Ekwochi www.iaajournals.org IAA Journal of Scientific Research 6(1):91-112, 2020. ©IAAJOURNALS Effect of Business Environment on the Activities of Cooperative Societies in Local Government Area in South Local Government Area of , . Ekwochi, Eucharia Adaeze Department of Business Administration Faculty of Management Sciences Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The entirety of a business environment is very important in the life and well being of any business organization. Cooperative societies as a business organization also need to give due attention to the place that they carry out the business of their society. The factors involved in a business organization can work against the progress of any business organization if it is neglected by the organization. Business environment refers to the combination of internal and external factors that influence a company’s operating situation. The business environment includes factors such as clients, and suppliers, competition and owners, improvement in technology, law and government activities, market social and economic activities. These factors are sometimes taken for granted by business organization and they go ahead to suffer the consequences. Keywords; Business, Environment, Cooperative, Societies.

INTRODUCTION Cooperative societies can as well suffer above factors, in some cases, was not the same consequences too. meeting up with the expectation of Cooperative society in the views of [1, 2] member or donor agencies. Some is a form of business organizations, it is cooperative societies have closed up formed in a similar way like the joint because of that. Nigerian business stock company or other business environment has the potential for organization, but it is a unique form of growth and stability, filled with a lot of organization; it is started with the threats and strengths. [4] identifies the motive of organizing and rendering strengths and potentials in the Nigerian services to its members. It is an business environment as the organization where some persons telecommunication industry, which is voluntarily associate together as the fastest growing telecommunication humans on a basis of equality for the industry in the world, the oil and gas promotion of economic interest of sector is also the biggest in the world, themselves. Through cooperative the country also have a population of society from the above deformation is almost 200 million people and the not primarily stated with the interest to percentage of young, active and mobile make a profits it is still a business population is up to 40%, this is a organization and the factors involved in positive point when it comes to a business environment should be of obtaining labour force for new and serious concern for them. [3] identifies existing business in the country. There one of the examples of business is also the issue of regulatory environment as how well customers environment and the ability of the expectations are met by a business government to protect minority organization. A lot of cooperative investors. societies have suffered because of the Statement of Problems Business environment factors have a lot will produce , without taking time to of effects and play a big role in the consider a lot of variables in the successes and longevity of business business environment where they are organization in any society. Most times doing their business, cooperative business organization remain in the societies have as well been caught up in comfort of their offices and board this problems, cooperative societies rooms and produce a blue print of how needs to consider factors involved in their organization is going to be run and the Nigeria business environment to emphases so much on the success they ensure their success. They need to

91 consider factors like competition in interference from government and their chosen filed of economic activity, donor agencies etc. these problems their relationship with their suppliers, needs to be addressed too, so that business laws and government cooperative societies can take care of activities, market trends etc, when these the factors in the business environment factors are not seriously considered the where they operate to their benefits. cooperative society is likely to face This research work intends to ascertain serious problems, cooperative societies the factors in the Nigerian business do have their own problems too, poor environment and its impact on the funding, dishonesty among members, activities of cooperative societies. Objective of the Study The main objective of this research government in Enugu State work will be to examine the effect of i.e. Aninri Local Government business environment factors on the Area and Local activities of cooperative societies, with Government Area. special reference to Aninri Local 2) Investigate the efforts of Government Area and Local cooperative societies in Government Area of Enugu State, identifying and enjoying Nigeria. strategies involved in The specific objectives will also be to: Nigerian business 1) Identify the different factors in environment in Aninri Local the Nigerian business Government Area and Enugu environment that affect the North Local Government in activities of cooperative Enugu State. societies in two selected local Research Questions The following research questions will 2) What are the efforts of guide the research work. cooperative societies in 1) What are the different factors in identifying and employing the Nigerian business strategies to take care of factors environment that affect the involved in Nigerian business activities of cooperative societies environment in Aninri Local in Aninri Local Government Area Government Area and Enugu and Enugu North Local North Local Government Area in Government Area in Enugu State? Enugu State? Research Hypotheses This study will be guided by the (2) Ho: There are no efforts from following null and alterative hypotheses cooperative societies to identify and (1) Ho: There are no different factors in employ strategies to take care of the Nigerian business environment factors involved in Nigerian business that afofect the activities of that affect the activities of cooperative societies in Aninri Local cooperative societies in Aninri Local Government Area and Enugu North Government Area and Enugu North Local Government Area, Enugu State. Local Government Area in Enugu State. Profile of the Aninri Local Government Area Aniniri Local Government area was Enugu state in the North, Okigwe Local created on 1st October 1996, with its Government area of Imo State to the headquarters in the town of Ndaborh. It South, Local Government Area of consists of five different towns which Enugu State to the West and lvo Local are, Ndeabor, Oduma, Nenwe, Mpu and Government Area of Ebonyi State to the Okpanku. The local government has a East. The indigenes of the area are total land area of 36km2 (140SQ mi) the predominantly farmers, with few civil records of the 2006 censes by the servants in the Local Government civil National population commission shows service and secondary schools in the that the area has a total population of area, the people are respectful, very 133,728 persons. Aninri Local social and accept visitors in their midst. Government Area share borders with The present deputy president of the Local Government Area of senate of the federal republic of Nigeria,

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Senator Ike Ekweremadu was the pioneer introduced a unfired local government chairman of the local government area, system, so the former Enugu Urban was and the present Executive chairman is renamed Enugu Local Government Hon. Ezekiel Chukwu Enugu North Local council, it thus were extended to six Government Area has as its rural communities of Amarechi, Obeagu, headquarters the city of Enugu, the area Ugwuaji, Akwuke, Nike and Nike, has a total land area of 106 km2 (41 sq, but one that is observable is that only MI) it postal code is 400. According to Ogui Nike was an autonomous the 2006 census population it has a total community in Enugu Urban owing to its population of 244, 852 persons. Enugu location within the metropolis. In 1991, North Local Government Area use to be Enugu South Local Government Area was known as Enugu North during the early created but of the them Enugu North part of last country, but in 1956 it was Local Government by the General elevated to a Mayoralty with Mallam Ibrahim Babangida regime, subsequence Umoru Attine as the first Mayor. The in 1996, the General Sani Abacha regime instrument establishing the Enugu created Local Government urban district council was revoked on 1st Area out of what is remaining of the April 1956, then Enugu became a local government area. The present municipality later in 1957, this made it executive chairman of the local revert back to its urban council status. government area is Honourable In 1979, the federal government Emmanule Onoh. Concept of Business Environment The environment that any business various factors available in the internal organization operates is very important, as well as external environment of the because it plays a big role in the success business. According to [11] the of the business organization. [5] environments of business consist of all defines business environment as the those external and internal things to sum total of all the external and internal which it is exposed to and by which it factors that influence a business. may be influenced directly or indirectly. Business [6] states that business It also encompasses the climate or set of environment is the combination of conditions economic, social, political or internal and external factors that institutional in which business influence a company’s operating operations are conducted. [12] see system. [4] see business environment business environment as all those as all the internal and external factors factors that have a bearing on the that affect how the company functions business. It implies that internal and including employees, customers, external factors have an impact on the management, supply and demand, and individual organization. business regulations. In the words of Factors in Business Environment: [7] business environment is all of the Factors that exist in the business internal and external factors that affect environment are basically of two types. how the company functions, sum total According to [13] factors in a business of al factors, external and internal environment are of two types, the factors connected to the business firm, internal factors and external factors in and that greatly influence their his words, the internal factors are within functioning. In the views of [8] a an organization and impact the business organization cannot exist in a approach and success of the vacuum. It needs living persons, natural organization, while the external factors resources and places and things to exist, consist of a variety of factors outside all these factors and forces is called the the organization doors that the business environment. [9] defines organization typically don’t have much business environment as a collection of control over. The internal factors all individuals, entities and other include organizational direction, the factors, which may or many not be role of the company leadership and the under the control of the organization, strength of the employees. The external but can affect its performance, factors include external competition, profitability, growth and even survival. legal or ethical issues, politics, [10] postulates that business technological issues and socio-economic environment refers to sum total of the issues. In the views of [14] factors in a

93 business environment consists of business environment as those external and internal factors. The uncontrollable forces outside of the external factors includes political organization these includes factors e.g. law, regulations, tariffs, competition, government policies, trade barriers, war and unrest, others natural forces, social and cultural are macro-economic factors, those are forces, demographic factors and factors that affect the entire economy technological changes. Internal factors not just your business, these include composes of activities insides of the interest rate, unemployment rate, organization, these factors can be currency exchange rates, consumer influenced by the organization, they confidence, consumer discretion, include product, price, process, income, consumer savings rate, promotion etc, other internal factors recession and depression, according to [18] is organizational microeconomic factors are factors that culture – this is the framework of can affect just your business, these values, vision, norms and customs includes market size, demand, supply shared by the members of an relationship with suppliers and your organization. [19] identifies two factors distribution chain, such as retail shops in a business environment; these are that sells your products and the number micro environment factors and macro and strength of your competition [15] environment. The micro environment postulates that internal factors in a factors include the suppliers, the business environment have a direct resellers, the customers, the impact on the industrial organization. competitors and the general public, the The organization have some control macro environment f actors include over internal value system the culture demographic forces, economic factors, and norms of the organization of an natural/physical forces technological organization, others are mission and factors, political and cultural forces. objectives internal relationship e.g., [20] states that the external factor in a relationship between organization team business environment include and share holders, employees and board competition, social beliefs and behavior, of directors. External factor have an legal factors, economic factors, taxation indirect influence on the organization, interest rate etc, political factors these include competitors, government technological factor and ethical factors. policies, technological issues etc. [15] The internal factors includes value indentifies other external factors in system, mission and objectives, business environment which include organizational structure, corporate social factors-changes in fashion, culture, quality of human resource, consumer preference, software and labour unions, physical resources and animated production, the internet technological capabilities. streaming challenging the DVD rental Concept of Cooperative Society: business. In the news of [16] internal Cooperation among humans have been factors in a business environment exist age long thing, cooperation with groups within the premises of the organization have existed even in informal basis long and directly affect the different ago and have benefited humans in so operations carried out in a business, many ways. [21] defines cooperative these includes value system, culture and society as a voluntary organization of norms, mission and objectives financial various individuals, who belong to factors and internal relationship. economically weaker sections of the External factors include all those factor community, who join together on the which exist outside the organization and basis of equality of control and equality are often regarded as uncontrollable, it of distribution of profits for the can further be categorized into micro satisfaction of their common needs. In environment and macro environment. the views of [22] a cooperative society is Micro environment include suppliers, an association of individuals who competitors marketing intermediaries voluntarily pool their resources and etc, the macro environment includes carry on the business for their own economic factors, social factors, welfare and not for a profit seeking political factors and technological business. [23] postulates that a factors. [17] see external factors in a cooperative society is an organization

94 which is service oriented rather than business organization; it protects the profit oriented; it is an association of interest of the weaker sections of the persons who join to form an society. It is a voluntary association of organization for mutual benefit. In persons joined together on the basis of other words, it is a form of organization equality for fulfillment of their wherein persons voluntarily associate economic and business interest. [30] together as humans on the basis of defines cooperative society as an equality for economic interest for organization which has as its objectives themselves. Macmillan Dictionary (2017) the promotion of economic interest of defines cooperative society as an its members in accordance with organization that sells goods and offer cooperative principles; it is a voluntary services to its members who share the association of persons who join organization’s profit. [24] see a together, with the motive of welfare of cooperative society as an association for its members. [31] postulates that a the primary purpose of promoting its cooperative society is a business members financial interest in that they organization owned by those who use participate in the enterprise as its services, and its control rest among consumers, suppliers or workers. [25] all its members equally. The cooperative defines a cooperative society as an society are formed to serve low cost enterprise or organization that is owned credit, purchase, suppliers of market and managed jointly by those who use products, and to provide services like its facilities or services. insurance, irrigation, finance, electricity [26] states that a cooperative society is power etc. [32] see a cooperative society an association of persons who have as an autonomous and voluntary voluntarily joined together to achieve a association of individuals, who come common end through the formation of a together with the objective of owing democratically, controlled organization, common property, and promoting the making equitable contributions to the economic interest of its members. In capital required and accepting a fair the view of [33] cooperative society is share of the risk and benefits of the an association of persons who have undertaking in which members voluntary joined together to achieve a participate actively. [27] is of the view common social or economic aim by that a cooperative society is a voluntary forming a jointly owned and association of persons formed for democratically controlled business protecting and promoting the interest of organization. They operate on the its members. The organization is run on principles of self help and mutual a democratic manner with service assistance. [34] states that a motive. According to [28] a cooperative cooperative society is a business owned society is a voluntary association of by the people who use its services, an persons who join together with the autonomous association of persons motive of welfare of the members; united voluntary to meet their common members join to protect themselves economic social and cultural needs and from the possible exploitation by aspirations through a jointly owned and middlemen who desire to earn profit. In democratically controlled enterprise. It the opinion of [29] a cooperative society is a legal entity owned and controlled by is entirely different from other forms of its members. Effects of Business Environment on the Activities of Cooperative Societies The success or failure of any business care of decreased commitment is organization including cooperative usually observed from the staff, societies is primarily established by the the lack of motivation in them effectiveness of its interactions with its leads to this. This will further business environment. lead to negative pressure groups [35] identifies the following as the in the cooperative society and effects that business environment have poor relations with the on the activities of cooperative societies management. Future compliance and other business organization. from the staff members is not  Low staff committee when the assumed. But when the business internal factors of business environment has been taken care environment is not taken good

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of properly increased staff results. This can come as a result of commitment can be guaranteed. bad organization leadership style, this  Rise on production cost: A impacts organization culture badly,. cooperative society can Ineffective communication and poor experience increase in value of employees has also led to production cost if it neglects its decreased total output, but if these business environment. If the factors are properly addressed society fails to take care of factor increased output will be the outcome like source of supplies, cost of Poor competition analysis can also lead production is bound to rise in to poor sales, not being able to compare seeking supplies frantically. offering and prices to those of the  Decreased total output competitor’s leads to problems for the Less talented and unmotivated organization. employees/members produce poor Challenges that Cooperative Societies Encounter in Business Environment Efforts of the cooperative societies to ongoing all the time. At a certain handle the factors in their business point the information becomes a environment usually produce good burden for the members and results, but most times challenges are employees leading to overload there to reduce their success. These which will present its problems challenges are numerous and needs to in the views of [37] the be identified. [36] enumerates the challenges were problems that exist in the business  Poor power supply – technology environment for the cooperative is a great importance in keeping societies as: pace with new trends in the  Uncertainty = uncertainty in the market environment that environment and the business cooperatives soceiites exist, non world makes it impossible for the availability of power affects the cooperative societies to take care access and use of these of the factors in the businesses technologies. environment. After a careful  Poor Transport Network – poor planning uncertainty can still transportation network affects disrupt the good plans of the the access of cooperative cooperative societies. societies to their suppliers and in  Government policy and some cases consumers when they regulations – A changing have to deliver the goods and regulatory environment is always services to them. a big issue for the cooperative  Poor access to funds – funding is societies and other business very important in taking care of a organization. The policy by the lot of factors that make up the government complicates decision business environment of making for the cooperative cooperative societies. Having a societies. viable organization with the  Technology – the pace of members and staff taken good technological improvement is care of will definitely require running at an exponentially funds. increasing rate, this creates  No government support – problems for the cooperative government regulations is of societies. great importance for the  Diversity – having people of cooperative societies in taking different backgrounds in the care of their business same organization and working environment, when government in the same goals can be policies and regulations are challenging sometimes. In most frequently changed, it affects cases they usually fail to agree. societies negatively, sometimes  Information overload – collecting the well being of the and processing for information cooperatives societies are not to take care of factors of taken into consideration when business environment is usually

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they make decisions on these in the development of our economy. policies and regulations. [39] postulates that the solutions to the [38] states that the problems of challenges cooperative societies in the issue of  The provision of a more enabling business environment are: environment for business in the  Uncertainty – there are a lot of country by the government – uncertainties concerning market enabling environment in the case trends and customer’s trends, of improved infrastructures will these sometimes pose problems reduce the difficulties and for the cooperative societies. uncertainties that goes with  Monitoring performance – the doing business in our non use of meaningful set of environment e.g. if the power is performance indicators that stabilized the more, cooperative provide insight on how societies will have less to spend cooperative societies are doing is on that, and as well will be also another challenge. certain on how they will run their  Regulation and compliance – as operations that is power market and technologies shift so dependent. does rules and regulations. Rules  Reduction of taxes – in our and regulation falls into the path environment, business or of the government, sometimes organization cooperative it might not be to the favour of societies inclusive suffer from the cooperative societies. the issue of multiple taxation.  Technology – Technology This is a challenge that needs to changes at the speed of light, so be addressed, multiple taxation innovation is very important. or over taxation reduces the Many of the managers of the input of cooperative societies. cooperative societies and even  Elimination of bureaucratic the members started work before measures that hinder business in thee technologies, adapting is an our society – Generally issue for them most times. government business in our  Embracing change – knowing society is filled with a lot when to embrace change is very bureaucratic measure that slow important, sometimes the the rate at which business get cooperative societies might fail done, obtaining permits, to understand when this change financial assistance and other is necessary and due. activities are usually not easy, Solutions to the Challenges this issue needs to be addressed, Cooperatives Societies Encounter in most times it affects the efforts Business Environment of the cooperative societies to Solutions to the challenges cooperative export their products. societies encounters in business environment is of paramount importance, this is in consideration of the importance of cooperative societies THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework of this external environment theory, new research study will rest an the following environmental theory, three sigmas on business and environment theories, theory of business, resource based these theories includes, business theory, the business model theory and environment complexity theory, impact business model. Business Environment Complexity Theory The business environment complexity features of the business interface with theory proposed by [40] concentrates on the climate system that present climate change, it uses the term challenges for timely and effective complexity to refer to a group of government, it also investigates the concepts derived from systems theory, differences of interviewing a complex including complex emergency. In dynamic system, including problems of addition they argues that some of the collective action, unintended limitations

97 on effective management. The theory of The development of modeling tools to emergence provides systems generate represent the complexities of business order ad exhibit self organization. Life environment interaction offers cycle analysis can help identify substantial potentials for further resources synergies among partner firm. research studies. External Environment Theory External environment theory by [41] operate is determined by the proposes that business activity is technologies available to them, constrained by (Limited) by the the theory adds that businesses environment in which the business are constrained by a host of operates, there are a number of environment, for example, legal important components of this produce (e.g. health and safety environment including. and product safety laws) social  The action of competitors constraints determine the tastes  Legal requirements e.g. what is and buying patterns of legally expected. consumers. Business need to be  Social requirements and constantly constraints and how expectations. The sort of they take what is termed an expectation that society has of anticipatory approach, i.e. to business e.g. to operate in an anticipate changes that are likely ethical way. to take place in the future in the  Economic constraints e.g. the business environment by amount of income that anticipating change business are consumers generally have to able to adjust the way the spends. operate to be ahead of  Technological constraints. Often competitors. what business are able to produce and sale and how they New Environment Theory The new environment theory by [42] biospheric. The second aspect of this proposes that concern for environment theory examines the effects of a problems is fundamentally linked to perspective taking manipulations on how people view themselves as part of egoistic – social – altruistic and the natural environment. The first biosphere environmental concerns, aspect of this theory is to describe the results shows that participants structure of people’s concern for instructed to take the perspective of environmental problems, which results animal being, harnessed by pollution from a confirmatory factors analysis scored significantly highly in biospheric showed by a clear three factor structure. environmental concerns than The proposer of this theory labeled the participants instructed to remain factors egoistic, altruistic and objective. EMPIRICAL REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Some earlier works that has some as predators (constraints) to the survival connection with the present research of business in not only the area of under work were received by the researcher, study but the entire country. The the reviewed empirical works are challenges discovered by the researcher presented below. that exist in Nigeria business [43] examine the challenges of Nigeria environment includes lack of enabling business environment, the study were environment and infrastructures, lack of conducted in the city of Ikeja, Lagos basic social amenities and state, Nigeria. The population of the infrastructural facilities that aid study comprised five registered medium business development and survival, scale companies in the area of the business provide for themselves what study. The study lasted for three the government is supposed to provide months. The researcher discovered that for them. Other challenges are poor despite the growth of the economy and power supply, poor transportation the potential of greater business networks, the roads are dilapidated, the opportunities there were still challenges air transportation is too costly and the of business environment which stands rail transportation is nonexistent.

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Another challenge is poor accessibility (dynamic and stable) and scanning of funds, the conventional and non behavior (surveillance and search) of the conventional money borrowers charged executives. The researchers also gave exorbitant interest rate and other analytical consideration to hierarchical challenges are political instability and levels of executives (upper and lower) lack of adequate technology. and to the functional specialities of the [44] carried out an empirical managers (marketing, technology, investigation of the scanning processes human resource etc). This study is by organization in the city of Osaka, unique in that it is one of the first to Japan. The researchers discovered that foams on scanning behaviors in organizations acquire information industries in Osaka, Japan. Its value lies concerning environment changes in lies in its concerns for a vital through their scanning operations. corporate need, the researchers Different types of environment calls for suggested that organizations need to different scanning activities. The know where and how they acquire researchers employed analysis that is information, and know the best use to based on purposive relationship put it so, to take good care of their between different environmental states business environmental issues. SUMMARY OF THE REVIEWED RELATED LITERATURE Table1: Literature on effects of business environment and business organizations Author(s) Year Topics Location High Points of findings Abdulfatai 2017 Challenges in Nigeria Logos, The challenges are poor business Nigeria power supply, poor road environment networks, poor access to funds, political instability and inadequate technology. Wantao 2014 Effects of business Shanghi, Changes in retails environment on the China technology and innovation operations strategy have the strongest influence of Chinese forms on the operations strategy of firms. Nishi and 2017 Environmental Osaka, Organizations acquire Schoderbek scanning process by Japan information through the organizations scanning process they carry out Shultze and 2015 Measurement of New Measures such as inputs, Trommer environment in Delhi, outputs, construct validity qualitative empirical India and strategic EP should be research environment indicators Kevin and 2014 Development of a Capetown, Factors that can add value Kenneth research model for south creation in e-business are assessing the value Africa technology, readiness, firms of e-business at size, competition and operation levels of regulatory environment organizations Durray and Keong 2015 Operations strategy Singapore, There is a strong link and business Singapore between factors such as environment of labour availability, organizations competition and market dynamism and operations strategy choices Source: Researchers Presentation from Empirical Literature GAP IN LITERATURE The empirically reviewed literature were Government Area and Enugu North Local carried out in the cities of Lagos, Government Area, all in the state of Shangai, Osaka, New Delhi, Capatown Enugu. So the work did well to fill the and Singapore, but the present work gap of conducting a work similar to were carried out Aninri Local those carried out in Lagos, Nigeria and

99 other foreign cities in our local the earlier work studied its effects on environment. Another gap the present business organizations in general. So filled is that studying the effect of this work sought to present business environment factors on the recommendations that will suit activities of cooperatives societies while cooperatives societies so well. METHODOLOGY Research Design The researcher will research design method employ the survey in this study. Sources of Data The researcher used secondary data in primary and this work. Area of Study An area of study refers to a political or institutions, economic and cultural geographical area that is under characteristics. In this research work, investigation, in the process data is the researcher chooses Aninri Local gathered in various aspects of the area Government Area and Enugu North Local including its history, geography, Government Area both Enugu state of language, its inhabitants, and Nigeria. Population of the Study The population of the study will and six (206) members (respondents) of comprise of a randomly selected the selected cooperative societies, while cooperative societies in the two local the population of the study in Enugu government areas under study. in North is three hundred and twenty four Aninri Local Government Area the (324) members (respondents). population of the study is two hundred Table 1: Below is a presentation of the selected cooperative societies and its membership strength in Aninri Local Government Area. S/N Name of society Membership strength 1 Chiemeric Christian Farmers Cooperative Society MPU, Aniniri 24 2 Ifunanya Obeagu Oduma Women Farmer Multipurpose Cooperative Society 16 3 Nochele Ndeaboh Women Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ndeaboh, Aninri 30 4 Obinwanne Famers Association Ltd, Ndeaboh, Aninri 22 5 Oduma Youth Farmers Cooperative Society Aninri 116 6 Green (Emudo) Rice Plantation Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd, Aninri 24 7 Eziokwu bu Ndu Okpanku Women Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd. Aninri 20 8 Okpome Nnewe Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd. Aninri 18 9 Chibuzo Nenwe Rice Fadama Users Cooperative Society Ltd. Nenwe, Aninri 12 10 Ugwuokpa, Nenwe Youth Rice Production Cooperative Society Ltd. Aninri 22 Total 206 Source: Divisional Cooperative Council, Aninri, Local Government Area, Enugu State.

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Table 2; Enugu North Local Government Area S/N Name of society Membership strength 1 Akachukwu Multipurpose Cooperative Society New Layout Enugu 18 2 Patdembus Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd. Enugu 36 3 Unec Enugu Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd. Enugu 54 4 Obed Camp Palm kennel Production Cooperative Society Ltd. Coal Camp Enugu 12 5 Bright Star (Enugu North) Mirco Finance Cooperative Society Ltd. Enugu 10 6 Disabled Enugu Farmers Multipurpose Cooperative Society Ltd. Enugu 22 7 Head of Civil Service Staff (Enugu) Cooperative Thrift and Loan Society Ltd. Enugu. 45 8 National Museum (Enugu) Cooperative Thrift and Loan Society Ltd. Enugu 65 9 Enugu State Ministry of Commerce and Industry Staff Cooperative Thrift and Loan Society Ltd. Enugu 38 10 Enugu State Civil Service Commissions Cooperative Thrift 24 and Loan Society Ltd. Enugu Total 324

Source: Divisional Cooperative Council, Enugu North Local Government Area, Enugu State. Sample Size Determination The researcher choose to draw a square Taro Yamane formula to obtain the for the study from the total population, sample size. The formulae is given the researcher employed the famous thus; N n = 1N  (e) 2 thus n = Sample size to be determined N = Total population I = Constant e = Tolerable error = 5% - 0.05% For Aninri Local Government Area the sample size determination is obtained thus:

n =

206 n = 1 206(0.05)2 206 n = 1 206(0.0025) 206 n = 1 515 n = 135.973597 The sample size is 136 For Enugu North Local Government Area the sample is obtained thus;

n =

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324 n = 1 324(0.05)2 324 n = 1 324(0.0025) 324 n = 1 0.81 324 n = 1 81 n = 179.005525 The sample size is 179 Instrument for Data Collection The researcher will make use of a respondents the choice of answers and questionnaire to collect data from the is devised for the purpose of a survey or respondent which is the primary data. A statistical study. The questionnaire for questionnaire is a research instrument this study have questionnaire meant to consisting of a series of questions for elicit information on the personal data the purpose of gathering information of the respondents, and then question from respondents, it offers the on the subject matter under study. Validity of the Instrument The instrument will be subjected to face were considered. This valuation will be and content validity. Validity refers to carried out by the supervisor of the the degree to which an instrument research study, who is an expert in the accurately measures what is intends to field of cooperatives, and in the measure. In this case content validity Department of Cooperatives and Rural will be done, where the questions were Development, Enugu State University of considered as items, and how they will Science and Technology (ESUT), Enugu help/address the research questions and State, Nigeria. hypotheses formulated for the study Reliability of the Instrument Reliability of the instrument refers to instrument to a few members of the the degree to which an instrument cooperative society within the school, yields consistent results. The reliability and the instrument will also re measurement that will be employed by administered to respondents after two the researcher is the test retest weeks to measure its reliability. After reliability. In this measurement the the test retest the instrument will be researcher will obtain instructions from confirmed reliable. the supervisor to administer the Method of Data Analysis The researcher will present the obtained to use table’s frequencies and data in the simplest form for easy percentages, employing chi-square (x2) understanding. The researcher is going to test the hypothesis too. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA The survey exercise for this research and seventy nine (179) copies of work took the researcher to the two questionnaire were distributed the local government areas, chosen as the respondents in Enugu North Local case study form this study. the Government Area, which is sampled size researcher distributed a total of one for the study in the area. From the hundred and thirty six (136) copies of copies of questionnaire distributed and questionnaire to respondents in Aninri, returned the researcher more make the that is the respondents for the study in following presentation and analysis. the area, then a total of one hundred RETURN RATE OF QUESTIONNAIRE BY RESPONDENTS Table1 During the survey exercise not filling the questionnaire while all the respondents returned the copies answering the questions. The of questionnaire distributed to them, researcher presents the details of the some others were not too careful in return rate in the table below:

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Ekwochi www.iaajournals.org Table 3: Return rate in Aninri Local Government Area is presented in the table below. S/N Options Frequency Percentage 1 No of copies returned 138 94.12 2 No of copies not returned 15 2.94 3 No of copies badly mutilated 15 2.94 Total 168 100% Source: Field Survey, 2021 Table 3: above one hundred and twenty represents 2.94%, while 15 copies of the eight (138) copies of the questionnaire questionnaire that represent 2.94% were that represents 94.12% were correctly returned but badly mutilated by the fitted and returned by the respondents, respondents. (15) copies were not returned, that Table 4: The gender of the respondents in Enugu North Local Government Area is presented in the table below S/N Gender Frequency Percentage 1 Male 97 57.74 2 Female 71 42.26 Total 168 100% Source: Field Survey, 2021 In table 4 above ninety seven (97) males, while seventy one (71) respondents that represents 57.74% in respondents that represents 42.26% are Enugu North Local Government Area are females. DATA ANALYSIS Research Question No 1: What are the Aninri Local Government Area and different factors in the Nigerian Enugu North Local Government Area in business environment that affect the Enugu State? activities of cooperative societies in Table 5: The researcher presents the the activities of their cooperative opinions of the respondents on the societies in Aninri Local Government in factors of Nigerian business Enugu North Local Government Area. environment that has a greater effect on S/N Response variables Frequency Percent 1 Organizational direction 24 14.29 2 Organizational leadership 48 28.57 3 Value system 8 4.76 4 Mission and objectives 16 9.52 5 Relation among members 32 19.05 6 Financial factors 24 14.29 7 Quality of human resources 8 4.76 8 Promotional activities 8 4.76 Total 168 100% Source: Field survey, 2021 In table 1 above twenty four respondent 14.29% indicates financial factors, eight in Enugu North Local Government Area respondents that represent 4.76% that represent 14.29% indicates indicates quality human resources while organizational direction, forty eighty eight respondents that represent 4.76% respondents that represent 28.57 indicates promotional activities indicates organizational leadership, Research Question No 2: What are the eight respondents that represent 4.76 different factors in the Nigerian indicates value system, sixteen business environment that affect the respondents that represent 9.52% activities of cooperative societies in indicates mission and objectives, thirty Aninri Local Government Area and two respondents that represents 19.05% Enugu North Local Government Area in indicates relation among members, Enugu State? twenty four respondents that represents

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Table 5: The researcher presents the opinions of the respondents on the Nigerian business environment activities that effects cooperative societies in Aninri Local Government Area of Enugu State Table 5 S/N Response variables Frequency Percent 1 Ethnical or legal issues 3 2.34 2 Government political factors 19 14.84 3 Technical issue 13 10.16 4 Trade barriers 5 3.91 5 Relationship with suppliers 15 11.72 6 Distribution chain 19 7.03 7 Competition 17 13.28 8 Relationship with consumers 7 5.47 9 Socio-economic issues 7 5.47 10 Recession and depression 33 25.78 Total 168 100% Source: Field survey, 2021 In table 5 above three respondents in represents 7.03% indicate distribution Aninri Local Government Area that chain, seventeen respondents that represents 2.34% indicates ethnical or represents 13.28% indicates legal issues, nineteen respondents that competition, seven respondents that represent14.84% indicates government represents 5.47% indicates relationship political factors, thirteen respondents with consumers, seven respondents that that represents 10/16% indicates represents 5.47% indicates Relationship technical factors, five respondents that with consumers, seven respondents that represent 3.91% indicates trade barriers, represent 5.47 indicates socio economic fifteen respondents that represents issues while thirty three respondents 11/72% indicates relationship with that represents 25.78% indicate suppliers, nine respondents that recession and depression. Test of Hypotheses The researcher tested the research that affect the activities of hypotheses formulated for the study cooperative societies in Aninri using chi-square (x2) Local Government Area of Enugu Hypotheses one State, Nigeria H0 There are no different factors in Nigeria business environment Test Statistics

X2 = ∑

Where 01 = observed frequency 0e = Expected frequency The level of significance = 5% = 0.05% Decision Since the calculated value of X2 60 is Ho: There are no different factors in greater than critical value 7.81 we reject the Nigeria business environment that the null hypotheses and accept the affect the activities of cooperatives alternative hypotheses and conclude societies in Enugu North Local that there are different factors in Nigeria Government Area of Enugu State, business environment that affect the Nigeria. activities of cooperative societies in Aninri Local Government Area.

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Using responses from table 6 S/N Response variables Frequency Percent 1 Strongly Agree 91 57.17 2 Agree 41 24/40 3 Disagree 22 13.10 4 Strongly Disagree 14 8.33 Total 168 100% Source: Field survey, 2021

Using X2 = ∑

168 Expected frequency = = 32 4 2 2 2 2  91 42   41 42   22  42  14  42  X2 =             42   42   42   42  2 2 2 2  49   1   20    28  X2 =             42   42   42   42  2401 1 400 784 X2    42 42 42 42 X2 = 51.17 – 0.02 – 9.52 – 18.67

X2 = 22.96 > 7.81 Decision Since the calculated value of X2 22.96s Government Area of Enugu State, greater than critical value 7.81 we reject Nigeria. the null hypotheses and accept the Ho: There are no efforts from alternative hypotheses and therefore cooperative societies to identify conclude that there are different factors and employ strategies to take in Nigeria business environment that care of factor in Nigeria business affect the activities of cooperative environment in Aninri Local societies in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Using response from table 7 S/N Response variables Frequency Percent 1 Strongly Agree 82 56.25 2 Agree 50 31.25 3 Disagree 18 6.25 4 Strongly Disagree 18 6.25 Total 168 100% Source: Field survey, 2021 168 Expected frequency = = 42 4

Using X2 = ∑

2 2 2 2  72  42   40  42   8  42   8  42  X = 2             32   32   32   32  2 2 2 2  40   8    24    24  X =            2  32   32   32   32  1600 64 576 578 X2    32 32 32 32

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X2 = 50 _ 2 = n18 – 18 X2 = 16 > 7.81 Decision Since the calculated value of X2 16 is greater than critical value 7.81 we reject Ho: There are no efforts from the null hypotheses and therefore cooperative societies to identify conclude that there are efforts from and employ strategies to take cooperative societies to identify and care of factor in Nigeria business employ strategies to take care of factors environment in Enugu North in Nigerian business environment in Local Government Area of Enugu Aninri Local Government Area. State, Nigeria. Using responses from table 8 S/N Response variables Frequency Percent 1 Strongly Agree 87 51.79 2 Agree 45 26.79 3 Disagree 18 10.71 4 Strongly Disagree 18 10.71 Total 168 100% Source: Field survey, 2018

Using X2 = ∑

2 2 2 2  87  42   45  42  18  42  18  42  X2 =             42   42   42   42  2 2 2 2  45   3    24    24  X2 =             42   42   42   42  2025 9 576 576 X2    42 42 42 42 X2 = 48.21 – 0.21 – 13.71 – 13.71

X2 = 21. > 7.81 Decision Since the calculated value of X2 21 is societies to identify and employ greater than critical value 7.81 we reject strategies to take care of factors in the null hypotheses and accept the Nigeria environment in Enugu North alternative hypotheses and conclude Local Government Area of Enugu State, that there are efforts from cooperative Nigeria. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS The researcher in the course of this members who are females, in study made the following Aninri Local Government Area findings. the percentage of members who  The return rate of questionnaires are males is 56,.25% while the were very high, 94.12% copies percentages of females is 43.75% were returned in Aninri Local in Enugu North Local Government Area, while 93.85% Government Area the percentage of the copies were returned in of males is 57.74% while the Enugu North Local Government percentage of members who are Area. The number of females are 42.226%, this shows respondents were higher in that men are more disposed top Enugu North compared to Aninri becoming members of so people join cooperative cooperative societies than societies move in Enugu North women in the area under study. Local Government Area.  The cooperative societies under  The cooperatives societies have study have majority number of more males as members than its members having OND/NCE as

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academic qualification, this were is the most is recession and the case in both local depression, this affect reduces government areas under study the value of their investments, as holders of WAEC/WASC/NECO well as the value of their and HND/BSC has the next major financial resources, the their numbers of holders. financial resources, the next  The member of the cooperative factor is government and societies are of some business political factors, societies in the environment factors that affect area enjoy a lot of sponsorship the activities of their societies. In from government, this usually Aninri Local Government area leads to interference from 68.75% are fully aware, while in government also some of the Enugu North local government societies were formed for area 76.19% are fully aware of the political reasons, that is why a factors. lot reduced activities once the  A major number of the political reason it was formed is respondents are of the opinion done with the next factor is that external environment factors competition from other have a greater effect on then businesses than relationship with activities of their society than supplies and technology issues, internal environment factors. In members are most rural dwellers, Aninri Local Government Area so handling advanced technology 56.25 percent are of the opinion is an issue, like placing order that it is external factors, while online. In Enugu North Local 31.25% choose internal factors, in Government Area the external Enugu North Local Government factor that affect the activities of Area 59.52% of the respondents the societies is recession and and of the opinion that it is depression, same with the external factors, while 26.199% societies in Aninrri local thinks it is internal factors. government area, the next factor  The surveyed opinions of the is government and political respondents shows that internal factors then competition with factors that affect their activities other business organizations and of their society the most in relationship with consumers. Aninri Local Government area is  The sampled opinions of the financial factors, the next factor respondents agrees with the fact is organizational direction, and that the factors shave really relation among members, this affected the activities to their shows that they do not have society. In Aninri local adequate access to finding, and government area 68.75% of the their share capital is as well respondents choose strongly small, In Enugu North Local agree, while 18.75% choose Government Area the internal agree. In Enugu North Local factor that affect the activities of Government Area 57.17% choose the society is organizational strongly agrees, while 24.40% leadership, they next factor is choose agree. relation among members, than  The cooperative societies in the organization direction and two local government areas do financial factors, the societies in put up some efforts to lower the Enugu North has access to effect of business environment finance, some of them are factor on their activities the populated by civil servants, and researcher of the information share capital are deducted from from the opinion of the source, so their issues is on how respondents on both areas of organized their leadership and study. relations among the members.  The opinion of the respondents  The external factor that affect the shows that the biggest effect that activities of the societies greater the factors of business in Aninri Local Government Area environment have in the

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activities of their society in challenges is planning ahead and Aninri Local Government Area I assessing the plans after some decreased total output, this time, then followed by improved happens when the funds at their infrastructural facilities, disposal lowers value, or when developing better marketing do not complete well in the orientation and developing if a market, the next effect is poor better company’s culture within sales and lower revenue, the the societies. In Enugu North societies also suffer from Local Government area the instability, and rise in the cost of respondents are of the opinion production. In Enugu North Local that the major solution to the the societies suffer greatly from challenges Is planning ahead and decreased total output, followed assessing the plans after some by lowered revenue in stanlity time, the next major solution is and lowered members/staff proper and scientific commitment. management practices then a  The opinions of the respondents more enabling environment, shows that in Aninri Local another is developing of a Government area the challenge company’s culture and improved that the societies encounter that access to funds. is greater in their efforts to lower  In Aninri Local Government area the effort of factors of business the solution to their challenges environment is poor access to lies in access to more funds for funds, them poor performed them while in Enugu North Local monitor, uncertainties in the Government Area it is planning business environment, then poor ahead and assessing the plans performance monitor, poor acess after some time, this is because to funds, over loading of most of societies in Enugu have information and lack of their share capital deducted at cooperation among management source, so raising funds is not and members. really the issue for them, but  In Aninri Local Government area proper management over long the opinions of the respondents periods while in Aninri its is shows that the major solution to mostly cooperative societies still the challenges their societies looking for and depending on encounter is improved access to findings from government and und for the societies the next donor agencies. solution that will address the SUMMARY OF FINDINGS The findings of this study revealed that Local Government Area do put up effort factors in business environment do have to deal with factors in business effect on the activities of cooperative environment, but their biggest challenge societies in the two local government in Aninri Local Government Area is poor areas under study, the findings of access to funds, while in Enugu North business affect their activities the more Local Government area it is than internal factors, this is because uncertainties in the business they have little control on the external environment, them poor performance factors. The findings of the study monitor= of their activities. So in Aninri shows also that the factor of business Local Government area their challenge is environment decreases the total output more funds, but in Enugu North Local and the value of their funds, this is the Government Area it is management. In biggest effect it has on their activities, it Aninri Local Government area it is also breeds instability and poor sales of planning ahead and assessing the plan the products of the societies. The after some time, as well as proper societies in Aninri and Enugu North management practices. CONCLUSION Cooperative societies remains a society so it is business organization veritable tool for empowering the local that needs to be taken serious populace and the disadvantage in our considering what happens to it. The

108 members are usually the local populace business environment their effects on who have come together to take the activities of the societies, which the advantage of the opportunities that the study revealed, the challenges they society will provide to help themselves encounter and what they need to do to economically, so unlike other business tackle the challenges, the cooperative organizations they do not employ societies under study in this research professionals to take care of their work have a lot of university graduates, affairs, but attention needs to be green who can easily comprehend this issues to the effect that factors in business and help other less educated members environment has on their activities this to understand the need to study and research study has done so well in tackled the factor in the business revealing the factors in business environment they carry out their environment, which affect cooperative activities, when this is adequately done organizations, efforts is needed on the the cooperative societies will be better part of management committee and off, this re arch study, has done so members of the cooperative societies to much revealing a lot to the benefits of consider the two types of factors in the cooperative societies. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the research finding the the factors in business researcher hereby put forward the environment and its effects on following recommendations. their activities. Part of the major 1) Cooperative societies need to activities of the management have plans on ground to counter should be activities intended to the negative affects of factors in address the issues of factors of business environment these business environment. plans can be assessed and 4) Government can do more to measured with the initial cushion the effect of business expectation to know the progress environment factors on recorded, these societies have a cooperative societies, improved lot of educated members who infrastructures a more stable can easily comprehend the issues financial system will help them and carry other along. deal with negative effects of 2) Improved finding of the inflation or depression, and the cooperative there are a lot of extra cost that comes with doing sources for cooperative societies business in an environment with to seek improved finding, both poor infrastructures. internally and externally, 5) Understanding and appreciating improved finding will help to the variables involved in cushion the effect of recession business environment is not too and depression, where the value easy for the illiterate ones, so of money goes down, lowering educated members of the the extent it can go to solve the cooperative societies needs to problems it is intended to. help the uneducated ones and 3) Improved management of the vary them along, for them to cooperative societies is very understand and appreciate the important, the management or variables involved. the managers need to consider REFERENCES WZ.HRML) 25/02/2021 1. Abiodun, Y. (2016) Strengths and 10:40AM. Potentials in Nigerian Business 3. Adamu, A. (2016) Women Proffer Environment. Retrieved Solutions to Challenges in from(http//www.withisdeylive.co Nigerians Business Environment. m> Retrieved from 2. Abdulfatai, J. (2017) Challenges (http//www.premiumtimesngucg of Nigeria Business Environment. m.html) 10/03/2021 10:10am Retrieved from 4. Arthur, B. (2016) Factors in a (http//www.aboutnifwei.XOM.INS Business Environment. Retrived from

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