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Environmental Health Criteria 116 Tributyltin Compounds

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Environmental Health Criteria 116 Tributyltin Compounds INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMME ON CHEMICAL SAFETY Environmental Health Criteria 116 Tributyltin Compounds Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization H-. L1 Other titles available in the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA series include: 1. Me rcurya 37. Aquatic (Marine and 2. Polychlorinated Biphenyis and Freshwater) Biotoxins Terphenyls 38. Heptachlor 3. Leada 39. Paraquat and Diquat 4. Oxides of Nitrogen a 40. Endosulfan 5. Nitrates, Nitrites, and Quintozene iV-Nitroso Compo u ndsa Tecnaze.ne 6. Principles and Methods for Chlordecone Evaluating the Toxicity of Mirex Chemicals, Part 1 Camphechlor 7. Photochernjcal Oxidants 46. Guidelines for the Study of 8. Sulfur Oxides and Suspended Genetic Effects in Human Particulate Matter Populations 9. DDT and its Derivatives 47. Summary Report on the 10. Carbon Disulfide Evaluation of Short-term 'los II. Mycotoxins for Carcinogens (Collaborats 12. Noise Study on In Vitro Tests) 13. Carbon Monoxide 48. Dimethvl Sulfate 14. Ultraviolet Radiation 49. Acrylamide 15. Tin and Organotin Compounds 50. Trichloroethvlene 16. Radiofrequencv and Microwaves 51. Guide to Short-term Tests fo 17. Manganese Detecting Mutagenic and 18. Arsenic Carcinogenic Chemicals 19. Hydrogen Sulfide 52. Toluene 20. Selected Petroleum Products 53. Asbestos and Other Natural 21. Chlorine and Hydrogen Mineral Fibres Chloride 54. Ammonia 22. Ultrasound 55, Ethylene Oxide 23. Lasers and Optical Radiation 56. Propylene Oxide 24. Titanium 57. Principles of Toxicokinetic 25. Selected R ad ion eel ides Studies 26. Styrene 58. Selenium 27. Guidelines on Studies in 59. Principles for Evaluating Environmental Epidemiology Health Risks from Chemicals 28. Acrvlonitrile During Infancy and Early 29. 24-Dichlorophenoxvacetic Childhood: The Need for a Acid (2,4-D) Special Approach 30. Principles for Esaluating 60. Principles and Methods for 0 Health Risks to Progeny Assessment of Neurotoxicit\ Associated with Exposure to Associated With Exposure to Chemicals during Pregnancs Chemicals 31. 'letrachloroethylene 61. Chromium 32. Methytene Chloride 62. 1,2-Dichloroethane 33. Epichlorohvdrin 63. Organophosphorus Insecticide 34. Chlorclane - A General Introduction 35. Extremely Low Frequency 64. Carhamate Pesticides - (ELF) Fields A General Introduction 36. Fluorine and Fluorids 65. Butanols - Four Isomers Out of print ('(nH fl.'d iii iiJ' 15(11k ('(In', This regal t conta its the collective iesvs of an in- lernational group of experts and does not neccsarilv represent the decisions or the stated polics of the lJniied Nations Luvironmen! Prograinnie, the Interna- tional Iahoui Organisation. or the World I lealth 0 roam in t o it Environmental Health Criteria 116 TRIBUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS Published under the joint sponsorship of the [nited Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization I irst dra ft preparer! by Dr S. Dobson. Institute at Terrestrial Eeolortv. United kingdom. and L)r R. (labridene, lnstitnt National ne Recherche Cliinnque Appliqude, Fiance World Health Organization Geneva, 1990 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) is a jo nt venture of the United Nations Environment Programme, the Internatiot al Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization. The main obje tive of the IPCS is to carry out and disseminate evaluations of I ie effects of chemicals on human health and the quality of the env,roo- ment. Supporting activities include the development of epiderniologic:sl. experimental laborator, and risk-assessment methods that could prodLce internationally comparable results, and the development of manpower in the field of toxicology. Other acti ties carried out by the lPS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents. coordination of laboratory testing a n d epidemiological studies, a i d promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of o he mica Is. WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Trihutyltin compounds. (Environmental health criteria 116) 1. Trialkyltin compounds - adverse effects 2. Trialkvltin compounds - toxicity 1. Series ISBN 92 4 157116 0 (NI.M Classification: QV 290) ISSN 0250-863X ©World Health Organization 1990 Publications of the World health Organization enjoy copyright pro- tection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Unive- sal Copyright Convention. For rights of reproduction or translation )f WHO publications, in part or in low, application should be made to tie Office of Publications. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerlari The World Health Organization welcomes such applications. The designations employed and the presentation of the material n this publication do not imply the expression of ans opinion whatsoe\ r on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization coo- cerning the legal status of an countr\ territory, city. or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers ,r boundaries. Ihe mention of specific companies or of certain manufacture:s' products does not impis that they are endorsed or recommended by tie World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names )f proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. H \ininH EHC 116: Tributyltin Compounds CONTENTS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR TRIBUTYLTIN COMPOUNDS SUMMARY 13 1.1 Physical and chemical properties 13 1.2 Analytical methods 13 1.3 Sources of environmental pollution 14 1.4 Regulations on use 14 1.5 Environmental concentrations 14 1.6 Transport and transformation in the environment 15 1.7 Kinetics and metabolism 16 1.8 Effects on microorganisms 17 1.9 Effects on aquatic organisms 17 1.9.1 Effects on marine and estuarine organisms 17 1.9.2 Effects on freshwater organisms 19 1.9.3 Microcosm studies 21 1.10 Effects on terrestrial organisms 22 1.11 Effects on organisms in the field 1.12 Toxicity to laboratory mammals 23 1.12.1 Acute toxicity 23 1.12.2 Short-term toxicity 23 1.12.3 Long-term toxicity 26 1.12.4 Genotoxicity 26 1.12.5 Reproductive toxicity 26 .12.6 Carcinogenicity 1.13 Effects on humans 7 IDENTITY, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS 28 2.1 Identity of tributyltin compounds 28 2.2 Physical and chemical properties 28 2.3 Analytical methods 31 2.3.1 Measurement of organotin compounds 31 2.3.1.1 Extraction of tributyltin derivatives -'.1, 2.3.1.2 Formation of volatile derivatives 33 2.3.1.3 Separation of organotin derivatives -'3 2.3.1.4 Detection and measurement of different forms of organotin 34 tj 2.3.2 Interlaboratory calibrations 34 SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 36 3.1 Uses 36 3.2 Production 37 3.3 Regulations 38 ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION 4.1 Adsorption onto and desorption from particles 43 4.2 Abiotic degradation 45 4.2.1 Hydrolytic cleavage of the tin-carbon bond 46 4.2.2 Photodegradation 47 4.3 Biodegradation 48 4.4 Bioaccumulation and elimination 52 ENVTRONMETAL CONCENTRATIONS 5.1 Sea water and marine sediment 5.2 Fresh water and sediment 61 5.3 Sewage treatment 64 5.4 Biota 64 KINETICS AND METABOLISM 70 6.1 Metabolism of TBT in mammals 70 6.2 Metabolism of TBTO in other organisms 73 6.3 General mechanisms of toxicity of TBTO 74 6.3.1 General toxic mechanisms 74 6.3.2 Toxic mechanisms in bivalve molluscs 7-1 EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: MICROORGANISMS 76 7.1 Bacteria and fungi 76 7.2 Freshwater algae 78 7.3 Estuarine and marine algae 79 EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: AQUATIC ORGANISMS 8.1 Aquatic plants 82 4 EHC 116: Tributyltin Compounds 8.2 Aquatic invertebrates 83 8.2.1 Trematode parasites of man 83 8.2,2 Freshwater molluscs 87 8.2.2.1 Acute toxicity 88 8.2.2.2 Short- and long-term toxicity 89 8.2.2.3 Factors affecting toxicity 90 8.2.3 Marine molluscs 92 8.2.3.1 Acute toxicity 93 8.2.3.2 Short- and long-term toxicity 93 8,2.3.3 Reproductive effects 97 8.2.3.4 Effects on growth 98 8.2.3.5 Shell thickening 101 8.2.3,6 Imposex 101 8.2.3.7 Genotoxicity 106 8.2.4 Crustaceans 106 8.2.4.1 Acute effects 106 8.2.4.2 Short- and long-term toxicity 107 8.2.4.3 Reproductive effects 110 8.2.4.4 Limb regeneration Ill 8.2.4.5 Behavioural effects Ill 8.2.5 Other aquatic invertebrates 112 8.2.5.1 Acute effects 112 8.2.5,2 Limb regeneration 113 8.3 Fish 114 8.3.1 Acute effects 114 8.3.2 Short- and long-term toxicity 115 8.3.3 Embryotoxicity 121 8.3.4 Behavioural effects 122 8.4 Amphibians 123 8.5 Mulrispecies studies 124 EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS 129 9,1 Microcosm studies 129 9.2 Terrestrial insects 129 9.3 Terrestrial mammals 130 EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE ENVIRONMENT: FIELD OBSERVATIONS 132 10.1 Effects on bivalves 132 10.2 Effects on gastropods: imposex 138 10.3 Effects on farmed fish 142 10.4 Effects of TBT-contaminated sediment 143 10.5 Effects of freshwater molluscicides 144 10.6 Effects from spills 146 10.7 The use of indicator species for monitoring the environment 146 H. EFFECTS ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND IN ViTRO TEST SYSTEMS 148 11.1 Single exposure 148 11.1.1 Oral and parenteral administration 148 11.1.2 Dermal administration 152 11.1.3 Administration by inhalation 153 II .1.4 Irritation and sensitization 154 11.1.4.1 Skin irritation 154 11.1.4.2 Eye irritation 156 11.1.4.3 Skin sensitization 157 11.1.5 In vitro studies 157 11.2 Short-term toxicity 160 11.2.1 Oral dosing: general body effects 163 11.2.2 Inhalation studies 164 11.2.3 Histopathological effects 165 11.2.4 Haematological and biochemical effects 166 11.2.5 Effects on lymphoid organs and immune function 167 11.2.6 Mechanism of immunotoxicity 178 11.2.7 Effects on the endocrine system 179 11.3 Long-term toxicity 180 11.4 Genotoxicity 181 11.5 Reproductive toxicity 184 11.5.1 In vivo 184 11.5.2 in vitro 187 11.6 Carcinogenicity 188 12.
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