2015 Minerals Yearbook

BOLIVIA [ADVANCE RELEASE]

U.S. Department of the Interior May 2019 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of By Philip A. Szczesniak

Bolivia is a globally important supplier of bulk and nonfuel mineral commodities. The royalties received by the mineral concentrates. In 2015, Bolivia was considered to be Government for natural gas were estimated to be $1 billion. The among the leading countries in the world in the production Government projected a sharp decrease in natural gas royalties of many minerals, including antimony, bismuth, , , in 2016 and 2017 to their lowest levels in 11 years, as newer , tungsten, and . Although Bolivia’s and natural contracts were expected to reflect lower prices and production gas production did not place it among the world’s leading volumes were likely to continue to decrease (Filomeno, 2016; producing countries, these mineral commodities were Mamani, 2016). important contributors to the total value of Bolivia’s exports. Net foreign direct investment (FDI) in Bolivia in 2015 Other mineral commodities produced in Bolivia included (but decreased by 22% to $503 million. The Economic Commission were not limited to) barite, bentonite, boric acid, cement, copper, for Latin America and the Caribbean noted that Bolivia’s FDI gypsum, crude petroleum, rock salt, tantalum, and ulexite. had fallen each year since reaching a 5-year high of $1.8 billion Bolivia is also considered to have globally significant resources in 2013 to its 6-year low in 2015. Despite this decrease, the of lithium (Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016g; Anderson, Commission noted that there were indications of a strong 2017a, b; Bennett, 2017; Guberman, 2017a, b; Jaskula, 2017; rebound in FDI in the years to 2020, as a total of nearly Shedd, 2017; Tolcin, 2017). $4.6 billion in FDI targeting the crude petroleum and natural The nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of Bolivia was gas sectors was expected to enter Bolivia during that period. $33 billion in 2015; the per capita GDP was $3,073, which was The sources of expected future FDI were such companies as the fourth from lowest per capita GDP in the Latin America and BG Group of the United Kingdom, OAO Gazprom of Russia, Caribbean region, ahead of Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. of Brazil (Petrobras). Repsol S.A. of In 2015, the nominal GDP of Bolivia accounted for less than Spain, and Total S.A. of France. Since 2007, the leading source 1% of the GDP of the Latin America and Caribbean region. countries of FDI into Bolivia were France, Peru, Spain, the On the other hand, the rate of growth of Bolivia’s real GDP United Kingdom, and the United States (Economic Commission in 2015 compared with that of 2014 was 4.8%, which was the for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2016b, p. 22, 47, 54, 81). fifth-ranked real GDP rate of growth among the countries of the Latin America and Caribbean region, following the Dominican Government Policies and Programs Republic (7.0%), Panama (5.8%), Grenada (5.1%), and The Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia is the agency in Nicaragua (4.9%) (Economic Commission for Latin America charge of directing and developing the mining and metallurgical and the Caribbean, 2016a, c, d). industries. The Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos is the Minerals in the National Economy agency in charge of regulating, monitoring, and supervising the entire hydrocarbon supply chain, including exploration, In terms of the rate of growth in real GDP by industry, the production, marketing, and consumption. The first major service industry in Bolivia had the greatest growth in 2015 overhaul of the mining sector since 1997 took place in 2014 (7.8%). That of the construction industry, which had the greatest with the passage of a new mining law. Law 535‒Ley de Mineria growth in 2014 at 7.8%, slowed in 2015 to 5.4%. Mining and y Metalurgia [Law of Mining and Metallurgy] prohibits direct quarrying was the lowest performing industry in 2015, with joint ventures between cooperatives and private companies a decrease of 1.4% in the rate of growth; this was the first but allows for the establishment of mixed business enterprises decrease in this industry since 2010. From 2010 to 2014, the with or through the state-owned Corporación Minera de Bolivia mining and quarrying industry had grown at an average annual (COMIBOL). The law also allows cooperatives to renegotiate rate of 6.2%; this rate outperformed the overall growth rate their existing contracts with private mining companies. Mining in real GDP, which was 5.6% annually during the same time concessions are limited to 62,000 hectares (Jamasmie, 2014a, b; period. Despite its decrease in 2015 (which was owing mainly Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos, 2016, p. 9; Ministerio de to a fall in global commodity prices), mining and quarrying Minería y Metalurgia, 2016, p. 5). continued to be a leading contributor to the GDP, accounting for 13.5% of economic activity, and was second only to the services Production sector, which accounted for 16.7% (Economic Commission for Mine production of barite increased by 78% to 46,825 metric Latin America and the Caribbean, 2016a). tons (t) compared with that of 2014 and tungsten production In 2015, mining royalties totaled about $123 million.1 Mining increased by 17% to 1,460 t. Distillate fuel oil also saw a modest royalties decreased by about 26% compared with those of 2014 increase of nearly 13% to 6,110,000 barrels (bbl) in 2015. primarily owing to decreased production and lower prices for On the other hand, mine production of copper (Cu content) 1Where necessary, values have been converted from Bolivian bolivars (BOB) decreased by nearly 12% to 9,479 t compared with that of to U.S. dollars (US$) at an average annual exchange rate of BOB6.9=$US1.00 2014 owing to decreases in production at both state-owned for 2015.

BOLIVIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.1 and private mines, and primary copper production was materials valued at $25 million, copper ($9 million), sulfur and estimated to have decreased by 17% to 1,500 t. Aviation fuel nonmetallic minerals ($6 million), and bauxite and aluminum production decreased by 22% to 38,000 bbl. Gold production ($2 million) (Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016c, f, g; U.S. Census decreased by 48% to 13,000 kilograms (kg) as a result of Bureau, 2016b). declining prices (table 1). The greatest percentage decrease in value among nonfuel mineral exports in 2015 was that of nonmonetary gold, which Structure of the Mineral Industry decreased by 46% to $748 million from $1.3 billion in 2014. Bolivia’s other exported nonfuel mineral commodities for In 2015, COMIBOL’s partially or wholly owned mines which there were decreases in value in 2015 included antimony, included the Coro Coro copper mine [jointly owned by which decreased by 27% to $28.7 million; tin metal, by 27% Korea Resources Corp. of the Republic of Korea (53%) and to $251 million; copper, by 22% to $47 million; tungsten COMIBOL (47%)]; the tin mine (COMIBOL, 100%); (reported as wolframite), by 22% to $22 million; silver, by 20% the Bolivar lead, silver, tin, and zinc mine [a joint venture to $667 million; tin in concentrate, by 19% to $16 million; lead, between COMIBOL (55.45%) and Sinchi Wayra S.A., which by 17% to $134 million; and zinc, by 12% to $866 million; was a wholly owned subsidiary of Glencore plc of Switzerland the aggregate value of barite, cadmium, calcite, gypsum, iron, (45.55%)]; and the silver, tin, and zinc mine salt, and tantalum together decreased by 3% to $69 million. In (COMIBOL, through Empresa Minera Colquiri, 100%). 2015, the United States was the leading destination in terms of Sumitomo Corp. of Japan’s wholly owned subsidiary Empresa value for nonfuel mineral exports from Bolivia (received 28%), Minera San Cristóbal S.A. operated the San Cristobal lead, followed by Japan (14%), China (13%), the Republic of Korea silver, and zinc mine, which is located in the Department of (13%), and India (7%); together, these countries received 75% Potosi. Sumitomo marketed the concentrates produced at of Bolivia’s total nonfuel mineral exports (Banco Central de San Cristobal through another subsidiary company, Summit Bolivia, 2016a, c, g). Minerals GmbH of Switzerland. Glencore controlled the Sinchi The quantity of most of these nonfuel mineral exports also Wayra group of mines, which included the Asientos, the Caballo decreased or remained the same. The greatest percentage Blanco, the Colquechaquita, the Poopo, the Porco, the San decrease, in terms of quantity, was that of gold exports, which Lorenzo, and the Tres Amigos Mines and produced indium, decreased by 41% to 20,000 kg, followed by antimony, by 8% lead, silver, tin, and zinc. Table 2 is a list of the major mineral to 3,843 t; copper, by 6% to 8,200 t; zinc, by 3% to 441,272 t; industry facilities, together with the major owners and operators silver, by 3% to 1,312,000 kg; lead, by 2% to 74,483 t; and tin (Glencore plc, 2016, p. 177; Sumitomo Corp., 2016, p. 96). metal, by 2% to 15,428 t. Reported exports of several mineral Mineral Trade commodities exceeded reported production; however, available information was inadequate to determine whether this was the In 2015, Bolivia’s leading nonfuel mineral export result of drawdowns in inventories or other factors (Banco commodities were, in order of value, gold, silver, and zinc, Central de Bolivia, 2016b, g). which together accounted for $2.3 billion of the total of The largest percentage decrease in the value of hydrocarbon $2.9 billion in nonfuel mineral exports; nonfuel mineral exports exports in 2015 was that of crude petroleum, which decreased accounted for about 9% of the country’s GDP. Bolivia’s other by 66% to $201 million from $584 million in 2014. The value important nonfuel mineral commodities that were exported of natural gas exports decreased by 37% to $3.8 billion, and included antimony, copper, lead, tin, and tungsten. The total the value of gasoline and other unspecified products decreased value of exports from Bolivia in 2015 decreased to $8.3 billion, by 15% to $0.5 million. In 2015, in terms of the value of or by 33% compared with that of 2014. The value of nonfuel the exports received, Brazil was the leading destination for mineral exports decreased by 27% and accounted for 34% of the hydrocarbon exports from Bolivia, followed by ; total value of exported goods. Hydrocarbon exports decreased together, these two countries received 94% of Bolivia’s total by 40% to $4.0 billion and accounted for 48% of the total; and hydrocarbon export value of $4.0 billion. Bolivia also exported nontraditional exported goods decreased by 21% to $1.7 billion, hydrocarbons to the United States; the value of those exports or 21% of the total. Since 2009, the value of nonfuel mineral was less than $50 million (Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016c, g). exports increased annually, with the exception of 2013, In 2015, the value of goods imported to Bolivia decreased and accounted for between 25% (in 2013) and 37% (in 2011) of by 8% to $9.0 billion. The decrease was the result of a the total value of exports. Mineral fuel exports generated nearly 10% decrease in imports of intermediate goods (including $4.0 billion in value in 2015; fuel exports accounted for about combustible fuels and lubricants and intermediate goods 12% of the GDP. Both natural gas and crude petroleum were for agriculture, construction, industrial manufacturing, and exported, but natural gas accounted for most of the value of transportation) to $4.3 billion from $4.8 billion, and by the 10% mineral fuel exports, with total exports of natural gas valued at decrease in imports of capital goods for agriculture, industrial $3.8 billion. In 2015, Bolivia’s exports to the United States were manufacturing, and transportation, which together decreased valued at about $1 billion, of which mineral and mineral-related in value to $3.2 billion. The leading countries of origin of all commodities were valued at about $753 million. Nonmonetary imports of goods to Bolivia in 2015 were China (which supplied gold valued at $526 million, tin ($97 million), and other 18% of Bolivia’s imports), Brazil (16%), Argentina (12%), precious ($88 million) were the top three mineral-related and the United States (11%), which together accounted for commodities; noteworthy others included steelmaking 57% of the total value of imports. In 2015, Bolivia’s imports

3.2 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 from the United States were valued at $931 million, of which of Potosi in southern Bolivia. Pan American Silver controlled mineral and mineral-related commodities accounted for about 95% of the mine, and the remaining 5% was held by Trafigura $96 million. Of this $96 million, petroleum products accounted Beheer B.V. of Switzerland. In 2015, the San Vicente Mine for $39 million; fuel oil, $37 million; and finished metal shapes, achieved a record level of silver production, increasing by 4% to $8 million; noteworthy others included aluminum and alumina, 128,149 kg, which accounted for nearly 10% of Bolivia’s total $5 million; and other iron and steel products, $3 million (Banco silver mine output. As of December 31, 2015, proven reserves of Central de Bolivia, 2016d, e; U.S. Census Bureau, 2016a). silver at the mine were a reported 2.0 Mt at an average grade of 482 g/t silver, or about 950,000 kg (Pan American Silver Corp., Commodity Review 2015, p. 13, 50; 2016, p. 4, 13, 51). Tin.—In November 2015, COMIBOL reached an agreement Metals with ThyssenKrupp AG of Germany to supply 13,200 t of refined tin during a 2-year period starting in 2016; the deal Copper, Gold, and Silver.—Orvana Minerals Corp. of was worth $106 million. Bolivia’s state tin company, Empresa Canada, through its subsidiary Empresa Minera Paititi S.A., Minera Huanuni, reported that its tin smelter was expected operated the Don Mario open pit gold-copper-silver mine, which to be the source of the tin. A new Ausmelt blast furnace at is located in the Department of Santa Cruz in southeastern the Vinto tin smelter was commissioned in February 2015 Bolivia. In fiscal year 2015 (October 2014 to September 2015), at a cost of nearly $40 million, but full operations had been the mine’s gold production decreased by 9% to 594 kg owing to delayed for much of the year owing to technical problems. With lower average head grades mined; copper production increased the addition of the new furnace, Vinto’s production capacity by 7% to about 7,500 t owing primarily to increases in plant increased to 18,000 metric tons per year (t/yr) of refined tin. recoveries; and silver production increased by 41% to about In 2015, Vinto produced 12,106 t of refined tin, which was a 13,400 kg, also owing to higher plant recoveries. The mine 3.2% increase compared with that of 2014; this total ranked had been operating in the upper mineralized zone (UMZ) since second in South America behind Minsur S.A. of Peru’s refined 2012, but mining in this zone was expected to end in mid-2016 tin operation in Peru, which produced 20,224 t of refined tin. owing to declining reserves in the UMZ. During 2015, Orvana Minsur reported that Operaciones Metalúrgicas S.A. of Bolivia Minerals carried out a geotechnical and geologic review of an was also a leading producer of refined tin in South America older resource block of the lower mineralized zone (LMZ) in an in 2015, with a production total of 3,419 t. Overall, Bolivia effort to extend the life of the mine. The LMZ had previously produced more than 15,500 t of refined tin in 2015, which, been mined from 2003 to 2011. A new reserve estimate was according to Minsur, accounted for about 35% of the total made based on the review, which showed measured and production of refined tin in South America of nearly 45,000 t indicated reserves of 1 million metric tons (Mt) at an average (ITRI Ltd., 2015; Minsur S.A., 2016, p. 4). grade of 2.90 grams per metric ton (g/t) gold, 0.73% copper, and 7.11 g/t silver. The contained gold of nearly 2,900 kg in the Industrial Minerals LMZ suggested a potential mine life extension of up to 5 years at reduced output levels compared with that of 2015. Orvana Lithium and Potash.—In 2015, Bolivia continued to make Minerals noted that mining of the new open pit LMZ deposit progress in developing its emerging lithium industry; the was expected to begin in mid-2016 (Orvana Minerals Corp., country planned to invest nearly $1 billion by 2019. In July, 2015, p. 4, 6, 7, 15). the Gerencia Nacional de Recursos Evaporíticos (GNRE), Coeur Mining Inc. of the United States held mining rights which was the Government agency responsible for managing through agreements with COMIBOL and several mining the industrialization of evaporite resources of the Salar de cooperatives to the San Bartolomé open pit silver mine located , signed an agreement with China CAMC Engineering in the Department of Potosi in southern Bolivia. The mine Ltd. of China to construct and commission a potassium salts and associated milling operation had been in production since industrial plant to be completed by the end of 2017. With an 2008 by Empresa Minera Manquiri S.A., which was a wholly investment of about $200 million, the plant was expected to owned subsidiary of Coeur Mining. In 2015, the San Bartolomé have two production lines, each with a capacity to produce Mine’s production of silver decreased by 7% to 169,043 kg 250,000 t/yr of potassium salts. In August, GNRE also signed owing to reductions in the tonnage milled, the average silver an agreement with K-UTEC AG Salt Technologies of Germany grade, and the average recovery rate; this total accounted for for an engineering study to be completed by the end of 2016 nearly 13% of Bolivia’s total silver mine output in 2015 of for the design of a lithium carbonate plant that could process 1,306,000 kg. As of December 31, 2015, proven reserves of up to 30,000 t/yr of lithium carbonate. Upon completion of the silver at the mine were reported as 6.85 Mt at an average grade study, the Government of Bolivia planned to call for bids for of 103 g/t silver, or about 707,000 kg, which was an increase construction of an industrial-scale plant with a target completion of nearly 700% compared with the approximately 102,000 kg date by the end of 2018. The U.S. Geological Survey estimated reported in 2014; the increase in proven reserves resulted from that Bolivia’s identified lithium resources were 9 Mt (Business a reclassification by Coeur Mining of a substantial amount of News Americas, 2015; Gerencia Nacional de Recursos probable reserves to proven reserves (Coeur Mining Inc., 2016, Evaporíticos, 2016, p. 15–18; Jaskula, 2017). p. 25, 29, 83). Pan American Silver Corp. of Canada operated the San Vicente underground silver-zinc mine located in the Department

BOLIVIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.3 Mineral Fuels References Cited

Natural Gas.—Total S.A. of France announced in June Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos, 2016, Anuario estadístico 2015 [Statistical 2015 that it would invest $980 million to develop phase 2 of yearbook 2015]: , Bolivia, Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos, 105 p. (Accessed November 2, 2016, at http://documents.tips/documents/ the Incahuasi natural gas field (part of the Ipati Block) located anuario-estadistico-anh-2015.html.) 250 kilometers southwest of the City of Santa Cruz to produce Anderson, C.S., 2017a, Bismuth: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity 6.5 million cubic meters per day of natural gas. The project Summaries 2017, p. 36–37. was expected to take 4 years to complete, with a target date of Anderson, C.S., 2017b, Tin: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017, p. 174–175. 2019. The announcement of phase 2 came as the development Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016a, Exportación de minerales—Valor of phase 1 of the Incahuasi natural gas field was nearing oficial [Mineral exports—Official value]: Banco Central de Bolivia, completion, with a target startup date of 2016. The Incahuasi 1 p. (Accessed September 15, 2016, at https://www.bcb.gob.bo/ field was initially discovered in 2004, and development of webdocs/006_sectorexterno/09-04x_7.pdf.) Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016b, Exportación de minerales– phase 1 began in 2013. Phase 1 involved an investment of Volumen [Mineral exports—Volumes]: Banco Central de Bolivia, $1.2 billion and, upon completion in 2016, was expected to 1 p. (Accessed September 15, 2016, at https://www.bcb.gob.bo/ produce 6.5 million cubic meters per day of natural gas. Total webdocs/006_sectorexterno/09-05x_7.pdf.) held a 50% ownership share in the field with OAO Gazprom, Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016c, Exportaciónes por sectores y principales socios comerciales [Exports by sectors and main social business]: 20%; Tecpetrol S.A. of Uruguay, 20%; and Yacimientos Banco Central de Bolivia, 1 p. (Accessed September 15, 2016, at Petroliferos Fiscales Bolivianos (YPFB) of Bolivia, 10%. In https://www.bcb.gob.bo/webdocs/006_sectorexterno/18x_3.pdf.) 2015, Total had seven licenses, which included three production Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016d, Importación de bienes [Imports of licenses at San Alberto, San Antonio, and Block XX goods]: Banco Central de Bolivia, 1 p. (Accessed September 19, 2016, at https://www.bcb.gob.bo/webdocs/006_sectorexterno/09-15x_7.pdf.) Oeste; two licenses in the development phase at Aquio and Ipati; Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016e, Importación según cuode y and two exploration-stage licenses at Azero and Rio Hondo principales socios comerciales [Imports by main trade partners]: (Paredes, 2015; Rigzone.com, 2016; Total S.A., 2016, p. 18). Banco Central de Bolivia, 2 p. (Accessed September 19, 2016, at In 2015, Bolivia produced about 21,400 million cubic https://www.bcb.gob.bo/webdocs/006_sectorexterno/35x_23.pdf.) Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016f, Producción—Exportación de minerales meters of natural gas, or about 59 million cubic meters per day, [Production—Exports of minerals]: Banco Central de Bolivia, representing a 4% decrease from that of 2014. YPFB, which 1 p. (Accessed September 13, 2016, at https://www.bcb.gob.bo/ was Bolivia’s state-owned natural gas and crude petroleum webdocs/006_sectorexterno/24x_16.pdf.) company, was created in 2006. In addition to those mentioned Banco Central de Bolivia, 2016g, Volumen y valor de las exportatiónes [Volume and value of exports]: Banco Central de Bolivia, above, several other international companies worked with YPFB 1 p. (Accessed September 13, 2016, at https://www.bcb.gob.bo/ in the exploration, production, and distribution of natural gas webdocs/006_sectorexterno/15x_4.pdf.) in Bolivia, most notably Petrobras; Repsol; British Gas, and Bennett, S.M., 2017, Silver: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity BP p.l.c. of the United Kingdom; and Exxon Mobil Corp. of the Summaries 2017, p. 152–153. Business News Americas, 2015, Germany’s K-Utec signs Bolivian lithium plant United States. Most of the natural gas production and reserves contract: Business News Americas, August 18. (Accessed September 22, 2016, at in Bolivia are located in the Department of Tarija. Bolivia is a http://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/mining/germanys-k-utec-signs-bolivian- key supplier of natural gas to Argentina and Brazil (U.S. Energy lithium-plant-contract1.) Information Administration, 2015; Agencia Nacional de Coeur Mining Inc., 2016, Annual report 2015: Chicago, Illinois, Coeur Mining Inc., 112 p. (Accessed September 21, 2016, at http://investors.coeur.com/ Hidrocarburos, 2016, p. 21). interactive/lookandfeel/4349317/Coeur_2015_AR.pdf.) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2016a, Outlook Annual gross domestic product (GDP) by activity at constant prices: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (Accessed After achieving GDP growth of nearly 7% in 2013, Bolivia’s September 13, 2016, at http://interwp.cepal.org/sisgen/ConsultaIntegrada. GDP growth slowed to 5.5% in 2014 and 4.8% in 2015. The asp?idIndicador=2216&idioma=i.) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2016b, International Monetary Fund expects this decrease to continue Foreign direct investment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Economic in 2016 and 2017, with GDP growth forecasts of between Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 164 p. (Accessed 3.5% and 4.0%. Essential components of the economy were September 14, 2016, at http://www.cepal.org/en/node/37450.) expected to be the continued development of the country’s Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2016c, Total annual gross domestic product (GDP) at current prices in dollars: lithium reserves, especially from the Government’s planned Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (Accessed investment of up to $1 billion in lithium by 2019, and a rebound September 13, 2016, at http://interwp.cepal.org/sisgen/ConsultaIntegrada. in FDI in the crude petroleum and natural gas sectors. Orvana asp?idIndicador=2203&idioma=i.) Minerals is likely to extend the life of its gold-mining operations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2016d, Total annual gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at current prices in by several years, and Coeur Mining and Pan American Silver dollars: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. are likely to maintain elevated production levels of silver and (Accessed September 13, 2016, at http://interwp.cepal.org/sisgen/ zinc as they continue to reach record levels of output and to ConsultaIntegrada.asp?idIndicador=2205&idioma=i.) add to reserves. Natural gas production and exports are likely Filomeno, Manuel, 2016, Los ingresos por el gas en 2017 serán los más bajos en 11 años [Gas revenues in 2017 will be the lowest in 11 years]: Pagina Siete, to continue to increase as new fields open up and pipeline La Paz, Bolivia. (Accessed September 14, 2016, at http://www.paginasiete.bo/ infrastructure continues to be developed (International Monetary economia/2016/9/13/ingresos-2017-seran-bajos-anos-109602.html.) Fund, 2016, p. 173). Gerencia Nacional de Recursos Evaporíticos, 2016, Memoria 2015 [2015 annual report]: La Paz, Bolivia, Gerencia Nacional de Recursos Evaporíticos, 146 p.

3.4 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 Glencore plc, 2016, Annual report 2015: Zug, Switzerland, Glencore plc, 206 p. Pan American Silver Corp., 2016, Annual report 2015: Vancouver, British (Accessed September 14, 2016, at http://www.glencore.com/assets/investors/ Columbia, Canada, Pan American Silver Corp., 100 p. (Accessed doc/reports_and_results/2015/GLEN-2015-Annual-Report.pdf.) September 20, 2016, at https://panamericansilver.com/annualreport2015/ Guberman, D.E., 2017a, Antimony: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity wp-content/uploads/2016/04/PanAmericanSilver-2015AnnualReport- Summaries 2017, p. 24–25. PrintFinal.pdf.) Guberman, D.E., 2017b, Lead: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Paredes, Jimena, 2015, Total invertirá $us 980 MM en la Fase II de Summaries 2017, p. 96–97. Incahuasi [Total will invest $980 million under Phase II of Incahuasi]: International Monetary Fund, 2016, World economic outlook: International La-razón.com [La Paz, Bolivia], June 12. (Accessed September 23, 2016, Monetary Fund, April. (Accessed July 25, 2016, at http://www.imf.org/ http://www.la-razon.com/economia/Petrolera-Total-invertira-Fase_II- external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/index.htm.) Incahuasi_0_2288171182.html.) ITRI Ltd., 2015, Bolivian tin deal announced: ITRI Ltd., November 18. Rigzone.com, 2016, Total brings Incahuasi online in Bolivia: Rigzone.com, (Accessed October 4, 2016, at https://www.itri.co.uk/market-analysis/ August 3. (Accessed September 23, 2016, at http://www.rigzone.com/news/ news-2/bolivian-tin-deal-announced.) oil_gas/a/145992/Total_Brings_Incahuasi_Online_in_Bolivia.) Jamasmie, Cecilia, 2014a, Bolivia passes mining law that bans partnerships Shedd, K.B., 2017, Tungsten: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity with multinationals: Mining.com, June 5. (Accessed September 14, 2016, at Summaries 2017, p. 180–181. http://www.mining.com/bolivia-passes-mining-law-that-bans-partnerships- Sumitomo Corp., 2016, Annual report 2015: Tokyo, Japan, Sumitomo Corp., with-multinationals-39699/.) 204 p. (Accessed September 14, 2016, at http://www.sumitomocorp.co.jp/ Jamasmie, Cecilia, 2014b, Bolivia’s new mining law to move forward after deal files/topics/28905_ext_01_0.pdf.) with cooperatives: Mining.com, April 28. (Accessed September 14, 2016, at Tolcin, A.C., 2017, Zinc: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity http://www.mining.com/bolivias-new-mining-law-to-move-forward-after- Summaries 2017, p. 192–193. deal-with-cooperatives-56402.) Total S.A., 2016, Registration document 2015: Courbevoie, France, Total S.A., Jaskula, B.W., 2017, Lithium: U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity 366 p. (Accessed September 23, 2016, at http://www.total.com/sites/default/ Summaries 2017, p. 100–101. files/atoms/files/registration_document_2015.pdf.) Mamani, Lidia, 2016, En 2015, las regalías mineras pagadas dismunuyeron U.S. Census Bureau, 2016a, U.S. exports to Bolivia 2006 to 2015 by en 26.3% [In 2015, mining royalties paid decreased 26.3%]: 5-digit end-use code: Washington DC, U.S. Census Bureau. (Accessed Pagina Siete, La Paz, Bolivia. (Accessed September 13, 2016, at November 2, 2016, at http://census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/product/ http://www.paginasiete.bo/economia/2016/1/26/2015-regalias-mineras- enduse/exports/c3350.html.) pagadas-disminuyeron-263-84604.html.) U.S. Census Bureau, 2016b, U.S. imports from Bolivia 2006 to 2015 by Ministerio de Minería y Metalurgia, 2016, Informe final gestión 2015 [Final 5-digit end-use code: Washington DC, U.S. Census Bureau. (Accessed management report 2015]: La Paz, Bolivia, Ministerio de Minería y November 2, 2016, at https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/ Metalurgia, 50 p. (Accessed November 2, 2016, at http://www.mineria.gob.bo/ product/enduse/imports/c3350.html.) documentos/poa/POA20155.pdf.) U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2015, Bolivia: Washington DC, Minsur S.A., 2016, Outlook for Peruvian and Brazilian tin: Minsur, April, 23 p. U.S. Energy Information Administration Country Analysis Brief, July. (Accessed March 8, 2018, at https://www.scribd.com/document/335309773/ (Accessed November 3, 2016, at https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/ Peruvian-Brazilian-Tin-JLK-Abril-2016.) analysis.cfm?iso=BOL.) Orvana Minerals Corp., 2015, Annual report 2015: Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Orvana Minerals Corp., 67 p. (Accessed September 20, 2016, at http://s2.q4cdn.com/372236871/files/ORV-AIF-FY2015-FILED.pdf.) Pan American Silver Corp., 2015, Annual report 2014: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, Pan American Silver Corp., 100 p. (Accessed September 20, 2016, at https://panamericansilver.com/annualreport2014/ wp-content/uploads/2015/04/PAS_AR2014_PrintFinal.pdf.)

TABLE 1 BOLIVIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity2 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 METALS Antimony: Mine output, Sb content 3,947 5,081 5,052 4,186 3,843 Metal, smelter3 372 370 351 400 e 370 e Trioxide, Sb content3 3,132 3,974 3,942 4,000 3,700 e Arsenic trioxide3 99 103 120 52 48 e Copper: Mine output, Cu content 4,176 8,653 7,549 10,746 9,479 Metal, primary 1,002 904 1,271 1,810 1,500 e Gold: Mine output, Au content4 kilograms 6,513 7,047 18,127 25,000 r 13,000 Metal do. 1,786 1,681 1,266 1,200 e 600 e Lead: Mine output, Pb content 100,051 81,095 82,131 75,571 75,273 Metal, smelter, primary 269 250 e 330 e 300 295 e Silver: Mine output, Ag content5 kilograms 1,213,586 1,207,158 1,287,200 1,345,022 1,306,000 Metal do. 258,756 185,571 187,559 200,000 e 194,000 e See footnotes at end of table.

BOLIVIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.5 TABLE 1—Continued BOLIVIA: PRODUCTION OF MINERAL COMMODITIES1

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Commodity 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Tantalum, tantalite, gross weight kilograms 17,439 41,604 46,558 22,947 22,300 e Tin: Mine output, Sn content 20,373 19,702 19,287 19,791 20,135 Metal, smelter 14,295 14,626 14,862 15,439 15,700 e Tungsten, mine output, W content 1,124 1,247 1,253 1,250 e 1,460 e Zinc, mine output, Zn content 427,129 389,911 407,332 448,653 442,154 INDUSTRIAL MINERALS Barite 21,297 21,157 30,863 r 26,287 r 46,825 Bentonite 591 745 182 886 890 e Boric acid 13,742 14,892 15,045 r 16,453 r 17,783 Cement: Clinker thousand metric tons 1,757 1,867 1,700 e 1,700 e 1,700 e Hydraulic do. 2,658 2,714 3,061 r 3,337 r 3,500 e Gemstones, rough: Amethyst6 kilograms 4,804,842 97,255 182,424 188,704 189,000 e Ametrine (bolivianite) do. 16,819 81,122 1,751 856 860 e Gypsum, crude 698 645 1,223 1,464 1,470 e Rock salt 1,968 2,461 2,262 2,419 2,420 e Stone, natural: Limestone 195 200 200 e NA NA Marble 40 265 27 NA NA Slate (pizarra) 104 141 112 NA NA Ulexite 135,068 127,638 149,818 151,799 148,738 MINERAL FUELS AND RELATED MATERIALS Gas, natural: Gross million cubic meters 16,437 18,706 21,272 r 22,386 r 21,400 Marketable (net) do. 16,186 18,475 21,021 r 22,188 r 21,200 e Natural gas liquids thousand 42-gallon barrels 3,310 3,931 4,303 4,500 e 4,400 e Petroleum: Crude do. 12,958 15,086 17,334 r 18,639 r 18,000 e Refinery products: Liquefied petroleum gas do. 283 282 361 300 e 300 e Gasoline: do. Aviation do. 28 45 41 49 r 38 Motor do. 5,429 5,924 6,707 6,826 r 6,886 Jet fuel do. 1,182 1,052 1,301 1,413 r 1,500 Kerosene do. 128 121 107 118 r 124 Distillate fuel oil, including diesel do. 4,275 4,590 5,192 5,419 r 6,110 Lubricants: Automotive and industrial do. 149 156 165 167 r 163 Greases7 do. 3 3 3 2 2 Asphalt7 do. 11 12 12 10 6 Total do. 11,205 11,903 13,528 14,004 r 14,829 eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. rRevised. do. Ditto. NA Not available. 1Table includes data available through October 4, 2016. 2In addition to the commodities listed, bismuth, borax, indium, iron , manganese and a variety of industrial minerals (clays, crushed and broken stone, dimension stone, granite, lime, sand and gravel, native sulfur, and ) were produced, but available information was inadequate to make reliable estimates of output. 3Exported production. 4May include production of metallic gold. 5May include production of metallic silver. 6May include production by previously unregistered miners whose production was not officially accounted for prior to 2007. 7Some reported figures were converted from metric tons to equivalent barrels.

3.6 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 2 BOLIVIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacitye Antimony Empresa Minera Unificada S.A. (EMUSA) Caracota, Chilcobija, and Espiritu Santo Mines, 1,100 (private, 100%) Potosi Department Do. Small-scale mining operations and cooperatives San Jose Mine, ; mines in 4,500 (private, 100%) Caracota District, Nor Chichas, Quijarro, and Sud Chichas Provinces, Potosi Department Do. Shrewton Investments Ltd., 70%, Raptor Ventures LLC San Antonio de Turiri Mine, Potosi Department NA (Planet Resource Recovery Inc., 100%), 30% Antimony, metal Empresa Metalúrgica Vinto (Government, 100%) Vinto antimony plant, Carretera Vinto, 6,000 (regulus) Oruro Department Antimony, metal Operaciones Metalúrgicas S.A. (OMSA) Huajara Industrial Park, east Oruro, Oruro 3,000 Department Do. Fundestaño de Oruro S.A. City of Oruro, Oruro Department 1,100 (Empresa Minera Unificada S.A., 100%) Antimony trioxide Empresa Minera Bernal Hermanos S.A. (private, 100%) Palala smelter, , Potosi Department 1,900 Bismuth Cooperativa Minera Locatarios Tasna Ltda. Tasna Mine, near Oruro, Oruro Department 200 Bismuth, refined Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Telamayu bismuth refinery, Telamayu, 350 (Government, 100%) Potosi Department Do. Empresa Metalúrgica Vinto (Government, 100%) Vinto smelting complex, Carretera Vinto, 90 Oruro Department Cement thousand Sociedad Boliviana de Cemento S.A. (SOBOCE) El Puente (near Tarija), EMISA (near 1,800 metric tons (Consorcio Cementero del Sur S.A., 47.02%, Oruro), (near La Paz), and other private, 52.98%) and WARNES (near Santa Cruz) plants Do. do. Fábrica Nacional de Cemento S.A. (Chuquisaca Cal Orcko industrial complex near , 1,100 Provincial government, 33.34%; municipal including grinding plant, and FANCESA government of Sucre, 33.33%; Universidad San cement plant near Chuquisaca Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, 33.33%) Do. do. Cooperativa Boliviana de Cemento Ltda. (COBOCE) Irpa Irpa plant, near 825 Do. do. ITACAMBA Cemento S.A. Plant, Santa Cruz Department 200 Copper Compañía Minera PAS (Bolivia) S.A. (Pan American San Vicente Mine, Potosi Department 350 Silver Corp., 95%, and Trafigura Baheer B.V., 5%) Do. Empresa Minera Corocobre S.A. [Korea Resources Corp., Coro Coro Mine, La Paz Department 3,600 53%, and Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 47%] Do. Empresa Minera Paititi S.A. {Orvana Minerals Corp. Don Mario Mine, , 7,500 [Fabulosa Mines Ltd. (Minera S.A., 100%), 52.5%, Santa Cruz Department and other private, 47.5%], 100%} Do. Small-scale mining operations and cooperatives Mining operations in Chuquisaca, La Paz, Oruro, 650 (private, 100%) and Potosi Departments Gemstones, ametrine Minerales y Metales del Oriente S.R.L. Anahi Mine, Santa Cruz Department NA Gold kilograms Empresa Minera Paititi S.A. {Orvana Minerals Corp. Don Mario Mine, Chiquitos Province, 2,300 [Fabulosa Mines Ltd. (Minera S.A., 100%), 52.5%, Santa Cruz Department and other private, 47.5%], 100%} Do. do. Threegold Resources Inc. (private, 100%) Cangalli Mine, La Paz Department 150 Do. do. Grupo Minero La Roca S.A. (private, 100%) La Paz Department 200 Do. do. Mining Cooperatives (private, 100%) , , , Huayta, Kaka, and 4,350 Rivers, La Paz Department Do. do. Empresa Minera Inti Raymi S.A. Kori Chaca open pit mine and Kori Kollo 1,000 (Compañía Procesadora de Minerales S.A., 88%, leaching plant, near Oruro and Zeland Mines S.A., 12%) Indium, run of mine Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Bolivar Mine, Oruro Department 35 (Government, 100%), 55.45%, and Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%), 45.55% Do. Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%) Asientos, Caballo Blanco, Colquechaquita, 35 Poopo, Porco, San Lorenzo, and Tres Amigos Mines, Potosi Department See footnotes at end of table.

BOLIVIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.7 TABLE 2—Continued BOLIVIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacitye Indium, run of mine— Compañía Minera PAS (Bolivia) S.A. (Pan American San Vicente Mine, Potosi Department 15 Continued Silver Corp., 95%, and Trafigura Baheer B.V., 5%) Do. Empresa Minera Colquiri [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Colquiri tin and zinc mine, Province, 5 (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] La Paz Department Lead Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Bolivar Mine, Oruro Department 1,000 (Government, 100%), 55.45%, and Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%), 45.55% Do. Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%) Asientos, Caballo Blanco, Colquechaquita, 7,000 Poopo, Porco, San Lorenzo, and Tres Amigos Mines, Potosi Department Do. Empresa Minera San Cristóbal S.A. San Cristobal Mine, Potosi Department 82,000 (Sumitomo Corp., 100%) Do. Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Cerro Rico Mine, Potosi Department, and in areas 10,200 (Government, 100%), 100% immediately surrounding the San Cristobal Mine Do. Empresa Minera Santa Lucia Ltda. Santa Lucia lead-silver-zinc mine, 200 Potosi Department Lead, metal Empresa Metalúrgica Vinto (Government, 100%) Vinto smelting complex, Carretera Vinto, 120 Oruro Department Do. Empresa Metalúrgica de Karachipampa [Corporación Minera Karachipampa lead and silver smelter and zinc 30,000 de Bolivia (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] refinery, Potosi Department Natural gas million Operated by Empresa Petrolera Andina S.A. [YPFB Los Sauces, Rio Grande, Sirari, Vibora, and 2,700 cubic meters Andina S.A. (Government, 100%), 51.08%; Repsol YPF, S.A., Yapacani fields, Santa Cruz Department 48.92%] and owned by Empresa Petrolera Andina, S.A., 50%; Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., 35%; Total S.A., 15% Do. do. Operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) Sábalo field, San Antonio Block; San Alberto 7,200 (Brazilian Government, 32.2%, and private, 67.8%), field and Block, and owned by Empresa Petrolera Andina S.A., 50%; Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., 35%; Total S.A., 15% Do. do. Operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) Itaú field, Block XX Tarija Oeste, NA (Brazilian Government, 32.2%; private, 67.8%), Tarija Department and operation license owned by Total S.A., 41%; Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., 30%; BG Group plc., 25%; YPFB Chaco S.A., 4% Do. do. Operated and owned by YPFB Chaco S.A. Vuelta Grande field, ; 2,200 (Government, 100%) Bulo Bulo, Carrasco and Kanata fields, on the border of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz Departments Do. do. Operated by Repsol YPF, S.A., and owned by BG Margarita field, Caipipendi Block, Tarija 1,300 Group plc., 37.5%, Repsol YPF, S.A., 37.5%; Department; Paloma field, Mamore Block, Pan American Energy LLC (BP p.l.c., 60%, and Cochabamba and Santa Cruz Departments BRIDAS Corp., 40%), 25% Do. do. Operated and owned by BG Group plc., 100% La Vertiente, Escondido and Taiguati fields, 630 La Vertiente Block; Los Suris field and Block, all in Tarija Department Do. do. Operated by Pluspetrol Bolivia Corporation S.A. Bermejo and Madrejones fields, Tarija Department; 520 (Pluspetrol S.A., 100%) Tacobo Field, Santa Cruz Department Do. do. Operated by Vintage Petroleum Boliviana Ltda. Chaco Sur and Ñupuco fields, Tarija Department; 350 (Occidental Petroleum Corp., 100%) Naranjillos field, Santa Cruz Department Petroleum thousand Operated by Empresa Petrolera Andina S.A. [YPFB Los Sauces, Rio Grande, Sirari, Vibora, and 2,100 42-gallon Andina S.A. (Government, 100%), 51.08%; Repsol YPF, S.A., Yapacani fields, Santa Cruz Department barrels 48.92%] and owned by Empresa Petrolera Andina, S.A., 50%; Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., 35%; Total S.A., 15% Do. do. Operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) Sabalo field, San Antonio Block; San Alberto 7,500 (Brazilian Government, 32.2%, and private, 67.8%), field and Block, Tarija Department and owned by Empresa Petrolera Andina S.A., 50%; Petróleo Brasileiro S.A., 35%; Total S.A., 15% See footnotes at end of table.

3.8 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015 TABLE 2—Continued BOLIVIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacitye Petroleum— thousand Operated and owned by YPFB Chaco S.A. Vuelta Grande field, Chuquisaca Department; 2,900 Continued 42-gallon (Government, 100%) Bulo Bulo, Carrasco and Kanata fields, on barrels the border of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz Departments Do. do. Operated by Repsol YPF, S.A., and owned by BG Margarita field, Caipipendi Block, Tarija 5,000 Group plc., 37.5%; Repsol YPF, S.A., 37.5%; Department; Paloma field, Mamore Block, Pan American Energy LLC (BP p.l.c., 60%, and Cochabamba and Santa Cruz Departments BRIDAS Corp., 40%), 25% Do. do. Operated and owned by BG Group plc., 100% La Vertiente, Escondido and Taiguati fields, 610 La Vertiente Block; Los Suris field and Block, all in Tarija Department Do. do. Operated by Pluspetrol Bolivia Corporation S.A. Bermejo and Madrejones fields, Tarija Department; 160 (Pluspetrol S.A., 100%) Tacobo field, Santa Cruz Department Do. do. Operated by Vintage Petroleum Boliviana Ltda. Chaco Sur and Ñupuco fields, Tarija Department; 140 (Occidental Petroleum Corp., 100%) Naranjillos field, Santa Cruz Department Silver kilograms Empresa Minera San Cristóbal S.A. (Sumitomo Corp., 100%) San Cristobal Mine, Potosi Department 526,000 Do. do. Empresa Minera Manquiri S.A. San Bartolomé Mine and plant, by Cerro Rico, 233,000 (Coeur Mining Corp., 100%) near Potosi, Potosi Department Do. do. Small-scale mining operations and cooperatives Candelaria Mine and other mines, Cerro Rico deposit, 280,000 (private, 100%) as well as in areas immediately surrounding the San Bartolomé Mine (under construction), Oruro and Potosi Departments Do. do. Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Bolivar Mine, Oruro Department 19,000 (Government, 100%), 55.45%, and Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%), 45.55% Do. do. Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%) Asientos, Caballo Blanco, Colquechaquita, 180,000 Poopo, Porco, San Lorenzo, and Tres Amigos Mines, Potosi Department Do. do. Pan American Silver Bolivia (Pan American San Vicente Mine, Potosi Department 140,000 Silver Corp., 95%, and Trafigura Baheer B.V., 5%) Do. do. Empresa Minera Santa Lucia Ltda. Santa Lucia lead, silver, and zinc mine, 30,000 Potosi Department Do. do. Empresa Minera Paititi S.A. {Orvana Minerals Corp. Don Mario Mine, Chiquitos Province, 26,000 [Fabulosa Mines Ltd. (Minera S.A., 100%), 52.5%, and Santa Cruz Department other private, 47.5%], 100%} Do. do. Empresa Minera Inti Raymi S.A. Kori Chaca open pit mine and Kori Kollo 25,000 (Compañía Procesadora de Minerales S.A., 88%, and leaching plant, near Oruro Zeland Mines S.A., 12%) Silver, metal Empresa Minera Huanuni [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Cerro Rico Mine, Potosi Department NA (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] Do. Empresa Minera Colquiri [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Colquiri silver, tin and zinc mine, , NA (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] La Paz Department Do. Empresa Metalúrgica de Karachipampa [Corporación Minera Karachipampa lead-silver smelter and zinc 310 de Bolivia (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] refinery, Potosi Department Do. Empresa Metalúrgica Vinto (Government, 100%) Vinto smelting complex, Carretera Vinto, 2 Oruro Department Tin Empresa Minera Huanuni [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Huanuni Mine, Dalence Province, Oruro 10,000 (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] Department Do. Empresa Minera Colquiri [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Colquiri tin and zinc mine, Inquisivi Province, 18,000 (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] La Paz Department Do. Empresa Minera Barrosquira Ltda. (private, 100%) Caracoles Mine, Inquisivi Province, La Paz 500 Department Do. Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Bolivar Mine, Oruro Department NA (Government, 100%), 55.45%, and Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%), 45.55% See footnotes at end of table.

BOLIVIA—2015 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 3.9 TABLE 2—Continued BOLIVIA: STRUCTURE OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 2015

(Metric tons unless otherwise specified)

Annual Commodity Major operating companies and major equity owners Location of main facilities capacitye Tin, refined Empresa Metalúrgica Vinto (Government, 100%) Vinto smelting complex, Carretera Vinto, 18,000 Oruro Department Do. Operaciones Metalúrgicas S.A. (OMSA) Huajara Industrial Park, east Oruro, 3,360 Oruro Department Tin-lead alloys Empresa Metalúrgica Vinto (Government, 100%) Vinto smelting complex, Carretera Vinto, 200 Oruro Department Tungsten, W content Empresa Minera Himalaya [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Himalaya Mine, Murillo Province, NA (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] La Paz Department Do. Small-scale mining operations and cooperatives Bolsa Negra, Enramada, and Reconquistada Mines, 1,200 (private, 100%) near the former International Mining Co.'s Chojilla Mine, ; Chambilaya and Chicote Grande Mines, Inquisivi Province; Mercedes, San Antonio, and Ucumarini Mines, Larecaja Province, La Paz Department Zinc Empresa Minera San Cristóbal S.A. San Cristobal Mine, Potosi Department 270,000 (Sumitomo Corp., 100%) Do. Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Bolivar Mine, Oruro Department 36,000 (Government, 100%), 55.45%, and Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%), 45.55% Do. Sinchi Wayra S.A. (Glencore plc, 100%) Asientos, Caballo Blanco, Colquechaquita, 120,000 Poopo, Porco, San Lorenzo, and Tres Amigos Mines, Potosi Department Do. Corporación Minera de Bolivia (COMIBOL) Cerro Rico Mine, Potosi Department, and in areas 85,000 (Government, 100%), 100% immediately surrounding the San Cristobal Mine Do. Empresa Minera Colquiri [Corporación Minera de Bolivia Colquiri tin, silver, and zinc mine, Inquisivi Province, 2,700 (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] La Paz Department Do. Empresa Minera Santa Lucia Ltda. Santa Lucia lead and silver-zinc mine, 12,000 Potosi Department Do. Pan American Silver Bolivia (Pan American San Vicente Mine, Potosi Department 7,000 Silver Corp., 95%, and Trafigura Baheer B.V., 5%) Zinc, refined Empresa Metalúrgica de Karachipampa [Corporación Minera Karachipampa lead, silver smelter, and zinc 70,000 de Bolivia (COMIBOL) (Government, 100%), 100%] refinery, Potosi Department eEstimated; estimated data are rounded to no more than three significant digits. Do., do. Ditto. NA Not available.

3.10 [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2015