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Carteret County Survey, 2012

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A Comprehensive Architectural Survey of Carteret County North Carolina’s Archipelago Final Report M. Ruth Little Longleaf Historic Resources 2312 Bedford Avenue Raleigh, NC 27607 April 24, 2012 2 Contents Introduction and Methodology...................................................................................................................... 4 Geography and Material Culture................................................................................................................... 8 Exploration and Settlement: Eighteenth Century ........................................................................................ 16 Quaker Presence in Central and Western Carteret County ..................................................................... 18 Down East’s Beginnings ......................................................................................................................... 19 Federal Era and Antebellum Development 1800-1861 ............................................................................... 23 Quaker Culture ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Carraway and Hill Plantation Houses ..................................................................................................... 26 Down East Dwellings ............................................................................................................................. 27 Federal-era Leaders ................................................................................................................................. 28 Public Works: A Lighthouse, a Canal, and a Fort ................................................................................... 30 Beaufort at Mid-Century ......................................................................................................................... 34 The Bogue Sound and White Oak River Area ........................................................................................ 36 Farmers and Fishermen of Down East and the Islands ........................................................................... 37 A Railroad Line and the New Town of Morehead City at the Terminus ................................................ 40 A Peculiar Plantation House for Edward Hill ......................................................................................... 43 Union Occupation of Carteret County during the Civil War ...................................................................... 44 Postbellum Prosperity from Resorts and Fisheries ..................................................................................... 46 Beaufort’s Postbellum Commerce and Tourism ..................................................................................... 48 Restarting Morehead City after the War ................................................................................................. 51 Commercial Fishing Becomes A Way of Life ........................................................................................ 53 Postbellum Agriculture and Industry ...................................................................................................... 55 Newport, Harlowe, and the Bogue Sound-White Oak Regions .............................................................. 57 A Down East Way of Life ...................................................................................................................... 61 3 A Rich Heritage of Wooden Grave Markers........................................................................................... 68 The Twentieth Century: Highways and World War II Link the Archipelago to the Wider World ............ 69 Exodus from the Banks, 1890s-1920s ..................................................................................................... 69 Connection of the Archipelago by Roads and Bridges ........................................................................... 75 The Built Environment of Fisheries: Menhaden Plants, Fish Houses, Net Houses, Boat Works, Marine Railways, and Workboat Harbors ........................................................................................................... 80 Agriculture .............................................................................................................................................. 94 Lumbering ............................................................................................................................................... 99 Public Projects of the Great Depression ............................................................................................... 103 World War II in Carteret County .......................................................................................................... 105 Twentieth-Century Architecture from Queen Anne to Modernist ........................................................ 107 Churches, Schools, and Cemeteries ...................................................................................................... 119 Resort Architecture: Morehead City, Atlantic Beach, Emerald Isle ..................................................... 125 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 132 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 134 Appendix: Carteret County Properties Placed on Study List for the National Register ........................... 141 4 Introduction and Methodology The following report presents a partial architectural history of Carteret County, North Carolina from the 1700s through the 1960s, told primarily through examples of extant buildings, along with a general history of the county that serves as a context for its material culture. This report is the culmination of a comprehensive architectural survey of Carteret County commissioned and administered by the North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office (HPO). The principal investigator was Margaret Ruth Little, of Longleaf Historic Resources, Raleigh. Outside of the two largest towns of Beaufort and Morehead City, the county’s historic architecture heretofore received very little attention. The mission, to survey predominantly rural properties that are fifty years old or older, exempted two municipal areas: the Beaufort National Register Historic District, listed in 1971 and re-surveyed in 1997 by M. Ruth Little and Cynthia Satterfield, and the area in Morehead City (the town boundary extending west to Twenty-third Street, where the Atlantic Beach Bridge is located) that was comprehensively surveyed, also by M. Ruth Little, in 2000-2001. The project also included the updating of the 1994 Beaufort survey not discussed herein. Other properties not surveyed as part of this project are the National Register-listed Portsmouth Village Historic District on Portsmouth Island and resources on the Bogue Airfield U.S. Military Reservation near Cedar Point. The survey began in March 2011 with a six-week Reconnaissance Planning Phase during which the principal investigator conducted a windshield survey of the entire county, contacted and interviewed key local individuals, identified properties to be surveyed, and developed a Time-Product-Payment schedule. Cindi Hamilton, director of the History Place, the Carteret County Historical Society Museum, served as local project coordinator, providing office space to 5 the principal investigator and assisting her with research questions. The following local historians assisted greatly in providing historical information about their communities: Karen Amspacher (director of the Core Sound Waterfowl Museum and Community Center); Anne Salter, Marshallberg; Elmo Gaskill, Atlantic: Jack Goodwin, Sea Level and Cedar Island; Clarice Willis, Smyrna; Rodney Kemp, Morehead City; Capt. Jim Willis, Atlantic Beach; Lib Sawyers, White Oak River and Bogue Sound area; Dollie Carraway and Jean Cox, Merrimon and South River; Paul Branch, Fort Macon; Julia Wax, Emerald Isle; Rose Guthrie and Suzanne Guthrie, Harkers Island; Les and Carol Sadler, Beaufort; and David Cecelski, Harlowe. The methodology for the survey of Carteret County followed the project outline set forth by the HPO and the HPO’s architectural survey manual Practical Advice for Recording Historic Resources. It was further refined by the physical and historical nature of the county, especially its separation into distinct regions by waterways and sounds. The survey began with Cedar Island in the northeast corner of the county in April 2011 and proceeded westward, reaching completion with the survey of Bogue Banks during November 2011. Because of extensive marshland and public forests, most people live in rural, unincorporated communities, thus there are few truly rural properties, just as there are very few farms with extensive acreage and outbuildings. Ninety-five percent of the surveyed properties are dwellings, often with a garage and storage shed. In addition to domestic buildings, properties surveyed consist of commercial buildings, agricultural buildings, churches, schools, post offices, motels, cemeteries, commercial workboat harbors, a bridge, and one lone remaining fishing pier. Because of their social and historical significance, a number of churches remodeled or rebuilt in recent years were surveyed. Because of the
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