Man Gone Mad: RG Collingwood and The

CEU eTD Collection

R. G. CollingwoodR. andDe the In requirements for of fulfillment the thedegree partial of Central European HistoryProgramme Advisors: Central European University Professor Trencsényi Balázs Man Gone Mad: Man Consciousness Budapest, Hungary Eszter LendvaiEszter Professor LászlóProfessor Kontler Master ofArt Submitted to Submitted 2014 By

- Fragmentation HumanFragmentation of

CEU eTD Collection Bibliography Conclusion Chapter knowledge 2:The forms of Chapter 1:Thehuman structure consciousness of In troduction Secondary Literature Primary Literature from threat2.6. The to pseudo philosophy of breakdown 2.5. The historical continuity immorality2.4. The science of religion death2.3. The of art death2.2. The of forms2.1. The theoretical of reason 1.5 Reason 1.4. Desire 1.3. Passion 1.2. Appetite and feeling1.1. Sensation

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sciences

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110 106 106 103

91 74 61 55 46 35 35 18 16 14 12

9 8 3

CEU eTD Collection 4 1993.) University Press, Yale London: and (New Haven 3 2 327. 2005.) Press, Clarendon Anthropology, and Criticism, Cultural Folktale, 1 Man and Gone theDeCollingwood G. Mad: R.

Giovanni Gentile. Giovanni Gentile. Croce. Benedetto Michael Oakeshott. “The Claims of Politics” in in Politics” of Claims “The Oakeshott. Michael R. G. Collingwood. “Man Goes Mad” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in Mad” Goes “Man Collingwood. G. R. Politics and Morals and Politics The Theory of Mind as a Pure Act a as Mind of Theory The

. (New York: F. Hubner & Co., Inc., 1945) 202. 1945) Inc., & Co., Hubner F. (New York: . Eds. Da Eds. Religion, Politics and the Moral Life, Moral the and Politics Religion, . (London: Macmillan and Co., 1922.) 40. 1922.) Co., and (London: Macmillan . 2 vid Boucher, Wendy James, Philip Smallwood. (Oxford: (Oxford: Smallwood. Philip James, Wendy vidBoucher, 95

. -

Fragmentation Human of Consciousness society is a corruption of its its of corruption a is society a visit can that corruption last The it Benedetto Croce make we what is History mad emotionalgoes life, he injuri by mind outrageshis heIf dies. heeat, to refusing by body his outrages man If Mind “ having values its recreated and itself knowing by but , protected civilisation and values its having by not saved be will it consciousness corrupt a from saved be to is society the politicallypro activecannot this from and consciousness, h Piooh o Ecatet Suis in Studies Enchantment: of Philosophy The itr i te eeomn o the of Development the is History . 1 4

– R. G.CollingwoodR. g h fudtos f his of foundations the ng

ed by. Timothy Fuller. Fuller. Timothy by. ed ant

3 tect it. Iftect a it.

. 2

–

CEU eTD Collection G. R. published. v. be 1994.) UniversityPress, (Oxford: Dussen. der van Jan by “Preface” to it for wishes explicit Collingwood’s, of a to text 7 6 5 Art of Philosophy of Outline expe / consciousness of forms the delineate will I essay, the of part second the In mind. human the of anatomy the expounding in reason practical on essays and lectures philosophical moral his of several Coll of one using to resort also will I so. done be will it incorporated, be can work latter the from theories whenever and it, to had be will recourse primary consciousness of structure the of picture satisfactory more a gives Leviathan mind the of anatomy self Collingwood’s of precipice the from back in 1943, untimelyhisuntil deceasein War, World Secondduring the works. other his of some of refulgence work, a for known twenty Britain, Roman on expert primary the G R.

William M. Johnston. Johnston. WilliamM. Dussen. van Jan der Collingwood’s disciple, T. M. Know, who was responsible for editing for responsible was who Know, M. T. disciple, Collingwood’s . Collingwood made himself conspicuous in his lifetime as being a noted philosopher and philosopher noted a beingas lifetime his in conspicuous himself made Collingwood . - significant degree, including rewriting certain phrases and adding paragraphs from a fragmentary work fragmentary a from paragraphs adding and phrases certain rewriting including degree, significant ie aes fv bos n tet oe reviews” one twenty and books five papers, five , and his chief aesthetic work aesthetic chief his and , The Principles of History, History, of Principles The History as a Science: R..G. Collingwood’s Philosophy. Philosophy. R..G.Collingwood’s Science: a as History The Idea of History, of Idea The The Formative Years of R. G. Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The ine s avse i ery ok, uh as such works, early in canvassed as rience

and their collapse, using works from Collingwood’s middle and middle Collingwood’s from works using collapse, their and

- niiain I te present the In annihilation. ingwood’s early essays, “Sensation and Thought,” and and Thought,” and “Sensation essays, early ingwood’s 7 the publishing of which he suppressed in spite of Collingwood’s Collingwood’s of spite in suppressed he which of publishing the Introduction 5

to a large extent extent large a to

Collingwood mainly wrote in the interwar period and period interwar the in wrote mainly Collingwood which does not even approximate the perspicuity and perspicuity the approximate even not does which The Principles of Art. of Principles The Collingwood. Collingwood. f which of 3

e rt voluminously wrote he h Ie o Hsoy ih etrs 1926 Lectures with History of Idea The

. (The Hague: Martinuss Nijhoff, 1967.) 37. Nijhoff, 1967.) Hague: (The Martinuss .

ae o hs at work last his on based

The Idea of History, of Idea The yet nowadays he is most most is he nowadays yet Giv (New en the fact, that the former the that fact, the en pclm Mentis Speculum

the hope of yanking hopeman of the York: Springer, 2012), 190. 2012), Springer, York: paper I il canvass will I , –

a hund “a

tampered with the the with tampered h New The r and ed - well 1928

and and An An

- . CEU eTD Collection staunchly I Knox, to gradually. smoothly and so opposed As plan. his modifying Collin in transition into major no was there that believe him coerced contiguities historical course of but opi same the 8 suicide. mass committing were they that people persuade to tradition, reviving of hope the in theories Collingwood themselves. theories the not importance, their them bestows w of aegis the under context the is it that realise re debating busy too are scholars Collingwood but asked by “ irrelevant Collingwood’s absolutely is It them. by attain to hoped he what and thesedevelop to context cultural and givenhistorical his in need the feltCollingwood even not do scholarship art. of philosophy a or history philosophical conduct to how to as directions give can which theories, as examined aesthetic the and enactment crucial of not is these of re of theory historical his and theory aesthetic mo is whom of focus the scholars, Collingwood a that i concern primary my Since the Mach as such period, later

why The adoption of periods in the Collingwoodian Collingwoodian the in periods of adoption The

them? What was it that he was trying to salvage? These are the questions which should be be should which questions the are These salvage? to trying was he that it was What them? ” e tahd o hm I il sig will I them, to attached re

and not the not and Obviously, he was not a not was he Obviously, ine,” and “Man Goes Mad.” and ine,” “Man nion as Rubinoff, that Collingwood wrote a “blueprint for a program,” which he largely followed, followed, largely he which program,” a for “blueprint a wrote Collingwood that Rubinoff, as nion .

The main concern of the paper is not whether these theories are right are theories these whether not is paper the of concern main The ned to intend

theor “ what. ies An Essay on Philosophical Method, An Essay on Metaphysics, Metaphysics, on Essay An Method, Philosophical on Essay An The Idea History of Idea The signify to find I practise This touch upon the question question the upon touch of history or art are correct per se. What is of significance is the the is significance of is What se. per correct are art or history of

”

importance; Why did he engender his theories? What w What theories? his engender he did Why s

theor

outlining the anatomy of the mind and the forms of experience of forms the and mind the of anatomy the outlining lone in considering the danger that modernity imparted on on imparted modernity that danger the considering in lone ies

8 are lifted out of their respective context and are being are and context respective their of out lifted are

iiaty ifr rm well from differ nificantly . “Preface.” xx. xx. “Preface.” .

oee, d fn i agaaig ht oh h re the both that aggravating it find do I however, oeuvre gwood’s philosophy and those changes which came about did did about came which changes those and philosophy gwood’s - 4

enactment. I do not claim that the examination the that claim not do I enactment. is resorted to as a matter of expediency. In fact, I am of of am I fact, In expediency. of matter a as to resorted is

eprpcosydrce t Collingwood’s at directed perspicuously re hich these theories were engendered that that engendered were theories these hich –

but the focus will be placed on why why on placed be will focus the but some - enactment and artistic theory to to theory artistic and enactment

otioseness otioseness - epce ad established and respected in this context context this in as he trying to achieve to trying he as wrote down wrote in

Collingwood –

“Art and “Art in fact I fact in whether theories theories

these these - CEU eTD Collection 80 10 9 d he however, school, any to belonging denied explicitly Collingwood commonly of spite in do to attempted Collingwood obviously Croce because importance paramount of is This Gentile. Giovanni and Ruggiero de Guido to neoItalian the to debt his is Collingwood elem major Another values. which society his a in live We values. all lost mad, gone really has man modern us, upon is Barbarism barbarism. coming a ci wha destroyed but all basically have religion and art of death still are answer to tried and asked Collingwood questions oblivion. to consigned be should they be can canexperience of forms five all Collingwood ration thought Mentis book, second his from clear perfectly made are ends its and theory his regarding mind of forms upon the built and experience mind human the of outline an canvass and to Croce need as the felt philosophers who such Oakeshott, with line in was he as mortiferous, possibly be to man R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. R.G.

vilisation. It is in this light this Itin is vilisation. However, there are countless dif countless are there However, - the writings not only of Collingwood but the Italian neo Italian the but Collingwood of only not writings the 83.

, onwards. onwards. ,

saved. If these conditions are still extant today, these theories are important. If no If important. are theories these today, extant still are conditions these If saved. pae Hegel’s updated a l

Speculum Mentis Speculum huh t b cpbe f re of capable be to thought 9

Therefore, in spite of what is commonly claimed claimed commonly is what of spite in Therefore, e nt that I find missing in the secondary literature dealing with with dealing literature secondary the in missing find I that nt tahn te ae o neo of label the attaching

ferences between the two men. men. the two between ferences that it is especially poignant to read Collingwood and his fears of fears his and Collingwood read to poignant especially is it that

, too , hlspy f h Spirit the of Philosophy

to save humanity from corruption. Collingwood’s intentions intentions Collingwood’s corruption. from humanity save to , or the Map of Knowledge of Map the or . I . does not think straight, which straight, think not does t is also of paramount importance to highlight the fact that that fact the highlight to importance paramount of also is t I think that I think - idealists, especially Croce. especially idealists, be 5 -

enactment re

is the peculiarity of the present time that the that time present the peculiarityof the is - - enacted and thereby human consciousness human thereby and enacted idealism to the Collingwoodian Collingwoodian the to idealism . (Oxford: University Press, 1924.) 9. 1924.) University(Oxford: Press, . The Formative Years of R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. of Years Formative The

n I eiv ta ta was that that believe I and - – idealists, namely Bendetto Croce, Bendetto namely idealists,

relevant wl so ta acrig to according that show will I t a rational person could label label could person rational a t has lost all of its respectable its of all lost has 10 Wr irtoaim the irrationalism, War, . – id affiliate himself with with himself affiliate id

Therefore, I will resort will I Therefore, that Collingwood only only Collingwood that Speculum

oeuvre what t, ,

CEU eTD Collection is science that adds He philosophy. from banned be should and psychology to belongs strictly objective” 19 114 Collingwood. G. R. them. sees God since existent, Berkeley which conundrum the to s back human that are asserting by we avoided and masterfully exist not does it that means it perceived, not is something “ that boast . ready something not 18 is “Truth meaning.” complete itself.” fact,thought in thought, but a thing, a not becoming; and only its it upon imprints and 17 16 15 Collingwood. 14 2 2001.) AndrewVincent. and Boucher David stanceeven politician and wasphilosophical leading It the Cambridge. to it quicklyspread however, Scotland, and inOxford ofexperience unity the stating by naturalism 13 12 Collingwood. G. R. Lifeof The renoun whomCollingwood Mill, much to idealistsowed theOxford 11 subjective dialecticism the not and experience of nature manifold the propagating in modernity of product the was Oakeshott Metaphysics on Essay his in particularly Bradley, H. F. idealist, British famous most the and Green H. T. insinuates and Green H. British idealists prominent schoolof from idealism thought most English since he that the all[ies.] philosophical and “friend[s] definite very a Ruggiero, outlines de friendship and Collingwood between correspondence of fragments Green. of school Green H. T. of followera realist the of philosophy the to opposed was who everybody Oxford tenureat neo Italian the Experience and its Modes. its and Experience

R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. R.G. Man.. History J throughout letters from excerpts the See theanti against era in the Victorian was established Britishidealism Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The most of and utilitarianism of hatred his to due somewhat is title ofthe idealist refusal Collingwood’s Perhaps “By means of the variety and co and variety the of means “By In fact, in his subjective idealism Oakeshott goes as far as to assert to as far as goes Oakeshott idealism subjective his in fact, In “There is, then, no object apart from the subject; no subject independent of the object.” Michael Oakeshott Oakeshott Michael object.” the of independent subject no subject; the from apart object no then, is, “There - 115. -

it is impossible to separate nature from our knowledge of it.” it.” of knowledge our from nature separate to impossible is it 18 in the Edwardian era, however, by 1920 it was on the defensive against realism and positivism. positivism. and realism wasagainst the it defensive by on however, 1920 era, Edwardian the in (London: Springer, 2012.) (London: Springer,

idealist. 97.

- his followers followers his idealists.

He and Croce thought highly of each other each of highly thought Croce and He An Essay on Metaphysics. Metaphysics. on Essay An itself. 19 .

16 (Cambridge: University Press, 2002.) 60. What is more laughable is Oakeshott’s Oakeshott’s is laughable more is What 60. 2002.) Press, University (Cambridge: e i nt propagate not did He 11

12 17

14 (Princeton: University Press, 2009.) UniversityPress, (Princeton: but Oakeshott, Michael with Collingwood link to keen are Many

olnwo dne big n dait eas a te ie f his of time the at because idealist an being denied Collingwood

and there are signi are thereand of the concept of the unity of the manifold manifold the of unity the of concept the of rd In Fred nflict of the spiritual forces, dialectics continuously enriches and ennobles life life ennobles and enriches continuously dialectics forces, spiritual the of nflict

– British Idealism and Political Theory and Idealism British

see i raim n pstvs. f hs e consistently he this Of positivism. and realism in ushered

an van der Dussen. Dussen. der an van g 15 – . 79. . i rfr t te eainhp ewe te w mn as men two the between relationship the to refers lis

ubjects might not be cognizant of every object but every object is object every but object every of cognizant be not might ubjects

“the coherence theory” “thecoherence However, Collingwood intentionally kept his distance his kept intentionally Collingwood However,

(Oxford: University Press, 1940.) 153 1940.) University(Oxford: Press, The Idea of Nature. Nature. of Idea The ficant differences between Collingwood and the and Collingwood differencesbetween ficant 6 dualism;

Poli History as a Science: The Philosophy of R. G. R.G. of Philosophy The Science: a as History tics and Morals ticsand

70. ced many times. Fred Inglis. Fred many times. ced e xrsl ntd that noted expressly he - - religious tendency of tendency religious

and hence protecting religion. It started started It religion. hence protecting and 13 that the terminology of “subjective and and “subjective of terminology the that Experience and its Modes its and Experience (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1945.) 1945.) Press, Clarendon The (Oxford:

. (Edinburgh: University Press, Press, University (Edinburgh: . and as can be gleaned from the from gleaned be can as and . 112. 148. 112. . - 154. 160 154. - ae bt perpetual a but made,

– the prevailing prevailing the s

was consideredwas n bsds a besides, and

History Man: Man: History - 162. l frs of forms all . 197. i.e., if if i.e., 197. .

– sub sub

T. –

CEU eTD Collection 24 an has 10 mind the that denial explicit transmogrified. the are elements lower the all function namely ascending the in and function work, descending and ascending his in emerge that aim his problems to further unconducive is conceals which sentence method dialectical the apply to be fails to he ceases to it here though, thought Even becomes sensation sensation. when thus sensation, incorporates already thought that note to fails sensation not is thought thought, not is “sensation that asserts he when 23 22 a maintain did definitely 21 Collingwood but ethics and 20 logic of place the subjective. the and objective the between separation usurp to trying science empirical Modes its and doctrine idealistic common the with according experience. scientific pure as described be quantitatis specie short paper Collingwood o which sects,” philosophical neither had He about. came solution the way what in matter no solution, the on focused He life. whole his dedicated he which to answering oriente problem a was all, of most Collingwood, doesin any make not anyofphilosophy. sense school only not are mind the of workings the from emanatingexperience solution, thought underlay mind the of working the took he that was elaborate to failed perilous, more even become have to supposed a such had hindsight, in and answer, the seeking was Collingwood which to questions the to apposite not to tends suspicion.” with which regarded be must anything fact this obscure and feet, two own its on absolutely stand to is it relevance. if their philosophy, lost they lest possible, as separate as kept be to had experience

Speculum Men Speculum Ibid. Ibid its Modes and Experience - This, he corrects to some degree between differentiation between immediate and mediate experience. But But experience. mediate and immediate between differentiation between degree some to corrects he This, 14. 16 14. - . . 7.

cut 10. -

21. 23

but as a dialect philosopher of philosopher but asa neo dialect hence his statement b statement his hence

. 178. Wit 178. . position towards all kinds of philosophy had been adopted, the situation can be can situation the adopted, been had philosophy of kinds all towards position tis and psychology largely corresponds to quantification but it is so lowly so is but it quantification to corresponds psychologylargely and . 13. . –

–

h this tenet, Collingwood would have partly agreed owing to his suspicion regarding an an regarding suspicion his to owing agreed partly have would Collingwood tenet, this h o ae en inseparable been have to

honouring his wishes hiswishes honouring . 5. .

nly served as “an amusement for the foolish.” the for amusement “an as nlyserved ecomes easily attacked easily ecomes Experience and its Modes its and Experience –

to reprehend psychology as a positivistic doctrine. doctrine. positivistic a as psychology reprehend to – An Essay o Essay An

will not be referred to as an idealist as an to not bereferred will the 7 - 22 even sooner. A further problem that Oakeshott that problem further A sooner. even Hegelian towards objectiveidealism. bent

time, nor time,

–

21 d philosopher. He posed a question the the question a posed He philosopher. d huh e os o hn a a dialectical a at hint not does he though n Metaphysics. n

Oakeshott

. 61.227 240. Later on, Oakeshott goes on goes Oakeshott on, Later 240. 61.227 . while maint while the , and both are forms of experience,” he he experience,” of forms are both and , patience for the “bickerings of of “bickerings the for patience – ’s philosophical monism was monism philosophical ’s

separable 81 even those faculties which which faculties those even - 101. a in in

- developed that i developed g that the modes of modes the that g

but separate. This This separate. but

Therefore, in thein Therefore,

–

except as a as except 20 Experience Experience

Fr a “For t cannot t cannot

, this this , Ibid – .

CEU eTD Collection 27 This bottom. the reached Croce. and top the from becaus descended different but also top is the approach to ascended and bottom the from start did he not that caveat the with but example, for well, as it utilised Croce philosophy. in commonplace a was forms 26 1951.) Ltd., &Unwin Allen George (London: 25 appetite, thefourth fifth the passion, desireand andlastreason. third the is and stupidity.” human intuition namely have, can philosophy a mere on knowledge upon based bases “is realism therefore and reason on not and apprehension Collingwood to according which realism, not might realism utilitarianis Nazism, Fascism, propagating people that imply specifically will he following, the in see will we As reason. of state the reached have they i.e. rational, omitted. and gainsaid aspects thenegative and summarised and are incorporated stages theprevious of the positiveelements forms, which scaleofin a of the process, i.e. acme isalwayspoint the given stage a reached at co subdivides Collingwood

An Essay on Metaphysics. Metaphysics. on Essay An Ben R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. e detto Croce. Croce. detto What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel. Hegel. of thePhilosophy of isDead What and What isLiving hr cn ny e ifrne wti sm uiy ht opie them; comprises that unity some within significance mereotherwiseand loses noise. becomes vocal theword differences be only can there without reality. unity a since unity, no be interna would there differences the for not “ Spirit is a system of different elements and therefore a unity. a therefore and elements different of system a is Spirit l differences is a mathematical a is differences l

Cha And if it were not for the unity, there could be no differences, for differences, no be could there unity, the for not were it if And My Philosophy and Other Essays on the Moral and Political Problems of Our Time. Time. Our of Problems Political and the Moral on Essays Other and Philosophy My e ainl t all at rational be An Essay on Philosophical Method. Method. Philosophical on Essay An pter 1

34.

: nsciousness into five parts five into nsciousness e it implies that the scale of forms begins and ends somewhere. Benedetto Benedetto somewhere. ends and begins forms of scale the that implies it e The structure of human c

hs iely olnwo prot ta hmn ens are beings human that purports Collingwood ideally Thus, . This is especially conspicuous in his obloquy against against obloquy his in conspicuous especially is This .

153.

8 abstraction, no concrete no abstraction,

27 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933.) 89. The sca The 89. 1933.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford:

The first division is sensation, the second second the sensation, is division first The which (New York: Russel & Russel, 1912.) 6 1912.) &Russel, (New Russel York:

onsciousness presuppose each other and the the and other each presuppose the grandest foundation foundation grandest the

or organic organic or If it were were it If

, oiiim and positivism m, ”

- le of of le 7.

CEU eTD Collection psychic merely the at feeling crude but left nothing is there level.” expressed; it what away take you and language 38 Art of 15. 10. 2005.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Smallwood. Philip James, Wendy Boucher, David Eds. Collingwood. G. R. Art of Principles in and organised” highly less or more song, already is speech “all that asseverates He songs. from different with speech, that asserts he Tune,” and “Words Art. of Principles i fear of start 37 1923 (Wiley: 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 18. 1942) Press, 28 gesture bodily a of dint by either thirsty, or cold sense the and feeling the expressing means feelings about propositions these, about propositions makesone However, once givenexperiencingmoment.any atis one ones the i.e. singleexperience. cons they hence posteriority, and priority temporal, a not yet logical, a form charges feelings.” of “evanescence the terms Collingwood c its and thought. all of foundation the is it with carried themselves. thoughts i.e. “constituents,” and charges consci separates Collingwood

Ibid. Ibid. New Leviathan. The Collingwood. R.G. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. The Principles of Art. of Principles The R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. R Collingwood asserts that language is prior to knowledge both logically and temporally. “Take away the the away “Take temporally. and logically both knowledge to prior is language that asserts Collingwood G Cligod “esto ad huh” in Thought” and “Sensation Collingwood. G. . . 244. .

34. 33. 21. 25. 26. 20. 16. The Principles of Art of Principles The feelings, oncomitant

s an action; but as it occurs in us, it is something that simply comes to us and overwhelms us.” overwhelms and us to comes simply that something is it us, in occurs it as but action; an s - 1924.) 58. 1924.) 35

he claims that “dance is the mother of all languages.” R. G. R. languages.” all of mother the is “dance that claims he

elns n sne a b rcle wt te he the with recalled be can sense and feelings 234. Collingwood asserts that all art whether painting, poetry or dancing is language. In In language. is dancing or poetry painting, whether art all that asserts Collingwood 234. The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Cultural Criticism, and Anthropology, Anthropology, and Criticism, Cultural Folktale, in Studies Enchantment: of Philosophy The 33 The Principles of Art. Art. of Principles The 21.

h Nw eita or Leviathan New The

The only feelings one can have recourse to are “here areto recourse have can one onlyfeelingsThe 244 At the level of crude sensation feeling is “uncontrollable [as] a grimace of pain or a or pain of grimace a [as] “uncontrollable is feeling sensation crude of level the At 244

. 244. .

uns it a “ an into ousness

both of which are fleeting and cannot be remembered, be cannot and fleeting are which of both 1 .1. Sensation and feeling (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1938) 252. 1938) Press, Clarendon (Oxford:

Man, Society, Civilization and Barbarism. Barbarism. and Civilization Society, Man,

its concomitant “pitch, duration and intensity” is in effect no effect in is intensity” and duration “pitch, concomitant its

rceig o te rsoein Society Aristotelian the of Proceedings 9 29

Sensation consists of “sensa” or “sense or “sensa” of consists Sensation apanage” 32 37

Sensa and their accompanying emotional accompanying their and Sensa

28 r y aig h feig n speech. in feeling the naming by or

esto ad h eoinl charge emotional the and Sensation ie snain n is emotional its and sensation i.e. ;

Collingwood. “Words and Tune” in in Tune” and “Words Collingwood. p f memory. of lp

- datum, such as being being as such datum, - and now” and (Oxford: Clarendon Clarendon (Oxford: , New Series 24. 24. Series New , The Principles Principles The 36 34 titute one one titute

feelings, Making 31 - data”

this The The The 38

CEU eTD Collection consciousness. it dominates the by imagination, to the attended 48 47 46 artists. and children savages, among man,least common and European 45 “fantasy and “dissociation” 44 interchangeable. are two terms the nevertheless its and sensum 43 another t of favour important in isit subduing 65. Thought” and “Sensation it just emotion. accompanying is However, it emotion, degree. the disowning certain or repression a to tantamount to excluded are charges emotional 42 41 40 Collingwood. G. Press Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. David R. in Utility” and Caprice, “Goodness, Collingwood. G 39 expe we which in experiences but unawares, us upon themselves forcing experiences “by whereas scale, the co A charge a ofcalls sensum, Collingwood of the“corruption it. disowning of possibility no has one feeling, the feeling false. become will thought disowned, are they if and thought of foundation the constitute they since to attended be sensa and feelings t hostile prominently repression. call psychologists This, to. attend to irksome or Art hel the by thought into them convert them to attend i.e. feeling, the name to fails one If “preconscious.” remains experience thought.” no is there language language Therefore,

The New The Art. of Principles The Art of Principles The New Leviathan. The The Principles of Art. Art. of Principles The According to Collingwood, the disowning of the emotional charges of sensa is most common among educated educated among common most is sensa of charges emotional the of disowning the Collingwood, to According By using language, either in bodily gestures or speech, man shares his consciousness with his fellow men. R. men. fellow his with consciousness his shares man speech, or gestures bodily in either language, using By When a sensum and its emotional charge are attended to, it always presupposes that other sensa and their their and sensa other that presupposes always it to, attended are charge emotional its and sensum a When Collingwood uses attention more in in more attention uses Collingwood The Principles of Art. Art. of Principles The , one “disowns” one , rrupt consciousness remains a slave to sensation and fails to attain the higher forms higher the attain to fails and sensation to slave a remains consciousness rrupt can be absolutely unattended to, i.e. unconscious, because if one does not know about know not does one if because unconscious, i.e. to, unattended absolutely be can Leviathan. Leviathan. 38. 45 . 212. . 44 164. 216. Collingwood notes that disowning an emotion results in “repression,” “projection,” “projection,” “repression,” in results emotion an disowning that notes Collingwood 216. 39

sm bace o pyhlg, e codd h ums ipr that import utmost the accorded he psychology, of branches some o 46. the emotional charge of the sensum because one finds it too perturbing too it finds one because sensum the of charge emotional the

217. Disowning an emotional charge is especially dangerous because unless it is is it unless because dangerous especially is charge emotional an Disowning 217. - building.” building.” s rsn ee a te oet l lowest the at even present is

self -

assertion we dominate our feelings; they become no longer longer no become they feelings; our dominate we assertion 41

The Principles of Art. of Principles The Until one has failed to name the feeling and the sensum, the sensum, the and feeling the name to failed has one Until The New Leviathan Leviathan New The , 1989.) 80. 1989.) , p of the imagination the of p

However, Collingwood denies that a sensum and sensum a that denies Collingwood However,

218 n imaginati and The Principles of Art. Art. of Principles The 47 - 219.

hs c o dswig h emotional the disowning of act This vl f consciousness. of evel 43 consciousness

The Principles of Art. of Principles The

as expressed by expressed as 45 sas n oiia Philosophy Political in Essays on more in in more on

lhuh olnwo was Collingwood Although nt ta ti i nt yet not is this that note o 208. .” 48 h Picpe o Art of Principles The

The Principles of Principles The 162 40 - 163.

“Without

rience 42 ed. ,

on on or , CEU eTD Collection 54 53 52 51 50 49 thought,would be hypoth “all our thought about” think to nothing sensation “finds without thought since ascends forms of scale the as thinking from inseparable remains ca is sensation, of case the in which abstraction, of kind some always is imagination the by thought of kind some into turned thereby and to second its whereas consciousness of object bythoughtintoimagina turned the yetand attendedto beennot has which consciousness. by dominated become they attention, activity.” own our

“Ibid.” 62. “Ibid.” 72. “Ibid.” 65. Thought.” and “Sensation o Principles The Ibid. Ibid. 222. 222.

f Art. f Art. 49 204.

ne snu ad t eoinl hre ae en ujce t the to subjected been have charge emotional its and sensum a Once

52 etical.”

- object of consciousness, which has been attended been has which consciousness, of object n wtot esto a a “concomitant” a as sensation without and 11

ld loig n listening.” and “looking lled

Sensation ie “eig r hearing,” or “seeing i.e. , tion is the first the is tion 51

Sensation - 53 level

of CEU eTD Collection extant. remains has grown whichit of formsout previous a in Thereby, point. present the before gone have that forms the of elements negative 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 56 55 “not the Survivals,” Primitive “Lawof the to dueHowever, and self the between difference the of conscious becomes first man that god.”“heteromorphicof the the title with objectbeloved the endows hunger, of out develops wh “attached,” becoming thereby and love to object an finding by inadequacy of feelings his self complete to tantamount be would shortcomings one’s longing is which hunger, is process self.” “actual his of himself rid can he which of virtue by self,” “ideal sat more a for quest a in is he and unsatisfactory “pleasure labels Collingwood which potential.” charge, emotional an itself with carries appetite mind,” charges thinking.” emotional the to attended having By

The New Leviathan. New Leviathan. The Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. New Leviathan. The interchangeably. feeling and charge emotional uses emotion, Collingwood Ibid. Ibid. ich attachment would ameliorate his feeling of weakness. feelingof amelioratehis would attachment ich 54. 57. 57. 56. 59. 56. 55. 54. 54. 53. 65. In any scale of forms, the present stage is the summation and at the same time the negation of the the of negation the time same the at and summation the is stage present the forms, of scale any In 65. 57

hc cnit o to osctv sae: h stages: consecutive two of consists which 56 59

The first form of conceptual thinking is appetite, “the inherent restlessness of the of restlessness inherent “the appetite, is thinking conceptual of form first The peie rss rm h idvda raiig ht i peet tt is state present his that realising individual the from arises Appetite

56. 53. . 61

By this act, the self would become its own “idiomorphic god,” “idiomorphic own its become would self the act, this By 65

hrb mn ess o eoe i on iimrhc o” and god” “idiomorphic own his become to ceases man whereby

to become to - obliteration, 1 .2. Appetite 12

omnipotent, thereby bereaving oneself of all of all of oneself therebybereaving omnipotent, An Essay on Philosophical Method. Method. Philosophical on Essay An

68 isfactory state, i.e. he wants to achieve an achieve to wants he i.e. state, isfactory 55 63

hunger lives on in love as a form one hasone form a love as in on liveshunger

n es, a dvlp “conceptual develops man sensa, in thereby the individual strives to lessen to strives individual the thereby ne ad love. and unger 64

As stated in the foregoing, loveforegoing, the in stated As

60 It is in th Itin is

ny form something of the the of something form ny The first stage of this of stage first The 58

ie l thinking, all Like 89. e act of lovingof acte

62 - self.”

which 67 -

CEU eTD Collection 8 70 69 failspunishment tobe a moral agent despise. to learnt 7.

T. H. Green. Green. H. T. New Leviathan. The

Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation Political of the Principles on Lectures 69 66.

codn t T H Gen peie rule appetite Green H. T. to According

thus aiming torealisehisself thus aiming 13

. (Kitchener, Ontario: Batoche Books, 1999.) 1999.) Books, Batoche Ontario: (Kitchener, . te esn hn he when person the s - perfection induty. perfection

70 fearing

CEU eTD Collection 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 progress. its necessitates that offorms inscale nothing a 73 72 71 intermediate. no is there r sadist. a becomes man desire, desire. to birth give to them for the passions, the taming engender which Jupiter, of wrath the of fear man’s Gentile others, of opinion the of fear the by being the of mercy the at being of ashamed always is self the scale, the of point this at because it over triumphant be to wants it fear, of self.” cowardly the of renunciation “the not the by contradicted or contrasted “being fear, its above not the against rebellion of dint by cannot engender the ascale completeforms, regressself. theofevenannihilation or the in of selves. two the between fear. into love re turning self the in which by phenomenon further ascends forms of scale the passion In esembles that of Collingwood’s with the marked expression that between passion and reason, and passion betweenthat expression markedthe with Collingwood’s of that esembles

My Philosophy. Philosophy. My Vico. Giambattista PoliticalTheory and BritishIdealism Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. I Ibid. Ibid. New Leviathan.. The In any scale of forms, the present point is the acme of the general concept, in our case, consciousness. There is There consciousness. case, our in concept, general the of acme the is point present the forms, of scale anyIn bid. bid. 72. 71. 68. 71. 65. 68. rise above his fear, he relapses he fear, his above rise

52.

The First New Science. First The 69.

72 y are not extinguished but are overcome to a degree that is sufficient sufficient is that degree a to overcome are but extinguished not are y

81 Fear is especially dangerous because yielding to it completely can completely it to yielding because dangerous especially is Fear

hn aso bek dw b te itrcl ugmn, it judgement, historical the by down breaks passion When

Croce’s make up of the dialectic of the human mind closely mind human the of dialectic the of up make Croce’s . 131 .

f h psin ae o tmd ufcety o ie it to birth give to sufficiently tamed not are passions the If alises the independence of the “not the of independence the alises - ef hc eelo bgt anger. begets rebellion which self, -

132. (Cambridge: University Press, 2002.) 45 2002.) Press, University (Cambridge: 74 “ 77

not into love. The only way this relapse can be eluded is eluded be can relapse this way only The love. into 1

In shame and anger the self does not want to be rid be to want not does self the anger and shame In .3. Passion - s 79 elf. 14

thereby The New Leviathan. New Leviathan. The

” 78

In the idealistic theory shame comes into comes shame theory idealistic the In

following s - self”

morality. 76 65.

ios hoy n primitive in theory Vico’s engen

80 - -

ef n h contrast the and self” 46.

75 ders shame, which is which shame, ders In domesticating and domesticating In

If the self can rise can self the If 71

er s the is Fear 73

If man CEU eTD Collection 87 86 85 84 83 82 negative liberty, reason. not and passion, promoted it Hegel of sense the in not pre promulgated which evolution of theory the to whichleadhis passions, th inturn toanascension on history. the regarded Croce fact, In passion turn inevitably . Ibid. 17. Ibid. on. later ofliberty types with the will essay deal The Obligation Political of Principles the on Lectures Poli and BritishIdealism Ibid. Ibid.

53 152. 83 –

As we shall see, T. H. Green posited that C that posited Green H. T. see, shall we As

as for Collingwood, the breakdown of desire of breakdown the Collingwood, for as

86 into historical truth, that is theoretical reason. For Croce the Croce For reason. theoretical is that truth, historical into

therebyrobbinghis morality. theindividual of ticalTheory

ian emanation. ian destruction

. 40. .

of the passions as one of the main benefits of writing of benefits main the of one as passions the of 84 tltraim codn t Gen las promoted always Green to according Utilitarianism

Green considered utilitarianism dangerous because dangerous utilitarianism considered Green . . 17.

- determinism in the form of evolution of form the in determinism e life scale asforms mental opposed of in hristian values deprived the individual individual the deprived values hristian –

inevitably leads to the “good life.” “good the to leads inevitably 87

breakdown of of breakdown ,

and of 82

CEU eTD Collection 96 95 94 93 it..” answer to trying 92 begins formulated is it 91 when only and Metaphysics first, question the formulates prior temporal a by accompanied is priority logical this ordered, scientifically is thinking When answer. its own to prior logically is Aquestion […] is. question what that knows and question a to answer is an statement 90 89 88 well external […] and “internal the is desire of “aversion.” or “loathing” into turns desire outset, the from alternative given end, for wished end. certain a serving of capable is it if means a as good is something i.e. term, utilitarian a is goodness in while that emerges question further however good,” “the for yearns abstraction. an only is desired is which that because appetite, false as thing such no is there i.e. infallible, as wants, it well. what knows but something wanting of aware only w not it is that it fact desire in the whereas of aware not is self the appetite in that is appetite and desire between distinction foremost The passion. to than it to reminiscent more is appetite, d alternatives. has thereby self the that and fact the of cognizant them becoming answering and questions of asking the denotes thinking Propositional by begot is Desire I at a r b?” or a want, I o

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. New Leviathan. The Ibid. New Leviathan.. The Ibid. Ibid. 92 75. 80. 80. 80. 76. 74. 75. 74. “Every statement that anybody ever makes is made in answer t answer in made is makes ever anybody that statement “Every 74.

The lack of cognizance of wanting something engenders in appetite the fact that it is it that fact the appetite in engenders something wanting of cognizance of lack The

. 24. . 95

If the self realises that what it has formerly deemed good does not serve the serve not does good deemed formerly has it what that realises self the If

or the self changes the end he strives to accomplish or if the self rejects the rejects self the if or accomplish to strives he end the changes self the or 76. 72. anger 91

eie atog a infcnl hge fr o cncoses than consciousness of form higher significantly a although Desire,

and is the first form in which propositional thinking is present. is thinking propositional which in form first the is and

what the self cognizes as good may not be not may good as cognizes self the what desiring the self longs for something it deems good, deems it something for longs self the desiring 1 .4. Desire 16 -

being” of the self, which bec which self, the of being”

In desiring something the self always self the something desiring In hra dsr cn e deceptive be can desire whereas 90

o a question. […] He knows that his his that knows He […] question. a o In desire the self asks “which asks self the desire In 96

ome manifest in manifest ome The chief object chief The ants something, something, ants such An Essay on on Essay An

at all. The The all. at ity.: one one ity.: 93 89

CEU eTD Collection 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 man, i.e.is irrational, and somebody Nazis. who suchas Fascists “psycho a remains he it, of himself rid not has it If reason. of territory the enters desire. the naming itself. desire from “freedom” attained suff “self begetsunhappiness of certainamount a While attained. fully be never can they desire,” from “abstractions are unhappiness and happiness “weak” and “bad” into comes self the unless not the influence any and passion of itself unhappy. remains self the them of bereft whereas separable. wholly not are they terms, corresponding Collingwood, to according are, two these Since “power.” and “virtue”

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.

Inglis. 207. Inglis. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. icient amount of happiness engenders “self engenders happiness of amount icient 84. 84 81. 90. 93. 92. 86. 87. -

86.

100 103

and conseq and Having rid the self of desires, which form a “closed” sys “closed” a form which desires, of self the rid Having

the

97 possession of at least some virtue and power, it will remain will it power, and virtue some least at of possession

uently will deteriorate to the level of passion. However, sinceHowever, passion. of level the to deteriorate will uently If the self is in possession of them, it has attained happiness, attained has it them, of possession in is self the If 102

h lbrto o te ef rm eie osss in consists desire from self the of liberation The - self can exercise over it. over exercise can self 17 -

respect” which originates in the self having self the in originates which respect” 98 -

denial” and the “renunciation of virtue,” avirtue,”of “renunciation the anddenial” Pos sessing virtue and power, the self rids self the power, and virtue sessing 105

It can be inferred that inferred be can It tem, 104 - physical” physical”

the self the 101

CEU eTD Collection 116 115 114 Collingwood. 113 112 History of Philosophy 111 110 109 108 107 106 directlyattacked theory thenaturalistic ofpositivism. and method materials of gleaning the which theory plausible any without observation for materials gathering of method self were Com and Durkheim Both idealism. British from divergence significant his observe might of bipolarity thought.” “the calls Collingwood which falsely, think can one and well think can one “rati does.” practice,” to returns and consciousn of function situation.” given a in do to what out think to “trying of consists thinking practical whereas something,” about truth the out think to “trying theo and practical in consists itself Reason choose.can it which alternativesfrom innumerable has self the suffered reason in howeveraversion, it which towards that and for wished it which that between decide could self the of characteristic chief the system, “open” an of consists Reason

British Idealism and PoliticalTheory and BritishIdealism Art. of Principles The Metaphysics. on Essay An New Leviathan. The New Leviathan. The Metaphysics. on Essay An Ibid. Ibid. Ibid R. G. Collingwood. “Notes Toward a Metaphysic” in in Metaphysic” a Toward “Notes Collingwood. G. R. Ibid. Ibid. onal thinking” onal . . 90. 111 97. 90. 9 Fr ute ifrain bu rtoa tikn ad h lgc f usin n ase se R G. R. see: answer and question of logic the and thinking rational about information further For 99.

115 -

h question The vwd aoin n oaqe’ ey poiecnento o h Baconian the of condemnation apposite very Bosanquet’s and Baconians avowed

An Autobiography. Autobiography. An n olnwo’ asgig h mto o qeto ad nwr o Ba to answer and question of method the assigning Collingwood’s In , eds. William Dray and Jan van der Dussen. (Oxford: University Press, 1999) 220. 1999) Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: der van Jan and WilliamDray eds. , 113 99. 125. 157. 157.

replaces propositional. This kind of thinking is “criteriological,” is thinking of kind This propositional. replaces ess, exists for the sake of action, and “thinking […] always starts from starts always […] “thinking and action, of sake the for exists ess,

- nwr ciiy s xedd no h “ht ad h “why,” the and “that” the into extended is activity answer 110 109. 106.

since “mind is pure act. pure is “mind since (Oxford: University Press, 1939), 29 1939), University(Oxford: Press,

. 94 . a t b executed be to was - 95.

1 .5 Reason eia thinking. retical 18 109

The Principles of History and O and History of Principles The

” hoeia rao, vn f t s higher a is it if even reason, Theoretical

Mind is not anything apart from what it what from apart anything not is Mind

was was - 43.

108 ludicrous

116 which is choice. is which hoeia tikn means thinking Theoretical

teeoe Bosanquet therefore , ther Writings in the the in Writings ther

codn to according 106

In desire In o, we con, 112

114

and i.e. 107 t e

CEU eTD Collection 130 129 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 1989.)158. Press, Clarendon (Oxford: 118 thought. 117 why reasons main the of one is This will. free own his of it does he duty, his avoids one if course choice free duty, In reason. theoretical of the will. rational or duty of concept attained have cannot people these that mentality, herd in originating as discussed are [the is which morality, personality a having to tantamount is which of possession the will,” “rational duties our performing at directed be to has action human all it put Croce done. done be can act the i.e. “possibility,” both possesses self others. certain in wrong doing to equals circumstances some in right situati all to apply not do rules that fact the abound rules that fact rule the to adheres person the why explain cannot action end given a achieve to means certain a to resorts it why explaining not in capricious is is action caprice Utilitarian of decreased. significantly role the ascends scale the as though “caprice,” of element certain a contain duty. and right utility, reason: practical of types three describes Collingwood

Ibid Obligation Political of Principles the on Lectures Hegel. of Philosophy the of What isLiving and What isDead “Duty.”152. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. New Leviathan. The “Duty.”152. New Leviathan. 152. “Ibid.” 152. “Ibid.” Michael Oakeshott counters that practical reason is a contradiction in contradiction a is reason practical that counters Oakeshott Michael R. G. Collingwood. “Duty” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in “Duty” Collingwood. G. R.

Collingwood despised empirical p empirical despised Collingwood 125 . 169. 124. 120. 121. Experience and its Modes and Experience

Duty is “b is Duty

117. oth possible and necessary” and possible oth 116 121 - ] 117.

highest good.” highest and why the self chooses the given rule as opposed to another, to opposed as rule given the chooses self the why and

. 2. 2. 262 .

This is the main difference betwe difference main the is This - 263. 130 118 sychology, which denied the free choice of the human the of choice free the denied which sychology,

It will be important later when Fascism and Nazismand Fascism when later important be will It n “h [h sl] w self] [the “why and ons, however carefully prescribed; therefore doing doing therefore prescribed; carefully however ons, - . . 20.

according 19 126

sas n oiia Philosophy Political in Essays

and is bereft of any kind of caprice of kind any of bereft is and 74. 171. 74. to 124 120 the theory the

and “obligation,” i.e. it has to be to has it i.e. “obligation,” and

terms since what is practical cannot be cannot practical is what since terms according to which he acts, the acts, he which to according ls h end.” the ills en duty and the other forms forms other the and duty en 123 -

is non is

In duty, however the however duty, In . 128 , ed. David Boucher. Boucher. David ed. ,

Green calls it it calls Green 117 - , ” existent, but of but existent, 119 129

The

and a and Regularian first two first 127 122

“free or asor

and the CEU eTD Collection 217. 1999.) Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: der van Jan Williamand Dray eds. 140 1993.)117. Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: 139 138 52. 1891.) 137 68. 136 2002.) 135 2004.) Macmillan, (London: Palgrave 134 133 132 131 custom the that asserts also Collingwood However, thought. of realm the to belong not do they because cons in both species human bu tradition a of parts not are events. external other all like determined are actions Human natural occurrence. he book Browning’s which Gui to opposed tri he which Practice and Theory of Unity the and Politics Philosophy, Collingwood: G. R. Rethinking neo a of more also psych empirical thus and free is will man’s that it. to causation natural assigned and being

“Can Historians Be Impartial?” in Impartial?” Be “CanHistorians Collingwood. R.G. 52 “Ibid.” Right”in ofPolitical “ Principles Kant. Emmanuel in ofProgress” Principle “The Kant. Emmanuel GuiseppinaD’Oro. GaryBrowning. K. Ibid Ibid Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The

soitdfe il with will free associated ist of ist

. . 53. . 53. The

an inside an - s

53.

Idea of History of Idea s o rsn Cligods hlspy s oe ata ta Hegelian, than Kantian more as philosophy Collingwood’s present to es with which people built up the organisations of such events such of organisations the up built people which with

T . s esppin e ae Pr o te ups o Nature”, of Purpose the of “Part are hey Collingwood Collingwood Rethining R. G. Collingwood: Philosophy, Politics and the Unity of Theory and Practice. Practice. and Theory of the Unity and Politics Philosophy, Collingwood: G. R. Rethining 136 The Idea of History of Idea The – - ology reduces human free will to mere mechanism. mere to will free human reduces ology eein hn post a than Hegelian

that is t is that a

D’oro’s book, D’oro’s

served as served “ 139 self t teleogical

hey are not actions but mere events mere but actions not are hey and the M and are and Th

- explanatory e Principles of History and Other Writings in the Philosophy of History of Philosophy Writingsthe Other in and History of Principles e simply outsid simply

an answer. an The in . 45 . e

The Idea of History with Lectures 1926 Lectures with History of Idea The miia fnl asto,ie,h eaddwl s a as will regarded he i.e., causation, final empirical , Principles of History of Principles Collingwood and the and Collingwood t a p - 50. h 131 ysics of Experience. Experience. ysicsof - The Principles of Politics. Politics. of Principles The ata, n pt o Gr K Bonn’ book, Browning’s K. Gary of spite in Kantian, ”

The Principles Principles The in asserts Collingwood

20 Kant did not believe in the free will of humans, humans, of will free the in believe not did Kant and cannot be explained by empirical means empirical by explained be cannot and e natural events, i events, natural e

of Politics. Politics. of (London and New York: Routledge, Routledge, York: New (London and 140 138 Metaphysics 137 ,

that such events which do not do which events such that hra Cligod asserts Collingwood whereas

n which nature augment nature which n (Edinburgh: T& T Clark, 1891.) Clark, 1891.) T T& (Edinburgh: Custom – (Edinburgh: T& T Clark, T& T (Edinburgh:

cannot be part of history of part be cannot Religion and Philosophy and Religion - 1928., 1928., 133

s according to Kant to according s of Experience of

really Collingwood was Collingwood ed. Jan van der van Jan der ed. are parts of of parts are , 134 135 s

the the

132 as in to ,

CEU eTD Collection 19. 147 146 145 144 143 ph Collingwood Furthermore, everyone. to was fact obvious this that assumed simply false.He is Italians the plagiarised thatCollingwood Collingwood G. R. of mentor. as his Croce regarded but Italianidealism by veryimpressed notwas only thathe the are fivebooks These Ruggiero. de 142 History of Philosophy 141 lif political that conception naïve rather liberty, elsewhere public is what and sphere private the in moral broughtabout by unifying ethics; be can duty c a Such territory. its on impinging without and morals utility safeguarding while purpose whereby way a find to has civilisation modern Therefore, morality. regard se have we not are sphere political the within actions immoral and moral i.e. morals, to relation in politics about talking when utilised not is reasoning normative that is laments sever, to woul glad sundering be such would however, utilitarians which coin, same the of sides two are speaking morality ideally and duty therefore action, political of aspects preponderant most the of one apologist, “public a and associate close Collingwood’s thought,part of a andthoughtfree is will. thought,

ilosophy. Ibid Morals and Politics Ibid. Man History Guido Croce’s disciple, and friend his close by two books and ofCroce’s books three translated Collingwood History. of Idea The On page 19, Croce acknowledges that it is basically still negative liberty that is supreme. supreme. is that liberty negative still basically is it that acknowledges Croce 19, page On

.3. ing

120. 147

and

, as well as , morality is the sign of an unhealthy civilisation, especially in the sphere of political of sphere the in especially civilisation, unhealthy an of sign the is morality The Formative Years of R. G . Collingwood . G R. of Years Formative The the remnants of which have to be swept away. swept be to have which of remnants the

en, mind and life and mind en, . 97. . are not predetermined by the animal nature of humans, i.e. they are part of of part are they i.e. humans, of nature animal the by predetermined not are

. 66. Like Croce, Collingwood did not like to use foo use not like to did Collingwood .LikeCroce, 66. , eds. William Dray and Jan van der Dussen. (Oxford: University Press, 1999) 93. 1999) Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: der van Jan and WilliamDray eds. , . . 2. . 146 215. 215. 143

That this dualism remained intact is actually is intact remained dualism this That – as Croce as

The Principles of History of ThePrinciples in a letter to Croce Croce to inletter a

constitute a constitute

’s only translations that Collingwood made, therefore it is safe to assume to it issafe made,therefore Collingwood that onlytranslations d usher in barbarism rather quickly. What exactly Croce Croce exactly What quickly. rather barbarism in usher d

i. e., what public is i. e., philoso de facto de – e is dialectic is e

141 phy was abhorred in Oxford in abhorred was phy explained that this was the general practice in English generalpractice was that the explained this unity and any kind of dualism of kind any and unity

mentor, Benedetto Croce Benedetto mentor,

in in 21 . . 67. The Principles of History and Other Writings Other and History of Principles The

ly beconsidered considered moral should immor al

and not eristic not and However, Croce labours under the under labours Croce However, al should be condemned as such such as condemned be should al tnotes, therefore certain accusations accusations certain therefore tnotes, an after an 142 144

- – for whom he became he whom for -

differentiated , if political life was was life political if implies that duty is duty that implies The Formative Years Formative The - especially th especially effect of negative of effect Politics and Morals and Politics an serve its its serve an in the the in

. 145 e one one e

As . CEU eTD Collection Emm common a in Kant. subject every that mentions also Kant 29. “Ibid.” Kant. in appears already liberty negative by in ” proposed View.” of already Point Cosmopolitical is rights of theory 152 war.” life good the of ideal makingits 151 150 Holmes. W. adhe Gentile’s Italy. of tradition liberal 2 2002.) Publishers, Transaction Genti Giovanni in Fascism” of Doctrine and “Origins Gentile. Giovanni 65. 48. 2002.) Publishers, Transaction (London: Gentile. Giovanni in Gentile. Giovanni Gentile. Giovanni theory. a Fascistic of engenderers the of two were bloodshed of means stand by Italy of unification spiritual not the and Mazzini of romanticisations did very the since personages, Germany writings, Fascistic Gentile’s of ( Liberty. of Story the as History lack its for morbidity, its for hav of condemned lack its again and one reason is Germany contemporary Hence, “morbid.” are truth the romanticised the to resemblance any bear even not and do which histories romanticised such racism and “logical” be to has it to therefore, thought, history that rise asserts also he give However, Germany. in “history” romanticisations of form reigning these the is condemned, that hitherto history, adds and 46 history of 1921.) versions Ltd., romanticised Co. & and Harrap G. Croce. Benedetto Empire.” “Roman modern the being of of concept the of concomitant a is itself asserts Collingwood 149 148 it of sake war encourage might dialectics his Second people. in cupidity insatiable an in usher least very the in law,” mechanisation and the utilitarianism of stability “relative the with it underlies and greed furthermore world. the upon unleashed was barbarism thereby and breached became tradition but an separate were ends and means foremost, and first came mechanisation civilisation utilitarian way, opposite an in acted definitely can customs customs dialectical

d Morals and Politics Ibid Croce denies Hegel’s distinction in the name of unity. unity. of name the in distinction Hegel’s denies Croce oee, n the in However, “European civilisation, stricken with a terrible insanity. It not only elev only not It insanity. terrible a with stricken civilisation, “European

in sucha notonly way customs and traditions were le. le. . . 7. , he seems to forget that the liberalism that liberalism the that forget to seems he , rgn ad otie f acs: ih eetos rm te Works Other from Selections With Fascism: of Doctrine and Origins ,

since he equivocated the State with the people. the with State the equivocated he since , 151 The Idealism of Giovanni Gentile. Gentile. Giovanni of Idealism The

, as ol b patcly nonexistent practically be would wars

al t tk to ey motn fcs no consideration. into facts important very two take to fails c a sfgad i peevn morality preserving in safeguards as act –

n ifrnitn bten nenl n external and internal between differentiating in – Origins and Doctrine of Fascism: With Selections from Other Works Other from Selections With Fascism: of Doctrine and Origins hoy n Hsoy f Historiography of History and Theory

. 9. . in part because that revolution originated with the Germans and Croce thinks that Nazism Nazism that thinks Croce and Germans the with originated revolution that because part in

ing ascended the scale of forms of mentality up to the point to reason. Benedetto Croce. Croce. Benedetto reason. to point the to up mentality of forms of scale the ascended ing

London: George Allan and Unwind Limited, 1941.) 1941.) Limited, Unwind and Allan George London: - 3. 10. 12. 16. 20 16. 12. 10. 3.

My Philosophy. Philosophy. My The Principles of Politics. Politics. of Principles The rence to Fascism ultimately lead to his break with Croce. Gentile. xi. Roger xi. Gentile. Croce. with break his to lead ultimately Fascism to rence a historical revolution, by which the Germans assigned themselves the role role the themselves assigned Germans the which by revolution, historical a - 7, 6. 7. 8. In 285. 271. 263. 47., – 149

especially in an age in which people waged war for the for war waged people which in age an in especially (Toronto: Macmillan, 1937.) 7. Macmillan,1937.) (Toronto:

but what he seem he what but - 22. According to Croce, Fascism was a dolorous break with the the with break dolorous a was Fascism Croce, to According 22. 152. 22 a from History Universal a of “Idea Kant. anuel lone in this morbid need for romanticising historical historical romanticising for need morbid this in lone Theory and History and Theory

oiis n Morals and Politics

Hegel is supposed to have laid down with down laid have to supposed is Hegel -

Coe eis h rvlto i history in revolution the denies Croce , n that and History as the the as History un Eibrh T T lr, 81) 8 Also, 28 1891.) Clark, T T& (Edinburgh: 148 – able moralityman inhis topreserve ed

huh h Gra herd German the though He is right so far as tradition and tradition as far so right is He to have forgotten was that in a in that was forgotten have to ated the negative into the positive by positive the into negative the ated politics

150 of Historiography (London: George George (London: Historiography of . 88. The external and internal internal and external The 88. . right , ed. A. James Gregor. (London: (London: Gregor. James A. ed. ,

tr o Liberty of Story hrb fretn that forgetting thereby

15 W ose taiin and traditions bolster , hat is Fascism? Fascism? is hat

152 - 19. 93 19. is, e renounces he First,

n veig the viewing and , ed. A. James Gregor. Gregor. James A. ed. , - 95 . As can be seen in in seen be Ascan , he reproaches reproaches he , - (Selections.) (Selections.) wealth is is wealth

instinct instinct Croce –

which d ,

is is CEU eTD Collection its Modes. and pro mental the of acme the is thought because 158 will.”a cantherefor havewhichand onlyanimals 157 110. 156 155 154 153 46. 36. Right.” Political of “Principles Collingwood. by implicitly and Green, H. T. by denied explicitly is he i.e. law, the to according act to compelled joint a be “must contract The existence. into comes contract” “social the that stage this Collingwoodian caprice all of itself rid to is consciousness of aim the that implies Collingwood Boucher, David to mind” is nature “Human people, which oncecannot again be tyranny, the to consents majority agreements, dialect means he consent consent. is there state tyrannical most the in even that asserting upon naiveté his violently so are ends and means when of spoken inevitably end,” what “to question the good.” th discusses he externa versus internal hypocrisy “monstrous of doctrine the condemned severely and mistake, this external

“Notes toward a Metaphysic.” 220. Metaphysic.” a “Notes toward Ibid Morals and Politics “If men are the only animals that can be, strictly speaking, members of a society, that is because they are the the are they because is that society, a of members speaking, strictly be, can that animals only the are men “If Here, Collingwood and Oakeshott agree. Oakeshott asserts that volition cannot carry us further than thought thought than further us carry cannot volition that asserts Oakeshott agree. Oakeshott and Collingwood Here, David Bouc David

. . 13. New Leviathan 153 156 –

Croce seems to forget that in a utilitarian age utilitarian a in that forget to seems Croce and this it can only do in dutiful action. dutiful in onlydo canit this and that is the foreigneris the that ” 26. her. her.

he is wrong, as in a tyranny only eristical methods exist. If he means, that the the that means, he If exist. methods eristical only tyranny a in as wrong, is he

go a dt ad etos epe h “ok eagerly “work who people mentions and duty as good e The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood G. R. of Thought Political and Social The oeuvre . 10 .

139. 139. ” - 11.

and “obstinate egoism.” “obstinate and 158 155

ic reasoning ic

it is noteworthy to remark that according to Collingwood, it is at is it Collingwood, to according that remark to noteworthy is it and mind is crystallized most clearly in dutiful action. According action. dutiful in clearly most crystallized is mind and –

as innately inimical. innately as e share a social consciousness, or, which comes to the same thing, […], […], thing, the same to which comes or, consciousness, social a share e truly calledconsent. it

by dint of which which of dint by cess, however he fails to equate thought with volition. with thought equate to fails he however cess, a signals the political immaturity or cowardice of the the of cowardice or immaturity political the signals rises when performing an act. No good or duty can b can duty or good No act. an performing when rises 23

Croce’s naivety goes infinitely further when when further infinitely goes naivety Croce’s

As reason is tantamo reasonis As sundered

Laterin on, “

disagreements it for exist not does good the .

Croce somehow manages to top to manages somehow Croce . (Cambridge: University Press, 2002.) 2002.) Press, University (Cambridge: . My Philosophy My ” unt to volition unt

are tur are

o bhl o the of behalf n ned into into ned , he corrected he , rgt as right l Experience Experience 154 157 self and self

“ in the f by If non e -

CEU eTD Collection 75. 1993.) University Press, Yale London: and (New Haven 165 164 163 of facade 162 the under later, page a 161 liberty negative of liberty. positive reminiscent more and different completely something their obey to have inferiors that positiv what describes 82. asserts page on Croce he i.e. right, same which the have equals and in superiors, page, single one of matter a in himself contradict to goes each charity, of law the to according relation, moral the to according but himself; for exists man each relation, juridical the to “According is: liberty positive expounding fo exists man each justice, strict of 160 159 light to bringing society, of bond the strengthening thereby dialectical, decidedly liberty positive in qualities eristical or dialectical any contain really not did which liberty negative i.e. propagate and maintain to state among m on reared understood people dialecticism and liberalism make can it which by means only the is it a is Ruggieroa educationalreform constant that implies engender which minds, own their free” become but free born not are “men it, puts Ruggiero de liberty. positive denied, world”, the in alonelonger no is “he caprice. of stain a itself in any includes liberty negative duty,whereas of equivalent in the is liberty Positive curriculum. school inherent be should which education, political and ethical thorough a of result a as of ideas political the of because sufficientunderstanding isimpossible toachieve without it these, an understanding of negati and positive of doctrines political agents.” freeactivity of

Michael Oakeshott. “The Authority of The State” in Michael Oakeshott. Oakeshott. Michael in State” AuthorityofThe “The Michael Oakeshott. Ibid Ibid Ibid Ruggiero. de Guido New Leviathan The best summary of negative liberty is that of Haller’s: “According to the right, in conformity with the law law the with conformity in right, the to “According Haller’s: of that is liberty negative of summary best The everyone’s . 369. . 365. . 354. . 352. n is oiie ulte ae fimd n pse int pasted and affirmed are qualities positive its and

Politics and Morals and Politics

133.

In superseding the empirical ego of negative liberty, man become man liberty,negative of ego empirical the supersedingIn duty towards himself and others and grants man the opportunity to reach the the reach to opportunity the man grants and others and himself towards duty

The History of European Liberalism European of History The aterialism and positivism. and aterialism 159 Collingwoo

161 Here, for the further a further the Here,for

r himself and constitutes the object of his own action.” Croce’s reply to this in in this to reply Croce’s action.” own his of object the constitutes and himself r In positive freedom the person is responsible for his fellow his for responsible is person the freedom positive In

. 81. 82. 83 82. 81. . –

authority is replaced by persuasion and “enlightenment,” and persuasion by replaced is authority s

d’s day and his concept of duty of concept his and day d’s 162 diale a

- i.e. the empirical ego of negative of egoempirical the i.e. 84. v

liberty e tcl rcs i pltcl institutions. political in process ctical 164 24 man is created to help his fellow man.” However, Croce However, man.” fellow his help to created is man

In positive liberty positive In nd proper understanding of Collingwood, theCollingwood, of properunderstanding nd . (Oxford: U (Oxford: .

160

ae to have sine quanon niversity Press, 1927.) 350 1927.) niversityPress, 163 Religion, Politics and the Moral Life.Moral the and Politics Religion, e xone a sm length some at expounded be te rncnetl g of ego transcendental the o

in the dialectical process of process dialectical the in . – Positive freedom appears appears freedom Positive

in a statebecause liberal in which is the duty of the of duty the is which e liberty is, only to assert assert to only is, liberty e liberty is superseded,is liberty s -

351.

In fact, de de fact, In free. Or as as Or free.

becomes

- men, 165

CEU eTD Collection 171 170 102 1993.) Press, University London: Yale Oakeshott. Michael in Politics.” “Scientific Oakeshott. not are ever an In liberty. 169 168 167 166 societ dialectical completely a for and that for because formunadulterated mind man’s modern d lurid a in aspect this and into go not Collingwood need we therefore and Oakeshott both for different previously something have signified we unity witnessed, As wholeness. this denies liberty negative whereas consciousness, unfragmented, and unified are agents agreed definitely liberty positive of aspect important very more dictatorships the and agent Germany, an is who person the of activity imposter.” whic authority anfor matter, the choicein no have we it, accept shall we not or whether question no is there acme] its reached has that reason practical [our authority du This matter that allowe is or can one no which in reason of state a reached has process dialectical his to he when liberty fount negative the liberty in that asseverates to superior as liberty positive for arguing in point remarkable h making thereby reason, h lead ultimately will which reason, practical of apogee

“Ibid.” 83. “Ibid.” 79. the State.” Authorityof “The negative to Nazism and Fascism of thebirth ascribe to Oakeshott came War, World Second the after Lateron, 79. “Ibid.” 78. “Ibid.” 7 “Ibid.”

dominated by rational reason but by the will to power, which itself contradicts reason. Michael Michael reason. contradicts itself which power, to will the by but reason rational by dominated ty of the man of practical reason is “self is reason practical of man the of ty 8. 169 168 , to ,

hc wr “adm cpiiu ad unstable.” and capricious “random, were which This shows the difference between liberty as conceived positively as an inherentan as positively conceived as liberty between difference the shows This

- tell him what to do because he knows what his duty is and is willing to do to willing is and is duty his what knows he because do to what him tell growing pessimism Oakeshott concluded that war cannot be abolished because human beings beings human because abolished be cannot war that concluded Oakeshott pessimism growing –

i.e. ,

eae defragmented became

i o cno hv pstv lbry uls te osiuns o the of consciousness the unless liberty, positive have cannot you m a philosopher a m

, of authority is the is authority of

- a completely dialectical society would have been needed, needed, been have would dialecticalsociety completely a 105. y, the people who made it up had to be possessed of a of possessed be to had up it made who people the y,

171 –

not in the professional sense. professional the in not 25 eas pos because Religion, Politics and the Moral Life. Moral the and Politics Religion, , - -

supportive and inescapable.” and supportive ih hc Cligod ol hv most have would Collingwood which with positive liberty could not reign in its its in reign not could liberty positive etail. It suffices to say, that say, to suffices It etail. acting man, acting im to embrace the acme of theoretical of acme the embrace to im tv lbry evs h whole the serves liberty itive 170

166 aeht pitd u one out pointed Oakeshott established in Italy and and Italy in established

i.e. h we can escape is an an is escape canwe h

the man, who owing who man, the

Oakeshott makes a a makes Oakeshott 167 (New Haven and and Haven (New

“With a reala “With

seeing that seeing d ,

for for it . CEU eTD Collection 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 propag and duties moral his embraced society. of member w peasant. the and proletariat the especially society, societ of theory a not was monadic as them the was It individual. the and society obligation H. F. opportunit equal and education needed waswith moraland preoccupiedJones, developmentthe morals. to germane was liberty positive thereby potentials, individual the of development hi by society of augmentation the helping thereby “potential,” his of all attaining by work, God’s “doing was individual the liberty, positive of execution su impossible complete but minimum, a to elements capricious these reduce to endeavour i dialecticism perfect a of cradlesof the in achieved be could that best The specialists. other for wrote specialist which in era the that consciousness e

Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid PoliticalTheory and BritishIdealism e rae ad anand o tan oaiy n “iiie lvn cniin” o every for conditions” living “civilised and morality attain to maintained and created re . . 37. . 29. 13. . 13. . 22. . 10 . 10. . 9. Bradley

11.

s liberalism .

of the individual, sin individual, the of

T. H. Green H. T.

conceived the realisation of the of realisation the conceived y, 176

was the the was 178

was i.e.

hs the Thus

to establish a liberty that was more pronouncedly positive but in lieu in but positive pronouncedly morewas that liberty a establish to – h poiig f od iig odtos o eey ebr f the of member every for conditions living good of providing the t the leading exponent of idealism of exponent leading the

non had to contain elements that were inferior to duty. People could could People duty. to inferior were that elements contain to had

valid plus ultra plus epd npr ohr t dvlp n hmevs hi own their themselves in develop to others inspire helped ce the ce . 9. .

individual

theory a individuals ies ted them to the rest the to them ted idealists

. of 174 , 175 dialecticism. This, obviously, This, dialecticism.

26 The mot prominent idealist prominent mot The

eae “ a became hs rts iels ebae te “welfare” the embraced idealism British thus

opportunities

gainsaid the atomism between the whole of whole the between atomism the gainsaid

that constituted soc constituted that 177

hs hoy nldd ht institutions that included theory This

elevation of the working ofclass,elevation the which 173

hitd perso Christed” of society. of

–

Another leading idealist, Henry idealist, leading Another and duties of the self as moral moral as self the of duties and

posited that in the theory and theory the in that posited on work. own s i 179 ety, hence considering considering hence ety,

This implied for the for implied This -

was not the case in in case the not was alongside Green Green alongside n a ln a he as long as , 172

h moral The ccess was was ccess –

CEU eTD Collection to will the declares contract, the making by party, soc No […] society. the of aim common “Every the pursue sense: positive its in it meant he liberty, discussed 189 188 187 186 185 34. 2002.) Press, University Hardy.(Oxford: 184 183 182 181 180 liberty. positive on based that than scale, lower a at is liberty negative upon based contract can it forms, binding a as contract social the to refers Collingwood Since unleas liberty positive whereas despotism, to stop a put liberty negative that asserted generation a realise he state, from the rights provided these have to as not person sopoor was negative or positive was liberty whether them to matter not would everybody state the by provided air.” fresh and food people espoused. be should that liberty the of nature the conceiving upon idea the discarded quickly idealism British and utilitarian himself. after look to had only person the which in one, negative born. was idealism which the negated therefore and reason, theoretical and practical British idealistsan adherence tothe

“Free will is a matter of degree.” matterofdegree.” willa “Free is New Leviathan Ibid Ibid “Int IsaiahBerlin. Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Cf: “The wo “The Cf: . . 37 . 45. . 174. . 172. . 135. . 39. h ,

ed it. and it was the duty of the state to prov to state the of duty the was it and ny of his liberties. his of ny -

40. .

183

186 rds society, social contain a reference to free will.” will.” free to reference a contain social society, rds be deduced that even duty forms something of a scale of forms, of scale a of something forms duty even that deduced be

Isaiah . 133. .

roduction” in Isaiah Berlin. IsaiahBerlin. in roduction”

182 eln f Berlin, , school school

rts iels as dmne euain o eeyn, pensions everyone, for education demanded also idealism British

185 Liberty

r xml, rt ta a fr s epe i nt ae hs, it these, have not did people as far as that wrote example, or Besides, Berlin, looking at liberty from the hindsight of a later a of hindsight the from liberty at looking Berlin, Besides, The New Leviathan The lunch provided by the state, and proper hospital treatment for for treatment hospital proper and state, the by provided lunch

However, positive liberty conceived of an equality between between equality an of conceived liberty positive However, a philosophy s conceived by Bentham and J .S. Mill was inevitably a inevitably was Mill .S. J and Bentham by conceived s

Liberty: Incorporating Four Essays on Liberty on FourEssays Incorporating Liberty: iety has a claim on its members involving more than this. It is is It this. than more involving members its on claim a ietyhas 27 . 144. 144. . ide ide

of Hegelof toKant, asopposed

everybody with everybody

The

New Leviathan New emanation

“obligation”

“health, warmth, light, rest, light, warmth, “health, 181 184

eas a ln a a as long as because hs ocpin was conception This

137. When Collingwood Collingwood When 137. theory of Hegel, of of Hegel, of theory would 180 187 188

., ed. Henry ed. .,

not be able to able not be

n n o its of any in in which the which in o separated 189

CEU eTD Collection most inauspicious The ofduty. facade the under government ofthe caprice the to according but acted duty his notwas did whathe therefore corrupt, was information his intentions, best his to according voted person ide an to birth give not could this such, As media.. popular the to imparted pro the that corruption the that was notice to failed or mention to b fails Oakeshott imparted been one had he the services all community his of the to back for, gave vote and reminiscent duties to his performed whom has he point to that as feels person media intelligent a an printed voting the by since made in guidance for Politics” looking were and of events international Claims and national “The entitled 1939, in made of Collingwood mu essay hand, an other the in on Oakeshott view, of other the point with affairs eristical its in an dialecticism of side, tenet political the on based is country liberal a since Britain, Great progress which to owing manner, An eristical an in Conservatives in the with conversation in canvassed engaged and politics of as function dialectical the understand population the told media printed the Aut and politicians lies outright the and appeasement 194 193 192 will. strong adequately an of because membership his loses but contract social inthe 191 the in involved 190 obligations to limited be should membership aim.” the of common pursuit of obligations the that society a of nature the in the cert a to for Britain Great and day Collingwood’s of plan natural the by restrained is mankind. of augmentation which nature, human of proneness natural t as being into come societies which to according nature, non a only Kant for i.e. otherscause they but warandhate more,naturally isthe foreigners of which predetermined, exactly will. his relinquished has or developed never has object the because possible only is coercively are disunited, subject the and object the patient, the and agent the Nazism, and Fascism itself.” than something by ruled be to existence communities distinction liberty negative com from derived are societies all Since

“Ibid.” 13. “Ibid.” fromCoa History Universal ofa “Idea New Leviathan. The T Great Britain was susceptible to becoming an agent of Fascism and Nazism because of the policy of of policy the of because Nazism and Fascism of agent an becoming to susceptible was Britain Great obiography but the breakdown of British liberalism was also owing to the fact that the Liberal Party did not not did Party Liberal the that fact the to owing also was liberalism British of breakdown the but obiography he New Leviathan New he

what

whereas in a healthy society, these are always one and the same. the and one always are these society, healthy a in whereas

between a community and a society is that societies rule themselves, whereas whereas themselves, rule societies that is society a and community a between

Kant o o, o not, do

than one based on positive liberty positive on based one than

imagines as the cause of war. According to Kant people in people Kant to According war. of cause the as imagines . 142 . n Autobiography An 140.

- 143. Collingwood notes a different case in which somebody has and retains his will will his retains and has somebody which in case different a notes Collingwood 143. The a Cligod a it has Collingwood as r

- oil omnt exists. community social 193

New Leviathan –

Therefore, in a non a in Therefore, as represented by the Liberals Liberals the by represented as i. ihe Oksot “h Cam o Pltc. 9. oee, what However, 91. Politics.” of Claims “The Oakeshott. Michael it. y smopolitical Point of View.” 9. of Point smopolitical syn ta ms pol o itliec wse t b ifre on informed be to wished intelligence of people most that saying , . 145. . munities, the scale goes lower lower goes scale the munities,

28 190

st belong to dictatorships. dictatorships. to belong st - ain extent ain

social community, such as the dictatorships the as such community, social , That is, in a non a in is, That

192 . Apart from political maturity, the main the maturity, political from Apart . a non “a

– at os n o ecie h pa of plan the describe to on goes Kant

ceased to be applicable to the political life of of life political the to applicable be to ceased , he “coercion and restraint” of the the of restraint” and “coercion he - 194 social community needs for its its for needs community social

a of positive liberty since even if the the if even since liberty positive of a own his lost has individual the - social community, such as such community, social - appeasement government had had government appeasement The The in

New Leviathan.

a society based on based society a The disunification disunification The e Leviathan New a society hate hate society a 191 part in this, this, in part

This is This 145. . 211. 211. .

CEU eTD Collection 197 ofpunishment. conception Philosophy 124 1989.) Press, whole. social the Collingwood. G. R. in Forgiveness” and of member a into reverted the be also Leviathan can and of education punishment hope sufficient sufficient the giving the with and it by fear outgrow whom inciting can criminal, who by children desires in their condition to natural a according is but This will reward. their to according act to men induce non a in whereas it, follow to society 196 despotism, towards will a is will 195 eristical an since miserably, failed of negation very is which the Liberals the which at sought, be to was ground truth. common which in the direction a entailed told have would but process dialectical a exaggerate whereas rulers,” the not among war did a Collingwood as Conservatives the that against engaged Party probable Liberal the which muchprocess eristic the describes very Collingwood is it therefore, well, as Croce, Philosophy. Collingwood. G. R. object. an but the agent an longer no fragmented was deceived being wilfully government and British peace attaining in the in part world Gargantuan a taking the right hindering development, were their hampering suspicions people, British the Collingwood’s of consciousness if that is course, of whole. a in engage to capacity their losing up end might volition strongest the of possessed the if that means this Ultimately, which isendowed withvalue. and good common the and own their for acting agents free as themselves of view the will, free own their aim, common the of sight lost have people that extent the to way, lachrymose most a in factors, above the to owing which in and fragmented and disunited severely is nature very own its by which community will” “joint a is which anymore, societya of talk cannot we thus and will free

New Leviathan New Leviathan The Collingwood notes that “authority” does exist in a society but it is followed because it is in the interest of interest the in is it because followed is it but society a in exist does “authority” that notes Collingwood

This is further aggravated by the fact that Collingwood assigns will not only to the to only not will assigns Collingwood that fact the by aggravated further is This . 154. 157 154. . but there could a benomembershipof society. membership be might there action certain a society. the share and undertake to up decision free joint makeof consciousness this Without together who persons the among enterprise, the thing that divide i to thing, particular a do to deciding all others with certain together myself of consciousness the is consciousness social The ., ed. David Boucher. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.) 133 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. David ed. ., nto various parts, and to distribute these parts these distribute to and parts, various nto have embraced the fragmentation of consciousness of fragmentation the embraced have 31. The corruption of the press and the lies with whi with lies the and press the of corruption The 31. . 147. . - 132. and R. G. Collingwood. “Punishment” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in “Punishment” Collingwood. G. R. and 132. - 158. 160 158. . 148. .

Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation Political of Principles the on Lectures

the fragmentation of the consciousness of the ordinary British subject, who owing to to owing who subject, British ordinary the of consciousness the of fragmentation the Liberalism. Liberalism.

- 164. See Collingwood’s theory of punishment: R. G. Collingwood. “Punishment “Punishment Collingwood. G. R. punishment: of theory Collingwood’s See 164.

human consciousness has never reached its acme or has regressed has or acme its reached never has consciousness human 196 - social community, the equivalent of “a of equivalent the community, social

Essays in Essays The fragmentation

New Leviathan New

PoliticalPhilosophy 29

and disunification continues, even the men men the even continues, disunification and . 212 .

of a non a of - 213. ch people were brainwashed is mentioned by by mentioned is brainwashed were people ch 197 , which together make up up make together which ,

- ., ed. David Boucher. (Oxford: Clarendon Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. David ed. ., 143. Here, Collingwood Collingwood Here, 143.

- An Autobiography Autobiography An and the massacring of all that all of massacring the and social community, community, social . 136. 136. 141 . uthority” is “force,” which does not does which “force,” is uthority” - 149.

sas n Political in Essays 195 155

echoes Green’s Green’s echoes but only of a of only but - 156. 163. 163. 156. The social social

“civil New New My My

CEU eTD Collection 201 Life. Moral 200 199 198 is That perished. completelyalready has form non fragmented, T However changes. undergo evolution, of theory the by stated as both oftheir and natural i processes are both but facts not are philosophy facts societal Collingwood’s in seen, previously have we As one. social n a were people its and Germany that is herd, German the of opinion proximity.” in bodies not reason. of anysay, kind of bereft that completelyis to were animals, the of mentalitypack anyof than forms of scale the on higher more no were Germans day modern him, for that, deduce can we than men; developed more much sometimes life, social a had animals even Oakeshott herd the of notion herd about War his published 1917 in who Trotter, Wilfred was propounder illustrious T individually. behave not would they way a in behave individuals community, a in that expounds basically Br by adopted was and Bon Le with originated herd the will” in observable of suicide “the is which well, as barbarism to but process civilising he Idea ofHistory

“Ibid.” 50. “Ibid.” PoliticalTheory and BritishIdealism Ibid Michael Oakeshott. “The Nature and Meaning of Sociality” in M in Sociality” of Meaning and Nature “The Oakeshott. Michael . 199 200 . . 308.

“Society is a moral fact and not a natural fact; it is a feature of the mind in relation, in mind the of feature a is it fact; natural a not and fact moral a is “Society and thereby if we if thereby and Oakeshott delivered an even more ruthless, however, at the time proper observation proper time the at however, ruthless, more even an delivered Oakeshott (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993.) 48 1993.) Press, University London: Yale and Haven (New

ntnt hn rc or Croce than instinct esse the the his theory was labelled by Britis by labelled was theory his - , their , their ree German tradition of the worship of the herd. the of worship the of tradition German - worship of the Germans was not a sign of “sociality,” because according to to accordingbecause “sociality,” of sign a not was Germans the of worship

that atbe sne hn h spro fr cms no en, h inferior the being, into comes form superior the when since nactable, esse

with the evolution ofthe natural world, the

201

take into account into take

is so differentis so that What this means for us, in relation to Collingwood’s damnatory Collingwood’s to relation in us, for means this What

. 104 .

olnwo dd b dn o which of dint by did, Collingwood - 105.

Collingwood’s 30 , n

they comparable. even are hardly there are continuous moments in moments continuous thereare fieri

idealism the “instinct theory” and its most most its and theory” “instinct the idealism . However, being in being However, . i tish idealism. The theory of t of theory The idealism. tish ichael Oakeshott. Oakeshott. ichael

- frequent allusions to herd to allusions frequent 49.

The t The ,

as Collingwood asserts in in asserts Collingwood as fieri heory of the of heory

itself becomes deeply itself becomes deeply Religion, Politics and the the and Politics Religion, atural fact and not a a not and fact atural fieri the Collingwoodian Collingwoodian the Herd in Peace and and Peace in Herd

might constitute might 198

nature, and in and nature, Natural fact

behaviour n i most is and - instinct, he ht of that herd herd

of of s ,

CEU eTD Collection the inhabiting people of group random a whi sameterritory, but society a not was herd society German above, sense this expounded in above, As canvassed 60. Sociality.” of Meaning 204 2005.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Anthropology, and Criticism, Cultural Folktale, in 203 202 beyondredemption. are people such where point a come might there them passion, makeand desire fact into scale in the descend that factors of influence the under put are belongs itself tradition the myth. it misconstrued painfully but clim and tradition the in positive was what continue to not them incited reason with touch lost and degenerate became Germans the since but unearthed, Müller and Grimms the that folktales the in tradition a had sava consciousness their in reason reached have the society in included people the and supreme are means dialectical which in society a is which lowly their of because ima consciousness, whom nations, other by threatened feeling tradition, of bereft people a since comprehensible, complete becomes Nazism of nature eristical the r to strived Müller Max or Grimm animals human than more no mentally fragmentation thenatural process. of wh process dialectical the by engendered is tradition since them, to denied be to have would tradition it, have would politics classical the as nature of form just is nature sense that

R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. R.G. History. of Idea The “Men are united, society is society, only in so far as they life after the guidance of of guidance the after life they as far so in only society, is society united, are “Men ges of Hobbes and Puffendorf. Therefore, the German people might might people German the Therefore, Puffendorf. and Hobbes of ges does not survive in a latter a in survive not does 203

What this all boils down to is that once tradition is so is tradition once that is to down boils all this What ch was called Germany. called was ch gined to be not a nation, but simply a people like they themselves were themselves they like people a simply but nation, a not be to gined Tales of Enchantment Enchantment of Tales 224. 204

as much as

133

- 202 –

140. 178. 284 178. 140. a process as history, but by being thus fragmented, the lo the fragmented, thus being by but history, as process a

evive by unearthing the folktales of ages past. In this sense, this In past. ages of folktales the unearthing by evive

especially given Müller’s somewhat preposterous Aryan Aryan preposterous somewhat Müller’s given especially –

as it does in history in does it as If the German people lived in a state of naturea If state people of livedin theGerman ” in R. G. Collingwood. ”inCollingwood. R.G. –

they could not have had a tradition that the Brothers the that tradition a had have not could they Eds. David Boucher, Wendy James, Philip Smallwood. Smallwood. Philip Wendy James, Boucher, David Eds. - 285. 31 , the tradition which was put in fro in put was which tradition the ,

- ntnt n rao ae otaitr trs n as and terms contradictory are reason and instinct –

- ee rty uh eiicn o the of reminiscent much pretty were

therefore if a people dwells in a statea in dwells people a thereforeif The Philosophy of Enchantment: Enchantment: of Philosophy The c i te xlct eil f the of denial explicit the is ich lost and the people to whom to people the and lost reason.” “The Nature and and Nature “The reason.” b

the dialectic scale, scale, dialectic the or might not might or - nt of them of nt – developed developed

i.e. were i.e. were Studies Studies have have wer wer –

CEU eTD Collection non the from emerges child the 208 child, given any regards 207 as fulfilled is communit hope the When maturity. mental and physical of condition a to bring to hope parents the whom children of primarily consists community non the children, of birth the with However, be. to used it what be to cease to as consciousness a such to brought be can part that but society every in part social the purge not does it society of case the in and lower 206 a Yahoo altogether the partly is and leav to it istrying herd society itself, turn No to trying […] is it vain. which into are society war the partly of is called, abolition so society, the Every for society. hopes life.” why of is rhythm that us; the with alter always or is Yahoo break to attempt similarly that ideas all “self is are peace” his “Perpetual civilisation. the of death of the but ending history, in the process is and which stagnation liberalism, to world lead a would it establishing as Croce, by especially peace perpetual of possibility non a be willalways there civilisation in that account into took never it that fact theby engendered was theory political possib “cave,” the 205 me a but estate an not is which rulers, of class the to admitted fit, deemed be they should and education political a in partake to have people the that than more no implies rule this since observed, be can programCollingwood’s of leitmotif […]. it do to fit be always must and do, to work has always it out; die to allowed be not must class ruling the For class. ruling the into promotion of susceptible per is ruled] the and germanethat is thesecond is namelybetween one, ruler toourdiscussion “the barrier [the that politics.” of laws “three the terms Collingwood what by pr dialectical the includes which liberty, Real useful become and forms of members of their ownsociety. scale the traverse can they which by process the engender to how children these teach to enough conscious socially one no be would there continue, their own free volition of participate insociety consciousness and mental to levelyet strength of have the reached not subj contain societies All

Ibid Ibid Collingwood differentiates two such cases of the non the of cases such two differentiates Collingwood The - ly the barbaric, non barbaric, the ly eombe lmn. h most The element. reformable

. . 189. . 184 New Leviathan New y and, being now possessed of a free will becomes capable of social life.” of social capable will becomes free ofa possessed now ybeing and, - –

191. probably referring to Vico’s theory of the beginning of civilisation civilisation of beginning the of theory Vico’s to referring probably

e behind. […] These defects in sociality are the source of war.” of thesource are sociality defectsin […] These behind. e . 151 . meable in an upward sense. That is That sense. upward an in meable - 205 reformable element in society. According to Collingwood the breakdown of classical classical of breakdown the Collingwood to According society. in element reformable - 152. This is also characteristic of the scale of forms that the higher incorporates the the incorporates higher the that forms of scale the of characteristic also is This 152.

– ects whom in this case have to be considered objects because they they because objects considered be to have case this in whom ects

i.e. children

salient classical political theory is that of Kant’s. Kant’s theory of the the of theory Kant’s Kant’s. of that is theory political classical salient 206 - social part will always regener always will part social

–

but the above also implies that should this proce that this but thealsoshould above implies

lower of its negative elements, i.e. there is always a non a always is there i.e. elements, negative its of lower 32 ocess of the human mind, can only be achieved be only can mind, human the of ocess - social element of the “nursery,” i.e. children and that of of that and children i.e. “nursery,” the of element social

- state came under severe attack from dialecticians, dialecticians, from attack severe under came state ,

207 members of the ruled class must be must class ruled the of members

The only one of these three rules three these of one only The ritocracy. This in effect cannot cannot effect in This ritocracy. The torical process would usher in not not in usher would process torical ate itself. “The non “The itself. ate

e Leviathan New ” – 208

Ibid i.e. criminals, or even more even or criminals, i.e.

The Here, the education the Here, . 171. 185. 171. .

New Leviathan - 269 . contradictory as as contradictory

- be can they social family family social - 7. “ 270. . 241. . - social social The ss al

- CEU eTD Collection 215 214 213 212 211 210 a for was necessary it 209 whole. a as civilisation threatened which regress inauspicious an represented not did they fact, in sense, positive its in p of human scale the in point a is it because point this at arrive to impossible also is it dictatorship opposite. the just do to prone were Nazis and Fascists the whereas anybody, Bolshevi the that fact the one a in that means consent.” than less no dissent concord, than less no discord from oppositions, all from describes day. the of liberalism the in inherent as politics of laws three the consider might level.” its to themselves wh those welcome to ready always but away, people common the keeping in aristocracy,firm open an but closed a not is it when serious and vigorous truly “Aristocracyis Morals and the in not synthesis their find parties history.”in but government, of antitheses “the that said he when eloquently would Conservatives the class, ruling the into volition insufficient of people admit hastily would Liberals the whereas but about come necessity of must admission of process the that know is that down, it slow would which those and process the accelerate would that forces the between process dialectical a requires class ruling the into people the of elevation the since dictatorship, of kind any in about come

Ibid. Liberalism European of History The 118 Ibid. 26. Ibid. Morals and Politics New Leviathan he continued, and, progress; of vehicle the on ’brake’ wasa he that explained once Conservative “Another Cf.

be recalcitran be 442. rogress and none of the three above three the of none and rogress

l -

iberalism eloquently as “its nature, a natur a nature, “its as eloquently iberalism 119. i wih e qae mrl n pltcl education. political and moral equates he which in ,

. 209. Croce also mentions this point in his Politics and Morals and Politics his mentions in Crocepoint alsothis 209. . vehicle to have a brake.” have brake.” a to vehicle . 42. . - party dictatorship the dialectical process can never come about, owing to owing about, come never can process dialectical the dictatorship party qualified. sufficiently are who those event admit to t

213

s ee iey o ceeae h poes n amt ut about just admit and process the accelerate to likely were ks The very same t same very The 211

The second law of politics is also important in Croce’simportant in also is politics of lawsecond The . 3 58. 361 58.

between the Liberals and the Conservatives the and Liberals the between The New Leviathan The - 363. aim at progress and from Collingwood’s point they point Collingwood’s from and progress at aim enet

- 33 mentioned dictatorships could explain progress explain could dictatorships mentioned

is observed by de de by observed is e strictly dialectical, draws nourishment nourishment draws dialectical, strictly e . . 209 - 210. 210.

. Politics and Morals and Politics . 212 Ruggiero;

e ute ad, that adds, further He 210

Croce put it very it put Croce 214 o have elevated have o

In a one part part one a In

h fc that fact The 209 De Ruggiero De therefore we therefore

who both who . 30. . 215 Politic

This s CEU eTD Collection 224 223 222 221 220 219 218 217 216 Fascists have never free can orreason. will reason,” foll or comprehend liberty,” positive “self is subject opinion” of “law the mentality. herd their and forms of scale onthe of people themind of thecorruption such dictatorship signifies Italy into could descend rights natural his “violates consciousness his against goes which something doing into him coercing by state the since law, the with disagreement authorities. these that It and Germany

Ibid 16. Ibid. Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid. Ibid. Obligation Political of Principles the on Lectures . . 8. . 14. . 7 . 7. . 105.

10. 82. 10. 111. 103. 108. 9. - 224

people were observant only of “ of only observant were people

216 u sne s e a, ed etlt rnes re il mosbe Nzs and Nazis impossible, will free renders mentality herd saw, we as since but

oee, re epaie te at ht h in the that fact the emphasizes Green However, - a perfection,” l 223 y could descend into such dictatorships means dictatorships such into descend could y

ow.

220 hc smbd wo s osse b a ed etlt cannot mentality herd a by possessed is who somebody which

stage higher a at is and

ic hvn fe wl ad re hie te gn “elss his “realises agent the choice, free and will free having Since ” it is it

221 and thus redu thus and

.. ntrl law” “natural i.e. his duty to resist it, resist to duty his

The form which embodies morals and will is called is will and morals embodies which form The ces him to “slavery to him ces

positive laws, positive

. 90. . 6. 34

222

217 the scale of forms. of scale the

–

even if it cause it if even

hc mas n re’ vocabulary Green’s in means which ”

i.e. laws which originated which laws i.e. ” 219

iiul i h i i moral in is he if dividual, – The fact that Germany and Germany that fact The

according T. H. Green Green H. T. according s

The moral duty of the of duty moral The punishment for him for punishment with

the the 218 –

CEU eTD Collection 229 228 Art of Philosophy a of Outline 227 226 225 history on especially works, later his of some in categories, the of sense mi human the of activities innate as i.e. universals, transcendental in Collingwood was. question the what know we unless successfully, solved been has problem a whether know not. or successfully solves been has problem the whether decided be can it therefore and solve to problem a has it i.e. out set it problem the solving in successful was i.e. to, meant it what of out carrying the in failed has it whether decidingof capable is which thought, incorporate they that “criteriological,”meaning a are they that is categories five these of own.” their of “order rest.” the of denial implicit an [being] them of out grows knowledge of form each which in knowledge, human of forms the regarding thesis a constructs Collingwood 1925, and 1924 in written In

Ibid. Ibid. Metaphysics on Essay An Ibid. Speculum For the sake of b of sake the For pclm ets o teMpo Knowledge of Map the or Mentis, Speculum 229 23 50.

33. to solve or not. Everything that Everything not. or solve to

Mentis. Mentis.

revity, the following account of the five different forms of knowledge will be taken from taken be will knowledge of forms different five the of account following the revity, 48. pclm Mentis Speculum

226 . 109 .

Chapter 2 These are art, religion, science, history and philosophy. and history science, religion, art, are These

insteadof 228 - 111.

Every problem is an answer to a to answer an is problem Every .1. The for

Speculum Mentis. Mentis. Speculum :

The forms of knowledge subjects these modes of experience to study as as study to experience of modes these subjects ms of theoretical reason ll normative, or as Collingwood prefers to call them call to prefers Collingwood as or normative, ll partakes 35 225

For more details see: more see: details For h fv frs ae “aua” ascending “natural” a have forms five The and in and

in the intellect is a criteriological science, science, criteriological a is intellect the in n uln f hlspyo Art of Philosophy a of Outline An the one preceding it, “each of of “each it, preceding one the question;

Speculum Mentis. Mentis. Speculum d Ti i the is This nd.

the the the refore we cannot we refore theoretical 227 58

Reflective - everyday 305.

sense sense

An An ,

CEU eTD Collection “din happen may Whatever leaps. by nothing and degrees by goes Everything : “process”. i.e. phrases, favourite Collingwood himself Collingwood than Collingwoodian 236 235 234 233 philosophy.” historyof calls“the Croce process, dialectical dialectical a level a that is mind reach the of to process and it to accordingly act and ethics of concept the grasp can mind unified fully 232 231 1926 Lectures 230 m presents Mentis Speculum Collingwood as mode rapid a such in occurred have cannot consciousness c leaps sudden whereby mind, the of process the is doctrines main Collingwood’s of one However, nature own one’s outrage to freedom engendered individualism Renaissance The health. intellectual and mental of elements chief the of one regards he because fa the laments Collingwood matter. syst a than more no implies Collingwood gains ust have only meant the acme by which time the five different forms could not be subdued subdued be not could forms different five the time which by acme the meant only have ust

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Mentis. Speculum Metaphysics. on Essay An R. Speculum Mentis. Mentis. Speculum hs a poal te ny otie n hc Oksot o te etr of better the got Oakeshott which in doctrine only the probably was This G. Collingwood. “Outlines of a Philosophy of History” in R. G. Collingwood in Collingwood R.G. in ofHistory” Philosophy ofa “Outlines Collingwood. G. ascendency over the transcendental the over ascendency 34. 31. 230 rs ot f h seil euirte o te subject own,thatmethods ofits arise out the of peculiarities special that the own of its out of arise problems special having matter, subject definite some definite a be must there and subject thinking, There systematic fulfilled. or are orderly conditions be two must where except science no is There no transpire. annot

aily life, nothing appears appears nothing life, aily - 1928 - and thereby freedom, but this freedom is “a negative” one, it is merely “the “the merely is it one, negative” “a is freedom this but freedom, thereby and matter to think about.[…] An ordinary science ordinary An about.[…] think to matter , ed. Jan van der Dussen. (Oxford: University Press, 1993.) 432. 1993.) Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: ed. der , van Jan

30. but must have bee have must but 27. Croce and hi and Croce 27. the

sine qua non qua sine “unity of the mind,” the of “unity 236

- 15. wn t ti principle this to Owing ct that he has to separate the forms of knowledge to some extent some to knowledge of forms the separate to has he that ct

. de de novo s fellow neo fellow s Politics and Morals and Politics n

brought about gradually and the Renaissance separation separation Renaissance the and gradually about brought - .”

234 in writing about historical experience by highlighting one of of one highlighting by experience historical about writing in Experience and its Modes and Experience

of [its] special problems. […] of [its] ematic and thorough investigation of a given subject given a of investigation thorough and ematic

universal universal [] […] . - idealists are of the same opinion. According to Croce, only a a only Croce, to According opinion. same the of are idealists 232 36

which was destroyed by the Renaissance, the by destroyed was which

. 23. Th 23. . Politics and Morals and Politics “ hs s h fut f h Renaissance.” the of fruit the is This one ,

h sprto o te ie om of forms five the of separation the e unity of the mind, by which it develops in a in develops it which by mind, the of unity e and is studied as a science, which for which science, a as studied is and - matter, and special special and matter, . 142. . is the science of of science the is . 110. .

Collingwood Collingwood

231

The Idea of History with History of Idea The

–

by being more more being by 233 it

235 as in

CEU eTD Collection 244 243 242 241 240 239 238 v2. to v1 from thepoints all traverse it has to but that immediately v1 fromv2 237 crises.” idealists. hisneofrom Italian offfellow most him thatprobably the ispoint marks that believe,and not catastrophe Collingwood cannot it politics, of form dialectical only the is liberalism probably was say to meant Croce What why. reason his to given is explanation further until odd somewhat seems despair Collingwood’s or many,change cannot lawworld. they ofthe the th to return always process. as regarded which in history, in leap sudden a propose to him of illogical highly thro goes only dies never liberalism that above the to philosophers. adheresthree mentioned he since especially veridical be cannot mind of unity the in break exist.” to nature for time takes it time, take events sinceand events; of complex onlya is bodyitself but doubt, an at nature no is “there that Alexander. and Whitehead Kant, by expounded as process a is Everything unity. maintain to order in another one to

My Philosophy. Philosophy. My Morals and Politics Collingwood. R.G. of Political Thought and Social The Philosophy. My Morals and Politics Ibid. Ibid. Metaphysics. on Essay An 267. 266 244 Croce reasserted the Hegelian viewpoint when he said that that said he when viewpoint Hegelian the reasserted Croce

267.

in history as possibly as history in –

59. 238. n pt o hs al dcae neo declared early his of spite in 239

. 174. 174. . 120 . e paths of liberty; however men may deny and. blaspheme it, be they few few they be it, blaspheme and. deny may men however liberty; of paths e

Thus,

“ - The world, which cannot perish and which has the will to live, must live, to will the has which and perish cannot which world, The 121.

258. As is well known, Kant’s doctrine was that a body in motion does not reach notreach motiondoes wasbodyin a that doctrine Kant’s As known, well 258. is

238 olnwo’ pit ht i that point Collingwood’s

instant.

Summarizing Whitehead’s famous dictum, Collingwood dictum, famous Whitehead’s Summarizing Also, given Collingwood’s reverence Collingwood’s given Also,

conducive to emanationism to conducive ”

Nature is not body as distinct from event; from distinct as body not is Nature ugh crises to once again emerge triumphantly emerge again once to crises ugh 37

4. ic te id f epe s ilcia and dialectical is people of mind the since ”

241 - Hegelianism

ws h Renaissance the was t

as did Croce did as fail

242

to – for

ee cniee any considered never rise “

Croce, who asserted asserted who Croce, history develops by by develops history itr itself history 243

again , in which he did he which in , which

it is body, no no body, is it However, .

asd a caused ,

240 asserts s not is

it is it 237 - -

CEU eTD Collection flawed a of result the extent some to was day own his in transpiring system. metaphysical was that nationalism and butchery 251 250 249 248 247 246 245 ultima scientia circle a with but scale, a with up end not does he Collingwood, to unbeknownst However, rest. the on dependent are forms the all which in forms of scale a fact in is out work to endeavours Collingwood What puerility certain a with pregnant heavily was unity such because Ages Middle ab bring to endeavour even not does Collingwood gradually and slowly.” but notion process. about elsewhere propagated he everything and Vichianism, be. to it proposes Collingwood as abrupt other as nearly been each have cannot change the to case, any In developed. subservient be to had scheme be unificatory longer no could they much so grown had the that means distinct. a is it realising at aimed form previous the what realising and value positive of was which in it had opposite, form an previous is it denying by it below form the of distinct the and opposition the once at is scale the of point present the but present, the in encapsulated A ccording to the scale of forms there is always a primitive survival, that is, the past remains remains past the is, that survival, primitive a always is there forms of scale the to ccording

The establishment of of establishment The Mentis. Speculum Ben Mentis. Speculum Autobiography. An An New Leviathan.

Essay on Philosophical Method. Method. Philosophical on Essay e detti Croce. Croce. detti that of Collingwoo of that i spoe post supposed his 251 Renaissance 65. 65. The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico. Vico. Giambattista of Philosophy The

26. 36. An Essay on Metaphysics on Essay An 98 – An Essay on Philosophical Method. Method. Philosophical on An Essay

a new metaphysics was of primary importance to Collingwood, since he thought that the the that hethought since Collingwood, to importance primary was of metaphysics new a - hrb h haiy mle ta ee tog mtpyia iqiy is inquiry metaphysical though even that implies heavily he whereby 99. 106. 113 99. 249 –

owing to the fact that he labels he that fact the to owing

was merely the acme, at acme, the merely was

d’s best upon claiming that claiming upon best d’s - - Kantianism, his philosophical adherence to modern science science modern to adherence philosophical his Kantianism, 114. 141. 114. 63 246 - 65.

hrfr process Therefore . 98. .

I pooig la, olnwo cnrdcs his contradicts Collingwood leap, a proposing n 38

(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1913.) 108. 1913.) Company, Macmillan (New The York: 89. out such unity as was character was as unity such out

which point the puerility of the sciences sciences the of puerility the point which

Croce expresses not only the only not expresses Croce 1

“ s las rsn i process in present always is metaphysics as as metaphysics custom changes not at a blow, but but blow, a at not changes custom 245

incorporati scientia prima scientia 248 of the forms. the of

g ht the what ng n another and istic of the the of istic Vichian Vichian 2 . 247

and

250

CEU eTD Collection 257 256 255 70. ofProgress.”68. Principle “T exist. cannot duty regarding freechoice thereby ofnature, the plan it is because not, it isKant,for whereas 254 253 252 assertions. making of incapable is such as forms ofknowledge. the of unity In practicalreason. w compatible wholly not is Christianity of support Collingwood’s Therefore, recognisinggiven thatinthe circumstanceandcan dosomething. must he els somebody caprice transcended has volition because duty is Duty commandments. god’s to according but volition moral own their of out act not did people ex an was life Medieval as stands which logicalultimate ground everything studiedby thatis any to other science.” that of science the therefore is Science Last and First “The last. studied in science, of form any to antecedent be pursued are undertakings to rationalinevitable ifscientific

Ibid. Ibid. Collingwood. R.G. Mentis. Speculum man’s choice, to according performed is also that duty obvious writingsit is in Collingwood’s However, New Leviathan Met on Essay An Speculum Mentis Speculum 46. decide todo,and todo. theonlyhething freely can decide freely can he something necessary: and possible both is , ’circumstances’ his to respect with or internally both position, present his in him for which thing, a is duty A

Middle Middle e ordained it. Duty qualifies as duty only if the agent does the act out of of out act the does agent the if only duty as qualifies Duty it. ordained e . 220. . 254 aphysics. 36.

Outlines of a Philosophy of Art. Art. of Philosophy a of Outlines

255 Ages, at Ages, and and

According toCo

10. p

An Outline of a Philosophy of Art of Philosophy a of Outline An licit d licit

’

a charact higher since duty, i.e. reason, practical of form highest the of enial er

level of union by union of level his to respect with or externally and ’ the scale it is posited at the top owing to its being being its to owing top the at posited is it scale the llingwood, art ispure art imagination, llingwood, 257

39 The artist as such does not care about the truth the about care not does such as artist The (Bristol: Thoemmes Press, 1994.) 3. 1994.) (Bristol: Press, Thoemmes

expediency and pleasure, not because because not pleasure, and expediency

giving some kind of freedom to all all to freedom of kind some giving , Collingwood tries to restore the restore to tries Collingwood , –

hence metaphysics islogically metaphysics hence

253

252 256

ith his theory of of theory his ith and imaginationand he CEU eTD Collection fragmentary the In 301. re can historian 266 265 264 263 have must Collingwood because ofart. misunderstanding occurred false a shift by engendered was which the mind, the that of irrationality the as think Fascism and Nazism also regarded I forms. superseding pure the of is misconstrual art of source primary former the being the art and society in modern whereas themselves, about Mentis truth Speculum the people telling which as imagination, art addressed latter emerging The the solve to in outlined as art order of theory the in between difference emotions common their face community society. of problems the and man which by something 262 261 260 259 258 in survives abstractness of history, remnant a whereby entities, separate remain subject the and object the history in However, itself.” particularises that “universal a is History amalgamated. histor is consciousness of form new This engendered. has it problem the solves which knowledge of form new a beget instances.” no have which “law[s] with replete realised,” never very problemcomplet inaiming science poses at world.” intelligible purely reality from appearance and thought, from language isolates religion. of death the be would it fact, this of aware it Were metaphors. using to resorts it that aware not is Religion things. the utilising in but truth me the assert to aspires which religion, engenders art collapsing, itself.” to visible “monadism” the labels non are reality and truth him for because work his of value

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Art.of Philosophy a of Outlines Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. By 1936, Collingwood modified this doctrine in enunciating the doctrine of historical re historical of doctrine the enunciating in doctrine this modified Collingwood 1936, By In the third part of part third the In taphors it inherited from art, what it asserts and what it means to convey are two different two are convey to means it what and asserts it what art, from inherited it taphors 93. 92. 44. 80. 27. 13. 266

wh - enact for himself the thoughts of the historical agent. For more details see: see: details more For agent. historical the of thoughts the himself for enact ich causes history causes ich

as well. Collingwood, I think, shifted his theory because he realised the degeneration of art in in art of degeneration the realised he because theory his shifted think, I Collingwood, well. as 261 does not distinguish between truth and fiction. The thesis of the earlier work is present in in present is work earlier the of thesis The fiction. and truth between distinguish not does The Principles of Art. of Principles The

The Principles of Art of Principles The Yet, it is exactly this very monadism that causes the collapse of art. of collapse the causes that monadism very this exactly is it Yet, The Principles of History, History, of Principles The The Formative Years of R. G. Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The 259

264 f r. h ats “ans o see” to “paints artist The art. of i wih rt, mgnto, agae n apaac are appearance and language imagination, truth, which in y

However, such abstraction engenders mere abstraction and the and abstraction mere engenders abstraction such However, 263 - 267 91.

In contradicting itself, religion itself, contradicting In to turn into philosophy in which the mind is both the objectthe both is mind the which in philosophy into turn to

293 , Col , - 300. I disagree with Johnston thesis that there that thesis Johnston with disagree I 300. lingwood radically changes his earlier position. Art becomes becomes Art position. earlier his changes radically lingwood Collingwood goes even further in asserting that the historian can can historian the that asserting in further even goes Collingwood An Outline of a Philosophy of Art of Philosophy a of Outline An

consciousness, the degeneration of which engendered the engendered which of degeneration the consciousness, 40

e abstraction Sciencee insoluble. “ideal is isan . . 93.

260 -

, existent.

265 n i at or id s made is mind “our art in and n re “o opeed the comprehend “to order in

which science to birth gives Therefore, science needs to needs science Therefore,

258 and and

hs Collingwood This, The Principles of Art of Principles The The Idea of History. History. of Idea The - enactment, w enactment, was no substantial substantial no was

conception and and conception hereby the the hereby 262

In 282 . - CEU eTD Collection 270 in. knowledge of forms separate see: details more For a about bring to attempt an main the a for Need “The titled chapter the in in History” of Philosophy saying famous his in conspicuous most is This inseparable. are they that 269 268 267 well. only not poignancy and quotation direct merits which Mentis, Speculum in passage a in wallowed civilization which in situation the canvasses Collingwood destruction. ab were or demolished largely been have knowledge of forms these that thought Collingwood why canvass will I following, the In of. out grow knowledge human of activities other the all which of out soil the is art since wh the destroyed, be art should However, incarnation. high of kind that attain never could never, would consciousness human that being peril biggest the intact, remain might knowledge of destroyed. be it of part one any should demolished, be would which whole,” “a constitutes knowledge human of forms self the knowledge, general.” in spirit of world intelligible an himself for creating so and himself, knowing by himself creating “is man which in subject, the and

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Art.of Philosophy a of Outlines Speculum Mentis. Mentis. Speculum The Principles of History. History. of Principles The

311. 94. eiiu picpe fr hc te sad r sc a gv pae a re peace the give as of such because are not stand reason, they personal which for other principles some religious for or preacher the or churches, empty everywhere to Religion […] felt. an novels like popular of writer the itself dissipates as existence his supply justify cannot the philosopher The and current. electric ‘earthed’ there, not is demand The […] -

enact the thought of the agent but the accompanying emotions that necessitate the action of the agent, as as agent, the of action the necessitate that emotions accompanying the but agent the of thought the enact

directness. 317. An Autobiography. Autobiography. An - eonto o te id n t on mirror.” own its in mind the of recognition An Autobiography: Autobiography: An

By 1939, Collingwood had managed t managed had Collingwood 1939, By

to better illustrate their demise in the catastrophe the in demise their illustrate better to

67. 270 -

day is in much the same state. […] We actually see see actually We […] state. same the much in is day 93.

Logically, if philosophy were destroyed, t destroyed, were philosophy if Logically,

rapprochement can; 77 out to be demolished and the consequences of such such of consequences the and demolished be to out “My life's work hitherto, as seen from my fiftieth year fiftieth my from seen as hitherto, work “Mylife's - 8 I sie f hs at I il ra piooh ad itr as history and philosophy treat will I fact, this of spite In 88. churches filled only by the popularity of of popularity the by only filled churches

by saying he satisfies a need universally need a satisfies he saying by -

ee consciousness level between philosophy and history.” history.” and philosophy between 41

268

Philosophy is “the end and cro and end “the is Philosophy o equate philosophy with history in asserting asserting in history with philosophy equate o ole scale would be destroyed with it, with destroyed be would scale ole f oe f t parts its of some of of - 269 laden world Collingwood lived Collingwood world laden hc piooh i the is philosophy which

hrfr te cl of scale the Therefore he four inferior kinds inferior four he

An Autobiography An multiple page multiple nd nd , has been in in been has , wn of all of wn o its for - long long . 77. 77. .

CEU eTD Collection 272 271 that idea Ruskinian the reflected art of state the with disappointed passage. above the in illustrated is mentality his and father his for obligation. not and passion of out did one which was labo own He his by bread one’s employed. earning than occupation worthier being no was there that than convinced time his of worthy more were studies other and painting Collingw

The Formative Years of R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. of Years Formative The Mentis Speculum eeeay n h hmn re a yt fr l te atns f our of rantings the a be all must prophets crazy produces that generation the for and age; his of son yet, as breed unsuccessful human the in degeneracy I other the life. modern of problem on special the call demand to ventured have unsatisfied with side one the and on overproduction producers The buy. out are will wealth spiritual one of consumers no because bread, mere are for them have starving who those And things. these find for cannot faith, and for knowledge, beauty, for hungering are who people contains country the vil every and street Every religionwares. their for of market ministers no find can philosophers, who artists, of crowd a is there other, the On philosophy. and religion art, for demand unsatisfied an is there hand, spe the is This mind. human the of activities normal are they quests, vain not are philosophy and religion of students thoroughness […] existence. and very their eyes, religion world’s the in of ministers jus to fail they yet ordinary and plenty great in us among exist who philosophy, the artists, ordinary the with therefore is concern Our […] unimpaired. greatness his keep and we because words, other world in a ourselves made them; have deserve not do we because only is it be to than sure be may we rejected men, great us send and not does God If despised […] king. as crowned be to likely more is appears, he when it. distinguish to skill the not have they because best, the buy not do purchasers the for quality; low own its because market its fail not does quartets string and poems statues, and pictures the of output there that even nor bad, iswork their that not is It failing. and production, artistic by live to merely trying are women and man of Thousands state. better a in novels, popular the of spite in art, is Nor […] them. attend who people the to consolation crazy generation. […] Every one agrees that our present condition is, in is, some peculiar one. way, a morbid condition present our that agrees one Every […] generation. crazy ood’s father was a polymath, who lived in self in lived who polymath, a was father ood’s . 15 . -

22.

reformers. And yet the fault is not all the prophet’s. He is the is He prophet’s. the all not is fault yetthe And reformers. hc i a e tig n h wrds itr. … At and Art […] history. world’s the in thing new a is which

s o mc o i fr h dmn. h actual The demand. the for it of much too is in which no great man could reach maturity maturity reach could man great no which in 14. cial problem of modern life. On the one the On life. modern of problem cial 271

42 of touch. […] This coexistence of coexistence This […] touch. of

272

This way of thinking and his admiration his and thinking of way This hy al ad al ih a with fail and fail, They - inflicted penury, as he thought that thought he as penury, inflicted

[…]

[…] There is no is There […]

The great man, great The The way Collingwood was was Collingwood way The the state in which art was was art which in state the lage in lage tify, ur CEU eTD Collection 277 age. hisinown found thathe no shows Industrial who therefore, the slavery, hails276 from mankind Collingwood, freeing as unlike thefor proletariat. world, sympathy the Croce, of mechanisation However, the dubious. and Revolution somewhat are communism regarding laissez of doctrine Smith’s Adam by engendered was Liberalism on left the from attack the that account into take not does Croce intellect.” of enemy insidious “the as describes he systems 275 274 273 it consider not did they because meaningful was which life of way previous their conserve the to hostile was which minority,” it for remedy a find to tried intelligentsia the Mad.” Goes “Man and Machine” writings, later the in theme recurring low consumed actually people that but touch, of out simply not were wealth” “spiritual of producers and people that aware yet not was he 1924, In tackled. being is civilisation of death ultimate the Coll of question of works later the in and Stalin and Hitler of emergence the with insane more even become to were mentioned he prophets” “crazy the years, few a In crisis. Collingwood’s regarding vision above The of forms the all and “hobbies” in theoretical one’s mindhealthy. keep reasonto engage to has one that idea Ruskinian the inherited grave even be would there done, rapidly was something was England which in spirit profligate the of aware itself, nation the of state the “reflected” in, found

History Man. Man. History mediocrity same the very whodecried Collingwood, on influence overwhelming weRuskin’s see canHere 29. Ibid. 21. Ibid. rc, o eape ascae te ass ih mediocri with masses the associated example, for Croce,

ogd o mediocrity for longed

- utd asg oiiae i 12, hn n pt o te neet lans of bleakness inherent the of spite in when 1924, in originates passage quoted 227. - quality products as drug addicts consume heroin, a metaphor that was a a was that metaphor a heroin, consume addicts drug as products quality –

very popular periodical, Scrutiny, which dealt with the same subject and and subject same the with dealt which Scrutiny, periodical, popular very My Philosophy My

History Man. Man. History

Lewis .

the world he lived in, he did not yet the theseverityof fathom in,hedidnot lived world he the , 275 F. R. Lewis publish Lewis R. F.

228. . n sae rm t from escape an 26 eeeain f taste of degeneration addressed

27. “Man Goes Mad.” 330. Mad.” Goes “Man 27. seily in especially 43 274

i proia t “n re ad conscious and armed “an to periodical his 273 y Nzs, acs ad omns. which communism., and Fascism Nazism, ty, ed and edited the famous and famous the edited and ed T

e dugr” f riay ie and life ordinary of “drudgery” he hrfr Cligod a perfectly was Collingwood therefore e rnils f Art of Principles he wlig in dwelling consequences. r 276

n culture. and - faire, hence his dismissiv his hence faire, n ke ta unless that knew and

ingwood, the very very the ingwood, 277 olnwo also Collingwood “a ad the and “Man ,

epe i not did People – e remarks remarks e

among

CEU eTD Collection 283 282 281 280 279 Man. itspropagation. own of the importance in not believe which did culture ofa wasproduct the disease 278 exaggeration an not is it perhaps and corrupt false, a him on bestowed thus and environment his of segment a not was that value of kind any individual the denied materialism historical it because Fascism mid to early the of problems to tackle to prepared insufficiently was day the of liberalism the that noting the of concede but it, towards actually seems to democracy; for outcry the engendered liberty negative Ruggiero, quality.’ bad of triumph the but quantity, education his or character men all of equality the of idolatry” “the early which in liberalism rejected that reason the was This Stalin. and Mussolini t easily and classes uneducated lower, the from coming despotism a majority, the of despotism inevitable. of emergence the traditions their preserve to want not did people because Green echoes di Romans because but attacks, sustenance. of worthy urned into a dictatorship, whom the masses slavishly worshiped, as in the case of Hitler, Hitler, of case the in as worshiped, slavishly masses the whom dictatorship, a into urned

The History of European Liberalism European of History The Liberalism European of History The Ibid Obligation Political of Principles the on Lectures New Leviathan is stri Collingwood and Eliot similarity between The

229. . 95. . 99. 95. bourgeois

h polm ih eiciy a ta i tne, oe fe hn not, than often more tended, it that was mediocrity with problem The

- 280 20 . 330. . th

rising against rising have have

Fascism and Nazism as the harbingers of the death of modern society was was society modern of death the of harbingers the as Nazism and Fascism etr ad a n waos gis dmcay scaim Nzs and Nazism socialism, democracy, against weapons no had and century the modern world was moribund not because of Hitler and Mussolini but Mussolini and Hitler of because not moribund was world modern the

had had 278 agree d

that Fascism and Nazism and right and Nazism and Fascism that ot t conne its lost Much like Rome Rome like Much – d

with the socialist outcry,he orintheverywith the socialist least was d not value their civilisation anymore, civilisation their value not d s . 384 . 376 . ocialism. He and de and He ocialism.

taken for granted. Democracy was “not the triumph of of triumph the “not was Democracy granted. for taken - - 386. 378. ction

. . 92 282 – 44 king, since Eliot’s conclusion was also that the modern that the was also conclusion Eliot’s king, since

- with 94

hc dd o fl bcue f h barbarian the of because fall not did which

s setd oh y olnwo ad de and Collingwood by both asserted As .

h lbrl tradition. liberal the

Ruggiero 281 - 20

and this caused a rapture in which in rapture a caused this and th - wing radicalism radicalism wing

century liberals categorically categorically liberals century were

– in full agreement upon agreement full in 279 howe

unre

- 283

here Collingwood here lated to his moral his to lated ver

was ehp worse, Perhaps were Collingwood

sympathetic sympathetic History History

the result result the to e the be

CEU eTD Collection 289 288 thinking.” clear of remain and capable headed muddle fundamentally so creed a embrace could one wasofNo him. the end that Asphilosopher a Fascism. 287 286 285 284 entangled and d inparty politics intellectual govern, man. disgusting”, case Gentile’s consciousness own their of corruption the clergymen, literary writings. subsequent his in clear perfectly many. therefore solution, The anymore. oneness in remain not could they which of dint by progress their of society his find Renaissance experience beca worthy inthe themodesseparated of sustaining.However, of will man which by mind human of reunification the is remedy only The duty itself political it be individual, the on education life social politi morbid say, to

“The Claims of Politics.” 96. Politics.” Claimsof “The Philosophy My Autobiography An Mentis Speculum Ibid Ibid. 288 . . 437. 286

387

i.e. Oakeshott

, whereas all otheras, whereas they formsresulted taught caprice in - hr o sc daetcs, h wrd a doe ad Collingwo and doomed was world the dialecticism, such of Short is one the and one is many the which in process dialectical a in them uniting is 389. – s ,

society

s wrig ht hlspes hud ee itree n oiis o e party be to politics in interfere never should philosophers that warning a as was the only political form that was capable of bestowing a correct and valid valid and correct a bestowing of capable was that form political only the was thus

. . 115. without . 28 . . 158. “There was once a very able and distinguished phil distinguished and was veryable a “There . once 158.

- goes it

man were susceptible of being influenced by politics, which in itself led to initselfled which influenced by politics, were ofbeing susceptible man - is 38. 44. 48. 50. 44. 38. 48. a education. cal

is not governed from the foreground but from the background by its own own its by background the from but foreground the from governed not

a step further, since according since further, step a

aig him, naming mrieos agr f h crir of carriers the if danger mortiferous a

not look atnot look the whole. 284

287 An Autobiography An Liberalism

n at rc aldd o i a “eusv and “repulsive as him to alluded Croce fact in or not or To make matters more complicated, philosophers, complicated, more matters make To 45 –

s oh Coll both as ,

because it taught duty as it was the result the was it as duty taught it because

–

pr fo big the being from apart . . 158. 289 to him it it him to

nwo ad rc aldd to alluded Croce and ingwood is osopher who was converted to to converted waswho osopher

not really politicians who politicians really not it spiritual . 285

o pu ultra plus non

elh bec wealth d ae it made od - o use use

me me

of of - CEU eTD Collection 197. 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. David 295 42. moralnecessity to according action and resolution for isthe need cow conservatism, timorous past, the about superstition sense, will,moral of lack ofthe disintegration tiredness, spiritual called are world,they moral the in appellations their already have “Allthings these did: Collingwood not possess.” wedo know we which happiness thefor begin looking to how and of life takehold to where not know we men,do and of in despair same the heexpresses and 1924 enough well in problem this saw Collingwood 203. 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. David 294 293 295. 2005.) Press, Clarendon G. R. body.” Anthropology, and Criticism, Cultural Folktale, your but mind your only 292 not mind; 173. 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: unconscious Collingwood. G. R. your in Life” but of Rules “The mind Collingwood. conscious your only not pas your but reason your only not Respect whole. the of ignorance fatal without ignored nor whole, the to 291 290 human expresses which knowledge of form the as art regarded Collingwood seen, have everything that fact the institutions,” “shattered of expressed. is it what and art for penchant no had who majority,” “philistine the from art real appreciate could who of minority r mechanization serious a the and art for with hatred common disillusionment a engendered has his which civilization expresses he Machine,” the and “Art it. of out grow in someways as pivotalallthehigher formu are most built ofknowledge, forms the civilisation.” any indeed s “Without creating is thetime he creates. At obliges artist the because reason contains Art

Life ofRules “The Vico. Giambattista of Philosophy The R. G. G. R.

As Collingwood writes: “The lower elements are not purposeless, and cannot be killed without fatal damage damage fatal without killed be cannot and purposeless, not are elements lower “The writes: Collingwood As R. G. Collingwood. “The Utilit “The Collingwood. G. R. R. G. Collingwood. “The Prussian Philosophy” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. R.G. in Philosophy” Prussian “The Collingwood. R.G. ardice which knowingly tries to excuse itself by equivocation and by appealing to historical necessity whennecessity historical to appealing by and equivocation byitself excuse to whichtries knowingly ardice Collingwood. “Art and the Machine” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in Machine” the and “Art Collingwood. ne w cno hv intellect have cannot we ense, 291

.” 172. .” By 1936, Collingwood was severely disenchanted with the state of art. In art. of state the with disenchanted severely was Collingwood 1936, By Speculum Mentis. Mentis. Speculum

290

which 293

Spec Art, as we have seen in the foregoing, is the most elementary and elementary most the is foregoing, the in seen have we as Art, arian Civilization” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in Civilization” arian

as one infected with “a spi “a with infected one as

ulum Mentis ulum 292

a nt tltra ws icre ad annihilated. and discarded was utilitarian not was ,

49. that one piece is the only one which he can and does create. create. does and can which he theonly one piece is that one Collingwood regarded his generation, grown up in a world a in up grown generation, his regarded Collingwood

2 35. Croce described the situation withe situation described Croce 35. . 2 . The death of art Eds. David Boucher, Wendy James, Philip Smallwood. (Oxford: (Oxford: Smallwood. Philip James, Wendy Boucher, David Eds. : “We cannot ever be man at all; we are wrecks and fragments wrecksand we manare all; at be ever cannot : “We : without poetry, we cannot have philosophy, nor nor philosophy, have cannot we poetry, without

with with 46

Essays in Political Philosophy Political in Essays his duty when he creates the piece of art heart of piece the creates he when duty his — and so on.” on.” so and

ritual disease” ritual The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies in Studies Enchantment: of Philosophy The Essays in Political Philosophy Political in Essays Essays in Political Philosophy Political in Essays History as the Story of Liberty. Liberty. of Story the as History th much the same despair as despair same much the th 294

which consisted in consisted which , ed. David Boucher. Boucher. David ed. , ift between the the between ift 295 pon it andpon it

, ed. , s we As sions; sions; , ed. , CEU eTD Collection 306 Ideals. International 305 304 303 “Art and songs. dance or magazinecovers suchas 302 301 300 299 298 297 230. 296 [ him. because worthless be to them professing repr mechanical the by deceived been has he thatthinknot will originals, uponseeinghearingthe radio,or the on music heardclassical and art real despise to peopleleads reproduction mechanical that notes Collingwood experience, musical proper the to vital is loudness original which instruments, individual the of loudness findings. i charcoal thousand five approximately made he hence th original, the of size the diminishing by and with endowed is original the shades and colours the all out “dope.” with people provided arts, fine the with familiar more well less the provide propagateandart theythinkingwould faith, cinema the and radio the photograph, the invented that those that laments t of foundation whole the which without emotion, …].”

“Art and the Machine. “Artthe and 295. Machine.” “Artthe and 297. “Ibid.” 293. Machine.” “Artthe and Man History 291 “Ibid.” “Artt and culture. meanteffect on perilous a cinema the that academicians among was theme It common a Collingwood holds that the only things worthy of mechanical reproduction are the worst quality of works, works, of quality worst the are reproduction mechanical of worthy things only the that holds Collingwood “Ibid.” 295. “Ibid.” Bernard Bosanquet. “Is Compensation Necessary for Optimism?” in Bernard Bosanquet. Bosanquet. Bernard in Optimism?” for Necessary Compensation “Is Bosanquet. Bernard

304 305

Bosanquet also notes the “failure in mechanical civilisation to offer the highest the offer to civilisation mechanical in “failure the notes also Bosanquet

299 This, Collingwood regard Collingwood This, he Machine.” 297. heMachine.” e painting becomes utterly distorted. utterly becomes painting e

300 -

h rdo big otold y h ueuae lsee, a nvr els the realise never can listener, uneducated the by controlled being radio, The 292.

. 83. .

while the bestows works cinema ofart drugs.” onpeople not but“emotional

(London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1917.) 61. 1917.) Limited, Co., and (London: Macmillan ” 302. ”

297 303

however, according to Collingwood, these innovations only innovations these Collingwood, to according however, The photograph distorts pictures by not being able to bring to able being not by pictures distorts photograph The since the person who has only seen paintings paintings onlyhas seen who person the since s as an “educational problem,” “educational an as s

the Machine.” 294. theMachine.” of 47 h ht o art of hate the 298

oduction of such works, but will continue continue will but works, such of oduction 302

Collingwood never trusted the trusted never Collingwood

hought becomes corrupt and rotten. He He rotten. and corrupt becomes hought is “a disaster for our our for disaster “a is

srpin o his of nscriptions

which - 306 off with a chance to become to chance with a off

since the new generation, new the since

a be iclae in inculcated been has civilization” and it and civilization” 296

did in archaeological

photographs photograph; History Man History so Social and and Social

in good in values 301

CEU eTD Collection 314 313 312 311 1917.)1 Bosanquet. Bernard in Patriotism” of “Th Bosanquet. which Bernard nations. other towards inimical notwas patriotism, turn in and by threatened healthyfeel not did a with children endowing for need a establishing towards tended reform educational 310 extensively.here willtackled not be it about 309 308 307 “ nations. nature the on based reform educational the hence peace, safeguard will approach which aim their achieve parties another, of loss the at not aims, our achieve search in were who people of interaction “unintelligent” the to it appropriated but evil inherently being nations or people of outcome Bosanquet for guarantee a meant have obviously would Bosanquet life. of unity a constituting thus and accordingly, understanding leng some quite at wrote also de and whole lives spiritual people’s render orderto r educational of need the about extensively wrote Gentile, Giovanni idealist, fellow Collingwood’s day. Collingwood’s of thought European the in extant quite tendency a marks youngpeople life” mental “healthy a of fountain the is which beauty, and art appreciating of means the of bereft tamed,

Ibid Ibid Ibid Bosanquet. Bernard to very similar are ofeducation the reform writingson Gentile’s 303. “Ibid.” 301. “Ibid.” Although what was important for Bosanquet was the oppositi the was Bosanquet for important was what Although 311 307 .xlvii xlvi . xxxvii. . -

5. He said that “our common purpose is the excellence of the human soul,” human the of excellence the is purpose common “our that said He ” will only grow more corrupt, whereas if educators find a means of inoculating these inoculating of means a find educators if whereas corrupt, more grow only will

If the passions the If 314 - - xlvii. xlix.

was “politics [will become] the expression of reason in the relations that bind man to man bind that relations the in reason of expression the become] [will “politics

with the love of true art, “children so trained will need no dope.” no need will trained “childrenso art, true of love the with

h make the f ioa iprac sne e eadd h Frt ol Wr s o an not as War World First the regarded he since importance pivotal of The Philosophical Theory of theState of Theory Philosophical The of the human mind is crucial in ushering in a long a in ushering in crucial is mind human the of ,

which demonstrate their own cupidity in a policy of expansion are expansion of policy a in cupidity own their demonstrate which - p f h mn o mn hs asos and passions his man, of mind the of up th about the need for education, for need the about th

Social and International Ideals. Ideals. International and Social

common aims. Acting intelligently means that we we that means intelligentlyActing aims. common 313 48 the

but co but mind, which will lead to a healthy political political healthy a to lead will which mind, . (London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1930.) xiii. 1930.) Limited, Co., .and (London: Macmillan - fragment them fragment on between patriotism and nationalism and his his and nationalism and patriotism between on - The Idea as a Pure Act, a as Pure Idea The so other the with operating internal and external peace. external and internal (London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, Limited, Co., and Macmillan (London: 310

particularly about the need ofneed the about particularly 309

and Bernard BosanquetBernard and - lasting peace among peace lasting

ecig children teaching

hence his main hencebook his 308 312

This remarkThis

which for which e Teaching Teaching e that

eform in eform This for for This both

CEU eTD Collection industrialisation and 327 326 325 324 323 mind human featur well. writingsas aesthetic Collingwood’s seen in canbe principle This need. human innate as an ofbeauty the creation ascribed ofbeauty and objects wascreate whom to of ofboth crafts between egalitarianism of somesort promulgated Ruskin that intoconsideration 322 main, the not Leviathan if main, the of one is education public that assert 321 320 319 necessar isbut ita unpopular, therefore and process, severeis a 318 317 316 315 mechanics six, at Greek and four of age the at Latin studying started Collingwood right own as Collingwood par that propagated he experience, own his to owing that fact the in others of those to compared unique is reform educational id the with works man great crazed, machine being stop to way, different a in world the see to mankind teach to is education un evil the for nations or persons of group one caprice. to according behave not will and duties his observe will who being, social a become will being Wo First the engendered separation which ends, and means separate better. society therebyrender and potential realisetheir to man.”

Archeology as a popular past popular a Archeologyas H Autobiography. An Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The Man. History it istaken when isevident universal transcendental a as ofart theory Collingwood’s on Ruskin’sinfluence Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid The New Leviathan New The Ibid. istory Man. 20. 20. Man. istory e of the Lakeland tradition which Ruskin propagated was medievalism was whichpropagated Ruskin tradition Lakeland ofthe e . . 13. 139 . 7. Xlvii. . . 73. . 4. 315 87 and act in a military fashion. The reformer of education has to be a great man, since “a “a greatman,since a education has of tobe reformer a The militaryfashion. and in act . 311. .

- 119. “For culture is the liberation from one’s own caprices, and the acceptance of a universal task. It It task. universal a of acceptance the and caprices, own one’s from liberation the is culture “For 119. Education has to be such that actively propagates positive liberty in enabling people enabling in liberty positive propagates actively that such be to has Education

wo oe t Cnso t b na hs idol his near be to Coniston to moved who , 318 , –

he played the the playedhe

- and a democratic way oflife. democratic a and 162.

Since every mind mirrors the world in which in world the mirrors mind every Since 2.

he was taught by his father his by taught was he

–

1. . 310. For more see: see: more For 310. . in order to discover and propagate past values. propagate and discover to inorder

violin - time was introduced by the Victorian tradition against a growing mechanisation mechanisation growing against a tradition Victorian the by introduced was time eas of his age, and regenerates them.” regenerates and age, his of eas

exquisitely, The New Leviathan New The ns hud ec ter children their teach should ents History Man.. Man.. History . 4. .

learnt to sail, to learnt – 49

John Ruskin’s John

51 ese b te war. the by leashed

y one if we are to have true freedom.” have to true we yare if one : 308 : factors of the disease of modernity. modernity. of disease the of factors - 326 316 317. Collingwood, in fact, goes so far as to to as far so goes fact, in Collingwood, 317. History Man. Man. History 324 History Man. History it

he went on wenthe This way, it will be impossible toimpossible be will way, it This

322 dwells, –

– up secretary

which as we have seen unified the unifiedthe seenhave we which as 320

ni te g o thirteen. of age the until rld War rld

319 Collingwood’s proposed Collingwood’s 54. AnotherLakeland 54. 321

51. Another very important very important Another 51. Therefore, the duty of of duty the Therefore,

men and artists, as the goal artists,as the and men archaeological it is illogical to blameto illogical is it

323 hc ws re for true was which 325 317

and author in his in author and

and the human the and e a taught was he Ibid The New The

trips . 255. . 327

CEU eTD Collection 334 333 332 331 330 329 328 communality. their express and land wasLakel the tradition pro without children their the educate to able to be would they that school so children, the at gathered they knowledge the impart how girls these teaching school, oriented Bradle two the by Oxford at taught was Collingwood theory. no is it oriented, in u v a at was It education. early his archaeologist an as profession his and fairytales, for passion the art, of theory oriented practise was education Collingwood’s co he whom with Tolkien, R. friendship immediate almost and acquaintance the College, made Pembroke of Fellow then by Collingwood, when grew folklore with fascination w he until parents his by educated was Ruskin that fact the about sagas, Icelandic novels. Collingwood wrotetwo the and tales fairy to introduced also his make to learnt he where father, his with nification of the mind, which stayed which mind, the of nification

History Man. Man. History Hi of Idea The Ibid. 5. Ibid. Man. History Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The 5. Ibid. oty tete n te rfs y i father. his by crafts the and theatre poetry, archaeological y and T. H. Green. H. T. and y 6. 333

Collingwood’s penchant for idealism is not surprising given the fact that Gershom that fact the given surprising not is idealism for penchant Collingwood’s 70 105. story. story.

exclusively

wonder that Collingwood was so enthusiastic about Vico’s verum Vico’s about enthusiastic so was Collingwood that wonder work and last but not least, he wrote his very own dete own very his wrote he least, not but last and work anders’ taking up landscape painting as a communal effort to admire the beauty of the the thebeauty of admire to effort communal as a painting landscape up taking anders’ 61.

334

o grs wih o ol tuh gnrl ujcs u amd at aimed but subjects general taught only not which girls, for u Furthermore, Charlotte Mason’s opening of a speci a of opening Mason’s Charlotte Furthermore, History Man. Man. History l d sh d 328

The influence of home education definitely originated witheducation originated home definitely of The influence ar r yug g ta Collingwood that age young ery

e his enthusiasm his e with him for the rest of his short life. short his of rest the for him with . 17. . archaeological

57.

331 332

greatest

n mn o is elements its of many and ic his Since

for folklore. for sketches of

figures of British Idealism, F. H. H. F. Idealism, British of figures

the newly appointed fellow J. fellow appointed newly the s eete yas old. years seventeen as early –

which he later put to use in in use to put later he which 330 which

dcto ws practise was education

As it becomes obvious, becomes it As f ert the learnt ctive novels. ctive essional interference essional

i fte G W. G. father his He was instructed was He hearken –

uh s his as such a l necessary necessary

practice

- He was was He back to back 329 factum factum

own own His

R. R. - -

CEU eTD Collection 340 107. pr fresh a itself sets eternally thought which 339 338 337 336 335 C in that indication clear very curriculum; the in prescribed than more studying from discouraged students who themselves teachers the was it where Rugby, at experience unfortunate faculty normative whole the rendering thereby and itself in thought contains that faculty first the which imagination, from consciousness lacerating to equal is older faculty, imaginative the to tantamount is art Since adult. future a as child the of life healthy the to fatal is experience of modes the children, of development the in ages certain to correspond forms the impossible. rendered be will adults emerging as children the of life practically real the be in applicable would that way a in forms higher the to on going thus omitted, merely but m their of aspects the and supply forms these that development mental the provided been have not will children religion and art as such experience of types that was education teach.” to them Mentis Speculum specialisat of form any which mind, of unity a desired non the of suggestion father his with influences importance more his of one probably was and or assistance

An Autobiography. Autobiography. An Ibid Ibid Mentis Speculum Man. History Ibid

. . 50 . 59. . 61. “Art is the cutting edge of mind, the perpetual outreaching of thought into the unknown, the act in in act the unknown, the into thought of outreaching perpetual the mind, of edge cutting the is “Art 61. . ,

based on the imagination the on based -

51.

, was remarkable was , 51. 336

. 12. . , “one learns what one has in one to learn, not what one’s teachers have it in in it have teachers one’s what not learn, to one in has one what learns “one , – ind which are correspondent with these forms will not have been superseded superseded been have not will formsthese with correspondentare which ind

7 systematised - o hs eelo aant tt euain in education state against rebellion his for n o te set ta src Cligod s h mi polm of problems main the as Collingwood struck that aspects the of One

- pcait aue f h prns lo er wtes o h fc ta he that fact the to witness bears also parents the of nature specialist

335 ollingwoodian philosophy the dialectics of the mind is infinite, is mind the of dialectics the philosophy ollingwoodian

state e state This school, could not have avoidednot have Collingwood’sattention This school, could ,

powerless oblem. [Art] is the foundation and beginning of all real life.” real all of beginning and foundation the is [Art] oblem. 339 ducation tended to “wean” children off from the lower lower the from off children “wean” to tended ducation

discouraging children to children discouraging 337 . 51 On the one hand, this goes with Collingwood’s with goes this hand, one the On

and since these are the most basic types, the types, basic most the are these since and

ion would have ruined. have would ion –

pr fr apart 340 give up art as they become they as art up give The

on the other hand, it is a is it hand, other the on – 338 m i on experience own his om as art is normative is art as

e Leviathan New denying them any of any them denying

As he put he As .

it Ibid. – His As

in is

CEU eTD Collection 342 241. 341 the nature, united newly their of to owing superior states logic their regarded who Nazis, the the and Fascists in innate was thinking of t way this significant that science more and art of probably mechanisation is it and emphasises, Collingwood point in it incorporate to necessary it found he that extent the to made Bacon point the with agree did he but deterioration irreversible an of that anti an was in than more, not if significant, as and arts mechanical state, a of age declining merchandise.’” the in time; a for together them of both then and learning; state, a of age middle the in flourish; do arms state, a of youth the ‘In that the civilisation. policy on deciding one the that is says Collingwood what of implication the Nevertheless, useful. other. teacher reform could beeffectuatedan ofcapitala importance, was synthesis between student sothat deviates he here denied, be cannot from divorced is theory experience.Eve importantly, most and closed then and learning and discussion for opened topics certain divided, are subjects when knowledge fragments school therefore

The New Leviathan The Giovanni Gentile.

age of classical politics classical of age 341

and practice and theory and practice and

o Cligod sho ws o nee, ned i ws oe eeeiu than deleterious more was it indeed, needed, not was school Collingwood, For

- In determinist, he obviously did not concede that his age was age his that concede not did obviously he determinist, 342 T n though, Collingwood’s bent for early Gentilian philosophy is something that that somethingforphilosophy earlybentGentilianCollingwood’sis though, n he New Leviathan New he

The Reform of Education. Education. of Reform The Obvious . 185. .

–

ly, this also gravely relates to science in which mechanisation was mechanisation which in science to relates gravely also this ly, of future the for well bode not does that and case any in lost, is : “Bacon was re was “Bacon :

thus art , Collingwood identifies the age of his society with that of of that with society his of age the identifies Collingwood , .

somewhat somewhat Another distinction is also relevant. Since Collingwood Collingwood Since relevant. also is distinction Another both the both (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1922.) 166 1922.) Company, and Brace (NewHarcourt, York: peating a commonplace of the time when he wrote wrote he when time the of commonplace a peating 52 T student

he New Leviathan New he rm etl, h poaae ta school that propagated who Gentile, from

and the teacher the and .

Another relevance of the the of relevance Another present generation present

would learn from the from learn would de facto de han that of the the of that han

necessaril - 167. 167. –

the d y CEU eTD Collection re func The thought. extent some to is consciousness of part is whatever before, saw we As consciousness. of part become and surface the to come 347 346 345 anthropology. interest in waskeen Eliot’s art, sayhis in 344 343 by had, it questions to answers give will it then art, of piece a really is witnessing is audience the what if thus, and piece given the composing or writing when had author the emotions actors. the and author the between and hand, one the on audience the and author the between collaboration co as itself feel can audience in relationship, a such in author the and audience the bringing by was established re be could art towards felt people love and respect the which by way only the Collingwood, i hear, to contain passage This work: ha waste emotional art for society of disregard The level. intolerable an to grown had art wrote he when 1938, By because were “senile.” they something as liberalism of cradles the saw they whereas -

enacted. enacted. The Principles of Art. Art. of Principles The Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The 186. Ibid. Art can be re be Art can Princ The

ts task is illuminating the truth from which people wish to escape. to wish people which from truth the illuminating is task ts a in handful of dust. fear it, in drowning by death of fear itself, emotion of by fear fear: is himself in risk imprisoned are will We one control. beca ourselves, to no anything gives; has one one no No sympathizing; nothing. to shrunk ships, are little men's of wreck the individuality, human of destruction dried the has activity, human as strongly so all ran once that Passions fertilizes alone which emotion, of water flowing wholesome the where world a depicts Land] Waste [The The Principles of Art. of Principles The

iples of Art. of iples - enacted because by expressing it, the thought element and its accompanying emotional elements elements emotional accompanying its and element thought the it, expressing by because enacted 346 land, which Collingwood depicts in one of the most poignant passages of the the of passages poignant most the of one in depicts Collingwood which land,

n uh wy te uine a iaie o isl, i. itself, for imagine can audience the way, a such In s 25. 25. 335. Collingwood’s affinity with Eliot, apart from his agreement with what Eliot had to to had Eliot what with agreement from his apart Eliot, with affinity Collingwood’s 335.

the Ruskinian idea that art is not concerned with what people are eager eager are people what with concerned not is art that idea Ruskinian the 321. lmed in a windless selfishness. The only emotion left us left emotion only The selfishness. windless a in lmed

344 tion of language is to reveal thought and since art is a form of language it can be can it language of form a is art since and thought reveal to is language of tion The Principles of Art of Principles The 343

273

- 275. - writing what it is witnessing, thereby establishing a a establishing thereby witnessing, is it what writing

. 30. .

53 History Man. Man. History to threaten the defeat of prudence, prudence, of defeat the threaten to , Collingwood’s despair regarding the state of of state the regarding despair Collingwood’s ,

223.

moribund and to be destroyed destroyed be to and moribund . re e. s

345 up. engendered an an engendered - According to According enact, which the which 347

the - CEU eTD Collection but positivism logical c against kindof some of theexpression metaphysics of defence the only not was discipline historical a into it turning by en is it suggests, Inglis as Nevertheless, Nietzsche. Friedrich but positivist, a not was metaphysics of abolition the 352 351 350 it. indifference towards people’s and barbarism theat coming alarm increasing Collingwood’s truth the about indifferent was 349 348 in art imperils thewhole itself system consciousness. of corruption a such therefore forms, subsequent all affects it consciousness, of form primarythe is art Since consciousness. corrupt a of symptoms main the of one is superstition and magic negati The it. gainsay who utilitarians modern of belief the of spite in society, in present ever is action further for inducement as serves and act to people propels which art, Magical readers. they thereby and needs people well emotional the that subjects about write well. to authors advise as only can Collingwood problematic, is book printed the and radio; the or cinema the of case the in done it telling tirely within the realm of possibility that Collingwood’s disapproval of ontology and liquidating metaphysics metaphysics liquidating and ontology of disapproval Collingwood’s that possibility of realm the within tirely

The P The Art. of Principles The Art. of Principles The An Essay on Metaphysics on Essay An In Speculum Mentis Speculum h eaiain f cec ad iiiain il e copihd t the at accomplished be will same time. civilization and science of eradication the mind, European the from metaphysics of eradication the object, ostensible d dreadby superstitious a overcome to attempt an It neurotic.is is habit This […] ever. as many as they have But superstition. no magic have theypretend and abolished having on themselves pride people when age an is ours enying that there is any cause for it. If this neurosis ever achieves its its achieves ever neurosis this If it. for cause any is there that enying rinciples of Art. Art. of rinciples 350 i ts own emotions, own ts

352

and his early work Collingwood did not attribute any kind of truth to art to truth of kind any attribute not did Collingwood work early his and 69 331. 335 - 77. . 46. It is worthwhile to add that the first philosopher who systematically called for for called systematically who philosopher first the that add to worthwhile is It 46. . -

336.

- 348 omradery with and sympathy for Nietzsche. Nietzsche. for withsympathy and omradery value it had. The radical shift in in shift radical The had. it value

which is the proper f proper the is which

il ae salse rpot ewe tesle ad their and themselves between rapport established have will 54

unction of art. of unction 351 h Picpe o Art of Principles The

Col lingwood dejectedly notesthat

History Man History 349

Obviously, this cannot becannot this Obviously, . 71. .

a b rgre as regarded be can

, saying that art art that saying , - being of of being on of of on

CEU eTD Collection 34 1993.) Press, University Yale London: and Haven Fuller.(New 356 355 Life, Moral 354 353 to tantamount is Vico for which morality, that alleges which idea, Vichian the Oakeshott at “synonymousthe religionfullest.” withlife is itself reaso no sees and values own it in faith loses it Collingwood’s to tantamount basically is argument w religion of bereft and present, the of value the honouring and maintaining in role crucial reason. they bec lives, their constituted which drudgery that avoid to order in since practical, neither Oakeshott, lifepeople was thatactive,as modernconceived life as “ neither of their weed be longer no could and large at a dope and reasonwith duty practical and reason practical with life practical associated he since one, practical a as society society mechanised the cinema. the dope and music, dance the as such by provided, of replaced form steadily moribund but a slowly as was religion that considered experience he that was fact the experience, religious the of assessment Oakeshott’s with agreed have would Collingwood “ are needs these and needs religious way are religions “All ud oe n ble ta or urn atvte wr wrh o big use, which pursued, being of worthy were activities current our that belief any lose ould

“Art and the Machine.” 297. Machine.” “Artthe and its Modes and Experience Michael Oakeshott. “The Importance of the Historical Element in Christianity” in in Christianity” in Element Historical the of Importance “The Oakeshott. Michael ihe Oksot “eiin n te ol. in World.” the and “Religion Oakeshott. Michael a e addicted me 355

ed by. Timothy Fuller. (New Haven and Lon and (New Haven Fuller. by. ed Timothy oe aggravati More

to the dope of modern civilisation by which they lost their practical practical their lost they which by civilisation modern of dope the to s

. 292. . of living, and our religion is our way of living.” of way our is religion our and living, of

. n

i ta fc that fact that is g -

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2. 3 inseparable .

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55 Therefore, Collingwood would have answered have would Collingwood Therefore, eiin Pltc ad h Mrl Life, Moral the and Politics Religion, – don: Yale University Press, 1993.) 71. 1993.) Press, University Yale don:

according to Oakeshott Oakeshott to according from an active and practical life.” practical and active an from Collingwood did Collingwood t poaae hm n furt any them propagate to n a ssertion that a civilisation perishes when when perishes civilisation a that ssertion gion - 35.

356

This notion correspondsThis notion to not regard the life of his of life the regard not

profound importance of importance profound Religion, Politics and the and Politics Religion, 353 –

eiin lyd a played religion Every person has person Every

Christianity, ed by. Timothy Timothy by. ed e; hs for thus her; drudgery 354

While ,

we we

”, ”, is is CEU eTD Collection 360 359 358 357 Coll the that fact the signal does really religion and science between are we which countryside link This veryday. the of immorality scientific the the about chapter the in to seen be will as destroying us links This corn. is totem whose man, rural a primitive to ascribed us within “savage” rational the nature, veryour that is, be signals this What beliefs. totemistic can himself Christ Jesus of resurrection the and totemism very the of resurrection the which symbolises later, isresurrected but corn perishes noting tosavage beliefs thataccording Collingwood’s in us, in survived has savage the that claim the see can we lines the between tot on voluminously quite wrote “savages,” the in Collingwood, upon being itselfperishes.civilisation obsolete, w civilisation the constitute consciousness religious neo the by followed be to was that foundation his of man deprived therebyand givenmoment, the at onlychoice his was that dutybecause his to actedaccording punishment, God’s of fear the with morality identified Vico else. everything like just change, dialectical overlooked, a undergoes that be something is morality of cannot concept the therefore relativism historical development, and progress in is everything eternal.

Tales of Enchantment. Enchantment. of Tales Vico. Giambattista of Philosophy The Science. First New The Philoso The 357

oee, io omte a itk i pos in mistake a committed Vico However, phy of Giambattista Vico. Vico. Giambattista of phy here this religious consciousness becomes obsolescent a regress happens and and happens regress a obsolescent becomes consciousness religious this here

pr fo ti logica this from Apart own freedom by denying him choice. Nevertheless, Vico laid down the down laid Vico Nevertheless, choice. him denying by freedom own 252.

45 totem, ae o Enchantment, of Tales -

46.

360

that our prayer to God for our daily bread originates from thisfrom originates bread daily our for God to prayer our that 85 80. -

94.

l blunder, or we may call it the lack of historicism, historicism, of lack the it call may we or blunder, l ie u non qua sine 56 emism. Not saying out right, but reading in in reading but right, out saying Not emism. 359 pn bevn te eaiu o so of behaviour the observing upon

- i dealist

f fntoig oit ad n a in and society functioning a of tn a eenl oaiy sne if since morality, eternal an iting s , namely that Christianity and a a and Christianity that namely , 358

hrfr dnig ht man that denying therefore ingwoodian system does system ingwoodian - called , is , CEU eTD Collection 363 362 361 eradicate religion, man unknowinglyeradicates science as well. inherent. is one” is “God proposition the one,” is I “nature monotheism. proposition by replaced been polytheism not had possible, been have not would notes Collingwood however, This, water. of form the in nature universal a proposed who in noted As the human consciousness. anti its to owing as construed easily savage. or child a of that elev eagernessto their in philosophes Enlightenment the Thus, savages. the and children of activitycharacteristic the is which art, form, one have would man therefore and impossible rendered be would philosophy impossible. be would science religion Enlightenment in can that leap a big too is n process to 1 process from jumping secondly, forms, of scale construedCollingwood’s asa byfor healthy isinevitable mind all, some religious stance been always had t that but irrational life human that assumption the was Enlightenment the of mistake The any, ruin cannot without one and others all to correspond elements all which in unity a envisage

An Essay on Metaphysics. Metaphysics. on Essay An Enchantment. of Tales History. of Idea The catastrophe

the destruction of thewhole. An Essay on Metaphysics, on Essay An . Process is slow and gradual and it cannot be forced, it happens of itself. The The itself. of happens it forced, be cannot it and gradual and slow is Process .

did not understand that science actually grew out of religion and without without and religion of out grew actually science that understand not did hey would convert it to something rational by eradicating religion. First of of First religion. eradicating by rational something to it convert would hey 87. 281

209 - a

283 362

te mankind to a rationa a to mankind te -

212. . Thus, Collingwood’s hostility against the Enlightenment can be can Enlightenment the against hostility Collingwood’s Thus,

religionism, which engendered a further fragmentation of fragmentation further a engendered which religionism, scien 361

ce was born with the Greeks the with born was ce 57 What

l state, would have pushed him back down to to down back him pushed have would state, l

oe ihu s without more

363 ine hsoy and history cience,

– hrb, rig to trying Thereby, es p e cially Thales cially only result result only n the the n -

CEU eTD Collection Collingwood. G. R. barbarism. kill.” to seem civilisation and may maturity which life on outlook adventurous and fresh that of any preserves he as far so is savage, It psychoanalysis.” by cured a be remained to man disease civilised mental man; civilised of antithesis a the not was savage […] the Collingwood, for that is point this at note to “savagery important that thinking for Freud mocks He c the to comparable was life, mental healthy a living as regarded Collingwood whom savage, 369 368 367 366 365 187. 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. 364 altogetherrespectable.” not thing] [a “asreligion of “distrust” i what of element an contain not did that everything in distrust its with civilization” “utilitarian The was it values.Christian him to according however, civilisation, in Christianity away. wilt to about were they but degree some to society in extant still were values and customs religion,” “historical than more nothing was it now and humanity, touch.” of out re that in one are religious a asdisease modern the identified wealth spiritual of consumers the and producers The buy. will one no because bread, arestarvingmere for [it] havethosewho And [it]. find cannot [ for hungering are who people contains country the in village every and in religion of influence fading the remarked Europe liberal modern, a with institutions. liberal sustained warmth” vital “the as regarded he which Christianity, in faith of away withering especially and civilization to value liberal utmost the of be to religion regarded Collingwood

T. S. Eliot. Eliot. S. T. Morals and Politics Mentis. Speculum New Leviathan The R. G. Collingwood. “F Collingwood. G. R. hs anti This

t regarded t ism and he expressed despair on various occasions upon what he regarded as the the as regarded he what upon occasions various on despair expressed he and ism . . lo as are wt C with agreed also Eliot S. T. - utilitarianism led to Collingwood’s exasperation at Freud’s claims in in claims Freud’s at exasperation Collingwood’s to led utilitarianism After Strange Gods: Mo Primer of A Strange After savage to some extent. “The grown man remains a child, and the civilized man remains a a remains man civilized the and child, a remains man grown “The extent. some to savage An Outline of a Philosophy of Art. of Philosophy a of Outline An 368 to be be to 20. . 194. . . 137. .

ascism and Nazism” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in Nazism” and ascism useful had successfully purged civilization of its vital strength with its its with strength vital its of civilization purged successfully had useful

Tales of Enchantment Enchantment of Tales

In the In ,

365

New Leviathan New n hc h ws ul gemn wt Croce. with agreement full was he which in

ollingwood and Croce about the importance of of importance the about Croce and ollingwood dern Heresy dern Speculum Mentis Speculum 58 in in 16

The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Folktale, in Studies Enchantment: of Philosophy The - 17.The antithesis of civilization is not savagery but but savagery not is civilization of antithesis 17.The

. (London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1933.) 22. 1933.) Limited, Faber and (London: Faber . he went so far as to equate Christia equate to as far so went he ligion used to be something innate in innatesomething be to used ligion Essays in Political Philosophy Political in Essays , in which he wrote “every street street “everywrote he which in , 369

With this purging of emotionpurgingof this With l iberalism which ruined ruined which iberalism 367 oe ad Taboo and Totem

ht s t traditions, its is that …] faith […] and […] faith …] ompulsion neurotic. neurotic. ompulsion 366

rc, too, Croce, 364 , ed. David David ed. , e first He

that the the that which nity nity

CEU eTD Collection Philosophy 376 375 374 Philosophy 373 lost have whom to it belonged thepeople because dies civilization The […] civilization. a to then and now happens This them. around cold the against fight to will the away takes they struggled, they If life. for fight no up put They die. and happily quite down lie they said, is it cold, by overcome are travellers “When fact: 372 371 370 2004.) Routledge, York: New 36. 31. 20. and (London Neurotics. and Savages of Life Mental the Between Agreement of ne compulsion the between comparisons 1937 in 156 2005.) Press, Clarendon Anthropology, and Criticism, Cultural repairedasablebeen suchbeingtobe and by man. by created man having as institutions all and liberalism considered He faith. lost entirely not had point this at the in cradl especially symptoms, its show to started already has Christianity by it to imparted them, supporting civilization.” “sil Nazism Fascismand against revolt “the are which Nazism, and Fascism away. ca obedience and obedience, of out but them in faith inherent an have they because longer no but laws and institutions discussion.” “free and inquiry” “free thought, of freedom the speech,” th of all and Christianity in faith have longer check. in kept carefully least at annihilated be cannot it if and annihilated be to needs which man, within force” “hostile a as emotion of expressions all and faith regards nature.” emotional one’s to violence certain “a does one faith, and

“Ibid.” 19 “Ibid.” 192. Nazism.” and “Fascism 189. Nazism.” and “Fascism 198. Civilization.” Utilitarian “The “ R. G. Collingwood. “Draft Preface to to Preface “Draft Collingwood. G. R. R. G. Collingwood. “The Present Need of a Philosophy.” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in Philosophy.” a of Need Present “The Collingwood. G. R. Ibid.” 187. “The Prussian Philosophy.” 197. One of the most poignant passages in Collingwood refers to this to refers Collingwood in passages poignant most the of One 197. Philosophy.” Prussian “The 187. Ibid.” es of liberalism, namely the U.S.A., France and Great Britain. Great and France U.S.A., the namely liberalism, of es 372 - 1938 and his dislike for Freud originated with the treatment itself. itself. treatment the with originated Freud for dislike his and 1938

, ed. David Boucher. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.) 169. 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. ed. David , 224. 1989.) Press, Clarendon (Oxford: Boucher. ed. David , h dms o te hita fih a gvn a t to e kns f barbarism, of kinds new two to way given has faith Christian the of demise The 4.

374

hra i lbrl onre, h dsoig f h sae f h faith the of state the of disrobing the countries, liberal in whereas - 169. It is noteworthy to add, that Collingwood underwent psychoanalytic treatment treatment psychoanalytic underwent Collingwood that add, to noteworthy is It 169. ly,” however he concedes that they incite religious faith in the people people the in faith religious incite they that concedes he however ly,”

would keep warm; but they no longer want to struggle. The cold in themselves themselves in cold The struggle. to want longer no they but warm; keep would

nt uti a iiiain o long for civilisation a sustain nnot

urotic and the savage in Sigmund Freud. Freud. Sigmund in savage the and urotic d. ai Buhr Wny ae, hlp mlwo. (Oxfor Smallwood. Philip James, Wendy Boucher, David Eds. h Nw Leviathan New The 59 ntttosi a egnee,sc s “free as such engendered, has it institutions e

” in R. G. Collingwood. Collingwood. G. R. in ”

faith in it.” “Fascism and Nazism.” 187. Nazism.” and “Fascism it.” faithin

376 , 375 History Man. Man. History

Totem and Taboo: Some Points Some Taboo: and Totem s it as

Much

373 However, Collingwood However, The utilitarian society society utilitarian The

371

olnwo terms Collingwood

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like Collingwood, epe tl obey still People Essays in Political Political in Essays Essays in Political Political in Essays 65. See Freud’s Freud’s See 65. 370

epe no People

d: d:

CEU eTD Collection 377 thatheto thecould extent imagine not institutions. Christian equality without society, liberal a of bases the of one as Christianity regarding opinion same the of was Croce

Politics and Morals and Politics . 27 . . My Philosophy

. 36. . 36.

377

CEU eTD Collection 384 v. 1917.) Limited, Co., and 383 72. Progress.” of Principle “The doctrine. 382 Kantian the with agrees “Perpetual Kant. Emmanuel change a for here destroyed, are nations 381 380 379 378 us. to inferior as or enemies as countries other patriotism, pe state. the ravaging was that “disease” a to akin was nature ones. dialectical war, his in man aid only will science of augmentation further any that suggests wisely.Collingwood it use to how him teach to failing yet power, unlimited him “dea the to deal great a to contributed it but blamed, be to deserves that alone science not is it course, Of weaponry. “compulsion” a calls Collingwood what to led and possible withweaponsScience endowedman of has self of precipice the to man brought which progress infinite an in belief its and science century olnwo sat hs ess his starts Collingwood

pes appreciation ople’s “Ibid. vi “Ibid. New Leviathan 305. “Ibid.” 307. “Ibid.” 305. Mad.” Goes “Man Bernard Bosanquet. “Preface” in Bernard Bosanquet. Bosanquet. Bernard in “Preface” Bosanquet. Bernard “Ibid.” 316. Collingwood in asserting the destructive nature of war, where the property of both warring warring both of property the where war, of nature destructive the asserting in Collingwood 316. “Ibid.” - 381 destruction. continues Collingwood that

steps, or tofin trembles world civilised whole mass the the continue to whether doubtful edge, its upon now and destruction; to years, few over ofhighly that brink millions civilised menmarched, hc i a bekon f oiy” hr eitcl ehd ae usiue for substituted are methods eristical where policy,” of “breakdown a is which - vii.” “The Teac “The vii.” 384

.. ainls, hc i nt aroim eas i ptits w d nt see not do we patriotism in because patriotism not is which nationalism, i.e. . 382

Bosanquet d means of stayingd means of where is. it

th” of civilisation of th”

f bat, truth “beauty, of

hing of Patriotism.” 1. hing ofPatriotism.” Peace” in Peace”

y Mn os a” y eciig h clas o nineteenth of collapse the describing by Mad” Goes “Man ay

aial md te ae li uo syn ta a militant a that saying upon claim same the made basically 2 The Principles of Politics. Politics. of Principles The . 4 . The immorality of science 380 a

nd kindness” and leads towards a wrong kind of of kind wrong a towards leads and kindness” nd in endowing man with instruments that bestow on bestow that instruments with man endowing in mass destruction which made the First World War War Firstdestruction whichWorld the mass made

6 1

Bosanquet describes nationalis describes Bosanquet

Social and International Ideals. Ideals. International and Social 378

(Edinburgh: T& T Clark, 1891.) 80. Clark, 1891.) T T& (Edinburgh: - suicide, to retrace its its retrace to suicide, 379

383

bid ad md qet for quest “mad” and “blind” to go to war in order to test to order in war to go to course a in the of

hs ies rav disease This (London: Macmillan Macmillan (London: m as “a source “a as m

gs the ages - CEU eTD Collection 387 386 385 mankind universal in asserts Collingwood what product. spurious a being nationalism desire, an patriotism between difference 20 early the in theory the as right of doctrine whatso difficulty any without might we but Hegel nation. the to belong not does who mankind of mankind of to live will patriotism of kind the espouse who people the whether or , mankind of rest the with unity be desire to how and what to as aware become to man urged himself Bosanquet that add might can we Since whereas, passion with nationalism pair can we scale, mental the on reason achieve not did Nazis and Fascists that mentioned already have we as Since well. as countries other of those into develop not does as Therefore, regress. a underwent it patriotism, to relation in stands nationalism scale, dialectic the on process a achieve not did and wiser.” “stronger becomes developing fanaticism.” in which dangerous process, a dialectic a best is patriotism at Bosanquet, or clamour, fraudulent often and brainless of 3. Patriotism.” of Teaching “The cause the kind of patriotism a people espouses will determine whether they will live in a in live will they whether determine will espouses people a patriotism of kind the cause “Ibid.” 5. 5. “Ibid.” 4. “Ibid.” 386 patriotism canpatriotism

However, as we know the patriotism of Germany and Italy did Italy and Germany of patriotism the know we as However, –

, i.e. espousing Hegel’s interior right and extending the exterior aspect of it to all to it of aspect exterior the extending and right interior Hegel’s espousing i.e.

according to Collingwood to according , we are duty are we , patriotism th Philosophy of Right of Philosophy be pairednot capriciousbe withreasonand utilitarian or reason duty. but

century.

T – he New Leviathan New he

- , it becomes d becomes it , supposedly, extending Hegel’s interior right to all humanity all to right interior Hegel’s extending supposedly, bound to act with all people with humanity, whereas if the the if whereas humanity, with people all with act to bound d nationalism, he considers both of them the product of of product the them of both considers he nationalism, d n h ohr ad Bsnut os o mk a mental a make not does Bosanquet hand, other the On ’ s mental map mental s

it was one of the most influential books on political on books influential most the of one was

62 Also, Bosanquet’s doctrine chimes in well with well in chimes doctrine Bosanquet’s Also, is a is angerous for the inhabitants of the country and and country the of inhabitants the for angerous

387 t a t . If we choose the first option and create a a create and option first the choose we If . ever endow what he says with the Hegelian Hegelian the with says he what endow ever

lower level of the scale of forms and if it it if and forms of scale the of level lower f ore Bsnut os o mention not does Bosanquet course, Of ,

identify desire with nationalism, we nationalism, with desire identify rn asunder from the rest rest the asunderfromrn

not become wise, it wise, become not

or desire or 385

For - ,

CEU eTD Collection Ideals. International and Social 393 392 Ideals. 391 390 389 388 politics “world the promulgates the engendered right exterior and Cr liberty, negative learned that asserts Bosanquet which in essay another he and itself. consciousness of fragmentation treaty, peace unfair the in not conditioned, from cap was patriotism positive that hard were which fragments, shattered in lay 20 early the in that know we since However, all. at fragmented be unity, a be should thought being was patriotism positive whom denies rather but patriotism himself Bosanquet which in day the of order the was reform them. of exploitation intelligent our for which exists nature, of parts remain foreigners the mankind, of rest they chosen, is path second

oce was in complete agreement with Bosanquet’s implication that the doctrine of interior interior of doctrine the that implication Bosanquet’s with agreement complete in was oce My Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The Man. History 10. “Ibid.” Bernard Bosanquet. “The Function of the State in Promoting the Unity of Mankind” in Bernard Bosanquet. Bosanquet. Bernard in Mankind” of Unity the Promoting in State the of Function “The Bosanquet. Bernard Bernard Bosanquet. “The Wisdom of Naaman’s Servants” in Bernard Bosanquet. Bernard in Servants” Naaman’s of Wisdom “The Bosanquet. Bernard able of being thought and people were not able to be conditioned to look at other people other at look to conditioned be to able not were people and thought being of able

f Philosophy. Philosophy. (London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1917.) Limited, Co., and (London: Macmillan oreign oreign

he omitted the part about perpetual peace. Obviously, the piece was written before the before written was piece the Obviously, peace. perpetual about part the omitted he a ivle i daig p h pae treaty. peace the up drawing in involved was

as we can logically call nationalism as negative patriotism since it does not assert not does it since patriotism negativeas nationalism call logicallycan we as countri 113. 88 391

elements of the philosophical concept is defin is concept philosophical the of elements

hc a w hv se cnan te eein ocp o itro right interior of concept Hegelian the contains seen have we as which es

as part of the human family and not nature, the Second theSecond and humanfamily notnature, the part of as - state”

(London: Macmillan and Co and (London: Macmillan a futile fight futile a

393

as envisioned by Kant but owing to the switc the to owing but Kant by envisioned as two world wars world two

. 10. . Collingwood during the during Collingwood

which . to piece together, the logical outcome of this was this of outcome logical the together, piece to 302. 63

As has been previously mentioned, educationa mentioned, previously been has As 389

could not be won. Since patriotism was not was patriotism Since won. be not could

. 392 ., Limited, 1917.) 270. Limited, ., 1917.) hc dfntl hsee i, u i the in but it, hastened definitely which

. Bosanquet, in another one of his essays his of one another in Bosanquet, 390

id wr mr poe o endorse to prone more were minds

Th partook is W 388

uh a frsaoe in foreshadowed was much es ar worked for the Admiralty the for worked ar

that is, his mind should notshould mind his is, that th

– century the mind of man man of mind the century

. In his view, (positive) view, his In . denied that the man to to man the that denied Social and Social World h from classicalfrom h

International International

War was was War l .

CEU eTD Collection 397 396 History 395 97. Peace.” war.“Perpetual engage to in less predisposed far would be they league, intoa entered nations but if attained 394 between nothing”people of know whomwe countr[ies], faraway […] between “quarrel[s] constituted they since insane was Neville of Ministership Britain Greatpolicy of appeasement the readasbe must context this in which act.” so can we that belief or nerve, our and directly[…] workof acting throughofscience, orhabit the at ourhonour, rati lost once ones. dialectical of place the in methods eristical choose to easier it made only age to opposed In fact, as inevitable. was war world new a that knowledge common practically was it as conscious, been have pipe lofty but nothing was it in included was which of title the under published essays of Nations of League the of failure catastrophic

New Leviathan Man. History not be could peace thatperpetual who thought withKant, disagree Collingwood see weagain can once Here, R. G. Collingwood. “Reality as History” in in History” as “Reality Collingwood. G. R. , eds. William Dray and Jan van der Dussen. (Oxford: University Press, 1999) 175. 1999) Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: van Jan der and Dray William eds. , not to be anti be to not his conscience is clear so long as he was not the first to draw it. That he That it. forced nothing itis todraw tohim. others draw to first the not was he as long so clear is sword,conscience his the to over given be world the Let conscience.’ ‘clear his in only defeatism. by appeased. be shall hunger their that so […] snatch would they what up giving war and that him, of so afraid be arms not shall his away throwing by it with deal to proposes where terror of effect an already is stomach the where hunger of and fear thing, to nothing thereis neurotic a Not is […] war reward. modern their that have realising shall makers war the that […] ensuring by contra the On war. decrease 100. 100. 125.

248. . 232. .

- what Collingwood maintains, the scientific advancements of the modern modern ofthe advancements thescientific Collingwood maintains, what h ‘aiit is ‘pacifist The war, it is to be pro be to is it war, Chamberlain who claimed that in that claimed who Chamberlain

396 ry, he promotes it to the utmost of his power power his of utmost the to it promotes he ry,

, as o itrse i pltc. e s interested is He politics. in interested not The Principles of History and Other Writings in the Philosophy of of Philosophy the in Writings Other and History of Principles The oil an Social - war. […] The ‘ The […] war.

‘Pacifism is war is ‘Pacifism 394 395 64

and as a whole it can be said of the collection the of said be can it whole a as and

397 However, Collingwood renounced pacifism, renounced Collingwood However, Itrainl Ideals International d

- dreams of which Bosanquet himself must himself Bosanquet which of dreams tervention pacifist - mongery complicated complicated mongery

does nothing to to nothing does in other people’s policies policies people’s other in , that the majority of of majority the that , - makers full, he he full,

under the Prime the under

“We have have “We onally, onally, CEU eTD Collection to or respect to either himself in 402 nothing with instincts of bundle as “Reality obey.” mere a but rational nor virtuous neither is he that man teaching and psychology inventing by devil the raised that he is it creating; own his thi of are of progress, Mephistopheles the deplores, he which wickedness and folly the that is arrest, nor control neither 401 400 399 398 himself? annihilates he process the in since reason, own his develop canhe which why untamed, desires and passions their possibl and duty, i.e. reason, theoretical not has it, of portion serious a even or mankind, of majority the that fact the of cognizant are scientists if necessity: of out arises question the but blame, to is a in body politics mankind. of annihilation - well. as who historian, and war to going as reason practical of part grave a such handle and teach should scientist the how readers his to divulge not does disposal. his at weapons such put he can thus, acting of capable experience and knowledge that reached has man when then and wisely, responsibly. and rationally goe He wisely. them use not could humans that aware were they when hands human in devices products 20 of the as wars Modern

vn f olnwo fis to fails Collingwood if even

The 175 “Ibid.” Ib “What the scientist fails to understand, when he finds himself an impotent spectator of movements he can can he movements of spectator impotent an himself finds he when understand, to fails scientist the “What “Ibid.” 176. “Ibid.” s on a diatribe against scientists who “lament over the folly” of people, instead of acting of instead people, of folly” the over “lament who scientists against diatribe a on s

id. id. 242. way that turns “non turns that way

NewLeviathan Therefore, the scientist has contributed a great deal to the debacle of human morality human of debacle the to deal great a contributed has scientist the Therefore,

- 176.

cannot find cannot further has History.” 176. History.”

we can see and as Collingwood described them are “neurotic” and are the are and “neurotic” are them described Collingwood as and see can we th . 229. . not only mastered only not

century.

aggrandise his passions a passions his aggrandise

401 agreement into disagreement.” into agreement a way to dialectically solve their problems, they do so eristically, i.e. so theydo problems, their dialecticallysolve wayato 399

398 Since “war is a state of mind,” which arises out of the fact that fact the of out arises which mind,” of state a is “war Since

It is the task of the scientist to teach people how to use science use to how people teach to scientist the of task the is It

Collingwood does blame scientists for placing such destructive scientists for placing Collingwood blame does

el s how us tell why and united the acme of theoretical but practical reason practical but theoretical of acme the united and y do

have not even yet reached reason but are stuck with stuck are but reason reached yet even not have the responsibilit the they endow mankind with mechanical meansmechanical with mankind endow they -

65 ua rao ad nilnl peiiae the precipitated unwillingly and reason human nd desires but which are not apposite for him to him forapposite not are which but desires nd

402

y That is, it is not science per se that se per science not is it is, That

does not does 400

yet reached the acme of of acme the reached yet

lie with the philosophic the with lie oee, Collingwood However,

which makes him him makes which hs gi, s a is again, This s rake's rake's s with ,

CEU eTD Collection 409 408 407 406 405 404 403 existence. into come synthesis. a in union less, no is universal concrete universal opposite. an and distinct a both as construed be can such and lower the from degree form of scale the of form higher Croce, universal as science describes Collingwood scientist” journeyman imitative, non a of description Collingwood’s field, other the of dint by disciplines academic known 19 the in occurred which fragmentation a to ascribed be again once can scientist the of impeachment rational exactly not Collingwood’s which presentation short his at looks one if especially musta be him to prescribes he dutyas moral such scientist has the that himself the of form middle the is It contradiction

Ibid. Ibid. an What isLiving Method. Philosophical on Essay An Hegel of thePhilosophy of isDead what and What isLiving Ibid Nature of Idea The 168 Philosophy.” ofa Need Present “The . . 2. 406 31. as e srbs h oeloig f ntttos o hlspy nt o science. to not philosophy, to institutions of overlooking the ascribes he

, which means that within the universal opposites are to be found according to to according found be to are opposites universal the within that means which ,

n Cligod ds ht o ol opsts u dsics s el bcue the because well, as distincts but opposites only not that adds Collingwood and natural philosophy natural which which d what is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel of thePhilosophy of isDead what d . 3. . wt is ytei o opsts epess ie […]” life. expresses opposites, of synthesis its with ,

Collingwood does not solve appropriately. Science grows out of religion. of out grows Science appropriately. solve not does Collingwood

no Collingwood cannot have accepted Hegel’s doctrine of the cunning of of cunning the of doctrine Hegel’s accepted have cannot Collingwood

Opposition is “the true being of things,” of being true “the is Opposition had been part of his research up until the 19 the until up research his of part been had

oe hn ee’ daetcl ra, .. hss attei ad their and antithesis thesis, i.e. triad, dialectical Hegel’s than more oretical

–

69 was torn from philosophy from torn was which each the scientist and the philosopher was ignorant of of ignorant was philosopher the and scientist the each which – 405 -

de toto de 76. the diale the

reason; - - em ot f oc wt raiy gvn h fc that fact the given reality, with touch of out seems 169.

hlspial oine sinit s “ second “a a as scientist oriented philosophically

abstract and p and abstract th

ctical emanation of truth of emanation ctical

therefore the question why Collingwood deludes deludes Collingwood why question the therefore century, in which science which in century, 66

i n “The Present Need of Philosophy,” in in Philosophy,” of Need Present “The n . 95 .

21. - 112. hilosophy as embodying the concrete concrete the embodying as hilosophy

in toto in

409

, engendering two engendering , without without - th

is different is kind and kind is different is - century.

as had hitherto had as which 408 n

404 h concrete The exaggeration,

life does not does life

However, different 407 -

hand, hand, “The been 403

CEU eTD Collection 416 415 414 413 412 411 410 the to recourse had he because not could Ionians the problems solving in succeeded who Pythagoras was doctrine such of necessity the understood have to philosopher natural first scissors termed have would history of book a write to order in agents historical of thoughts the understanding of need the of notion propagatedthe Ruskin instead. utilised are answer and question of logic the legitimately only can science Collingwood’s facts historical being such as and times historical certain at place taking measurements and observations the from apart ta to Collingwood incited have it practice in advantages, its have does certainly suggestion mind, absolute of domain philosophy. destruction one germane a been idea. the of negation very the sometimes but triad, emanationistic rational a in as idea” the of world “the necessary not is history Hegel, and Croce for unlike therefore, Collingwood, For achieved. been have sy no them without and spirit the of forms necessary were Fascism and Nazism that concede to had have would he it, accepted Collingwood had therefore triad, dialectical r ao, s rc did, Croce as eason,

The Formative Years The Metaphysics. on Essay An Nature of Idea The Croce in found be samecanalso The theme Ibid Nature of Idea The Ibid. . . 5. 64.

– What

yet in our own age science is flourishing and has been absolutely torn from from torn absolutely been has and flourishing is science age own our in yet

logic of question of logic , . 42. . 3. .

in fact, Collingwood propa Collingwood fact, in

of R. G. Collingwood. 25. Collingwood. R.G. of

Collingwood’s

410 –

t es i wud ae s have would it least at

ic te unn o rao de nt di o a ersin n the in regression a of admit not does reason of cunning the since 412 - 33. - and

–

n hc sine ol b a lv t piooh. hl this While philosophy. to slave a be would science which in be

ke up the notion of natural science being a kind of history of kind a being science natural of notion the up ke - 413 is that the natural scientist has to operate according to to according operate to has scientist natural the that is paste history paste called a science when propositional logic is abandoned and abandoned is logic propositional when science a called hc wud ae en ifrn fo what from different been have would which

and answer to get what he wants out of nature. of out wants he what get to answer and

advice that the gul the that advice .

My Philosophy. My

, and would be scientifi be would and , 67 gates is the subsumption of science under the the under science of subsumption the is gates

opd h pouto o weapon of production the topped 415

198.

f needed to be breached be to needed f Here, we find another Ruskinian Ruskinian another find we Here,

is rather is c,

unfeasible. i.e.

real history real 411

nthesis could could nthesis Collingwood

might have might What must must What 414 s of mass mass of s

Natural . 416 idea. The –

CEU eTD Collection 421 420 419 63. 1916.) 418 417 of kinds nature in domain intellectual the to it uses now form. constant a in forms previous the philosophy and history in whereas dead, but superseded not is form previous the evolution, of dint by nature factum l nature, is that undergoes, nature which process the is science of description his of aspect positive only The science. natural of doctrine negative Collingwood’s is This believing.” w fallacy, logical field intellectual any in working anybody serve would it but Fascism and Nazism with fight Collingwood’s to imparted which answers right the getting questions, right the asking by understood he which something against fight only can one that is unsaid, left but asserted, basically Collingwood seem might highlighted it which problems the and faced, large at civilisation and society problems the to approach Religion and Philosophy logic. correct

Ibid Ibid. Nature of Idea The Collingwood. R.G. example:for See Nature of Idea The i nw questions. new him

. . 15. Invoking Whitehead’s famous dictum, which Collingwood so often used to history, he he history, to used often so Collingwood which dictum, famous Whitehead’s Invoking

15. but

– fieri

419 just like in philosophy and history and philosophy in like just fieri fieri

417

r vsl different. vastly are , but with the marked difference that when a new form comes into being in in being into comes form new a when that difference marked the with but ,

well to remember this doctrine because there is no other way of avoiding the avoiding of way other no is there because doctrine this remember to well h frain f h lgc f questi of logic the of formation The 420 ih olnwo sae a “ht ot epe ae for take people most “what as states Collingwood hich . 69. . 52. .

–

remain but are negated, incorporated, superseded and pasted in the newthe in pasted and superseded incorporated, negated,are but remain platitudes

onwards, Obviously, such logic was more germane when it came to to came it when germane more was logic such Obviously,

Religion and Philosophy. Philosophy. and Religion 418 but are in are but –

However, such such However, owing to the more ac more the to owing endowed Collingwood’s thought with a more conducive more a with thought Collingwood’s endowed

to which Whitehead had proposed it to have belonged: belonged: have to it proposed had Whitehead which to evitable in any kind of normative thinking. What thinking. normative of kind any in evitable 68 –

there is no is there fieri (London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, Limited, Co., and (London: Macmillan n n ase tog nset from nascent though answer and on

centuated quality of mind as being as mind of quality centuated esse as exists in nature might prove prove might nature in exists as , only only , fieri ; 421

knowing is only only is knowing

granted the two the granted ike mind is not is mind ike CEU eTD Collection 428 427 426 425 424 423 422 abstract. never and concrete always does,” it what is “mind doctrine, Gentilian of redolently in History abstraction. scientific of breakdown complete the upon existence into come only can history predecessor, its of ot the succeeds eachform history to done being is what r trying in itself manifests age the of age. characteristic own his of characteristic is Collingwood to human to according applied which become beings, ends and means of abstraction this age, the of mechanisation reason nature very own its in inherent is that separated. being ends abstract. becomes it result duty with itself and concern not first does is and utilitarian which foremost nature, own very its of because is products its for culpable somewhat is maintains Collingwood what of spite in logically, though even science, why reason The between wars and wars civil wars, nations. class engender might which fittest, the of survival calamitous endering the whole world an abstract atomised entity, which of necessity is monadic. This is This monadic. is necessity of which entity, atomised abstract an world whole the endering

Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid M Speculum Morals and Politics that the object and subject; known and knower are not identical. not are knower and known subject; and object the that . . 241. . 231 . 233. . 173. . 171 ta i philosophy is that , 422 - -

172. 247.

o hu to entis

. 166. . a lf ad oit i te om f vltoim n is ai o the of maxim its and evolutionism of form the in society and life man . 132. .

424

This why science itself is to be logically exonerated for something for exonerated logically be to is itself science why This her . 423

h polm eoe mr s more becomes problem The 426

– l sine s btato, hc i tantamoun is which abstraction, is science All

as canvassed in Collingwood’s early writings early Collingwood’s in canvassed as

the scale of forms, begetting a new form upon the breakdown the upon form newbegetting a forms, scaleof the and if history is atomised, tradition of necessity perishes. necessity of tradition atomised, is history if and

As Gentile wrote Gentile As ;

and ruling over which over ruling 69

o eue vrtig o cec, thereby science, to everything reduce to ,

“the object, even when even object, “the 428 let hn wn t te general the to owing when alient –

.. id s ue c ad c is act and act pure is mind i.e. because it need not need it because is the task of dutiful practical dutiful of task the is 427

As Collingwood says, Collingwood As - 425 t mas and means to t

is still abstract still is

thought of as as of thought

os, this Worse, –

and as a a as and

CEU eTD Collection 433 432 431 430 429 h as history, re of theory the and propagates Gentile What reality. outside understand to questions further engender would which answers right the give we i.e. union, spiritual such into enter cannot we reason, attained having without that caveat the with philosophy, with history re to tantamount basically is sayinghere is Gentile What betweennecessarilydistinction abolishes knownand the and knower andsubject. object subject, own our within present as it regard to have we something becomes it that thing a of think we way the is it that modification idealist objective the with statement, this with agreed have would thought, by engendered was reality that thought Gentile tautologous. are we when knower and known subject, object, of speak cannot we itself, reality is which philosophy in always mental.” is mind outside ofthe

Ibid Ibid Ibid Ibid a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The . 8. 10. 10. . 8. . 7. . 4. . 3. reso be to comes it the as far so into in save value resolved spiritual us be for has Nothing object subject. the that is reality spiritual of knowledge the of law a that say even may We it. know who ourselves with it assimilate fellow our understand we say to being. able are we time every feel we unity communication deep This every unity. essential is another’s, relation, and reality inner own spiritual our between Every […] mind. is another it into relation, into com enter may which anything would perceive or notice it to begin to which even impossible mind other the with mind our of agreementunification the and Without mind. penetratetheir should […] […] condition fundamental A

lved into ourselves who knowit. lved intoourselves who

as been hitherto supposed by Collingwood scholars, but it regards making that that making regards it but scholars, Collingwood by supposed hitherto been as engaging

… T udrtn, uh oe o kn to more much understand, To […]

in high in

- . 2. . level academic or philosoph or academic level

cannot ask the right questions in the right order and cannot cannot and order right the in questions right the ask cannot 429

of understanding others is that our mind mind our that is others understanding of

Reality is no more and no less than thought lessthan andno more Reality is

reality for us. That is, if we want to understand understand to want we if is, That us. for reality 433 70

- ncmn isl i nt o uh eae to related much so not is itself enactment w spiritual ow, - enactment and the the and enactment ical thinking since these terms are are terms these since thinking ical 432 reality

431 hti understanding is that

n Collingwood and rapprochement s to is e - 430

in that

CEU eTD Collection 438 437 436 435 98 thoug whose person the whether judging is re in element normative the for imperative course, of is, This of activities the ego, transcendental our within egos that other added he that was modified Collingwood which doctrine the reallyunderstanding 434 with. do to what know not does she or he that time leisure of amount great a man on bestows science Furthermore, and supersedes theempirical one. Gentile does ego transcendental the and empirical the identifying by subject and object between re of theory the of birth the with about came history concre the self identical. completely become they philosoph originally why is This reconciliated. beknowercannot ourand egoempiricalknown in put it, Gentile As transcendental the ego. to itself idealism. subjective understood be can it which in way only re if that is this from deduced manner. philosophical a in achieved only be can comprehension world. our comprehending fully by unity attaining thereby inside, outside is which

- Tales of Enchantment. Enchantment. of Tales Ibid Mentis Speculum a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The 100. 113 100. This is fortified by the Gentilian doctrine of our transcendental ego becoming on becoming ego transcendental our of doctrine Gentilian the by fortified is This - knowledge, – . . 285.

which is tantamount to saying that it does not understand anything understand not does it that saying to tantamount is which are re are -

114. e nvra a piooh does. philosophy as universal te - 435

in a dialectical manner, in which the transcendental ego incorporates, negates negates incorporates, ego transcendental the which in manner, dialectical a in enacted in a way that is “encapsulated,” that is, we know that we are really us and not them. them. not and us really are we that know we is, that “encapsulated,” is that way a in enacted 436

.. 249 ..

anything that abstracts is of is abstracts that anything

Divina Comedia Divina For re For - 213. 250. 438

He might He

- enactment to work to enactment

. 13 . - enactment is so understood understood so is enactment that philosophy in only is it because form, highest the is y - . 14.

- The Theory of Mind as a Pure Act Pure a as Mind of Theory The Since the aim of the mind and all forms of knowledge is knowledge of forms all and mind the of aim the Since

ht is being re being is ht

as Croce suggests became the norm after the First WorldFirst the after norm the became suggests Croce –

olnwo lds rm betv daim into idealism objective from slides Collingwood 71 , The The

an the empirical ego, which c which ego, empirical the -

enacted thought rightly or falsely or rightly thought enacted inferior nature to something which stays in stays which something to nature inferior - enactment since one of the aspects of re of aspects the of one since enactment rapprochement - enactment, which could breach the breach could which enactment, –

and logically speaking it is the is it speaking logically and . 12. Perhaps, the only aspect of this of aspect the only 12. . Perhaps,

What might be observed and and observed be might What

between philosophy and and philosophy between e with Dante’s ego upon upon ego Dante’s with e an only understand only an – .

has to give way way give to has An Autobiography. Autobiography. An - enactment enactment 434 437

Such

gulf -

CEU eTD Collection History of Philosophy 443 442 441 440 439 laws, own its to according more Testament New the reinterpret is What telelogism. natural its by unknowingly or knowingly barbarism in ushers actively basically but will free man’s deny only not does Positivism impending works man works nature addition, In according tolaws same. the are three the that implies this but science to history Colli of tendency positivist The observes ofconsumer society. therise man modern of that than rational more far is magic savage’s the along. Thus, comes modern more something as soon as it discards but totem of sort a as device relishes him, on bestow what realing upon savage The not. does man modern whereas magical, instrument, his their fact, in when usefulness, em very their for devices electrical latest the purchase they that imagine falsely utility with infatuation their with people however, problem, tremendous consci man’s If war. of sake the for war to goes and irrational becomes he otioseness, his in that is result War

R. G. Collingwood. “Inaugural: A Rough Note” in in RoughANote” “Inaugural: Collingwood. R.G. 169. Philosophy.” ofa Need Present “The Ibid. Enchantment. of Tales Morals and Politics otions regarding the mechanical device is very much akin to the magic of the savage and and savage the of magic the to akin much very is device mechanical the regarding otions -

indulge himself in literature that praised the violence of the war for its own sake. own its for war the of violence the praised that literature in himself indulge 216 - 218. catastrophe according uns ws o crut h rs o mcaiain ol nt e uh a such be not would mechanisation of rise the corrupt not was ousness

440

. This implies man’s incapability to change the institutions ofthechange present man’s incapabilitytheinstitutions to . Thisimplies , eds. William Dray and Jan van der Dussen. (Oxford: University Press, 19 Press, University Dussen.(Oxford: der van Jan and WilliamDray eds. , with the difference that the savage knows that his reverence for his tool is tool his for reverence his that knows savage the that difference the with . 130 . 214.

o aua lw a te oiiit wud have would positivists the as laws natural to y hnig h isiuin ta hv hsoial cm about. come historically have that institutions the changing by

them

l te oe wees oen a los t h mechanical the at looks man modern whereas more, the all gods a ws o endeavour to was day ngwood’s

441

The Principles of History and Other Writings in the the in Writings Other and History of Principles The 72

443

therefore it would h would it therefore

to reduce philosophy and and philosophy reduce to in whom Collingwood whom in it ,

- oiiim re to tried positivism

benefit hrb aet the avert thereby 99) 160. 99) ave blended ave s

the tools tools the 439

The – 442

if –

CEU eTD Collection reason ofscientific failure renewed ever “the claims: he which in 1949, in paper to committed Politics,” “Scientific his see science, mingled. be never can and forms separate are experience ofmodes practical the and scientific the that later pages two claims he when there lost 445 444 and thecountless millions theSecond. destruction of in Europe claime folly historical This Oakeshott summarises theproblem of modernity related toscience quite succintly. but science, thanadvantages. caused butscience has problems more religion

Experience and its Modes and Experience Oakeshott Oakeshott modern has mind conceived for ’science.’ the which infatuation the with compare may one which folly of history the in little is there But both. or reactionary or false appear to not view criticism the to must themselves ideas) submit religious and moral particularly (and experience of world practical the that and life, to guide true only the is science that ,life, to guide a is science that notions the to accustomed been long too have We –

its birthmother its – as is his wont his is as

to solve [the] social problems of our age.” ofour problems social solve[the] to . 312. . –

suddenly seems to forget all about the First World War and the millions of lives lives of millions the and War World First the about all forget to seems suddenly with itself with mlin o lvs n h Frt ol Wr and War World First the in lives of millions d

Experience and itsModes and Experience –

and the and

of scientific thought, for any other other any for thought, scientific of 73

superseding 444

“Scientific Politics.” 99. “ScientificPolitics.”

. 314. For Oakeshott’s later condemnation of of condemnation later Oakeshott’s For 314. .

forms, therefore leaving nothing nothing leaving therefore forms, 445

w as

completely completely claim CEU eTD Collection 452 451 450 449 448 447 446 exist not could one that demonstrating by theory and practice and history and philosophy full a about action. about brings which of thought the mind, the to owing happens everything since history, to reducible is everything thus concept, historical history. of methodology the is philosophy that thesis development. a and process a is idealism mind. human the itself.” develops perpetually which spirit practical.” as well as theoretical that asserted next.” philosophy idea British of than philosophers were traditions Itali the of representative themore far is theory continuity Collingwood’s Therefore,preserved. of institutions the which in society the of interest the promulgate not co traditions that propagated who idealists the from differs he however, community, the of value the represents it because preserved be to has tradition today. proper history es we history of theory the from largely departs history of definition Collingwood’s

The Idea of Nature. Nature. of Idea The an Theory a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The Ibid. Philosophy. My Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The PoliticalTheory and BritishIdealism 447 192.

Therefore, tradition must be continuous and as such capable of being revived. being of capable such as and continuous be must tradition Therefore,

d History of Historiography. Historiography. of History d acrig o which to according , rapprochement “ history 168. ” 450 176

He was an expounder of the general theory of British idealism, i.e. that i.e. idealism, British of theory general the of expounder an was He hs hae led icroae i i te at ht itr a se by seen as history that fact the it in incorporates already phrase This - 177. 177. s h rcr o te rain o te ua sii i eey field, every in spirit human the of creations the of record the is

2 My Philosophy. Philosophy. My . 5

. The breakdown of historical continuity ewe al em o te dialect the of terms all between

. 48. . 448 . 129 . “every historical period carries within it the seeds of the the of seeds the it within carries period historical “every

151. 151.

History is History lism. - . 60. . 130.

13. 449 446

As Gentile put it, it, put Gentile As For the sake of of sake the For 74 utemr, t oii my i i Hegel’s in lie may origin its Furthermore, “ perpetual progress, the very definition of the of definition very the progress, perpetual

452

451 Croce actually succeeded actually Croce

l togt ae enge are thoughts All uld perish permanently if they did did they if permanently perish uld brevity ical series, especially between between especially series, ical “ history is the development of development the is history

w wl acp Croce’s accept will we , drd n a in ndered in

pouse as pouse bring

Croce ing a n

CEU eTD Collection death. hisearly until itswas president was Collingwood thewas president. Gershomwhich of Society, Antiquarian – t Furthermore, tradition. democratic ofits it because to weredrawn they theon other, District; Lake the of theby beauty wereimpressed vacationers pe was 459 458 457 456 Dussen.(Oxford 455 454 453 city from away get intruders other from it protects jealously so he why is that and it upon intruding by unity its and countryside the of beauty the destroys it. ruining thereby soil. the on “picturesque” work their from living their made people society, agrarian an be to used society English fractured. become has consciousness years, hundred past Colli thepossible whichof itskind, isalsonecessary.” one only the is unique the unique; the is individual the particular]; the not universal, concrete “ that adds Collingwood tenet which to mind, i science a such of existence the denied Collingwood fact, In practicalreason. wouldend,mind since therewould the of dialectic the ended, life in struggle all if that cites, he example, an As other. the without els pioohr hsoy a ntig oe r es hn h dvlpet f h hu the of development the than less or more nothing was history philosophers dealist

provided an intellectual milieu as well, such as the Cumberland and Westmoreland Archaeological and and Archaeological Westmoreland and Cumberland as the well,such milieuas an intellectual provided

It is imperative that most wellmost isimperativethat It Ibid. Art.of Philosophy a of Outlines 327. Mad.” Goes “Man Philosophy. My “Outlines of a Philosophy of History” in in History” of Philosophy a of “Outlines The New Leviathan The ngwood notes in all his major treatises the advance history as a science ha science a as history advance the treatises major his all in notes ngwood rfectly aware of their insidious influence on the natives and on the nature of the land. On the one hand, hand, On the one ofthe land. nature theon and natives the on influence oftheirinsidious rfectlyaware 62 - 63.

457 : University Press, 1994.) 434. “Reality as History.” 170. “Reality as History.” 434. 1994.) Press, : University 68

453 n vctoig hr, h i aray h oe lt n h lnsae and landscape” the on blot one the already is “he there, vacationing and 458 - 69. - . 221. 221. . life which has become intolerabl become has which life

455 The vacationer, according to Collingwood, notices that notices Collingwood, to according vacationer, The

oee, e s lo ae t udrcr ta mns historical man’s that underscore to eager also is he however, - off vacationers spent their holiday in the Lake District; therefore Collingwood Collingwood therefore LakeDistrict; the holidayin their spent vacationers off 62. he cultural life of the Lakeland ofthe life he cultural

History Man. Man. History

be no need for theoretical reason to consider what to do by theoretical whatforreasonconsider doby to be noneed to h Ie o Hsoy ih etrs 1926 Lectures with History of Idea The ;

however 49 - 75 50. 50. history is the science of the individual [i.e. the [i.e. individual the of science the is history

454

one cannot blame people for wanting to to wanting for people blame cannot one e. 459 –

with its fishermen and tradition of the crafts ofthe crafts tradition and fishermen withits By erecting factories, railway lines, railway factories, erecting By 456

as history proper. For the neo the For proper. history as

also a member of the Society and memberofthe Societyand a also y ociig ua lf as life rural conceiving By - 1928 he in some sense some in he , ed. Jan van der der van Jan ed. , d

made in the the in made in which which in man - CEU eTD Collection 468 467 ofthe intruders. peril invei youngGershom’s boy, or butwas a hehim when to imparted have might Ruskinwhich Ruskin’s teaching, of survival a is ofthe vacationers disapproval Collingwood’s theor his to linkthis to managed thathe fact thewas striking rather was What it in interest Collingwood’s about spectacular nothing 466 465 464 463 462 461 460 continuity,” political of tradition “British obsolescent the of follower the was unintelligent b it into intrusion the area Lakeland the in England of tradition the lost. remain forever would henc countryside, the of industrialisation much was there factthat the signifies Lakeland the in women and men Icelandic concerning saga accurate relatively District. Lake the in place taking saga, Icelandic novel, successful most father’s his that fact the by strengthened Lakeland. h that fact the given remarkable, more even was countryside the to attraction Ruggiero. de of observation the avoid not did tradition of breach the case, pron more is hecountryside, the of industrialisation the with now but labour, his of proud be could landowner the time one at that fact the in problem main the sees he though life, agricultural not father.” countryside the in shops and hotels

Ibid. Ibid. Man.. History was there therefore era, thewith of Victorian the onset originated folklore in interest the out, Aspoints Inglis Ibid. Man History Liberalism European of History The Gods Strange After 330. Mad.” Goes “Man Art.of Philosophy a of Outlines to e than not to sell his land so that he can acquire money and leave for the city. the for leave and money acquire can he that so land his sell to not than e 104. 1 e rahd accord breached be 461 47. 464

There has to be a balance between the industrial and the agricultural if tradition is tradition if agricultural the and industrial the between balance a be to has There

exploitation h atato ad rtcin olnwo fl twrs h cuty was country the towards felt Collingwood protection and attraction The 70. 49. yre of .

History Man. Man. History . 22. .

- y

enactment and vindicate his theory by the means of fairytales. fairytales. ofmeans the by his theory vindicate and enactment

city

archaeological

of the countryside was even more dolorous given the fact that he he that fact the given dolorous more even was countryside the of 466 n t T S Eliot. S. T. to ing - dwellers.

65. 50. 50.

Collingwood, much like Ruskin and G. W. Collingwood found Collingwood W. G. and Ruskin like much Collingwood,

. 419. . The Formative Years of R. G Collingwood G R. of Years Formative The 460

For Collingwood, the ruin of agrarian society and the and society agrarian of ruin the Collingwood, For

heritage to be found, which could be destroyed by the the by destroyed be could which found, be to heritage a hs kle te giutrl iiiain f [his] of civilisation agricultural the “killed has man e, its tradition going back to the Nordic settlements Nordic the to back going tradition its e, 76 467 462

465 and this adds another point of poignancy to poignancy of point another adds this and e ugeo lo aet te onal of downfall the laments also Ruggiero De

The very fa very The ghing –

following Ruskin following ct that that ct Thorstein the Mere the Thorstein . 16. . Gershom

History Man. Man. History – e grew up in the in up grew e

taught him of the himofthe taught Collingwood’s Collingwood’s

could write a write could 468 463 , was an an was , 20.

In any In which

CEU eTD Collection 474 473 472 471 470 469 observation and downthroughhanded is generations. people. the of livelihood the for sufficient is what methods scientific turning by men of needs the for providing i.e. nature, of world exploitation” “intelligent the includes sense, Collingwoodian the in Civilization, and years of thousands for continuous been safeguarded irrationalism. against people has that tradition a breaches it and because utilitarianism by extinguished been dec The dying. basicallyis civilization English has Thus, modernism. which one, rustic a is culture them. among eldest the of mind the in living wor insane an in sane them kept and them nourished which art the life, of peasants the education, Corn laws educational Lawsthe and Corn the of repeal the with however, tradition, of years thousands of speaking are we therefore, notes Collingwood thereforefelt he the on lived folklore British which in tradition the Collingwood for represented include

Enchantment. of Tales Ibid New Lev The 332. Mad”. Goes “Man Ibid. Ibid.

. . 291. Laws, the agrarian proletariat came in large numbers of the city, whereas because of of because whereas city, the of numbers large in came proletariat agrarian the Laws, 282.. 204. d and in fact, was based on the agrarian culture of the British Isles. British the of culture agrarian the on based was fact, in and d relatively to the natural world, it is by acquiring and conserving an an conserving and acquiring by is it world, natural the to relatively a If

community iathan it as his duty to protect the Lakeland.as duty his toprotect the . 297. . ht h hsoy f h Biih se ge bc t te rne Age, Bronze the to back goes Isles British the of history the that 257.

–

the holders of British folk art folk British of holders the s attained any degree, high or low, of civilisation civilisation of low, or high degree, any attained s

471

this continuity and tradition was severed. Owing to theOwingto severed.was continuitytradition and this

472 77

Since England is a rustic country, its original its country, rustic a is England Since 474

Such knowledge of nature is based on based is nature of knowledge Such –

where forced to relinquish their way way their relinquish to forced where line of agriculture is a monstrosity monstrosity a is agriculture of line ld and now it is only only is it now and ld

The North also also North The strongest; to produce to 473

f the of 470 469

CEU eTD Collection 481 480 479 478 477 476 475 to relating question the answer definitely would pregn fit. see needs our as them exploiting and humanity, their denying i.e. nature, of world the of parts as foreigners fo step a only is it this, From and English forebode thedeath of society. cities industrial allows that knowledge Britain the of preserver the is that community agricultural the is it Since barbarism. namely opposite, its into civilisation of reversal the to lead will this breached, is accent also Eliot S. T. which point in live who dying. or dead people is society their that fact the of conscious not are societies moribund that notes he when means Collingwood what is This imperceptibly. on points following the community, the of stage the at if born, is society that community the from is it Since knowledge community, a in maintained extension logical by and acquired be only can possesses peasantry the that knowledge practical of type The

The New The Enchantment. of Tales Gods Strange After Art. of Principles muchgranted.” for we whichtaketoo civility prehistoric ancestral, ofan thebeneficiaries are “We Ibid Ibid n wt te mlcto o this. of implication the with ant . . 303. . 301.

to remember. than important less far is us to down by doubt, no what on improving science of kind Partly, this in but it; on improving science. natural of sort this of amount incredible to be a society and not a non a not and society a be to

Leviathan

477

hro, h cmuiy rm hc scey sud il e edrd corrupt. rendered be will issued society which from community the thereof, 480 481 96.

. 18. . . 294 . and the very act of mechanisation of act very the and

This is not said explicitly in in explicitly said not is This 475 280.

295.

rward in the reversal of the civilising process of equating equating of process civilising the of reversal the in rward uates. - social community, the flocking of the peasantry to the the to peasantry the of flocking the community, social

o eape te emn rdto o herd of tradition German the example, For 479

Thus, if the agricultural origin of the British Isles British the of origin agricultural the if Thus, conserving 78

476 T the humanity of humanity the he New Leviathan New he

, hs wt te loss the with thus,

the the as well as the scale will of necessity wither away wither necessity of will scale the

it; a fact which is well well is which fact a it; scale of forms is rendered moribund rendered is forms of scale , have , foreigners in the negative, the in foreigners

inauspicious , nevertheless the text is text the nevertheless ,

is handed handed is f giutr and agriculture of

implications 478 Ibid

- This is This worship worship . . 303.

CEU eTD Collection experience our of independent nothing Colli 488 487 486 485 484 483 482 re of importance mean c Tradition die. cannot which it but knowledge, broken, be can Tradition them. of all in abstractness of element an is there because forms other the in established be cannot It one. become knower and known it history Philosophical aggrandisement. impressive undergone has science a as history that fact the of spite in danger grave severed, in is been consciousness historical has continuity this and continuity, upon dependent is history Since well. repulsive internal righttheory idealism foundthe common. British mankind was opposedof natureto as “fanaticism it. defend to trying unconsciously though innately, who man the than destroying on intent is he civilisation against fights he what know effort, conscious a is nature, very its ba “a but community social a not is sadism involves which society being harvested. be to corn treated natureis human as renderedinfecund herd or statolatry wherever therefore

British Liberalism and Political Theory Political and BritishLiberalism Ibid Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Or as Oakeshott would say say would Oakeshott as Or 328 Mad.” “ManGoes ngwood: “History cannot be “the course of events” independent of our experience of it, because there is is there because it, of experience our of independent events” of course “the be cannot “History ngwood: 486 s . . 357.

346 298. 297 as

a part a

- nat foreign to expanded be to needed morality that view the endorsed and

298. ”

and one cannot exist without the other. the without exist cannot one and

of nature is tantamount to sadism to tantamount is nature of - enactment. 484

The keyword in the text, however, is “intelligent.” Treating other human human other Treating “intelligent.” is however, text, the in keyword The . -

329. Sadism and barbarism are synonyms in as much as much as in synonyms are barbarism and Sadism

488 –

teeoe h “abrs” s n n sne oe esd n the in versed more sense one in is “barbarist” the therefore ,

for a moment giving up his logical inconsistency inconsistency logical his up giving moment a for

It can re Itcan –

neither event, nor fact, neither past nor future. What is independent of of independent is What future. nor past neither fact, nor event, neither . 144. .

- as one who fights agai fights who one as osi i te re o te day the of order the is worship -

establish traditions and put a stoppage to the madnessthe to stoppagea put and traditions establish an be rev be an qua nature qua 79

ived with re with ived and the “sadist has no civilisation.” no has “sadist the and 485

, i.e. as an animal to be slaughteredor be to animalan as i.e. , The conception of foreigners as part as foreigners of conception The

n is the perfect science because in because science perfect the is st something necessarily has to to has necessarily something st - enactment and that is that and enactment rbarism ,

civilisa .”

they both share in share both they – 483

in agreement with with agreement in

Barbarism, by Barbarism, in has tion

s the main the

482 os as ions broken broken 487

been

Any , the

is CEU eTD Collection 491 490 489 manycontradictions. its correct and makeit coherent enough to care can one footnote, this within u foregoing confused particularly the was Oakeshott of that gather all only from However, in. lived he age utilitarian the of context the its and Experience contradiction.” meaningless a is life of philosophy A recognised[…] criterion f only the be have to appears usefulness might thereby to conclusion and the utilitarianism In thought. reigning and practise to opposed Oakeshott that though, mention, is assertion which practise, for neo is thought that saying is pragmatism. of another characteristic one upon heaps Oakeshott that absurdities off to data de delivers He past.” the of form the in always is experience historical yet and present; always be non would facts future or past being their because such as facts present always are facts historical that saying by in circles. ridiculed idealist widely was which history, of view Rankean a embrace to as far so goes he fact, In life. present our historical the refute de a is of to search in is historian the on goes he later, pages ten neo Italian the of doctrine than more hardly However, notions. own Collingwood’s between distinction the imply independent discovery nothing and is Interpretation Modes. there construct. and and create experience, to of is independent it something interpret; to even or recapture, to discover, there fact; not certainly is experience emantionis already universal the to owing Gent As the same doctr fragmented remain life life. of denial the is life fragmented human and nation the subduing, and comprehension re to. succumbed has man modern that -

Ibid a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The Liberalism European of History The ncmn by enactment - - idealists and Collingwood expounded not an idealist(ic) philosophy, but a pragmatistic one. One must must One one. pragmatistic a but philosophy, idealist(ic) an not expounded Collingwood and idealists escl yt e tes h sihl dsueig n nt ut lgcl etne ht “The that sentence logical quite not and disquieting slightly the utters he yet sensical, . . 73

93. Sadly, Oakeshott could not leave his subjective idealism behind, nor did he seem to grasp or utilise utilise or grasp to seem he did nor behind, idealism subjective his leave not could Oakeshott Sadly, 93. historian. the of thought the is it as far so in only history is History […] act. in life w when realised already therefore, History, reality. of process same the and one to ourselves, of interests, means of This thought. problems, of identity an mentality, common a language, common a be must there ourselves and history of personages the Between ile adeptly points out, such unity between minds past and present can be conceivable be can present and past minds between unitysuch out, points adeptly ile - er of which practical experience can make use.” use.” make can experience practical which of er 90. 90. m gives rise to the concrete universal, which is the subject matter of history a history of matter subject the is which universal, concrete the to rise gives m

coup de grace de coup Experience and its Modes its and Experience ine, the doctrine ofre doctrine ine, the Modes 490 hc te rsn cn opeed n sbu te at Wtot such Without past. the subdue and comprehend can present the which

factum - . 354. This last quote might absolve Oakeshott from talking nonsense and put him in in him put and nonsense talking from Oakeshott absolve might quote last This 354. . idealist school to which Collingwood more or less belonged by claiming that the past past the that claiming by belonged less or more Collingwood which to school idealist

Experience and its Mod its and Experience to the theory of historical idealism by asserting that “The world of history has no has history of world “The that asserting by idealism historical of theory the to

and and

ad and not a living past and as such cannot be of importance in the guiding of of guiding the in importance of be cannot such as and past living a not and ad that it must pertain to one and the same world w world same the and one to pertain must it that . 50. . fieri

e are no facts which are not ideas. […] The historian’s business is not to to not is business historian’s The […] ideas. not are which facts no are . 408. .

set out on our historical research, it is our own our is it research, historical our on out set

which is so important for history, but for the most part, he echoes echoes he part, most the for but history, for important so is which

. 106. A few pages la pages few A 106. . -

Gentile, before de Ruggiero and Collingwood and Ruggiero de before Gentile, xeine n t Modes its and Experience being saying enactment by As de Ruggiero said Ruggiero de As

maet n h particular. the in immanent es 80 pon writing the historical section of his book and did not did and book his of section historical the writing pon . 318. Thereby, in Oakeshott’s point of view, the Italian Italian the view, of point Oakeshott’s in Thereby, 318. .

xeine n is Modes its and Experience ter, he goes on to contradict himself even more more even himself contradict to on goes he ter,

“ unity implies a unifying force,” i.e. force,” unifying a implies unity , he wrote: “In these days, […] practical practical […] days, these “In wrote: he , of experience.” experience.” of Experience and its Modes its and Experience . 158. The acme of the the of acme The 158. . 491

is not is

xeine n its and Experience hs Hegelian This

ith ith historical past is is past historical alsely equated equated alsely ,

articulated articulated 489

n a and

111. nd nd ,

CEU eTD Collection 497 496 218 Act Pure a as Mind of Theory 495 Act Pure a as Mind See: present. already is breakdown their for reason the and sciences the of order the of description 494 493 492 time, of spatialisation of time, outside dwelt thought said he as or time, of existence the denied such as Collingwood often scholars, is Collingwood by neglected which degree a to Gentile by influenced certainly most was Collingwood While way. are they ultimately art in not, different and several are there because not categorises, own its in things of harmony the reproducing of miracle its performs and web its weaves it thus and unity, the of sight losing put Croce as Or itself, mind is individual that whichindividualises. individual. the with one becomes reason of act every that means ego. empirical our surpassed having tr our simply is History history. by liquidated become philosophy to art from paper,i.e. this beginning of the at enumerated havewe that which

The Theory of Mind as a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The History. of Idea The Philos My Ibid In fact, in in fact, In It is noteworthy to mention that Gentile regarded philosophy and history as one and the same thing. thing. same the and one as history and philosophy regarded Gentile that mention to noteworthy is It .

495 496 . 125. . 108. guarantees

hra Gnie ol ahee i re his achieve could Gentile whereas ,

ophy. ophy. The Theory of Mind as a Pure Act Pure a as Mind of Theory The philosophy is already immanent, already is philosophy

219. s . . 213

it, it, that history incorporates every act of reason and every form of experience of form every and reason of act every incorporates history that

one. Our mind individualises so that we comprehend our world in a better a in world our comprehend we that so individualises mind Our one.

287. - “ 246. 497 thought analyses the unity of the real into its opposing aspects, without aspects, opposing its into real the of unity the analyses thought

. 208 . i.e. by endowing time with three dimensions, therefore every therefore dimensions, three with time endowing by i.e.

- 215. “History coincides with philosophy.” philosophy.” with coincides “History 215.

118 - 129. there is one very big gap between the two philosopher two the between gap big very one is there

This harmony

, the summary of Collingwood’s later later Collingwood’s of summary the ,

os o ma htpiooh cae to ceases philosophy that mean not does 494 81

.” .” the degree of reason in them is different, but different, is them in reason of degree the

493 […] All we inus: are is […] all.” -

ncmn dcrn b te Hegelian the by doctrine enactment ht s or id niiulss and individualises mind our is, That transcendental The Theory of Mind as a Pure Act Pure a as Mind of Theory The anscendental ego at work, work, at ego anscendental “ philosophy The only conceivable conceivable only The

Speculum Mentis Speculum universals, there are are there universals, 492

. Thus, does does Thus, . The Theory of of Theory The

exist element

and the the and The The It . s. s. .

CEU eTD Collection 501 500 499 498 liberty, for fight not will they lost, have they what of cognizant not are people the as long a is liberty nominal of destruction Liberty of Story the c the process. a necessarily always is there act in since act, as thought denies this and in sets stagnation hence continue, to process emanative the for reason no is there overcome, in comes process dialectical i process, dialectical the to end an put necessity demolished. be never can they but lessened mitigated, be thereasonThis is decease. irrevocable its signify a be cannot mind our that know we Since spirit. civilisation human the of development dialectical the of result the is re unconsciously constitute spir whole assert Gentile spatialisation ofisthe time denia re to ego transcendental compresent, were present and past of

The Theory of Mind as a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The Philosophy My a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The Hegel of Philosophy the of isAlive what and What isDead oncept of liberty has been tackled at some at tackled been has liberty of oncept s

itual activity of activity itual our civilisation, and that these products of the human spirit are within us within are spirit human the of products these that and civilisation, our w ud olw ic i wud en h dah f the of death the mean would it since follow ould did, later Collingwood as doctrine same the much ed . . 12. - enact them enact why

, only nominal liberty can be destroyed, real liberty cannot. In fact, the the fact, In cannot. liberty real destroyed, be can liberty nominal only ,

Gentile firmlyaffirmsGentile tha

- generations which passed on from the past to the present the to past the from on passed which generations enact . to being to overcome error and evil and once they have been been have they once and evil and error overcome to being to

Civilisation means traditions and tradition means history, which which history, means tradition and traditions means Civilisation . 246. . 203. .

“ l of time itself in its ownway. its itselfl oftime in

elt s o ttcbt iig o fxdbt changing but fixed not living, but static not is Reality vr ato ta hs vr transpired ever has that action every sine qua non qua sine

498

factum, 82 ed fr h tikr h hs civd a achieved has who thinker the for ready length

t error thattheyand in can evil are t permanent of the resurrection of resurrection the of .186. .

u ms be must but e. , we might allude to Croce’s to allude might we ,

t aiin n cvlsto, ic the since civilisation, and radition 501

Their

development of our mind. mind. our of development n fieri in 499

upo disappearance Sol taiin die, tradition Should . real liberty because so so because liberty real n observing that the the that observing n santo would stagnation , . Obviously, the the Obviously, .

Therefore, as Therefore, History as as History

, we even even we , ol of would

what what . ” 500

CEU eTD Collection of talked Gentile Therefore, intact.505 remained state the of 504 notion the least, state or Statocracy at philosopher, a was Fascism o nature perilous more the of root the as fact state.” a of notion the “lacks Germany because 503 502 tantamount to object. the and subject the of synthesis fails feature, this to owing and rationalises herd of element some involves always Romanticism Therefore, day. present the of Nazism the to lead tradition a retrieve and understand to desire very the and worship this of dint by Grimms the and Müller Max of theories anthropological the to basically tantamount entirely. die never not is consciousness human Because re was that tradition proper the that was this in fault The tradition. broken of yearning The linear at the same time. and cyclical is which history, of cyclicity Vichian the for need the asserts Croce therefore,

My Philosophy. Philosophy. My Enchantment. of Tales Liberty. of Story the as History T e e Leviathan New he which have lost and yet will not abandon the transcendental religion religion transcendental the abandon not h will yet and lost have which particular minds in a conflict a is to features and It birth its irrationalism. owing irrationalism sheer of form is word, the of uses literary early and and eighteenth late fact,in anyindefinabl Romanticism, the in appeared nineteenththe name century of under romanticism. symptoms chronic first whose irrationalism, called mind], the [of disintegration pretentious the anded downtothem a - worship and not of the common, ancestral bond ofthe Italianpeo bond ancestral notthe of common, and worship 32. “ the Romantics for the Middle Ages was in fact a yearning to re to yearning a fact in was Ages Middle the for Romantics the disease”, which engendered N

21 Cligod oe ta herd that notes Collingwood 271. . oee, in However, 133 502 “ -

herd 140. 178. 178. 284 140.

60. - 505 - niee bt dfeet n bt o am a dn b that. by done was harm no but one different a but enlivened

worship,”

T e e Leviathan New he - 285 factum f Nazism as compared to Fascism. Since the official ideologue of of ideologue official the Since Fascism. to compared as Nazism f 503

The New Leviathan New The

rc ws f h oiin ht oatcs was Romanticism that opinion the of was Croce and in the in and e sense, leaving aside the colloquial the aside leaving sense,e , but always in always but , 83 o understand to azism and azism

- osi ad state and worship romanticised Tales of Enchantment of Tales , Collingwood renders Romanticism Romanticism renders Collingwood , . 276. We might ascribe this quite plausible plausible quite this ascribe might We 276. . , which represented

fieri its its - w , traditions grow, change, but change, grow, traditions , bet hne rcuig the precluding hence object; it orship, since it idealises andidealises it since orship, - , worship were different notions notions different were worship

therefore ple. ple. What is Fascism. isFascism. What , he in he

t a nt the not was it sinuates thatsinuates - establish a establish 48.

504

CEU eTD Collection 509 508 507 506 th augmenting of process thereforethe extant, be can criticism such herd which community a In tradition. of criticism the involves synthesis between a difference of the necessity overcoming by of Tradition synthesis develops. tradition of process no i.e. stagnant, rendered be Collingwoodian and extensive an by this from away taken logically be can What canit theoreticallymoment, so beany regained atwe cannot ofthe speak ofa death tradition. Cro time, outside is thought since However, it. demands process historical broken be to has it tradition a wh history.Therefore, quoting for penchant Collingwood’s as dictum, famous Whitehead’s and it to external became process progressed, be not could truth philosophical or historical and thrive not could people rational where societally, obsolete day obsolete. Collingwood’s become of to Germany needs the it in elements, However, irrational the supplants reason as but society a herd.” “ herd of state natural the in wallowed always have who large, herd day, Collingwood’s of Characteristic emn ard f freedom of hatred German

What is Living and What is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel. of thePhilosophy of What isDead and What isLiving time. outside exists act every spiritual Croce, to According Metaphysics. on Essay An New Leviathan The ce would have it, spirit is ce spirit it, wouldhave 506 arrived , but not obsolescent either. Therefore, Germany remained at a point historically and and historically point a at remained Germany Therefore, either. obsolescent not but ,

What Collingwood aims at is that up to a point herd point a to up that is at aims Collingwood What

t Te traditio The at. oeuvre . 279. . at Collingwood unconsciously but rightly implies is that if there is to be be to thereis if that is rightlyimplies but unconsciouslyCollingwood at

is that without conscious and intelligent effort, the scale of forms can forms of scale the effort, intelligent and conscious without that is 267.

e tradition. All traditions are acquisitions and as such they have to have they such as and acquisitions are traditions All tradition. e

“ “there is no nature no is “there ”

sub specie aeterni”,sub specie

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513 s to barbarism. German barbarism came into existence because of of because existence into came barbarism German barbarism. to s believe

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Bernard Bosanquet. Bosanquet. Bernard

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of the worship the of

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Croce, CEU eTD Collection other. each to tantamount them as 519 518 517 99 2006.) Press, University Markku (Cambridge: Peltonen. ed. Bacon, to Companion 516 515 514 h denial or tantamount t reconstructs traversed, already has he paths the again over footing. solid a on principle the put philosopherstheseof two thought the of fusion howeverHegel;withthe than moreVico, with a admitted less studied is it because ignored is it that in abstruse more is tradition name. illustrious verum Vico’s as tenets same the exactly asserted principle knowledge maker’s the thought, medieval a made philosophers these where importance. primary of was created, has he which that of cognizant be only can verum Vico’s history, and philosophy who philosopher any and Collingwood for liberalism. and Christianity of tantamountness the propagated method dialectic Christianity, of values the Inhis liberalism. with process equatethis to faras Inso Crocewent fact, cyclicity regress. some and includes which history of philosophy Vichian the with agreement absolute in was however, The verum The as been forgotten or breached, thereby Vichianism is of a major aid in providing historical historical providing in aid major a of is Vichianism thereby breached, or forgotten been as

The spatialisation and denial of time are not the same, however, for our present purposes, purposes, present our for however, same, not the oftime denial are spatialisationand The History. of Idea The Vico. Giambattista of Philosophy The Pérez Antonio See: Ibid. Vico. Giambattista of Philosophy The Philosophy of Giambattista Vico Giambattista of Philosophy - 276. atm Vico factum, the

continuity of tradition, and we can say that the principle of re of principle the that saycanwe and tradition, continuity of - to factum principle makes it possible for the historian to restore any tradition that tradition any restore to historian the for possible it makes principle factum spatialisation oftime. spatialisation

the Collingwoodian notion of the ideality of the past, the of ideality the of notion Collingwoodian the 516 - Ramos. “Bacon’s Forms and the Maker’s Knowledge Tradition” in The Cambridg in The Tradition” Knowledge Maker’s the and Forms “Bacon’s Ramos.

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CEU eTD Collection 524 523 Party Labour memberofthe a was 522 521 520 the philosophy ofliberalism. a is individualism historical Therefore,act. can onlyindividuals since action, classes of abstraction the but eschatology, their with process dialectical civilisation of end the thereby im Croce’schief at leastobjective of theforerunner idealism. knowledge of objectand subject one necessity of the are i.e. object, the knower, and the subject and known the mankind, of creation the is history Since continuity.

My Philosophy. Philosophy. My Philosophy. My Edwardes, wife,Kathleen second his itstenets major and supported whilecommunist, not a Collingwood, Philosophy. My Vico. Giambattista of Philosophy The p l ct eil f ute pors, hrb te n o dialecticism of end the thereby progress, further of denial icit h conf the that conflict, a be must life that demands essence own its if oscillation, of law this disown liberty could How of. use made and place proper its in put welcomed, be must this All levels. higher to progresses constantly o of decadence and civilisation of flow, alternations and ebb of cycles, of that replace cannot progress of idea The constitutional arrangements force. in and rights of framework the degree, less greateror in altering,constantly co necessarily day. his at Europe in initiated being were which movements liberal the despised i see to failed had and state, perfect a to up led which theory metaphysical or theological a into liberty of dialectic evil of annihilation the as impossible ms awy srgl t live; to struggle always must t problem lict must be perpetual, and that the annihilation of good is as as is good of annihilation the that and perpetual, be must lict

103 83. 70. …Ti big o lbry fr rm xldn revolutions, excluding from far liberty, so, being […]This

- 104.

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. History Man. History .

, ” .

520 23. h asrcin o communism of abstractions The

therefore Vico can be regarded as an objective idealist oridealist objective an as regarded becan thereforeVico

and consequently he had opposed and and opposed had he consequently and 271.

524 . Hegel had perverted the historical the perverted had Hegel . “ providing thus ,

87 panacea”

that, though liberty cannot die, die, cannot liberty though that, r barbarism, from which man man which from barbarism, r 521

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for CEU eTD Collection 530 529 528 527 1915.) Ltd., Unwin 526 from passage 525 interest, past a to answer not does fact past this Therefore fact. past investigate to one move Historiography of History history of d’etre raison and duty the be should which present, the in rightly acting in people aid not does it therefore the to assigns Croce which of origin the history, of Fascism. or Nazism as perilous as just viewed fi of notion its and materialism historical with problem biggest his however, understandable, irrelevant. rendered is itself process the therefore ass can Teleologists to corresponds and history whom to according case, Labriola’s psychological about asserted pre a posits ultimately materialism historical but valid, be would causation final case which in something th in not and history, into causation re materialism historical of guise the in history positivistic madness. human to history reducing thereby contingency, of principle the forms, of scale the process, continuity, breaks atomised, r specialist. for writes specialist it in become has History a nal causation was that positivists and historical materialists tended to be socialists, which he which socialists, be to tended materialists historical and positivists that was causation nal inlt ad n ht oiiim ral add o h peet crisis. present the to added greatly positivism that in and tionality

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Liberty. of Story the as History Croce. Benedetto History. of Principles 25. 11 9.

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h fc ta ti eaprtd rc is Croce exasperated this that fact The society

527 Capital 452

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CEU eTD Collection 534 533 532 scale. ofthe intellectual the top to rise isto that them, answer and questions “scissors of the possibility thus,excluded and not “ready were they since ordinary documents thoseto preferred Collingwood someextent, Infact, to coins, suchas writtendocuments, non Collingwood for whereas testimonies, and written documents i.e. sense, ordinary the in documents uses Croce over anadvantage 531 with since end, an to come never should dialecticism way. dutiful a in methodology itself is history and time outside dwells seen, have a historyis thou their in revived be can it thus and history present not and dead as of thought generation previous not and historia the of needs present the answer not does age certain a of history a if and needs present answers it when revived be knower. his to known a subject, his to object an remain ages historia theythe becauseagesdarkexist, are not do ages the mentions he when means Collingwood what is This life. contemporary Ag Middle the and to wereinevitable which answerto the questions certainanswered becausethey Romanticism, Renaissance the in rediscovered was Antiquity capa This averting impe revived, hence the brokenbe tradition capability to and the of of unity the of purpose the serve claims these discussed, being is spirit the of unity Collingwood. for presentness life.” present the of interest an with unified is it as far so in interest, present a to but

History as the Story of Liberty. Liberty. of Story the as History History. of Idea The History. of Idea The Theory and History of Historiography of History and Theory “ ghts to guide the min their actions in regards their current problems. problems. current their regards in actions their min the guide to ghts contemporary history”. contemporary iiy f itr origin history of bility sine qua non qua sine of history makes it certain according to Croce, or even mathematically positive positive mathematically even or Croce, to according certain it makes history of –

possesses 532

It is a a is It 328 262.

Of course, such allegations are beyond preposterous, however, when the when however, preposterous, beyond are allegations such course, Of –

who insists that without documents, history cannot be made. Croce, here, presumably here, made.Croce, be cannot history withoutwho documents, insists that -

329. 329.

of present action because history originates in the spirit, which as we we as which spirit, the in originates history because action present of

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Theory and History of Historiography. of History Theoryand 534 ts n h fc ta i awy ases peet need. present a answers always it that fact the in ates . 12. Collingwood Collingwood . 12.

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533 it aids it - The Idea of History.of Idea The 25

31. 31. That is to say, all history can history all say, to is That .

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anann ad developing and maintaining que 535 stions, as a result which the former answers previous historians have historians previous answers former the which result a as stions,

sufficient d the Economics of Karl Marx. KarlMarx. of Economics the d Since everything beneath history and philosophy in the scale of formsof scale the in philosophyand history beneath everything Since

ice, towards which a points criterologicalism. again once denial of hose events hose . 18. Italics mine. Italics 18. .

537 rcia requirem practical

or satisfactory for a new course of action. of course new a for satisfactory or i.e., 61.

205

a universe a vibrate. Man vibrate. return to the beginning of time and the same Socrates, Aristotle Socrates, the same and beginningof time the returnto - 206.

Furthermore, mechanism itself with its teleology its with itself mechanism Furthermore,

h atv ad iiie lf of life civilized and active the

163. in which reason does not rule and in which in and rule not does reason which in ns hc udri every underlie which ents

is a microcosm, not in the in not microcosm, a is

–

along with Collingwood withCollingwood along philosophy

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theimperati ity of the spirit spirit the of ity Thought living living Thought 536

Positivism “ eternal ve

CEU eTD Collection 545 time.” out over is spread idea or concept 544 543 542 this.” 541 540 539 thought,” of history the is history “all that maxim the by means Collingwood What dead. since long people of thoughts mi empirical “extra is mind absolute The the worldas and already otherfacts. created people a themselves of aware not are people that is.” it what itself self conscious the being transcendental knowledge, i mind the it in because reason theoretical of queen the is Philosophy

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539 nd by becoming transcendental can conceive the mind of others, including the including others, of mind the conceive can transcendental becoming by nd

or as Collingwood asserts, “The life of absolute kn absolute of life “The asserts, Collingwood as or

, 540 .. h hmn en spree hs w eprcl g ad becomes and ego empirical own his supersedes being human the i.e. 542 . 296. . 295. .

- hrb i Gniin em mn bcms tef in itself becomes mind terms Gentilian in thereby . 126. “When I say that a thing is outside itself in time, I mean that the realisation of realisation the that mean I time, in itself outside is thing a that say I “When 126. . creation of the mind, no mere discovery of what it is, but the making of of making the but is, it what of discovery mere no mind, the of creation

210. The modern disease, especially Fascism and Nazism originates in the fact the in originates Nazism and Fascism especially disease, modern The . 126. .

2 .

6 . The threat to philosophy from pseudo

545 -

temporal,” or as B as or

The Idea of Nature of Idea The

indeed only knows that it ought to be this in so far as it is already being being already as itis far so in this be to it ought that knows only indeed osanquet said “the spirit of hu of spirit “the said osanquet 544 s minds in the act of creating themselves but look at look but themselves creating of act the in minds s

that is why re why is that 91

. 126. .

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543 541

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299.

our its its - CEU eTD Collection 553 552 551 550 Art. of Principles so whether doubt expresses 8 Utility.” utilising and by Caprice, regeneration “Goodness, moral laws. and mental psychological their in people aid they because society of members indispensable 549 universal. transcendental a as art “stimulus its and Psychology well. as art but logic regards 548 present.” the in lives 301. past the thought of process absolute the “in that asserted Collingwood 547 22. 1917.) Limited, Co., and Macmillan with belongs which science 546 empirical an is itself Psychology preposterous. beyond is somebodycannotcorrectly, feelfalsely science saying ornotthought thatpsychology isthe of en only itself element normative its whether correct, assess is to process trying intellectual thinking, its about judgements makes constantly mind the elements, criteriological possess not Metaphysics the is mind science a of matter subject 16 the in invented psychology. by replaced being of need in and outdated as reason) phil (the ethics and reason) theoretical of philosophy (the logic considered feeling, of science the was, bein of claims its and psychology by perplexed increasingly became Collingwood passed, time As whichmind, every cognises mindas transcendental. other of spirit Metaphysics. on Essay An . Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. An Essay on Met on Essay An Speculum M Speculum Bernard Bosanquet. “Atomism in History” in Bernard Bosanquet. Bernard in History” in “Atomism Bosanquet. Bernard In

g the legitimate thought of science. of thought legitimate the g The Principles of Art of Principles The , ” 546 1 107 109. 10.

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114. In “Goodness, Caprice, and Utility” Collingwood notes that psychologists are are psychologists that notes Collingwood Utility” and Caprice, “Goodness, In 114. 108. The Principles of Art. Art. of Principles The 549 which originally deals with deals originally which

but he was exasperated by the fact that certain psychologists certain that fact the by exasperated was he but 552 ters the picture when reasoning is present. Since it is obvious obvious is it Since present. is reasoning when picture the ters

The Idea of History of Idea The -

enactment is the doctrine of the absolute or transcendental or absolute the of doctrine the is enactment scooy ant e h sine f thoughts. of science the be cannot psychology 551

548 an that psychology did not only overstep its proper boundaries in in boundaries proper its overstep only not did psychology that

d since thinking can be done either well or ill, and ill, or well either done be can thinking since d Collingwood did appreciate psychology for what it what for psychology appreciate did Collingwood 92 30. 1

- - and 82. However, in the later later the in However, 82.

was already present within within present already was - reaction theory” makes art a craft and suppresses suppresses and craft a art makes theory” reaction

the irrational elements in the human the in elements irrational the Social and International Ideals. Ideals. International and Social 547 i.e.

f eln. aig that Saying feeling. of 550

Psychology, as it was it as Psychology, h Picpe o Art of Principles The Speculum Mentis Speculum osophy of practical practical of osophy

In Speculum Mentis Speculum n sa on Essay An (London: (London: 553 , when when ,

The , he he , The The the the . CEU eTD Collection 559 558 557 556 555 554 of bereft word a is it anything, signify cannot such as science therefore “falsehood,” and truth so the as psychology of tenet by turn cause. every same the to at effects contradictory themselves assigning contradicts that claims make and methods, psychological of thousand years, for known been have that solutions at arrive freely, plagiarize psychologists pseudo a than more nothing fact in is psychology dismissed. empirical an was it though as becomes spiritually that something non in synthesis and antithesis thesis, of triad Hegelian first the of incarnation very the is itself exist not does mind science. a called be cannot speaking superficial a remains it cannot, it because that, do not definitely most re the to recourse have to have would psychology that transce the to access have and understand to have would it thought, of science the be to aspired really psychology If life. spiritual within element thinking the ego empirical Collingwood’s. of view idealistic the of characteristic was physiology

Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Metaphysics. on Essay An a as Pure Act Mind of Theory The See: Ibid. - being, 558 The Theory of Mind as a Pure Act a as Pure Mind of Theory The 126. 129. 111.

n wa i mr, rie t hs sltos y aig eore o te t other to recourse having by solutions these at arrive more, is what and

and under the category of the natural science of man. of science natural the of category the under and being and becoming. Psychology does not understand that it cannot look at at look cannot it that understand not does Psychology becoming. and being olnwo ietfe so identifies Collingwood – which is basically a bundle of sub of bundle a basically is which 555 –

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557 factum 554

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Psychology as empirical as Psychology science fieri , therefore it has to be be to has it therefore , . 556 tinction between tinction , which properly which ,

Gentile put it, a a it, put Gentile That is That , a mind a , han he

CEU eTD Collection 568 567 566 Man. History 565 Liberty. of Story the as History histori distorted philosophyand “hybridsofabstract were philosophies such doctrines idealistic 564 exist.” to in emerged psychology by recognised even not is […] Thinking dis the ignores psychology Because forth. so and conduct of psychology the marks abstraction similar a knowledge; 563 562 160 1942.) Press, University (Oxford: 51:202. Series, in Psychology” on Attack Collingwood’s Professor to Reply “A Hearnshaw. S. L. pages.” ten than Coll Prof. of man have should influence a of writings the in and across come rarely have I that say standing must “I says: He impartial. more being academic at attempt an made Collingwood’s of somebody that remarking in and psychology 561 560 th and presuppositions absolute their of aware normally not are People presuppositions. absolute of “constellation” the untangle to is metaphysics of task the low including thinking, of form every in utilised possible. thinking formal make which elements very the are but questions answersto are not relativepresuppositions, unlike presuppositions, Absolute govern presuppositions.” “absolute of science history, philosophical Collingwood What fighting against. movement” “irrationalist the of effect the is science a as psychology is, way.” methodological and systematic a in act and think to obligation the in and truth with epidemic of kind “a is psychology that sadly notes whatsoever. meaning any

tinction between truth and falsehood, it gives us laws of thought which apply indifferently for both. […] […] both. for indifferently apply which thought of laws us gives it falsehood, and truth between tinction Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Metaphysics. on Essay An hisin Wittgenstein by thatexpounded with collides philosophy interestinglyCollingwood’s Here, neo to according because history philosophyof the philosophy as the identityto and notof refer history do I Metaphysics. on Essay An Ibid. Cf: “This abstraction of thought from its own truth or falsity is the characteristic mark of the psychology of of psychology the of mark characteristic the is falsity or truth own its from thought of abstraction “This Cf: Ibid. Ibid.

34. 31 120. 3. .. ersa i rgt n onig u te ivtrt ba” Collingw bias” “inveterate the out pointing in right is Hearnshaw L.S. 135. u raoig n o wih e ae u so our base we which on and reasoning our -

33 An Essay on Metaphysics on Essay An

259.

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563

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33.

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wasalrea 565 dy present in Collingwood’s early philosophy. early Collingwood’s in present dy

bouepeupstos r oia eeet that elements logical are presuppositions Absolute - 169. 94

- grade non grade pclm Mentis Speculum - ald rltv presuppositions.” “relative called ering of belief in the importance of importance the in belief of ering - 567 scientific thinking as well, as thinking scientific

Absolute presuppositions presuppositions Absolute 274 . y ant e willingly be cannot ey 562 - o dvlpd towards developed ood 275. The criticism that that criticism The 275.

Collingwood was Collingwood

ography.” Tractatus. Tractatus. Mind 561 568

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and are 566 -

CEU eTD Collection 577 576 575 574 48 45. Optimism?” to Necessary “IsCompensation Bosanquet’s distin and opposites of unification the and process with hand in hand went consupponibility 573 572 571 570 569 person a that was question the what out find we Unless, faced. are we which with situations thatall ourassertionsof Collingwood’s actions are is and answerstocertain logic or questions ordinary renounced Collingwood which during irrationalism, years ans and question of logic famous Collingwood’s fal or true be can they i.e. logic, formal aspect are criteriological the they to subjected and questions to answers are presuppositions relative presuppositions, absolute historian h if (or time his of presuppositions absolute the detected has metaphysician the Once unity naturalrenderedimpossible. ofnaturewhich without scientificwouldbe thinking consupponibi own their and presuppositions of set new the to according logical be to have would questions our of order directed are questions our which woul world whole the changed, factors the of endure. not such as presuppositions does constellation the otherwise “paradigms,” Kuhnian the to akin are presuppositions These builds. it which upon presuppositions absolute of constellation a changed.

History Man. Man. History Cf: Ibid. Metaphysics on Essay An Metaphysics. on Essay An Man. History Ibid. Ibid. Consupponibility as a as Consupponibility 576 Speculum Mentis Speculum 29 64 66.

and which reached its acme during his crusade against logical against crusade his duringacme its reached which and 569 - -

of the period he is tackling), he needs to build on relative presuppositions. Unlike presuppositions. relative on build to needs he tackling), is he period the of 31. 65.

The metaphysician The

192. 318.

. 77. . sine queue non queue sine

. 211. .

links the whole of Collingwood’s philosophy with unity, unity, with philosophy Collingwood’s of whole the links 66.

lity.

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The most basic presupposition Collingwood cites is the is cites Collingwood presupposition basic most The they need to be be to need they 95 d change and the and change d

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h cnupnblt o absolute of consupponibility The

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as a form ofform a as

since 577 in his early his in 575 s

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CEU eTD Collection 582 581 580 579 578 lud rather Ayer’s in observed plainly be can This dialecticism. on attack its thereby its not was however, sense Collingwoodian perpetrated, positivism logical that offense biggest knowledge, of area legitimate a as metaphysics of preservation the was liquidation the in did Collingwood under it putting and liquidating in historicism his for Collingwood attacked student metaphysics. to than theology as scientific its Collingwood metaphysicsnature asserted could that sustain tautologous. or observable t was metaphysics against positivists logical logical the of metaphysicsregarding positivists accusation the turn to managed twist ironic an in Collingwood Therefore, subjects the what and was metaphysics what interpreting re by metaphysics of face the saved Collingwood they element, such normative as the and lack necessarily acts it which tenets basic the to according and operates mind a how of concern they because false, nor true neither are which presuppositions, absolute false.” nor true “neither are propositions arch solve. cannot logic propositional ordinary which answer, and question of logic the upon hinges itself doctrine veridical cannot we solve, to tried

Inglis. Metaphysics. on Essay An meaninglessabsurd. and philosophically tautology a is that Oneshould add 13. Ayer. Ayer A.J. Autobiography. An oehn which something - logical pos logical

307. . Language, Truth and Logic Truth and Language, . 582

which needed to be defended against the assault of the logical positivists. positivists. logical the of assault the against defended be to needed which itivist of Britain, A. J. Ayer asserted Ayer J. A. Britain, of itivist 29 578

- 43.

i not did

The logical positivists were in favour of propositional logic and as the as and logic propositional of favour in were positivists logical The the historical category, he failed to observe that in reality what what reality in that observe to failed he category, historical the –

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eog o t terrain its to belong

581 ht aial mat nooy te cec o pr being. pure of science the ontology, meant basically That

in hn . . nx Cligods ieay xctr and executor literary Collingwood’s Knox, M. T. When .(London:

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– Another accusation often repeated by the the by repeated often accusation Another

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came under its authority. its under came if

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CEU eTD Collection 586 585 584 583 but laws” natural to “corresponding “tautologous”, f empirical other every and tautologies science, natural took only positivism that remember to crucial is it however, falsehood, and truth about observation Collingwood’s to correspondent positivist logical the is Collingwood by tackled be to had that positivism logical from arising problem Another absurdity. and such as e knowledge but metaphysics, only not denies therefore, positivism, Logical exists. which that know only can we as known be can nothing known, be cannot existence Aye to according therefore analysed, be could experience which by thought of kind the contain sensations, being understood. idealism objective philosophical other every to according since and process “th that conclusion the at arrived natural modern since well, as scientifically natural view of point positivistic a from importantly more but philosophically, and historically false only not was this seen, already after. thought a be would there or before thought a been has there that presuppose fact in not did which but now” Descartes of interpretation c as act tnls tef n uh wb rm hc i cno ecp, hrb rdcn isl to itself reducing thereby escape, cannot it which from web a such in itself ntangles

Ibid Logic and Truth Language, scientific to subjected must be Ayer, quote “experience To T Language, , xsec a sc rmis usd te el o wa cn e rl kon ad if and known, truly be can what of realm the outside remains such as existence r, . . 33. critical

585 r

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583

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. 36. . 31. . ’s

Cogito, accordi Cogito,

lnwo t llingwood r i n ntr a a instant.” an at nature no is ere ng to which Ayer meant that “there is a thought thought a is “there that meant Ayer which to ng e od ciia” i nt en “observable,” mean not did “critical” word he 97

sine qua non qua sine

laws.” criteriological Language, Truth and Logic. and Logic. Truth Language,

school havewe as and basis its as stant if the world is to be capable of of capable be to is world the if 586

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32.

science

CEU eTD Collection 590 in28. History.” “Atomism Britishidealists. the among inpresent Bosanquet, was already once at both was 589 360 1884.) Press, University Mass: (Cambridge, the Bacon. Francis pronounce to chose Collingwood Organon why New flabbergasting is it Bacon. Francis logic. therefore his of element positivist, “Baconian” a or materialist a would either Bacon century 20th the in Furthermore, Baconian. terms falsely Collingwood what resemble in Proteus C questions. of kind any asking without as material possible much as gathering in consisted itself method Baconian the that reason the to owing outré slightly is nature of torturing 588 587 question, same the for effects, and causes different including often answers, accepts logic that in and can he because rightly question the answer to has question the asking person the answer and question logicof volition or practicalreasonof highestform the and facult highest the thinking, propositional usual the With live.” to learn maywe that order in world our and ourselves understand to try We action. of and in actually is it because Collingwood’s philosophical history thatthe barbarianism to succumb to doomed is civilisation done is this However, re repeat, to Needless ushersthat it in“the metaphysics.” suicide of positivistic mad non absolutely be to claimed have we what on based on go to space of waste asked. has metaphysician the or philosopher the that question the to answer false or true a in as false

Speculum Mentis Speculum Collingwood G. R. of Years Formative The The hint of the need of a of need the hintof The olnwo cls hs usinn atvt Bcna, wn t Bcns aos itm eadn the regarding dictum famous Bacon’s to owing Baconian, activity questioning this calls Collingwood e here regarding here e philosophy can be brought about. brought be can philosophy

ic te ab the Since e aini Veterum Sapientia De for it to be revived the right questions have to be asked in the right order. right the in asked be to have questions right the revived be to it for . Eds. Lisa Jardine Jardine Lisa Eds. . De Sapientia Veterum Veterum Sapientia De until she yields the answers the seeker is in quest for. The praise Collingwood heaps on Bacon Bacon onheaps Collingwood praise The for. inquest is seeker the the answers yields she until . 15. . surdity of Ayer’s propositions have been described here, it would be a a be would it here, described been have propositions Ayer’s of surdity

Collingwood’s - enactment concerns us only in so far as tradition can be revived by it. it. by revived be can tradition as far so in only us concerns enactment

rapprochement between philosophy and history and an engendering of a science that that science a of engendering an and history and philosophy between rapprochement criticising

situation only that is the correct answer. However, propositional propositional However, answer. correct the is that only situation

but the process Bacon actually propagated in the the in propagated actually Bacon process the but

n Mcal ivrtn. Cmrde Uiest Pes 20. 222 2000.) Press, University (Cambridge: Silverstone. Michael and in

De Sapientia Veterum Sapientia De the doctrines that make up the rest of the book, which are which book, the of rest the up make that doctrines the

position towards the book. He opines that it is so absurd so is it that opines He book. the towards position 589 . 120. . -

363. As Collingwood ass Collingwood As Parasceve ad Historiam Naturalem et Experimentalem et Naturalem Historiam ad Parasceve ollingwood was probably taken in by the Baconian fable of of fable Baconian the by in taken probably was ollingwood

rapprochement 98

–

duty in - Bacon’s Essays and Wisdom of the Ancients. the of Wisdom and Essays Bacon’s 587 sensical. y of theoretical reason or knowledge or reason theoretical of y –

cannot be brought together. In the Inthe together. brought becannot of theoryand practic erted “all thought is for the s the for is thought “all erted

n frhr eak a be can remark further One Parasceve e and history and history e

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in - 238. a The The 590 k e

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Ibid. Exp Ibid. Autobiography. An The acme of the scale of forms of scale the of acme The . See: The whole book of wholebook The See: . erience and its Modes and erience ophy, which is the uppermost mode of experience, the only one which does not contain not does which one only the experience, of mode uppermost the is which ophy,

4. 4. 25. , 595 answers to the very same question. same very the to answers

he implies he

– n a sc i cn ae o ern o te ny oeet mode coherent only the on bearing no have can it such as and

just like any other form of human experience human of form other any like just al o ti fr o patc. ee Cligod widely Collingwood Here, practice. of form this of pable 31

- 32. that a human mind cannot be well be cannot mind human a that 593 . 1

Experience and its Modes and Experience - 3 in fact divorcing practical life as an “arrest in experience” in “arrest an as life practical divorcing fact in

–

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- 591 Oakeshott claims that practical experience is not is experience practical that claims Oakeshott formed and sufficiently developed human mind. mind. human developed sufficiently and formed 99

. Therefore, if we are to understand our world, our understand to are we if Therefore,

it or it - is not germane for him to participate himto germaneis not for developed if it does not partake in partake not does it if developed

– n h daetc o te id the mind, the of dialectics the in

and an arrest in experience are similar in in similar are experience in arrest an and –

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This m This

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CEU eTD Collection philosophy,Oakeshott 602 601 600 599 598 Mentis Speculum 597 596 professional.” or amateur as philosophy in thing such no is “there say, to on went he elit philosophical Oakeshott’s of redolent views pa reasonto pure philosophy’s precisely is lamented boisterously well as philosophy and history between experience differentiated of Oakeshott form uppermost the was history philosophical that Oakeshott whic unity the of errors”“philosophical asphilosophy think to obliged am I what is it think; Mentis Speculum against written of dutyCollingwoodian concept belong. logically would it where of lack his but existence into come to had duty obligation/ world the in as far so right was Oakeshott form. low relative a is experience practical and world, practical theoretical/ the of phase highest the at introduced be should are reason reason practical of form highest the Collingwood, form practical a as duty to corresponds Collingwoodian the in and reason theoretical

Ibid its Modes and Experience Mentis Speculum its Modes and Experience that writes Johnston Ibid Ibid atmut o n another. one to tantamount . . 256. . 58 . 261. Collingwood can easily be conjectured to have thought that by the divorce of practical life and and life practical of divorce the by that thought have to conjectured be easily can Collingwood 261. . –

philosophical history are tantamount are history philosophical

r take in it to repel the comingbarbarism. the to repel it in take and was to some extent an attack of it . . ofit was anattack and some extent to . 150. .

piooh embodies. philosophy h had rendered the latter barren. the latter rendered had Experience and its Modes and Experience

Oakeshott’s notion of philosophy being an activity for the specialist. It specialist. the for activity an being philosophy of notion Oakeshott’s 59 . 3.

– 596

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597

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599 - Ho

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” asserting is the only major philosophical work that was inspired by was inspired workthat philosophical ismajor the only 598

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100 dialectic thinking hindered him in putting it to to it putting in him hindered thinking dialectic – and

nature that renders it pivotal for every man of man every for pivotal it renders that nature

– The Formative Year Formative The

ntn tesle i a synthesis. a in themselves uniting ism

so practical experience and moral obligation moral and experience practical so oeuvre

olnwo rgre al te frs but forms other all regarded Collingwood – ht raiy s o waee I apn to happen I whatever not is “reality that 600

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as “academic trade “academic as

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Speculum Mentis Speculum Man History Collingwood never doubted that every person was capable of mounting the top of the topof the mounting capable was of everyperson that doubted Collingwood never for that the happen a rational society was necessary. was society rational a happen the that for . 80. .

. 15 . - 16. 604

wrd hc i nt nlnd o ae at n h hget om of form highest the in part take to inclined not is which world A

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tis, philosophy is an innate activity of the mind, it isit mind, the activity philosophyinnate anof tis, is 101 603

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l and normative, had to be adopted, adopted, and had normative, tobe l negated their being as scie as being their negated

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CEU eTD Collection 606 605 accordingly, wouldbe civilisation saved. sciences mind the Renaissance the of result the was knowledge and thought of map a forming of necessity very The either. born been have not would Nazism and Fascism itself, presented If modernity. in tendency irrationalist the of offshoots the were they a in act and think to way.” obligation methodological and the systematic and truth of importance the in belief of withering kind a disease: epidemic “an by plagued was world the that wrote Collingwood the in inclusion its such as branchhumanistic ofscience and wouldkill sciences, positivistic other with par on was it whereas

An Essay on Metaphysics. Metaphysics. on Essay An 30 History” in “Atomism . If only such a map could have been written and people’s behaviour adjusted to it it to adjusted behaviour people’s and written been have could map a such only If .

and the failure of subsequent generations subsequent of failure the and - 33. 135.

606 art,

Fascism and Nazism were not the the not were Nazism and Fascism history and philosophy.history 102

to reunite the mind mind the reunite to 605 such a tendency had not not had tendency a such

under

fragmentation of fragmentation main

the augmented the

of epidemic of problem s;

CEU eTD Collection philosophical and technical less much a utilises Collingwood since understandable is well, re of doctrine the that fact the Art of Principles ones, later Ages. Middle the of unity the than kind superior a of be would man in wholeness and unity the sciences, different Middl the in was he like just again de the followed, were scales these If day. Collingwood’s of forms dictatorial extant three the all above and utilita as horrors such in resulted which mind, the the realityto owing with touch lost has he as scales these of understanding no have could man modern detail, minute in form of scales different the describing Without to as notion any have to were they if humanity for out spelled be to needed ascend to needed man which scale the that idealists, Italian fellow his like just opinion, the worke mind human the how delineate to approach right perfectly and valid a been have would forms course, of scale the Of doingso. of by not can himself thinkingand he bereave rationallywhat ma for forms of scale a on represented be to have sciences the and mind human the of up make rational the age, healthy. mentally was he if possible ratio act to needed man however, that, do In to order to fight emergingbarbarism. the war and theprecipice of bring from back mankind to order in tenets major his of some elaborated He mankind. of future the towards pessimism writings Collingwood’s foregoing, the in seen have we As d, as it had been utilised long before Collingwood, but Collingwood was definitely of of definitely was Collingwood but Collingwood, before long utilised been had it as d, such as such . - fragmentation of the mind would be achieved, and man would be whole whole be would man and achieved, be would mind the of fragmentation Of course, in spite of people’s attraction to attraction people’s of spite in course, Of The New Leviathan New The These are the main tenets of of tenets main the are These t se o h i spoe t tik n wa h cn civ by achieve can he what and think to supposed is he how see to n - ncmn i peet n rc, etl ad e Ru de and Gentile Croce, in present is enactment e Ages, but owing to the extraordinary development of the of development extraordinary the to owing but Ages, e In order to do so, however, in the disease laden modern modern laden disease the in however, so, do to order In , Conclusion An Autobiography An nally, while realising that rational action was only only was action rational that realising while nally, 103

rianism, mechanisation, realism, positivism realism, mechanisation, rianism, all of of all

Collingwood’s works Collingwood’s , An Essay on Metaphysics on Essay An The Idea of Idea The r rpee ih epi and despair with replete are History, in spite of spite in History, defragmentation

how to climb it. climb to how , especially the the especially , ggiero, as as ggiero, and The

of CEU eTD Collection age any modern the of and importance are answers their and questions the Only not. or idealist an was really he whether an in feasible are theories implicitly Collingwood questions the but answers the only not of ignorant be to seem They answer. oug they scholars Collingwood as that realise not do they nomenclature, Collingwoodian into it put to Or, “why.” the to opposed as “what” the with preoccupied too far are They questions. wrong the posit Collingwood, towards inimical synthesiser a of much as just was he own, his both of lot a added from certainly most he greatly while and philosophers borrowed Collingwood that notice to fail They doct these why and how see to fail they that doctrines aesthetic and historical Collingwood’s of details with preoccupied so are hand, other the on scholars Collingwood Autobiography is discussing, and reading worth one only the least at or book, only Collingwood’s that pretend critics of majority The Collingwood. against levelled i This propagated. he tenets major the know and writings philosopher’s said the of majority the with cognizant be to has critic the least at but doctrines, his criticise to right the have to wrote philosopher system nature by are Philosophers re of doctrine his on solely Collingwood of criticism and opinion their base critics when incomprehensible is it However, extant not is philosophers three these of works the of amount above three the than language

posited, and devoted hislife toanswering.Itwhether andposited, ofno importance devoted is hisspecial

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ht to seek the answers Collingwood tried to tried Collingwood answers the seek to ht philosophers The Idea of History of Idea The has , not to mention that a serious a that mention to not ,

en osge t oblivion. to consigned been in an English translation. translation. English an in ars, whether amiable or or amiable whether ars, British , maybe even maybe , rines came to be. to came rines

n Italian and A n CEU eTD Collection such mental corruption too if it mind, human the if to done been better has what reverse fareto try and heart would to advice Collingwood’s age present The prelude. a merely was era Collingwood’s that age our is barbari it true that the think, represents I say, to accurate is It man. of corruption mental serious a with being into come even or long lived have not could dictatorships these that assert to right listener. the coming as barbarism fearing or of spite in observer Collingwood, the on integrity or knowledge of kind any bestow not do which mereamusement, to demoted least at or demolished, beenhas art and dope forlookingalways soci consumer a begot has Mechanisation person. intelligent any dope the since knowledge re historical not and fact, poignant This morality, any rendered which rationality, insociety and action at dutiful obsolete. large consciousness, his outraged he knowledge, his outraged of knowledge forms higher and subsequent the all rendered thereby and art, discarded and corrupted engendered. is thought which by imagination reached consciousness. human we As to them. Col of that than have seen have

replete is the real gist of Collingwood’s voluminous voluminous Collingwood’s of gist real the is - seeking owing to the drudgery of life has increased to an intolerable level to level intolerable an to increased has life of drudgery the to owing seeking lingwood’s , the scale of human knowledge, to some extent, correspond extent, some to knowledge, human of scale the ,

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cannot afford to disregard these questions and the answers given answers the and questions these disregard to afford cannot -

enactment, enactment,

- 105 cetfces ad disco and scientificness,

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In denying his emotions, man has has man emotions, his denying In oeuvre .

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an has to have to has an to the scale of of scale the to esthetic k CEU eTD Collection University 1999)143 Press, Writings thePhilosophy ofHistory in Collingwood, R.G. Philosophy Political Collingwood, R.G.“Goodness, Capr Philosophy andCollingwood, G.Collingwood. R.G.“Fascism Nazism” inR. Boucher. (Oxford: Press, Clarendon 1989.)150 Collingwood, R.G.“Duty” G.Collingwood. inR. Philosophy Political Collingwood, Preface R.G.“Draft to University20 1999.) Press, Writings thePhilosophy ofHistory in Impartial?”Collingwood, Historians R.G.“Can Be in SmalBoucher, Philip Wendy James, Criticism,Folktale,Enchantment: Cultural Studies andAnthropology, in Collingwood,and R.G.“Art theMachine” G.Collingwood. inR. Collingwood, R.G. Collingwood, R.G.. Collingwood, R.G. Liberty IsaiahBerlin,Isaiah. in “Introduction” Be LisaEds. Jardineand 222 MichaelSilverstone.(Cambridge: 2000.) University Press, Bacon,Francis. Wisdom theAncients. of Francis. Bacon, Ayer, A. J ., ed. Henry Hardy. 3 . Language, Truth and Logic and . Language, Truth , ed. David Press, Boucher.Clarendon 1989.)187 (Oxford: Parasceve ad Historiam Naturalem et Naturalem adHistoriam ExperimentalemParasceve e aini Veterum Sapientia De “Inaugural: ARough in Note” An Essay An Autobiography. , ed. David(Oxford: Boucher.Clarendon 224 Press, 1989.) , ed. David(Oxford: Boucher.Clarendon78 Press, 1989.) An Essay onMetaphysics.

(Cambridge, Mass 9 - - - 169. 54. 218.

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