Occupational Health & Safety Situational Analysis & Training
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Occupational Health & Safety Situational Analysis & Training Needs Assessment for Unconventional (Artisanal) Miners in Bangka Belitung, Indonesia By Ruby Stocklin-Weinberg, Dr. Marcello M. Veiga, Cristina Villegas, Rini Sulaiman and Kristina Michaux April 23, 2017, Final report Pact is a promise of a better tomorrow for all those who are poor and marginalized. Working in partnership to develop local solutions that enable people to own their own future, Pact helps people and communities build their own capacity to generate income, improve access to quality health services, and gain lasting benefit from the sustainable use of the natural resources around them. At work in more than 30 countries, Pact is building local promise with an integrated, adaptive approach that is shaping the future of international development. Visit us at www.pactworld.org. Recommended citation: Stocklin-Weinberg, R., Veiga, M.M., Villegas, C.M., Sulaiman, R., Michaux, K. Jan 2017. Occupational Health & Safety Situational Analysis & Training Needs Assessment for Unconventional (Artisanal) Miners in Bangka Belitung, Indonesia. Washington, D.C., U.S.: Pact. Contact: Cristina M. Villegas, Project Chief of Party International Technical Program Manager Mines to Markets (M2M) Program, Pact [email protected] www.pactworld.org/mining Table of Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... iv Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Project objectives, methodology, schedule, and limitations ......................................................... 1 Part A: Occupational Health & Safety Situational Analysis ................................ 2 1.1 Context ............................................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Description of artisanal (unconventional) mining ................................................................... 3 1.3 The mine sites ................................................................................................................................ 5 2. Occupational Health & Safety in mining regulation ................................................. 10 2.1 Context of regulation .................................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Quantifying most grave injuries & fatalities ........................................................................... 13 2.3 Key hazards: Gravity, frequency & impacts ............................................................................ 14 2.4 Access & barriers to health care ............................................................................................... 15 3. Bioavailability of heavy metals in Bangka Belitung .................................................. 16 3.1 Brief Geology of Bangka-Belitung Tin Deposit ....................................................................... 16 3.2 Effects versus impacts: Definitions .......................................................................................... 17 3.3 Heavy metals & radioactive elements in Bangka Belitung ................................................... 18 Part B: Training Needs Assessment ........................................................................ 20 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 20 1.1 Notable recent changes of practices .......................................................................................... 20 2. Key similarities & differences between mine sites ................................................... 20 3. Short and long-term health & safety impacts ............................................................. 21 3.1 Mining-related diseases ............................................................................................................. 21 3.2 Mining-related hazards and other safety issues ..................................................................... 21 3.3 The efficiency of unconventional mining activities ............................................................... 22 4. Training needs ................................................................................................................... 22 4.1 Prospecting .................................................................................................................................. 23 4.2 Mining .......................................................................................................................................... 23 4.3 Processing for increased wealth ............................................................................................... 24 5. Champions: Influence, skills, capacity, commitment ............................................. 25 Part C: Recommendations ......................................................................................... 27 1 Preliminary implementation plan .................................................................................. 27 1.1 Provide training on mine safety & efficiency ........................................................................... 29 2. Preliminary gap assessment & indicators for best practice ASM ......................... 34 3 Recommended timeline .................................................................................................... 44 3.1 Anticipated challenges ............................................................................................................... 44 4 Summary of potential training program add-on ........................................................ 46 4.1 Mine site reclamation ................................................................................................................. 46 5 Recommendations for a future formal study .............................................................. 47 References ...................................................................................................................... 49 Appendix 1: Responsible Supplier OHS Guide in Mid-Stream Supply Chain ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Appendix 2: Regulation of OHS in the mining sector ......................................... 74 Appendix 3: Optional add-on modules for the Training Program .................. 77 Abbreviations and Acronyms AETI Association of Indonesian Tin Exporters AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome ASM artisanal and small-scale miners / mining BaBel Bangka and Belitung Bappeda Planning & Development Agency BATAN National Nuclear Energy Agency BLKI Balai Latihan Kerja Industri (Industrial Training Center of the Province of Bangka & Belitung) Cm centimeter(s) COP Chief of Party dBA decibel level Distamben (Dinas Pertambangan dan Energi) Provincial mining and energy agency EGPAF Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation ESDM (Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral) Ministry of energy, mining and mineral resources HIV human immunodeficiency virus HP Horsepower ICP-OES Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy IDH IDH, The Sustainable Trade Initiative ILO International Labour Organization IPR (Ijin Pertambangan Rakyat) People’s mining permit ITRI International Tin Research Institute IUP (Ijin Usaha Pertambang) Mining business license Kg kilogram(s) km kilometer(s) L Liter(s) M meter(s) M&E monitoring and evaluation M2M Pact’s Mines to Markets program mg milligram(s) MOH Ministry of Health NGO nongovernmental organization NRM natural resource management OHS Occupational Health & Safety OSHA United States Occupational Health & Safety Administration PPE personal protective equipment PT (Perseroan Terbatas) Limited Liability Company PVC Polyvinyl chloride REE Rare earth elements Rp Indonesian Rupiah Sn tin SnO2 cassiterite TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure TI unconventional tin mining/ miners TNA Training Needs Assessment TWG Tin Working Group U.N. United Nations U.S. United States USD United States dollar USAID U.S. Agency for International Development i USGS United States Geological Survey µg microgram(s) WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene WPR Wilayah Pertambangan Rakyat) People’s Mining Area W/W Weight per weight ii Acknowledgements The team would like to thank the Government of Indonesia, officials of the province of Bangka Belitung, village leaders, clinic staffs, and other officials who generously shared their time to help us gain a better understanding of the health and safety issues in Indonesia’s unconventional cassiterite sector. Special thanks to the staff and advisors of Telapak, Pure Earth Indonesia, the Sustainable Trade Initiative (IDH), and the members of the Tin Working Group for their extra efforts and leadership on these critical issues. Mr. Nickolaus Hariohati of Pure Earth deserves special thanks and credit for his field assistance, Mr. Ary Irawan of Telapak