Italy and France during the WW2

• 1940 occupied territory and Vichy Regime • France Libre and vast resistance movement • 1939-1943 Mussolini at war • 1943 coup d'état and liberation • 1943-1945 Italian Social Republic (Republic of Salo) France and Italy after 1945 Complicated birth of the 1st Italian Republic • Liberation of Italy 1943-1945 • Christian Democrats versus PCI/PSI • Atlanticism and Europeism • Monarchy replaced with Republic • What to do with the post-fascist voters? – Uomo qualunque and MSI • Party pluralism and high level of polarisation De Gaulle’ s failure and the birth of the 4th Republic • Referendum October 1945 → Constitutional Assembly • Tripartisme 1946-1947: coalition of MRP, SFIO and PCF (versus de Gaulle) • May 1946 53 per cent of voters against new Constitution • New Constitutional Assembly elected in June 1946 • New Constitution approved by referendum in October 1946 • Communists out of government in 1947 • Atlanticism and Europeism Polarised and plural party spectrum in France of the 1950s Political system of post-war France and Italy Similarities and differences

Institution France Italy

Head of State President elected for 7 years by President elected for 7 years by the Parliament the Parliament

“Real” executive body Government lead by Prime Government lead by Prime Minister (Président du Conseil) Minister (Presidente del Consiglio)

Parliament Bicameral: Bicameral: National Assembly 5 years Chamber of Deputies Council of the Republic 9 years Senate

Electoral systems PR with correction (50 per cent) Same in both chambers: PR Indirect by local authorities

Communist Party gains 26.2 (1945) 18.9 (1946) 25.9 (1946 I) 31.0 (1948, PCI + PSI) 28.2 (1946 II) 22.6 (1953) 26.9 (1951) Troubles of the 4th Republic and birth of the 5th Republic • Decolonisation • Viet-minh

• Polarised party system – Communists, Poujaudism, and de Gaulle, of course 

• Alger Crisis 1958

• Coup d'état? Trust to de Gaulle on different policies (June 1958)

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% Distrust 40% DK 30% Trust 20% 10% 0% army const Alger foreign nation policy René Coty → Les ‘Trente Glorieuses’

180 160 140 120 100 Index GDP 80 60 40 20 0 1938 1945 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 Life expectancy at birth (male and female together)

80 75 70 65 France 60 Italy 55 50 45 40 1920 1930 1950 1970 1994 French and Italian • France – swift and ambitious economic planning by the state • 64 per cent of all investments was public in 1949 • Monnet Plan (1946): secteurs de base • coal, steel, cement, electricity, traffic, agriculture • Commissariat Général du Plan • Ecole nationale des administrateurs • Italy – nationalization maintained from the Mussolini era (ente) • France – 3 weeks of paid holiday since 1956 • Emerging consumerism • Increasing literacy and level of education • TV (France since 1947, Italy since 1954, Czechoslovakia since 1953) Presentation on student movement 1968 in France and Italy Worker’s claims in 1968 and their treatment Political terrorism

• Far right • Ordine nuovo • Nuclei armati rivoluzionari – Bologna massacre 1980 • Gladio

• Far left • Action Directe

• Anni di piombo • Gruppi di Azioni Partigiana • Prima linea / Lotta continua • Nuclei armati proletari

Presentation on Brigate rosse Thank you for your attention and see you soon in a neoliberal period