FREE KINGS OF THE SEA EXPANSION PDF

George R R Martin | none | 25 May 2011 | Fantasy Flight Games | 9781616610944 | English | United States Game of Thrones The Card Game Expansion - Kings of the Sea – Bambola Toymaster

The Kingdom of in the 15th century was the first European power to begin building a colonial empire. The was a period of exploration during which Portuguese sailors discovered several Atlantic archipelagos like the AzoresMadeiraand Cape Verdeexplored and colonized the African coastdiscovered an eastern route to India that rounded the Cape of Good Hope Kings of the Sea Expansion, discovered Brazilexplored the Indian Ocean and established trading routes throughout most of southern Asiaand sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to Ming China and to Japan. The Portuguese Renaissance produced Kings of the Sea Expansion plethora of poets, historians, critics, theologians, and moralists, for whom the Portuguese Renaissance was their golden age. The Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende printed is taken to mark the transition Kings of the Sea Expansion Old Portuguese to the modern . acceded in and ruled in peace, pursuing the economic development of his realm. The only significant military action was the siege and conquest of the city of in By this step he aimed to control navigation of the African coast. But in the broader perspective, this was the first step opening the Arab world to medieval Europe, Kings of the Sea Expansion in fact led to the with Portuguese explorers sailing across the whole world. Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit, very keen on concentrating power on Kings of the Sea Expansion, but at the same time with a benevolent and kind personality. InJohn's only surviving daughter, Isabella, married Philip the Good, of Burgundy Kings of the Sea Expansion, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of . Under king Edwardthe colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury, and it was realised that without the city of Tangierpossession of Ceuta was worthless. InDuarte's brothers Henry and Ferdinand persuaded him to launch an attack on the Marinid sultanate of . The expedition was not unanimously supported: Peter, Duke of Coimbraand the Infante John were both against the initiative; they preferred to avoid conflict with the king of Morocco. Their instincts proved to be justified. The resulting attack on Tangierled by Henry, was a debacle. Failing to take the city in a series of assaults, the Portuguese siege camp was soon itself surrounded and starved into submission by a Moroccan relief army. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the to depart unmolested. Duarte's youngest brother, Ferdinand, was handed over to the Marinids as a hostage for the final handover of the city. Meanwhile, colonization progressed in the and Madeirawhere sugar and wine were now produced; above all, the gold brought home from stimulated the commercial energy of the Portuguese. It had become clear that, apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable. After the discovery of the West Indies by Christopher Columbus rendered desirable a delimitation of the Spanish and Portuguese spheres of exploration. This was accomplished by the June 7,which modified the delimitation authorized by Pope Alexander VI in two bulls issued on May 4, The treaty gave to Portugal all lands that might be discovered east of a straight line drawn from the Arctic Pole to the Antarcticat a distance of leagues west of Cape Verde. received the lands discovered west of this line. The known means of measuring longitude were so inexact, however, that the line of demarcation could not in practice be determined see J. The treaty was chiefly valuable to the Portuguese as a recognition of the prestige they had acquired. That prestige was enormously enhanced when, in —, Vasco da Gama completed the voyage to India. The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many primary sources. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early asthus explaining his wish in at the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas to push the line of influence further west. Many historians suspect that the real documents would have been placed in the Library of . Unfortunately, due to the fire following the earthquake ofnearly all of the library's records were destroyed, [ citation needed ] but an extra copy available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon Tower Kings of the Sea Expansion Tombo during the following years. While the Crown was thus acquiring new possessions, its authority in Portugal was temporarily overshadowed by the growth of aristocratic privilege. After the death of Edward, further attempts to curb the power of the nobles were made by his brother, D. Pedro, duke of Coimbrawho acted as regent during the minority of Afonso V of Portugal — The head of the aristocratic opposition was the Duke of Braganzawho contrived to secure the sympathy of the king and the dismissal of the regent. The quarrel led Kings of the Sea Expansion civil war, and on 20 MayD. Pedro was defeated and killed at the Battle of Alfarrobeira. Thenceforward the grants made by John I were renewed and extended on so lavish a scale that the Braganza estates alone comprised about a third of the whole kingdom. An unwise foreign policy simultaneously injured the royal prestige, for Afonso married his own niece, Joannadaughter of Henry IV of Castileand claimed the kingdom of Castile in her name. At the Battle of Toroinhe fought an indecisive battle that made him realize that his claims to the Castilian throne were not achievable. However, Portugal defeated Castile in the naval war —79 of the same conflict War of the Castilian Successioncapturing a large Castilian fleet -full of gold- in the Battle of Guinea His successor, John II —reverted to the policy of matrimonial alliances with Castile and friendship with England. Finding, as he said, that the liberality of former kings had left the Crown "no estates except the high roads of Portugal," he determined to crush the feudal nobility and seize its territories. The nobles resisted this infringement of their rights, but their leader, Fernando II, Duke of Braganzawas beheaded for high treason in ; in the king stabbed to death his own brother-in-law, Diogo, Duke of ; and eighty other members of the aristocracy were executed afterwards. Thus John "the Perfect," as he was called, assured the supremacy of the Crown. He was succeeded in by Manuel Iwho was named "the Great" or "the Fortunate," because in his reign the sea route to India was discovered and a Kings of the Sea Expansion Empire founded. John II r. The Portuguese explorations were his main priority in government, pushing south the Kings of the Sea Expansion coast of Africa with the purpose of discovering the maritime route to India and breaking into the spice trade. Manuel I r. Under John III r. On the eve of his death inthe spanned almost 1 billion acres about 4 million square kilometers. During his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to make contact with both China, under the Ming Dynastyand Japan, during the Muromachi period see Nanban trade. In Europe, he improved relations with the Baltic region and the Rhinelandhoping that this would bolster Portuguese trade. was the penultimate Portuguese monarch of the . Sebastian succeeded to the throne at the age of three, on the death of King John III, his paternal grandfather. After his abdication inshe served in the same capacity for her brother Philip II of Spain. Joanna remained in Spain until her death innever to see her son again. During this period Kings of the Sea Expansion continued colonial expansion in AngolaMozambiqueand Malaccaas well as the annexation of Macau in During Sebastian's short personal reign, he strengthened ties with the Holy Roman EmpireEngland and France through diplomatic efforts. He also restructured much of the administrative, judicial and military life in his kingdom. InSebastian Kings of the Sea Expansion scholarships to provide financial assistance to students who wished to study medicine or pharmacy at the University of . During the great plague of Lisbon in Kings of the Sea Expansion, Sebastian sent for doctors from to help the Portuguese doctors fight the plague. He created two hospitals in Lisbon to take care of the afflicted. In his concern for the widows and orphans of those killed by the plague, he created several Recolhimentos sheltersknown as the Recolhimento de Santa Marta shelter of Santa Marta and the Recolhimento dos Meninos shelter of the childrenand provided wet nurses to take care of the babies. Sebastian created laws for the military, the Lei das Armasthat would become a military organization model. In Goa was attacked by the Indian army, but the Portuguese were successful in repulsing the assault. Also inSebastian ordered that Brazilian Indians should not be used as slaves and ordered the release of those held in captivity. These were lending institutions intended to help to poor farmers when farm production decreased, giving credit, lending Kings of the Sea Expansion and commodities to the needy, and allowing them to pay back with farm products when they recovered from losses. Following the Portuguese crisis of successiona dynastic union joined the crowns of Castile, Portugal and Aragon along with their respective colonial possessions, under the rule of the Habsburg . The unification of the peninsula had long been a goal of the region's monarchs with the intent of restoring the Visigothic monarchy. The from the dynastic crisis in to the first Braganza Dynasty monarchs was a period of transition. The Portuguese Empire 's spice trade was peaking Kings of the Sea Expansion the start of this period. It continued to enjoy widespread influence after Vasco da Gama had finally reached the East by sailing around Africa in — Portugal's long shoreline, with its many harbours and rivers flowing westward to the was the ideal environment to raise generations of adventurous seamen. As a seafaring people in the south-westernmost region of Europethe Portuguese became natural leaders Kings of the Sea Expansion exploration during the Middle Ages. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea by exploiting its seafaring prowess or by land and facing the task of crossing Castile and Aragon territory it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to EnglandFlandersItaly and the Hanseatic league towns. Having fought to achieve and to retain independence, the nation's leadership had also a desire for fresh conquests. Added to this was a long struggle to expel the Moors that was religiously sanctioned and influenced by foreign crusaders with a desire for martial fame. Making war on Islam seemed to the Portuguese both their natural destiny and their duty as Kings of the Sea Expansion. One important reason was the need to overcome the expensive eastern trade routes, dominated first by the republics of Venice and Genoa in the Mediterraneanand then controlled by the after the conquest of Constantinople inbarring European access, and going through North Africa and the historically important combined-land-sea routes via the Red Sea. Both spice and silk were big businesses of the day, and arguably, spices which were used as medicinedrugs and preservatives was something of a necessity—at least to those Europeans of better than modest means. The Portuguese economy had benefited from its connections with neighbouring Muslim states. A money economy was well enough established for 15th century workers in the countryside as well as in the towns to be paid in currency. The agriculture of the countryside had diversified to the point where grain was imported from Morocco a symptom of an economy dependent upon Portugal'swhile specialised crops occupied former grain-growing areas: vineyards, olives, or the sugar factories of Kings of the Sea Expansion Algarvelater to be reproduced in Brazil Braudel Most of all, the Aviz dynasty that had come to power in marked the semi-eclipse of the conservative land-oriented aristocracy See The Consolidation of the Monarchy in Portugal. A constant exchange of cultural ideals made Portugal a centre of knowledge and technological development. Due to these connections with Islamic kingdoms, many mathematicians and experts in naval technology appeared in Portugal. The Portuguese government impelled this even further by taking full advantage of this and by creating several important research centres in Kings of the Sea Expansion, where Kings of the Sea Expansion and foreign experts made several breakthroughs in the fields of mathematics, cartography and Kings of the Sea Expansion technology. Sagres and Lagos in the Algarve become famous as such places. Until the 15th century, the Portuguese were limited to coastal cabotage navigation using barques and barinels ancient cargo vessels used in the Mediterranean. These boats were small and fragile, with only one mast with a fixed quadrangular sail and did not have the capabilities to overcome the navigational difficulties associated with Southward oceanic exploration, as the strong windsshoals and strong ocean currents easily overwhelmed their abilities. They are associated with the earliest Kings of the Sea Expansion, such as the Islands, the Azores Kings of the Sea Expansion, the Canariesand to the early exploration of the north west African coast as far south as Arguim in the current Mauritania. The ship that truly launched the first phase of the along the African coast was the caravela development based on existing fishing boats. They were agile and easier to navigate, with a tonnage of 50 to tons and 1 to 3 masts, with lateen triangular sails allowing luffing. The caravel benefited from a greater capacity to tack. The limited capacity for cargo and crew were their main drawbacks, but did not hinder its success. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's feedback of a new territory, which only took up the space of one person. With the start of long oceanic sailing also large ships developed. Due to the piracy that plagued the coasts, they began to be used in the navy and were provided with cannon windows, which led to the classification of "naus" according to the power of its artillery. sale priced!!! 1/16 Ertl Big Farm rear backhoe implement attachment for tractor

The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging where packaging is applicable. Packaging should be the same as what is found in a Kings of the Sea Expansion store, unless the item is handmade or was packaged by the manufacturer Kings of the Sea Expansion non-retail packaging, such as an unprinted box or plastic bag. See details for additional description. Skip to main content. MartinGame. We're sorry, something went wrong. Please try again. Game of Thrones Ser. MartinGame Be the first to write a review. About this product. Make an offer:. Stock photo. Brand new: Lowest price The lowest-priced brand-new, unused, unopened, undamaged item in its original packaging where packaging is applicable. We Kings of the Sea Expansion fight this to the fullest extent of the regulations. See all 6 brand new listings. Buy It Now. Add to cart. While it includes the same exciting cards and the same focus on House Greyjoy, this incarnation of Kings of the Sea features three copies each of its 60 unique cards but does not include the resin house card that came with the first printing. With the revised edition, players will get a full tournament-legal play set without having to purchase multiple copies of the expansion. Kings of the Sea adds House Greyjoy as another playable faction, with its own particular set of compelling strategies. Strengths native to House Greyjoy include strong Locations in the form of Warships, lots of Stealth and abilities based on unopposed challenges, and deck discard or "raiding". With the revised edition of Kings of the Sea, players have more deckbuilding options than ever before. Board your longships and harness the fury of the Iron Fleet! Show More Show Less. New New. See all 6 - All listings for this product. No ratings or reviews yet No ratings or reviews yet. Kings of the Sea Expansion the first to write a review. Midnight Sun by Stephenie MeyerHardcover 4. Legend of Korra Ser. Brand New! You may also like. George R. Martin A Game of Thrones Books. Industrial George R. This item doesn't belong on this page. Be the first to write a review About this product. Medieval and Renaissance Store - Kings of the Sea Expansion Box Set

He is also remembered in the Cyrus legend—first recorded by XenophonGreek soldier and author, in his Cyropaedia —as a tolerant and ideal monarch who was called the father of his people by the ancient Persians. In the Bible he is the liberator of the Jews who were captive in Babylonia. Cyrus the Great was the founder of the Achaemenian Empire. His empire, stretching from the Aegean Sea to the Indus Riverwas the largest that had ever existed at the time of his rule. Cyrus pieced Kings of the Sea Expansion kingdom together using a mixture of conquest and diplomacy, attesting to his skills as Kings of the Sea Expansion warrior and a statesman. The Greek historian Herodotus recorded one of the most well-known legends about the ruler in his History. Astyages tries to forestall the events of the dream but instead brings them to fruition. Cyrus led other much-mythologized campaigns during his reign, such as his conquests of Lydia and Babylonia. An account of the latter appears in the Bible Kings of the Sea Expansion Cyrus is the ruler that liberated the Jewish people from their Babylonian captors. Later writers in antiquity also took part in lionizing Cyrus, sacrificing historical accuracy in the process. Cyrus also appears briefly in the Bible as the ruler who freed the Jewish people from captivity in Babylonia. The meaning of his name is in dispute, for it Kings of the Sea Expansion not known whether Kings of the Sea Expansion was a personal name or a throne name given to him when he became a ruler. It is noteworthy that after the Achaemenian empire the name does not appear again in sources relating to Iran, which may indicate some special sense of the name. Most scholars agree, however, that Cyrus the Great was at least the Kings of the Sea Expansion of the name to rule in Persia. One cuneiform text in Akkadian—the language of Mesopotamia present-day Iraq in the pre-Christian era—asserts he was the. The most important source for his life is the Greek historian Herodotus. The idealized biography by Xenophon is a work for the edification of the Greeks concerning the ideal ruler, rather than a historical treatise. It does, however, indicate the high esteem in which Cyrus was held, not only by his own people, the Persians, but by the Greeks and others. Herodotus says that the Persians called Cyrus their father, while later Achaemenian rulers were not so well regarded. The story of the childhood of Cyrus, as told by Herodotus with echoes in Xenophon, may be called a Cyrus legend since it obviously follows a pattern of folk beliefs about the almost superhuman qualities of the founder of a dynasty. Similar beliefs also exist about the founders of later throughout the history of Iran. According to the legendAstyages, the king of the Medes and overlord of the Persians, gave his daughter in marriage to his vassal in Persis, a prince called Cambyses. From this marriage Cyrus was born. Astyageshaving had a dream that the baby would grow up to overthrow him, ordered Cyrus slain. His chief adviser, however, instead gave the baby to a shepherd to raise. When he was 10 years old, Cyrus, because of his outstanding qualities, was discovered by Astyages, who, Kings of the Sea Expansion spite of the dream, was persuaded to allow the boy to live. Cyrus, when he reached manhood in Persis, revolted against his maternal grandfather and overlord. Astyages marched against the rebel, but his army deserted him and surrendered to Cyrus in bce. After inheriting the empire of the Medes, Cyrus first had to consolidate his power over Iranian tribes on the Iranian plateau before expanding to the west. Croesusking of Lydia in Asia Minor Anatoliahad enlarged his domains at the expense of the Medes when he heard of the fall of Astyages, and Cyrus, as successor of the Median king, marched against Lydia. Sardisthe Lydian capital, was captured in orand Croesus was either killed or burned himself Kings of the Sea Expansion death, though according to other sources he was taken prisoner by Cyrus and well Kings of the Sea Expansion. The Ionian Greek cities on the Aegean Sea coast, as vassals of the Lydian king, now became subject to Cyrus, and most of them submitted after short sieges. Several revolts of the Greek cities were later suppressed with severity. Next Cyrus turned to Babyloniawhere the dissatisfaction of the people with the ruler Nabonidus gave him a pretext for invading the lowlands. The conquest was quick, for even the priests of Mardukthe national deity of the great metropolis of Babylonhad become estranged from Nabonidus. In October bcethe greatest city of the ancient world fell to the Persians. In the Bible e. Cyrus was also tolerant toward the Babylonians and others. He conciliated local populations by supporting local customs and even sacrificing to local deities. The capture of Babylon delivered not only Mesopotamia into the hands of Cyrus but also Syria and Palestine, which had been conquered previously by the Babylonians. Thus it was by diplomacy as well as force of arms that he established the largest empire known until his time. Cyrus seems to have had several capitals. One was the city of Ecbatanamodern Hamadan, former capital of the Medes, and another was a new capital of the empire, Pasargadaein Kings of the Sea Expansion, said to be on the site where Cyrus had won the battle against Astyages. The ruins today, though few, arouse admiration in the visitor. Cyrus also kept Babylon as a winter capital. No Persian chauvinist, Cyrus was quick to learn from the conquered peoples. He not only conciliated the Medes but united them with the Persians in a kind of dual monarchy of the Medes and Persians. Cyrus had to borrow the traditions of kingship from the Medes, who had ruled an empire when the Persians were merely their vassals. A Mede was probably made an adviser to the Achaemenian king, as a sort of chief minister; on later reliefs at Persepolisa capital of the Achaemenian kings from the time of Darius, a Mede is frequently depicted together with the great king. The Elamitesindigenous Kings of the Sea Expansion of Persis, were also the teachers of the Persians in many ways, as can be seen, for Kings of the Sea Expansion, in the Elamite dress worn by Persians and by Elamite objects carried by them on the stone reliefs at Persepolis. There also seems to have been little innovation in government and rule, but rather a willingness to borrow, combined with an ability to adapt what was borrowed to the new empire. Cyrus was undoubtedly the guiding genius in the creation not only of Kings of the Sea Expansion great empire but in the formation of Achaemenian culture and civilization. Little is known of the family life of Kings of the Sea Expansion. He had two sons, one of whom, Cambysessucceeded him; the other, Bardiya Smerdis of the Greekswas probably secretly put to death by Cambyses after he became ruler. Cyrus had at least one daughter, Atossa who married her brother Cambysesand possibly two others, but they played no role in history. When Cyrus defeated Kings of the Sea Expansion he also inherited Median possessions in eastern Iran, but he had to engage in much warfare to consolidate his rule in this region. After his conquest of Babylonia, he again turned to the east, and Herodotus tells of his campaign against nomads living east of the Caspian Kings of the Sea Expansion. According to the Greek historian, Cyrus was at first successful in defeating the ruler of the nomads—called the Massagetai —who was a woman, and captured her son. It is a testimony to the Kings of the Sea Expansion of the founder of the Achaemenian empire that it continued to expand after his death and lasted for more than two centuries. But Kings of the Sea Expansion was not only a great conqueror and administrator; he held a place in the minds of the Persian people similar to that of Romulus Kings of the Sea Expansion Remus in Rome or Moses for the Israelites. His saga follows in many details the stories of hero and conquerors from elsewhere in the ancient world. The manner in which the baby Cyrus was given to a shepherd to raise is reminiscent of Moses in the bulrushes in Egyptand the overthrow of his tyrannical grandfather has echoes in other myths and legends. There is no doubt that the Cyrus saga arose early among the Persians and was known to the Greeks. The sentiments of esteem or even awe in which Persians held him were transmitted to the Greeks, and Kings of the Sea Expansion was no accident that Xenophon chose Cyrus to be the model of a ruler for the lessons he wished to impart to his fellow Greeks. In short, the figure of Cyrus has survived throughout history as more than a great man who founded an empire. He became the epitome of the great qualities expected of a ruler in antiquity, and he assumed heroic features as a conqueror who was tolerant and magnanimous as well as brave and daring. His personality as seen by the Greeks influenced them and Alexander the Greatand, as the tradition was transmitted by the Romans, may be considered to influence our thinking even now. In the yearIran celebrated the 2,th anniversary of the founding of the monarchy by Cyrus. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Richard N. Author of The History of Ancient Iran and others. See Article History. Top Questions. Achaemenian Dynasty. Read more below: Life and legend. Babylonian Captivity. Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. A contingent of Kings of the Sea Expansion 50, persons, including about 4, priests and 7, slaves, returned under Sheshbazzar, a prince of Judah. The ancient Near East was then ruled by the Persians until Alexander the Great brought it under his control in…. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Dayevery day in your inbox! Email address. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox.