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Dunja BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć

1. Onomastics courses at Croatian universities Although onomastics in Croatia has only fairly recently been formally recognized as a separate linguistic discipline, the roots of onomastic research can be traced back to the beginning of language studies. In accordance with the Croatian linguistic tradition, stock had al- ways been considered a part of the lexis and had consequently been relatively systematically analyzed. Thus, names play a role even in the dictionaries of the oldest Croatian lexicographers. However, the academic status of onomastics was not recognized until the very end of the 20 th century. The study of names was occa- sionally introduced within courses of historical linguistics, but only recently has onomastics managed to obtain the status of an inde- pendent academic discipline in Croatia. 1 At present it is taught as a single academic course both at the undergraduate and graduate level, primarily at the Universities of and Zadar. 2 As in most Eu- ropean countries, onomastics courses are offered within a linguistic study of the official state language. Thus, at the Faculty of Arts of the , onomastics is offered as an optional academic course within the framework of the study of and literature. A specialized course in onomastics is also offered in the

1 A brief overview of academic courses in Croatia was given in 1999 in Santiago de Compostela at the 20 th ICOS Congress (Brozovi ć Ron čevi ć 2002a, 2002b). However, since then the situation has greatly improved. 2 Most courses in onomastics that are taught at Croatian universities are oriented towards the study of stock, both from the diachronic and synchronic perspectives. All of them aim to show how names as linguistic records of material and spiritual culture can be understood as indices of the linguistic history and national culture that form part of Croatia’s cultural and linguistic heritage. 78 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć post graduate studies Linguistics program at the same university. In recent years the University of Zadar became a kind of “headquarters” for name studies in Croatia. The first move in that direction was the establishment of the Adriatic Onomastic Research Center at the University of Zadar 3 as the first research unit in Croatia with onomastics as its core scientific interest. The Center was founded at the University of Zadar due to the many comparative advantages that it can provide: an extremely convenient location, a well-organized scientific infrastructure oriented towards the humanities, an excellent library and copious historical archives, etc. One of the Center’s activities is the organization of international onomastic symposia dedicated to topics specific to onomastic research. The Center gathers scholars not only from linguistics departments, but also from the Departments of Ethnography and Anthropology, History, Art History, Archaeology, Geography etc., as well as linguists from the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics in Zagreb. The diversity of fields which are attracted by the Center witness perhaps in the best way the interdisciplinary nature of name studies. Academic courses in onomastics are now offered at various depart- ments of the University of Zadar, at the undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate level. Most of them are taught by scholars and researchers active in the Adriatic Onomastic Research Center of the University of Zadar. I shall single out some of the courses offered at the undergraduate and graduate level:

• and traditional culture; • Onomastics; • of the Adriatic Illyricum in Roman times; • Contemporary Adriatic toponymy; • Croatian historical toponymy.

Most of those courses constitute part of the new curriculum of the recently founded Department of Ethnology and Anthropology, which is mostly oriented towards Mediterranean studies. Besides those, some courses such as French toponymy and anthroponymy are also taught

3 The Center was founded following a decision of the Senate of the University of Zadar in July 2003. In the meantime, four assistants have been employed in the Center with the primary task of collecting and analyzing names stock on Adriatic islands. EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF NAMES – CROATIA 79 within the academic program of Romance philology, others are part of , the Department of History, Geography etc. However, onomastic research is mostly done only as a part of doctoral studies. The University of Zadar offers several courses in onomastics at the postgraduate level within the study of linguistics, geography and history. Systematic work on the onomastic education of young scholars has in recent years resulted in the greater popularity of this discipline, and consequently there are a number of master and doctorate theses on onomastics being written at the moment. On this occasion, I shall concentrate on the concise presentation of the course Europe in the context of names , recently introduced into the new doctorate program entitled European Studies. Languages and Cultures in Contact .4 Contrary to most European studies programs at Croatian and European universities that are basically focused on legal and political aspects of European integration, this program combines both the humanities and social sciences. It reflects a broad, inter- disciplinary approach to the profound understanding of Europe in all its linguistic, historical and cultural diversity, focusing on topics such as multilingualism and multiculturalism in the national and European context, intercultural communication, European integration, minority languages and cultures, European cultural history etc.

2. The aim of the course Europe in the context of names The course Europe in the context of names is designed as an intro- duction to name studies within both the broader European framework and the scheme of the whole program curricula: Languages and cultures in contact . It’s aim is to provide an overview of the linguistic unity and diversity of Europe from the onomastic point of view. Important aspects of interlinguistic and intercultural onomastics are analyzed, especially the structure and function of names in the European social and cultural context. Since names in general, both place-names and personal names, form an important aspect of the linguistic and cultural heritage of Europe, the course is organised along the lines of a systematic survey of name-giving patterns and the structure and function of names in various European countries, with a certain emphasis on Central European, Mediterranean and Croatian onomastics. Special attention is paid to the common foundations of the European onomastic corpora .

4 The new curriculum was developed as the Tempus project CD-JEP-16026-2001 and at the beginning was mostly financed by the European Commission. 80 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć

3. Course schedule • The course schedule focuses on the following eight major topics: • Theory, terminology and methods of onomastics; • The interdisciplinary nature of onomastics; • Development of name studies in various European countries; • Names and society; • Language contact (with special reference to Croatia); • Categories of names (in various European name systems); • Literary onomastics; • Applied onomastics. Since the course is targeted mostly towards students that already have some basic knowledge of name studies from various perspectives, it gives only a brief introduction to the theory and specific methods of onomastic research. A more coherent overview of name studies is discussed in other onomastic courses at the graduate level.

3.1. Theory, terminology and methods of onomastics This introductory section of the course is organized in several lectures: • The position of proper names in the language system; • The opposition between proper names and appellatives; • Function of names: identification and communication; • Names and meaning (motivation in the naming process); • The mental onomasticon; • Name classification; • Onomastic terminology.

As there are still many disputed questions relating to contemporary name theory only a very brief introduction is given to the position of proper names in the language system. The problem of the distinction between names and common nouns, however, is given fairly much attention. Although it is generally accepted that names are used in individual reference and appellatives in reference to all members of a class or to any number of them, there are, however, some borderline cases or a transitional zone between proper names and common EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF NAMES – CROATIA 81 nouns. Special attention is drawn to the question of which geo- graphical terms (e.g. brook, hill, meadow, puddle, river, source, spring, stream, and so on) in various European languages most often become names, especially minor place-names. One of the major problems of onomastic theory, “do names have meaning?” is only discussed briefly. The question of the relation of the mental onomasticon with respect to the mental lexicon is given more attention, since it brings out the controversial question of whether the onomasticon should be considered a part of the lexicon, and more precisely, whether and in what way names should be included in dictionaries. Another topic the course addresses is the criteria for the delineation of different name categories, especially the relationship between different name categories in connection with a transition from one category to another ( i.e. from place-name to , from personal name to a brand name etc.). It is well known that one of the major problems that the modern scholar encounters in researching particular onomastic systems is terminology. The problem is evident in the widespread use of different terms for one phenomenon or one kind of name, unequal meanings of the same term in different onomastic traditions, and additionally the parallel usage of national and international terms. A certain degree of terminology unification in various languages would certainly promote better understanding among different onomastic schools in various European countries, and it seems that onomasticians active within The International Council of Onomastic Sciences (ICOS) have finally made a move in that direction.

3.2. The interdisciplinary nature of onomastics (onomastics and related sciences) • Onomastics and anthropology (ethnology); • Names and mythology; • Social onomastics (socio-cultural onomastic changes); • Onomastics and history; • Onomastics and geography; • Names and cartography; • Names and genealogy; • Linguistic aspects of names like morphology and syntax of names. As a scientific discipline dealing with the study of names, onomastics is primarily regarded as a branch of linguistics. However, in the study 82 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć of the content and form of the name, onomastics is by its subject and methods of research a highly interdisciplinary science, overlapping with many branches of study, not only humanistic sciences. Therefore all systematic onomastic research unavoidably implies an inter- disciplinary approach and the comparative application of versatile methods. In turn, the outcome of onomastic research in general can be applied to different branches of the humanities. Since this course is not devoted to the substantial research of onomastic data, such as historical documents and archival sources, parish and civil registers, historical and modern topographic and cadastral maps, etc., a limited number of basic facts related to the importance of name studies for other branches of the humanities is given. More particular emphasis on the relation of onomastics to other branches of the humanities is left for students’ papers according to their specific interests.

3.3. Development of name studies in various European countries • Background to onomastic studies in Europe and Croatia; • Trends in international onomastics; • Name dictionaries and name projects; • Onomastic institutions and organizations; • Onomastic journals; • Onomastic bibliographies; • Prospects for Croatian onomastics. This section gives a brief survey of the development of onomastic research in Croatia and several other European countries. It has already been said that, as an independent scientific discipline, onomastics was not recognized in its entirety until the second half of the 20 th century. For a long time, especially in Croatia and the whole of Central Europe, it has been regarded as an applied scientific discipline, that is to say, an auxiliary discipline in the service of historiography and geography. However, the dynamic development of onomastics in the past decades can be observed in the number of books, proceedings, fest- schrifts, journals and individual papers read at congresses, con- ferences, symposiums and seminars. Along with collecting material, processing dictionaries of particular groups of proper names, studies on various questions of onomastic research, the popularization of onomastics and its teaching, great emphasis is also placed on work of a theoretical and methodological character. EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF NAMES – CROATIA 83

At the present moment the Croatian name heritage is studied within several scientific projects which, however, have been insufficiently correlated so far. 5 Owing to dispersed onomastic research on Croatian territory, a need has arisen for more efficient inter-institutional co- ordination, which would provide surveillance of mutually unrelated onomastic research and ultimate consolidation of scientific research results.

3.4. Names and society • Names and identity (ethnic and national identity in names); • Names in preservation of our cultural heritage; • Names and gender; • Names and media; • Name law and the use of names; names and authorities; • Politics and ideology reflected in names and name changes; • Onomastics in multilingual societies; minority names. This part of the course tries to present the relevance of the study of names to a wider understanding of national and cultural identities in present-day Europe. By presenting individual examples from various countries, the question is raised as to how names contribute to the notion of identity. Proper names are often charged with more detailed information on the ethnic as well as the national identity of its bearers than other lexical units. Names are determined by the time and place of their occurrence as well as by the prevailing social conditions and struc- tures of the society in which they are created. Since name stock can be viewed as an important monument to the ethnolinguistic heritage of the people who created and used them, onomastic research should represent an important starting point in the analysis and description of various societies and cultures from a historical perspective. Furthermore, in some cases, names may be the only or most adequate sources for a description of certain cultures and social structures in ancient times, especially for cultures without written

5 These projects are: Onomastic Research in Croatia (Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics, project leader Petar Šimunovi ć), Croatian Historical Toponymy (Linguistic Research Institute of the Croatian Academy of Arts and Science, project leader Dunja Brozovi ć Ron čevi ć), Toponymy of Unresearched Northern Dalmatian Coast and Islands (University of Zadar, project leader Vladimir Skra čić) and other projects which peripherally touch upon the onomastic corpus. 84 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć sources. The gender problem in onomastics is usually analyzed in con- nection with personal names. In various European countries the social position of men and women and their role in the social structure may differ substantially. Those variations are clearly reflected in naming practices that are often inherently sexist. They are reflected not only in the choice and the usage of the name, but also in the name formation. Less attention is usually paid to the gender problem with respect to place-names, a topic that can also be most interesting if we compare toponymic data from various European languages. With respect to media in modern times, the globalization of all media, and especially electronic media, has had a devastating impact on the diversity of first names all over the world. A well known example some European countries can testify to in recent years is an occurrence of the increasing number of “strange, Spanish sounding” names from Mexican or other Latin American soap operas. Various European countries still have quite different legislation with respect to the legal status of proper names. The legal practice is especially interesting with respect to personal names. In most countries, however, there are very few legal restrictions, and the choice of the name for the child is entirely up to his or her parents. Such freedom sometimes results in the creation of grotesque and bizarre names. With respect to the legal status of names, and especially the use of married names, the situation varies from country to country. In some European countries women are not allowed to change their maiden name, while in others they are not allowed to keep it. The issue of names in the light of the law is especially interesting regarding the legal status of business and trade names. With respect to the legal status of minority rights, the most interesting issue is the problem of dealing with bilingual place-names and street names signs in multilingual societies. Political turmoil has scarcely ever spared the name corpora . Name politics studies to what degree certain political or religious authorities influence and control the name-giving procedure in areas under their jurisdiction. Many governments in power have striven to imbue place- names with their own ideological and political standpoints. Changes of governments and authorities often have had as a consequence un- countable renamings of urban toponymy. In many newly established states of present day Europe, place-name changes recorded during past decades clearly reflect recent political changes, but such phenomena are certainly not reserved only for the so-called new Europe. However, political authorities did not affect only place-names. In many countries, especially during or after war or armed conflicts, people were forced to change their in accordance with the EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF NAMES – CROATIA 85 new political conditions.

3.5. Language contact (with special reference to Croatia) • Common Indo-European heritage in names; onomastic strati- fication; • Substrate names in Croatia: the so-called Mediterranean layer, so-called Illyrian names; names of Celtic, Romance and Greek origin; • Slavic heritage in Croatian names; • Language contacts: names of Romance, Hungarian, German and Turkish origin. Due to its geographical position, Croatia has long been a borderland between different cultural, religious and political influences in this part of southeastern Europe. The exceptionally complex toponymic stratification in the territory of what is today Croatia closely mirrors the entire complexity of a thousand years of ethnolinguistic per- meation, especially in the Adriatic region. Over the centuries the Croatian language has received considerable lexical influences from different non-. The level of phonological or orthographical adaptation of loanwords of Romance, Turkish, German or Hungarian origin often bears witness to the period in which they were formed, and thus represents important linguistic data for the history of the Croatian language and the study of language contacts. More recent layers of Croatian names of foreign origin are better attested to in anthroponymy, especially in surnames that are based on loanwords from different periods or common nouns of foreign provenance. They usually reflect aspects of the natural and social environment behind the language of their origin. From their geo- graphical distribution we can obtain very useful information for the study of migrations from a historical perspective. This part of the course is the most open to active student participation. Students that take this course come from different linguistic backgrounds, so their course assessments and presentations are directed at different areas of language contacts throughout Europe. 86 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć

3.6. Categories of names

3.6.1. Anthroponymy • The European system of name giving before and after Christianization; • Greek and Latin names, Greek and Latin mediation in the adoption of names of Hebrew origin in various European traditions; • First names in recent times, the impact of globalization; • statistics in various European countries; • The diffusion of , occupational and ethnonymic surnames. With respect to personal names, the course mostly deals with first names and family names since both of them clearly express the identity of a community (a social, ethnic or national group). Nick- names and family are generally disregarded due to their unstable status within the onomastic system. The common European naming patterns are analyzed as are biblical (Christian), Muslim and other names in individual European traditions. As to family names, special attention is paid to statistics on and distribution of patronymics, metronymics and ethnonymics, as well as to profession based family names in various European countries.

3.6.2. Toponymy • The toponomastic stratification of Europe; • So-called “Old-European” hydronymy; • Exonyms; • Standardization of names (UN standards). It is evident that a course so broadly designed as this can provide only basic information on the European toponymic system. Therefore special attention is paid to the poorly investigated problem of exonyms, geographical names used by people who live outside the state or the area that is named. The existence of such names clearly reflects the profoundness and frequency of ethnic and linguistic contacts from historical perspective. The study of exonyms is partly political in its nature and therefore is noted as very important even in various committees of the United Nations. EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF NAMES – CROATIA 87

3.6.3. Ethnonyms • Connotative meanings of ethnonyms in various European languages; • Phraseological and idiomatic usage of ethnonyms. Onomastic scholars often disagree on the status of ethnonyms in various linguistic systems. In fact, in some languages they are con- sidered to be appellatives, while in many others they are classified among proper names. Special attention is paid to the connotative meaning of certain ethnonyms in various languages and the question is raised as to whether it is “politically correct” to include those meanings into dictionaries.

3.6.4. Other names • Company and product names, brand names, trademarks; • Names of domestic animals, ship names, train names etc. With regard to other names, special attention is paid to the legal framework of the of industry and commerce . In Croatia, for example, legislation clearly demands the usage of the Croatian language for company and trade names, but, in reality most firms and products have either foreign or unrecognizable names. Although it can, to a certain point, be justified by the need for certain har- monization within the European Union, in many cases it simply reflects the common attitude that “foreign is always better”. Another very interesting issue regarding other names is the analysis of, for example, which animals are named in different European languages.

3.7. Literary onomastics • Onomastics and text studies; • The treatment of names in the translation of literary works; • Proper names in the world of fiction as a reflection of social conditions; • Future prospects of literary onomastics within the field of onomastics in general. This branch of name studies is almost completely neglected in Croatian onomastics. Luckily this is not the case in most European countries where the study of names in literature has long been singled out in onomastic research. What is especially interesting for this 88 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć course is the cross-cultural analysis of names in literary translations.

3.8. Applied onomastics • Computer usage in onomastics; • Names on the Internet; • Onomastics and tourism. With the development of name studies in recent decades some new perspectives have opened for the implementation of onomastic re- search. I shall single out only the topic of names on the Internet as a particularly interesting one that certainly contributes to the popular- isation of onomastic research.

4. Conclusion The course Europe in the context of names is intended to provide a very basic general overview of onomastic science, but the emphasis in this course is placed on active student participation. The main objective of this course is for students to acquire a foundation in applied onomastics and to comprehend the importance of name studies. According to their individual interests and linguistic back- grounds, students are asked to select an area for study with which they are familiar and to produce a discussion paper on any topic that has been discussed during the course. Finally, the aim of the course is to heighten the awareness of students to the “world of names” in an ever- changing European environment and to enable them to develop the fundamental skills of individual onomastic research.

References Brozovi ć Ron čevi ć, Dunja. 2002a. Croatia. In: Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (ed.), Actas do XX Congreso Internacional de Ciencias Onomásticas, Santiago de Compostela, 20–25 setembro 1999 , CD-ROM, 57–58. (Biblioteca Filolóxica Galega.) A Coruña: Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. Brozovi ć Ron čevi ć, Dunja. 2002b. Language contact in Croatia as reflected in onomastics. Studies in Eurolinguistics. In: Per Sture Ureland (ed.), Convergence and Divergence in European Languages . Vol. 1, 355–372. Berlin: Logos. Brozovi ć Ron čevi ć, Dunja. 2005. Onomastic Croatia . Zagreb: Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje. Caffarelli, Enzo. 1998. Frequenze onomastiche – I cognomi più diffusi EUROPE IN THE CONTEXT OF NAMES – CROATIA 89

in alcuni Paesi d’Europa. [Onomastic frequencies. The most frequent family names in some European countries.] Rivista Italiana di Onomastica , IV/1, 285–303. Duden, Familiennamen, Herkunft und Bedeutung von 20000 Nach- namen. Mannheim 2000: Dudenverlag. Koß, Gerhard. 2002. Namenforschung. Eine Einführung in die Ono- mastik . 3. Aufl. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag. Matasovi ć, Ranko. 1997. O metodologiji onomasti čkih istraživanja (na primjeru keltske onomastike). [On the methodology of onomastic research (with examples from Celtic onomastics).] Zagreb. Folia onomastica Croatica 6, 89–98. Name Studies = Ernst Eichler et al. (eds.). 1995, 1996. Namenforsch- ung/Name Studies/Les noms propres. Ein internationales Hand- buch zur Onomastik/An International Handbook of Onomastics/ Manuel international d’onomastique 1–2. Register. (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft. 11, 11.1, 11.2.) Berlin–New York: Walter de Gruyter. Pellegrini, Giovan Batista. 1990. Toponomastica italiana . [Italian toponomastics.] Milano: Ulrico Hoepli. Rzetelska-Feleszko, Ewa, Cie ślikowa, Aleksandra (eds.). 2002: Słowia ńska onomastyka . Encyklopedia . Vol 1. [Slavic onomastics. Encyclopedia.Vol. 1.] Warszawa-Kraków: Towar- zystwo Naukowe Warszawskie. Šimunovi ć, Petar. 1986. Isto čnojadranska toponimija . [East Adriatic toponymy.] Split: Logos. Šimunovi ć, Petar. 1995. Hrvatska prezimena . [Croatian surnames.] Zagreb: Golden Marketing. Šrámek, Rudolf. 1999. Úvod do obecné onomastiky . [Introduction to general onomastics.] Brno: Masarykova univerzita.

Dunja Brozovi ć Ron čevi ć [email protected] Linguistic Research Institute HAZU, A. Kovacica 5 HR-10000 Zagreb

Abstract: Europe in the context of names: teaching onomastics in Croatia This paper gives a basic overview of the current development of name studies in Croatia. Although research in onomastics has been very intensive during the last few decades, onomastic courses were introduced to Croatian universities only fairly recently. However, onomastic studies have been so far almost exclusively 90 DUNJA BROZOVI Ć RON ČEVI Ć

oriented towards the research of the Croatian name stock. The new onomastics course Europe in the context of names was introduced within the framework of the new doctoral studies program European Studies : Languages and Cultures in Contact at the University of Zadar. The aim of the course is to heighten the awareness of students to the “world of names” in an ever-changing European environment and to enable them to develop the fundamental skills of individual onomastic research.

Résumé: Europe dans le contexte des noms : enseignement de l’onomastique en Croatie L’article donne une vue d’ensemble du développement actuel des études des noms en Croatie. Bien que les recherches onomastiques aient été très intensives durant quelques dernières décennies, les cours onomastiques n’ont pas été introduits dans les universités croates que bien récemment. Pourtant, les études onomastiques étaient jusqu’à maintenant orientées presque uniquement vers la recherche de l’inventaire des noms croates. Dans le cadre des nouvelles études doctorales « Les Études européennes : Langue et culture en contact » à l’Université de Zadar on a introduit un nouveau cours onomastique Europe au contexte des noms. Le but du cours est d’élever la conscience des étudiants sur « le monde des noms » dans un environnement européen toujours changeant et de les rendre capables de développer la compétence fondamentale pour une recherche onomastique individuelle.

Zusammenfassung: Europa im Kontext der Namen. Namenunterricht in Kroatien Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die momentane Entwicklung der Namensforschung in Kroatien. Obwohl Onomastik-Forschung in den letzten Jahrzehnten intensiv betrieben wurde, sind Kurse zu diesem Thema erst kürzlich in Kroatien eingeführt worden. Die onomastische Forschung war jedoch bislang vorwiegend auf die Untersuchung der Namen in Kroatien beschränkt. Im Rahmen der neuen Promotionsstudiengänge „European Studies: Languages and Cultures in Contact“ an der Universität Zadar wurde der neue onomastische Kurs „Europe in the context of names“ eingeführt. Das Ziel dieses Kurses ist es, in einer sich ständig ändernden europäischen Umgebung, das Bewußtsein der Studenten für die „Welt der Namen“ zu steigern, und ihnen die Entwicklung der Fähigkeiten zu individueller onomastischer Forschung zu ermöglichen.