ‘Saxons in the Meon Valley’ website.

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Who were the Saxons in the Meon Valley

The ancestors of Meon Valley residents were the Meonwara (Meon People). They came from what is now Denmark and settled in the Meon Valley after the Romans left Britain in 410 AD. For seven centuries or more (until, and after, the in 1066) they developed the Meon as a fertile farming valley running from the South Downs at East Meon to the Soluent at Titchfield Haven.

Trading vessels navigated the Meon, a Celtic (ancient British) word meaning ‘Swift One’, the name also of one of the local ales. From the Solent the ships reached as far as Droxford Mill and maybe beyond , taking flour and other agricultural produce to the Solent and the trading ports of Hamwic () and Portesmuða (Portsmouth).

In the Meon Valley Corhampton Church, dating from AD 1020, is the only living example of Saxon architecture left. The Meon Valley and its people were included in the Venerable Bede (the ‘father of English History’)’s 8th Century ‘History of the English Church and People’. Wilfrid, a Northumbrian bishop was one of the ‘missionaries’ who inspired the Christianisation of the southern Saxons. Wilfrid is believed to have preached in the Valley and based at the village of Warnford.

The Church, which was built on the Royal estate, is renowned for its original Saxon architecture, a sundial and a magnificent yew tree (both of which probably pre-date the church) and 12th century wall paintings depicting life in Winchester in the late Saxon era. The church is situated on a raised mound (overlooking the river); and the northern wall of the graveyard is rounded; both factors characteristic of a Saxon church. It may have been built on a former Roman and/or earlier Saxon defensive site. This connection is coincidentally reinforced by a Roman coffin, discovered 100 years ago on nearby farm land.

There have been a number of metal finds in the Meon Valley and more detail on each of the archaeological sites can be found on the Saxons in the Meon Valley Website. Many of these are now in local and national museums. There is a strong history of Saxon finds in East Hampshire with the Alton Buckle being one of the most important Saxon finds nationally; this is now exhibited at the Curtis Museum in Alton.

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The Meon Valley in the Year of 1066 The Church at Corhampton was built at the end of the Saxon era, just 50 years before the and the transition to the Norman era. The communities and schools of the Meon Valley commemorate through a scripted re-enactment the momentous events of 1066, a year of three Kings of England and in which the country and Europe changed forever. Children and adults dress up and play the role of ‘peaceful farmers in the Meon Valley’ called upon to become warriors to defend King and country against the (successfully) at Stamford Bridge, near and the Normans (not successfully) at Hastings.

Below is an overview of the events of 1066 and outline of the re-enactment script.

Events & dates in 1066 January 4 Edward the Confessor dies January 6 , Earl of Wessex, is crowned King of England, in the new . Harold’s capital is Winchester August: Harold and his fleet are in the Solent awaiting William Duke of Normandy, who claims to be the legitimate heir to the English throne September: The Vikings, led by King of Norway and Harold Godwinson’s exiled brother, Tostig, invade England on the north east coast at Scarborough Harold and the Southern Army march 300 miles to the North East September 20: Before Harold arrives in the north …..the Vikings defeat the northern English army under the Earls Edwin and at the , September 25: Harold defeats the Vikings at the Bridge; Harald Hardrada and are killed September 28: Duke William of Normandy lands at near Hastings On receiving the news of William’s landing, Harold with his army marches 260 miles south, and after a brief rest in London, meets William at Hastings October 14: Duke William of Normandy, who flies his own and the papal colours defeats Harold of Wessex, the last Saxon King of England, at the Battle of Hastings. This marks the end of the Saxon era and the beginning of the Norman rule of England. December 25: Duke William of Normandy is crowned King William I of England in Westminster Abbey. William’s capital is Winchester

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School Re-enactment - September to October 14th 1066 This has been used in the school hall and school grounds. Curdridge Primary school was able to put it together in an afternoon ready for the end of the day whole school assembly. The Friends of Corhampton have a number of props that they have used with schools to do this re-enactment, they have also used Hampshire Wardrobe to help with adult costumes.

 The story opens with a peaceful farming scene in the fertile valley of the river Meon Farmers and their families are fishing in the river, bringing in the harvest and crops, and feeding their animals.  And then eating a family meal around the fire  The King’s messengers arrive announcing that the Vikings, led by Harald Hardrada and Tostig (Harold Godwinson’s exiled brother) have landed in Scarborough and are marching on York, England’s northern capital.  The farmers gather their weapons and join the King’s army in London to march north  The English army meets the Vikings at Stamford Bridge 9 miles from York.  Harald Hardrada and Tostig are killed. The English are victorious and celebrate around their camp fires.  During this celebration the King’s messengers arrive again and announce that Duke William of Normandy has arrived with his army on the South Coast  King Harold’s army marches south, stopping briefly at London and meeting the Normans at Hastings  A fierce battle ensues. The Normans are victorious. Harold and his two brothers are killed; Harold by an arrow fired by the Norman archers.  Harold’s body is carried on his shield by his Royal housecarls back to Corhampton Church for burial  William of Normandy, the third King of England in 1066, is crowned as King William 1st of England

The scene concludes with the children and the gathered assembly commemorating the death of King Harold and the crowning of William 1st of England. This is the end of an era. The Lord’s Prayer is recited in Anglo Saxon old English as it would have been recited in the church at Corhampton in 1066 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wl-OZ3breE

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Meon Valley Archaeology Surveys Saxons also traded in goods from other parts of our Islands and across what we now know as Europe and Asia. A hoard of Saxon gold and silver discovered in 2009 illustrates the extent of Saxon trading and creative talent. An amateur enthusiast using a metal detector discovered what we now call the Staffordshire Hoard. The hoard includes amazingly crafted artefacts dating back to the 6th century with red garnets from as far away as Sri Lanka.

The community in the Meon Valley has received funding from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the South Downs National Park and other heritage organisations to undertake preliminary surveys to see if Saxon cemeteries found in the valley over the last 120 years are linked to settlements. Information on the excavations undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s and the more recent ‘non-invasive’ surveys is available on www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk

Ethical archaeological field work The community in the Meon Valley guided by professional and experienced archaeologists work to a set of shared codes that are respectful to the heritage being surveyed and the landowners. They also ensure integrity of management and reporting finds. It is important to support awareness of these codes of working with children on preparing illustrative archaeological surveys.

We would recommend that contact is made with local archaeologists and history societies to support you in developing field techniques with students. Codes of practice and guidance are available from the Council for British Archaeology whose mission is to open up the UK’s rich heritage for all and safeguard it for future generations - http://new.archaeologyuk.org

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Making Contact with local archaeologists and history societies

The schools in the Meon Valley are aiming to replicate some of the techniques used in the community events in their school grounds. This will be done with the help of local volunteers with archaeological expertise.

To make contact with volunteers that might help your school please contact [email protected]

These schools have also been working with The Friends of Corhampton Church and Cambridge University to learn from work they have done on their Higher Education Field Academy programme http://www.access.arch.cam.ac.uk/schools/hefa

To make links with your local archaeological group please go to http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/our-planning-role/greater-london- archaeology-advisory-service/getting-involved/

To make links with your local history group please go to: http://www.local-history.co.uk/Groups/index.html

To find out if you have Saxon Archaeology sites near your school search in Hampshire http://historicenvironment.hants.gov.uk/ahbsearch.aspx

East Sussex and Brighton and Hove http://www.thekeep.info/map/

West Sussex and Chichester District http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/living/environment_and_planning/environment/historic_environment_ record.aspx

Nationally http://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/gateway/

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Summary of possible activities so far in the project

This table summarises some of the initial exploration done by teachers.

What might your school use Signposting Introduction & overview of the Saxon Anglo-Saxon England (Wikipedia) - Era (please see booklist too) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England Timeline of the Saxon Era Summary Timeline 410 AD to 1066 AD – Anglo Saxon England - http://www.englandandenglishhistory.com/anglo- saxon-history/early-english-timeline-410-1066-ad Key events & dates of the Saxon period of British History - http://saxons.etrusia.co.uk/saxons_timeline.php A full hands-on activity day Saxons in the Meon Valley 2013 school Saxon day www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/saxonschoolday20 13 Costumes and re-enactment equipment Saxons in the Meon Valley 2013 & societies http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church There are many re-enactment organisations; these two engage the ‘Saxons in the Meon Valley’ Herigeas Hundas - www.hampshirereenactment.com Weorod - www.weorod.org What life was like in Saxon Times Regia Anglorum – “The Kingdoms of the English” (including authentic re-enactment films) www.regia.org The English Companions (Tha Engliscan Gesithas) www.tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk Guided tour of the Saxon church at http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- Corhampton of-corhampton-saxon-church and History of the Saxon Church at Corhampton Download from the South Downs Learning Zone Videos of activities, re-enactments and Friends of Corhampton Church Saxon scene setters for school pupils http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church Puppetry Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church The Riverside Players local theatrical group Saxon Bread making support Winchester Mill dates back to Saxon times https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/winchester-city-mill/ Sustainability Centre sustainability-centre.org

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Silversmithing links to metal finds and West Dean College to find a local silver smith Black-smithing of tools and weapons http://www.westdean.org.uk/WestDeanHomepage.asp x Bedales school use their forge as part of their outdoor work with pupils http://www.bedales.org.uk/bedales-outdoor-work.html

Anglo Saxon (including) Winchester Winchester Cathedral Education staff Illuminated Manuscripts http://winchester-cathedral.org.uk/visit-us/education- services/ British Library Online (and onsite) manuscripts https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/G lossA.asp Community archaeology resources, Council for British Archaeology techniques, codes of practice www.archaeologyuk.org An archaeological dig in your grounds – Make a link with your local archaeological society ‘Test Pits’ http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/our-planning- role/greater-london-archaeology-advisory- service/getting-involved/ AND Access Cambridge Archaeology www.arch.cam.ac.uk/access-archaeology/aca Forest skills and fire making (including The education staff at the South Downs National Park bread) [email protected] And at the Sustainability Centre www.sustainability-centre.org Saxon Buildings Butser Ancient Technology centre http://www.butserancientfarm.co.uk/ Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church Moulsecoomb Primary School http://www.moulsecoomb.brighton- hove.sch.uk/v6/Pages/6cStructures.html#2 Weald and Downland Museum http://www.wealddown.co.uk/ West Stow Saxon village www.weststow.org Regia Anglorum’s Wychurst (‘Village in the Woods) Project - http://wychurst.regia.org/index.html

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Archaeological reports Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church Winchester University http://www.winchester.ac.uk/academicdepartments/arc haeology/Research/Pages/Research.aspx Nationally please explore the signposting below Arial photography, filming Google maps (Meon Valley resources to be available soon) Arial Film & LiDAR (LIght Detection And (Meon Valley & South Downs National Park resources Ranging) to be available soon) Meet an archaeologist Contact your local Archaeology group http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/our-planning- role/greater-london-archaeology-advisory- service/getting-involved/ Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church GeoPhys images Another community archaeology project in Sussex with illustrations of different techniques including digs and more detailed GeoPhys http://culverproject.co.uk/?p=1206 Saxon maps & charters Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church Local Authority archaeology & South Downs National Park Authority Modern maps of excavations The Culver Archaeological dig http://culverproject.co.uk/?p=1206 Saxon language resources and poetry Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church Regia Anglorum – “The Kingdoms of the English” www.regia.org The English Companions (Tha Engliscan Gesithas) www.tha-engliscan-gesithas.org.uk YouTube – search ‘Saxon Poetry’, ‘Old English’ , Old English Translator - www.oldenglishtranslator.co.uk

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King Investigations Hampshire advisory and inspection service King Alfred enquiry pack http://www3.hants.gov.uk/education/hias/curriculumsu pport.htm Alfred the Great Timeline - www.historyonthenet.com/Chronology/timelinealfred. htm King Alfred Archaeology project http://www.winchester.ac.uk/academicdepartments/arc haeology/Research/Pages/The-Search-for-Alfred-the- Great---Archaeology-department.aspx Winchester Cathedral http://winchester-cathedral.org.uk/visit-us/education- services/ Hyde900 (Winchester) - www.hyde900.org.uk The Saxon Monarchy http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Kingsa ndQueensofEngland/TheAnglo- Saxonkings/EdgarAtheling.aspx The Alfred Jewel at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford - www.ashmolean.org/ash/objectofmonth/2005- 04/theobject.htm Alton Buckle information The Curtis Museum http://www3.hants.gov.uk/curtis-museum/alton- history/alton-buckle.htm Saxon Pottery, local artefacts, loan Winchester Museum service http://www.winchester.gov.uk/heritage- conservation/museums/ Hampshire advisory and inspection service http://www3.hants.gov.uk/education/hias/curriculumsu pport.htm Hampshire archives http://www3.hants.gov.uk/archives The Role of Christianity and Monasteries Winchester Cathedral http://winchester-cathedral.org.uk/visit-us/education- services/ St Wilfred in the Meon Valley http://wilfrid-meon-pilgrimage.co.uk/ http://earlybritishkingdoms.com/adversaries/bios/wilfre d.html The Riverside Players local theatrical group – St Swithin’s puppetry References made by St Bede

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Family engagement activities e.g. Cycling Meon Way Cycle path (website under development) trail Community archaeology projects http://www.english- heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/our-planning- role/greater-london-archaeology-advisory- service/getting-involved/ Local History groups http://www.local-history.co.uk/Groups/index.html The St Wilfred Pilgrimage trail http://wilfrid-meon-pilgrimage.co.uk/ Saxon dress Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/the-friends- of-corhampton-saxon-church Hampshire Wardrobe Service http://www3.hants.gov.uk/wardrobe.htm Saxon History in the Titchfield port Titchfield History Society - www.communigate.co.uk/hants/ths/index.phtml National, Regional & European Saxon BBC Primary History – Anglo-Saxons Heritage Resources www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/anglo_saxons British Museum https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/euro pe/gallery_41_europe_ad_300-1100.aspx and www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Visit_Anglo_Saxons_KS 2.pdf British Library Online (and onsite) manuscripts https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/G lossA.asp Sutton Hoo Saxon King Ship Burial - www.suttonhoo.org The Staffordshire Hoard - www.staffordshirehoard.org.uk The Bayeux - www.tapisserie- bayeux.fr/index.php?id=1&L=1 Reading (authentic British copy) - www.bayeuxtapestry.org.uk

Teacher CPD opportunities Butser ancient technology farm Weald and Downland Museum Winchester Museum English Heritage Friends of Corhampton Church Alice holt

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Possible enquiry questions Why did such a powerful empire decline? e.g. links to chronology, interval and overlap of this epoch Who were the Meonwara? e.g. links to resources on the South Downs National Park learning zone How did people survive? e.g. links to blacksmiths, tool making and weapons and bread-making over a fire with links to Droxford and Winchester water Mills What evidence is there for the Saxons? e.g. links to the empty Saxon grave, British Museum and extracts from the Sutton Hoe DVD, look at what archaeologists do with work related learning links and Higher education links How important was Winchester and the Meon Valley trade routes? e.g. links to Winchester history, the role of the Christian conversion in Saxon times, the overlap with the Romans Why did the Dutch Saxons flee to England? e.g. links to flooding, Saxon origins What made Winchester school art work so special? e.g. links to Winchester, illuminated text, King Alfred, Monasteries, St Gregory’s pastoral care, parchment, Saxon art, colours What did King Alfred depict on the pointers that he gave to his Bishop’s when sending them the St Gregory’s Pastoral Care document? e.g. links to Silversmithing, metals, King Alfred, Monasteries, St Gregory’s pastoral care, Why did King Alfred write St Gregory’s Pastoral Care document? e.g. links to King Alfred’s response to Viking raids and attitude towards education How did the Saxon’s colour their church frescos? e.g. links to plant extracts, metal extracts, our understanding of what is poisonous now, Winchester Cathedral, Corhampton Church What metals did the Saxons use and for what? e.g. links to local finds, blacksmithing, bronze, silver, Jewellery, tools, cooking utensils, building How can you tell that Corhampton Church dates back to the Saxon’s? e.g. links to Corhampton Church, Butser ancient technology farm, Weald and Downland Museum, D&T What image do we have of the Vikings? Why do they have the bad reputation? e.g. links to Bishop Alfredge, King Alfred, 1066 re enactment, Jorvik, Why is Bishop Alfredge of Winchester seen to be an early Martyr? e.g. links to Viking raids, Somalian pirates, kidnapping, ransom, Winchester Cathedral, stoned to death

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How effective was Anglo-Saxon Justice? e.g. links to King Edgar How far did the Vikings get to taking over? e.g. raids, map work, language in place names How can you tell that Saxon pots are Saxon? e.g. links to Winchester Museum, Local finds, pottery, artefacts What did we know about the role of the church in Saxon times? e.g. links to Winchester Museum, St Bede, Bishops, Warnford, Hampshire Archives, Winchester Museum, Monasteries, King Alfred, Winchester Cathedral, pilgrimages What Saxon Language can we find in the Meon Valley maps? e.g. comparison of different geographical locations, which show the influence of Viking and Celtic heritage What does this rhyme about St Swithin's day mean? 'St. Swithin's day if thou dost rain For forty days it will remain St. Swithin's day if thou be fair For forty days 'twill rain nae mair.' e.g. links to Winchester Cathedral, monasteries, What sort of man really was King Alfred? e.g. links to Winchester Cathedral, Winchester Museum, King Alfred, How do we know what it was like to live as a Saxon child? e.g. links to Housing, cooking and diet, chores, hygiene, dress How do we know what happened in the Meon Valley in 1066? e.g. links to St Bede’s, Battle of Hastings, timelines, re-enactments, Bayeux tapestry What did St Bede tell us about the Meon Valley? e.g. links to Bishops, Corhampton Church, Warnford, the Isle of Wight, What happened in 1066? e.g. links to Edward the Confessor, re-enactment, Viking defeated and Norman Rule transition to Secondary curriculum How did the Saxons defend themselves? e.g. artefact photos, their use of wood and metal, settlements What can we tell from the way the Saxons were buried? e.g. wealth, materials, position and roles in society, life, comparisons to modern day, rubbish, How did the Saxons live? e.g. link to artefacts, archaeology, Winchester museum, Hampshire archives

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Books to support learning Leslie Webster, Janet Backhouse, The Making of England: Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture, A.D.600-900 Leslie Webster Anglo-Saxon Art: A New History Terry Deary, Horrible Histories: Smashing Saxons Professor John Blair, Anglo-Saxon Age: A Very Short Introduction A history of the Saxon Church at Corhampton, in the Meon Valley of Hampshire (booklet on the learning zone)

Additional Signposting Battle of Hastings Museum and Abby https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/1066-battle-of-hastings-abbey-and-battlefield/ British Library Saxon manuscripts http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/manuscripts/cottonmss/cottonmss.html British Museum http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures/europe/anglo-saxon_england.aspx European comparison of Winchester and Southampton in Saxon times http://www.archeurope.com/index.php?page=winchester-and-southampton Show me games and activities http://www.show.me.uk/site/make/Anglo-Saxons/STO92.html BBC Anglo-Saxon pages http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/anglo_saxons/

Watch out for events and opportunities here: Friends of Corhampton Church http://www.saxonsinthemeonvalley.org.uk/events-activities-to-join English Heritage http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/professional/advice/our-planning-role/greater-london- archaeology-advisory-service/getting-involved/ Current Archaeology http://www.archaeology.co.uk/ British Council for archaeology http://new.archaeologyuk.org/

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