An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: the Rise and Fall of an Island Empire Gwyn Campbell Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 0521839351 - An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire Gwyn Campbell Index More information

Index

Abd-er-Rhamen (Swahili trader), 227, 230 agriculture (see also rice), 14, 15, 16, 22–30, Abdalla (Swahili trader), 217, 233 42, 67, 77, 80, 81, 102, 107, 114, 115, Abinal (Roman Catholic missionary), 264 117, 122, 126, 142, 152, 160, 248, 317, Abolitionist movement, 7, 176 337, 341 aborigines, 142 experiments with temperate climate crops, abortion, 142 72–73, 99 acids, 26, 96, 109 subsistence, 76, 182 Aden, 270, 305–306, 311, 325 techniques, 9, 22, 24, 25, 72–73 Gulf of, 237 tools, 23, 26, 27, 72 adulteration (see also fraud), 65, 197, yields, 23, 24, 26, 29 288–290, 291, 292, 304 aides-de-camp (see deka) Africa, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 25, 79, 80, Aitken (company), 299 103, 112, 134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143, Alahadinilanifasana, 43 144, 146, 147, 156, 189, 194, 211, 288, Alaotra (lake), 30, 67 306, 311, 336, 339, 340 Alasora, 24 Central, 321 alcohol, East (see also slave trade – east African; production, 31, 37–38, 81, 97, 100, 247 Mozambique; Swahili coast), 2, 5, 7, 11, trade, 7, 11, 55, 151, 200, 206, 207, 334 12, 16, 22, 29, 43, 48, 53, 55, 64, 65, 70, Aldrich, Robert, 82 91, 119, 145, 146, 167, 170, 171, 172, Algeria, 319, 333, 336 174, 176, 191, 192, 209, 214, 215, 216, Algiers, 330 224, 233, 236, 237, 242, 249, 252, 260, Alidy (Muslim Sakalava trader), 227, 230 261, 270, 288, 293, 294, 298, 308, 309, Alijinery, 124 310, 311, 313, 314, 320, 321, 325, 326, Allen, Richard, 241 327, 329, 334, 339, 343 Alliance Bank, 300 North, 13, 309, 324, 329, 331, 332, 333 Alpers, Edward, 218 Northeast, 2, 5, 45, 48, 49 alum, 96 South (see South Africa) Amaramba (lake), 220 southern, 2, 5, 11, 12, 16, 145, 146, 183, Ambalamamoko, 338 214, 320, 321, 333 Ambalavao, 258 sub-Saharan, 135, 137, 141, 143, 144, 333 Ambaniala, 244 West, 6–7, 12, 13, 45, 57, 108, 213, 225, Ambaravarambato, 105 308, 309, 310, 324, 329, 331, 332, Ambatomanga, 43, 89 334 Ambatondrazaka, 164, 266, 267, 268

385

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521839351 - An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire Gwyn Campbell Index More information

386 Index

ambatry, 31, 32, 286 André,E. C., 114 Ambavotoby Bay, 51, 344 Andriamasinavalona, 24, 120, 121, 122 ambergris, 55, 57 Andriamazanoro (Antaimoro scribe), 86 Amboanana, 105 Andriambakara, 30 Ambodirano, 25, 122, 131, 132 Andriambelomasina (Merina king c. Ambohibeloma, 132 1730–70), 47 Ambohijafy, 132 Andriampatra (Merina trader), 168 Ambohijanary, 101 Andriampatsa (see Andriampatra) Ambohimahandry, 132 Andrianamboatsimarofy (Merina king c. Ambohimalaza cartel, 168–170, 296 1773–95), 44 Ambohimandroso, 93, 258, 264 Andrianampoinimerina (Merina king r. c. Ambohimanga, 25, 101, 132, 150, 1795–1810), 3, 9, 25, 44, 65, 67, 68, 114, 248 115, 120, 122, 124, 145 Ambohimara, 150 Andriana (see under caste) Ambohimasina, 132 Andrianando (a Merina caste), 37 Ambohinome Andrianisa, J. (Merina trader & entrepreneur), Ambohitromby, 32 168, 189 Ambohitsosy (mt), 38 Andriandranolava (early-sixteenth-century Ambositra, 105, 132, 257, 267 Merina king), 120 amboninzato, 86, 100 Andrianjaka (Merina king c. 1610–30), 50, ambrevade, 66 120 America, 7, 56, 218, 230, 239 Andriansolo (Merina trader), 168 North (see also United States), 18, 51, Andriantavy, 24 79 Andriantsimarofy (late-eighteenth-century South, 202, 336 king of Antananarivo), 25 American Civil War, 167, 171, 188, 192 Andriantsimitovy (Merina king r. c. 1650–70), American War of Independence, 51 29 Ampanira, 37, 43 Andriantsovatra (Ranavalona I’s niece), 155 Amparibe, 93, 95, 124 Andrianvonzato (Merina trader), 168 Ampasay basin, 103 Androhibe, 132 Ampasinafindra, 248 Andrombo, 25 Ampasindava, 51 angady (see spade) Ampitantafika, 25, 244 Angavo, 43 Amsterdam, 288 Angoche, 218, 219, 224 anaemia, 146 Angontsy, 52, 182, 190, 191, 195 Analabe, 105 Anjolobato, 38 Analava, 261 Anjouan, 49, 56 Analakely, 87, 124, 126, 246 Ankandrarezina, 31 ancestors, 115, 120, 150, 295 Ankavandra, 105, 164 ancestral system, 42, 89, 114, 121 Ankay (see also Bezanozano), Andakabe, 176, 300, 315 cattle raising, 29, 95 Anderson, Percy (British Foreign Office commerce, 37, 43, 50, 55, 69, 249 official), 327 Jean René’s conquest of, 69 Andevoranto, 128, 165, 259 Merina conquest of, 67, 69 Andiamahakiry, 84 products, 31 Andohalo, 169 Ankosy, 25 Andoharano, 93 Anoaimanjaka, 25 Andramasina, 32 Anonibe, 151 Andriambongo, 264 Anorotsanga, 51 Andranomasina, 25 Anosy, 31, 55, 252 Andranomiangana, 338 Antaimoro, 34, 37, 84, 86, 249 Andranovana, 164 commerce, 55 Andrantsay valley, 32 slavers, 55

Index 387

Antaifasy, 84 riziculture, 24, 26 Antaisaka, 30 slavers, 55 Antaismammou, 43 schools, 86 Antaisoa, 84 Antsirabe (see also Sirabe), 25, 105, 132, 149, Antalaha, 48 266 Antalaotra, 13 anvil, 36 Antambahoaka, 33 apprentices, 10, 36, 85, 87, 89, 91, 95, 101, Antanamalaza, 132 123, 215 Antandroy, 29, 36 aqueduct, 97 Antanjombato, 43, 244 Arabia, 37, 49, 99, 171, 172, 213, 236, 313 Antankarana, 50, 343 Arabic, 86 commerce, 55 Arabs, 29, 47, 55, 65, 172, 209, 218, 226, 227, ﬁshermen, 30, 38, 40 228, 230, 242, 286, 293 salt production, 37 aretin’olona, 150 traders, 43 Arivonimamo, 82, 105–132 Antankaratra, 132 armaments (see also weapons), 154, 228 Antananarivo, 24, 25, 43, 85, 86, 89, 90, 95, production, 82, 85, 91, 93–97, 102, 103, 96, 101, 106, 108, 115, 117, 127, 128, 123, 124, 125, 126, 246, 259 141, 143, 150, 151, 152, 165, 231, 245, trade, 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 55, 57, 67, 76, 93, 102, 248, 249, 252, 253, 257, 269, 271, 272, 103, 161, 177, 179, 191, 200, 203–207, 273, 277, 323, 338 210, 211, 222, 225, 230, 232, 233, 258, commerce, 75, 90, 92, 107, 109, 110, 127, 277, 279, 285, 290, 298, 299, 300, 312, 165, 168, 169, 170, 187, 188, 196, 197, 322 203, 246, 249, 252, 253, 259, 266, 267, Arnold Hines (U.S. company), 173, 174, 176, 272, 273, 274–275, 289, 299, 300, 302 187, 190, 194, 298 construction, 129, 130, 247 Arnold Hines (vessel), 270 French capture of, 269, 339 Arnoux (R´eunionnaistrader), 84, 99 industry, 73, 93, 95, 246, 247 arrows, 50 rainfall, 20 arsenals, 71 roads, 74, 244 artisans (see also labor – skilled; missionary), population of, 75, 137, 138, 139, 153, 240 European, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 83, 85, 87, postal service, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270 90, 91, 92, 96, 100, 123, 189, 277 Antanosy, 38, 177, 249 Malagasy, 8, 9, 15, 74, 75, 77, 85, 87, 96, Antehiroka, 31 97, 98, 124, 126, 129, 337, 341 anti-slave trade campaign, 218, 219, 222, 225, arums (see also saonjo and tavo), 23, 28 226, 227, 228, 229, 236, 240–242 Asabotsy-Tsiafahy, 43 Anti-Slavery Society, 222 ash, 23 Antimanaza, 34 Asia, 5, 29, 57, 112, 286, 288, 312 Antoby, 132 East, 5, 33, 34, 50, 252 Antomboka, 270 South, 5, 37 Antongil Bay, 50, 57, 151, 184, 221, 223, 342, Southeast, 5 343 autarky, 3, 9–10, 14, 15, 16, 59, 60, 70, 78, 82, Antsahadinta, 132 83, 86, 90, 91, 92, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, Antsenasabotsy, 95 117, 122, 126, 127, 139, 141, 142, 145, Antseranana, 150, 175, 182, 207, 260, 285, 161, 162, 188, 209, 212, 214, 215, 243, 318, 323, 327, 330, 331, 343 246, 289, 291, 295, 296, 303, 307, 339, Antsihanaka, 31, 50 340 cattle raising, 29 Australia, 18, 142, 225, 260, 270 commerce, 40, 55, 67, 95 Austrian coinage, 288 fanompoana, 83, 246, 247 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 189, 196 gold production, 105 Austronesia, 6, 286 Merina conquest of, 67, 164 Austen, Ralph, 7, 214, 236, 273 Merina colonization of, 67 Avaradrano, 25, 34, 122, 131, 150

388 Index

awls, 36 Berlin Conference (1884–5), 325 axes, 23, 36, 39, 42, 58, 66, 81, 97, 129 berries (use of), 37 Ayache, Simon, 60 Bertram & Arnold Hines (U.S. company), 298 Bertram, John (U.S. trader), 166, 171, 173, Bachelder (U.S. trader), 300 174, 176 Baker, Edward (LMS missionary), 248 Betafo, 25, 31, 132 Bakoro, 99 Betanimena, 69, 128, 150 Baly, 51, 221, 229, 230 Betsiboka (river), 43, 50, 229 bamboo (use of), 30, 37, 38, 106, 172, 196, 252 Betsileo, 38, 41, 143, 149, 150, 152, 153, 257, banana, 23, 42, 57, 151 258, 266, 298 banks, 291, 292, 293, 297, 298, 300, 301, agriculture, 24, 25, 26, 122, 152 302–303, 304 cattle raising, 29 bankruptcy, 103, 106, 130, 152, 165, 166, 176, commerce, 57, 63, 95 261, 297, 302, 334 enslavement in, 230, 297 Bantu languages, 6 fanompoana, 83, 127, 247, 248, 264 Bara (see Ibara) gold production, 103, 105, 131–132, 133 bark Merina conquest, 67 trade, 40, 42, 66 Merina colonisation, 67 use of, 31, 33, 37, 38, 66, 95, 247 Merina governors of, 130, 265 barley, 286 products, 34, 95, 247, 248 barrages, 101, 105 schools, 86 barrels, 34, 37, 206, 207, 208 sericulture, 32 barter, 47, 62, 71, 164, 280, 287 slaves, 56 Bartle Frere (British government ofﬁcial), 48, slavers, 56 228, 229, 306, 321 Betsimisaraka, 14, 15, 30, 38, 43, 65, 69, 78, basketry, 31, 33, 38, 81, 252 117, 250 Baudais (French consul in Madagascar), 331 commerce, 52, 55, 57–58, 165 bayonets, 36, 93, 95 fanompoana, 83, 101, 117, 128, 248, 249 beads, 47, 66, 208 Merina garrisons in, 164 beans (see also haricots and voanemba), Merina governors of, 165 production, 28 traders, 56 trade, 66, 184, 200 Betsimitatatra, 24, 25, 121, 139, 150 weights, 286 Betsiriry, 105, 177 Bechuanaland (see Botswana) Bevato, 164 beeswax, 57, 82, 85, 166, 167, 173, 174, 190, Bezanozano (see also Ankay), 65, 67, 250 200, 249, 301, 320 commerce, 55 beet, 110, 189, 260 fanompoana, 83, 246, 247, 248 Befandriana, 105 iron workers, 34 Behenjy, 132 slavers, 55 Behosy, 22 Bibiasa (late-nineteenth-century southern Bekily, 36 Menabe queen), 230 Bekitro, 36 bills of exchange, 298–300, 301, 302, 303 Belgium, 1, 189 Birdsell, 142 Belo, 37, 43, 176, 185 birth rate, 134, 135, 140–144 bellows, 35, 36 Bismarck, 326 Bengali bitumen, 37, 38 contract labor to R´eunion,216 black market, 196, 197, 198, 303 convicts in Madagascar, 83, 100 blacksmiths, 36, 74, 83, 124, 130 Bennet, Norman, 171 Blancard, Louis (Mauritian trader), 76, 83, Benyowski, Maurice (Polish adventurer & 111–166 trader), 53, 62 Bloch, Maurice, 114–115, 116, 117, 120 Bergsten, Nils (Swedish doctor resident on blood brotherhood, 53–54, 233, 256 Mauritius), 165, 166 boar (see pig - wild)

Index 389

boats (see also dhows; ships), 166, 177, 227, flag, 315 229, 248, 261, 283, 294, 315 foreign investment, 305 construction of, 31, 38 government, 4, 12, 33, 61, 62, 118, 203, sail, 48, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57, 61, 70, 85, 166, 213, 214, 215, 216, 222, 225, 226, 227, 167, 168, 170, 171, 176, 181, 207, 210, 271, 279, 307, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 214, 223, 224, 225, 227, 245, 260, 261, 328, 330, 338, 339 269, 270, 311, 314, 315 imperialism, 3, 6–7, 10, 11–12, 16, 70, 78, Boer, 306, 320, 321 242, 279, 305–326, 327, 328, 339, 340 Bohra, 48, 174 industry, 61, 75, 99, 324 Boina, 105 manufactures, 61, 62, 188, 201 Boina Bay, 51, 172, 224 Merina consuls in, 300 Bojer, 296 Merina youths in, 85, 90, 93 bombardment, 60 military intervention in Madagascar, 166, Bondrony, 164 279, 307 books, 89, 90 missionaries in Madagascar (see FFMA, booty, 61, 67, 70, 76, 116, 162, 163, 184, 276, LMS, SPG) 296 navy, 12, 43, 60, 62, 150, 166, 179, 214, Bombay, 11, 171, 176, 180, 281, 309, 311, 215, 225, 226, 227, 229, 236, 240–324, 314, 321, 341 344 borax, 42 plans to colonize Madagascar, 61, 68, 77, boribory wood, 246 218, 245, 307, 343 borrowing (see loans) Post Office, 271 Boston, 83, 166, 302 rivalry with France, 60, 271–272, 305–327, Botswana, 326 330, 331, 332, 339 Bourbon (see Réunion) rivalry with Germany, 327 bows, 50 rivalry with Imerina, 60 boycotts, 170 shipping, 260, 261, 269, 271, 311, 312, 322, brass, 37, 285 324 Braudel, Ferdinand, 5 technical assistance to Madagascar, 68, 70, Brava, 195 72–73, 92, 93, 343, 344 Brazil, 8, 194, 213, 214, 236, 239, 240 traders, 70, 71, 75, 93, 166, 172–180, 188, bribery, 210, 231, 253–254, 257, 284 189, 190, 195, 202, 266, 284, 298, 301, brick production, 97 306, 319, 322, 344 bridges, 77, 244 Britanno-Merina Treaty (February 1817), 62, brigandry, 10, 16, 43, 63, 64, 74, 106, 152, 77, 278, 343 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 268, 336, Britanno-Merina Treaty (October 1817), 337–338, 339, 341 68–69, 278, 343 Brink, André,5 Britanno-Merina Treaty (1820), 9, 59, 69–78, Britain, 18, 78, 82, 93, 266, 267 170, 214, 229, 239, 243, 278, 307, 343 agents in Madagascar, 61, 63, 65, 68, 73, 77, Britanno-Merina Treaty (1823), 225 78, 90, 141 Britanno-Merina Treaty (1865), 109, 307 army, 4, 61 Britanno-Portuguese Treaty (1815), 225 commerce, 62, 92, 185, 188, 189, 193, 194, Britanno-Portuguese Treaty (1884), 242 195, 196, 198, 199, 203, 204, 205, 206, Britanno-Portuguese Treaty (1890), 326–327 207, 210, 260, 298, 305, 308, 309, 312, Britanno-Portuguese Treaty (1891), 326–327 313, 320, 324, 327, 335 Britanno-Zanzibar Treaty (1873), 310 community in Madagascar, 61, 62, 63, 77, British (see Britain) 85, 269, 319, 328, 343 British and India Steam Navigation Company, consular officials, 222, 252, 266, 268, 269, 311 274, 281, 299, 303, 322, 323, 327, 344 bronchitis, 152 empire, 11, 62, 99, 199, 305–306, 307, 319, Brooks, George (LMS missionary), 171 322, 327 Brothwell, 142 emissaries to Madagascar, 62, 100 Brown, Mervyn, 60

390 Index

Brun (French minister of the Marine and Casimir-Périer(French foreign minister), 332 Colonies), 330 cassava (see manioc) Brunet (French deputy), 332 Castle Mail (British mail steamship), 268 Brunschwig, Henri, 328 caste, 9, 31, 38, 44, 48, 89, 120–121, 123, 140, Brussels Convention, 227 264, 273, 293 bullockers, 52, 269 Andriana, 37, 121, 244 burial, 42 Hova,24 Burton, Richard, 233, 235 Catat, L., 255, 287 bush, 22 Catholic missions, 131, 153, 247, 264, 323 cattle, 22, 25, 26, 47, 73, 95, 99, 145, 153, 172, Cain, Peter, 82, 306 233, 244, 275, 277 Cairo, 5, 7 disease, 183, 185, 187 Calcutta, 5, 43 prices, 91, 173, 182, 184–185, 277 Caldwell, J., 145, 156 products (see also hides, tallow), 39, 73, 82, Calfaun bin Alhi (Zanzibari trader), 297 95, 96, 125, 186, 196, 200, 206, 279 camels, 246 raiding, 10, 41, 67, 95, 116, 178, 232, 336, cameo, 57 337, 341 Cameron, James (LMS missionary), 87, 91, raising, 22, 29, 40, 52, 67, 95, 113, 115, 116, 92, 93, 95, 96, 126, 129, 277 124, 135, 145, 152, 184, 186, 187, 249 Cameroons, 135 trade, 8, 40, 41, 42, 49, 52, 55, 58, 66, 67, canals, 92, 101, 244 69, 73, 82, 91, 92, 95, 151, 164, 165, 166, candles (production of), 39, 97 173, 182, 184–186, 196, 200, 204, 206, Canham, John (LMS missionary), 73, 74, 75, 207, 262, 269, 277, 279, 281, 297 93, 95, 96, 277 training, 125 canoes, 30, 31, 38, 52 Ceylon (see Sri Lanka) cannon, 334 chains, 36, 37, 66 production, 10, 93, 96, 97, 103, 124, chalk, 26, 248 277 Changamira, 219 trade, 203 chapels (see churches) Canton, Chapelier, 36 Cape Amber, 52, 224 charcoal, 35, 259 Cape Colony, 179, 186, 314, 315, 321, 328 burners, 130 Cape Delgado, 219, 224, 239, 240, 310 trade, 40 Cape of Good Hope, 5, 7, 56, 61, 62, 307, 312, Charles X (French king r. 1824–30), 329 320, 322 Charles-Roux, Jean, 332 Cape St. André,161, 174, 187, 230, 315 Charleston Cape St. Marie, 315 Chasseloup-Lambat, 329 Cape Town, 176, 190, 225, 260, 270, 271, 311, Chaudhuri, K.N., 5 322 Chazal, 61 capital, 36, 81, 83, 86, 103, 112, 113, 132, Cheever, Joseph, 171 179, 215, 231, 292, 293, 294, 296, 315, Chewa, 219 335 Chick, George (LMS missionary), 74, 87, 93, Capitalism, 95, 277 in Europe, 80 chiefs (see dignatories) in Madagascar, 3, 13–14, 16, 335–336, 340 children (see also infants), 23, 36, 53, 81, 86, carat, 286 89, 107, 115, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, Carayon (French artillery officer), 89 148, 150, 152, 153, 220, 223, 252, 341 Carnarvon (British Colonial Secretary), 320, Chilwa, lake, 220 321 China, 5, 33, 120, 225, 252 carpenters, 38, 83, 98, 101, 124, 129, 130 commerce, 57, 202 carpentry, 85 trade goods, 172 Casablanca, 333 traders, 319 cash flow, 293 chisels, 36, 39, 66, 81, 285

Index 391

Chiuta (lake), 220 coinage (see also piastres, specie), 47, 57, 70, cholera, 146, 150, 153, 175, 239, 240–316 71, 90, 92, 106, 196, 204, 285–292, 295, choreomania, 150 300 Chrétien,J-P., 146 adulteration, 65 Christianity, 59, 60, 89, 308 Coignet, 165 Christians, 4, 85, 127, 154, 255 Colbert, 47 churches (see also Imerina - state church), Coleman, D.C., 81 15, 89, 90, 129, 131–132, 322, colporteurs (see pedlars) 341 Comite´ de l’Afrique française, 332 cigars, 100, 107, 189 Comite´ de Madagascar, 332 civilization, 62 commission, 174, 285, 287 Clarence-Smith, William, 7 commodity monies, 47, 282, 308 Clan (British steamship company), 311 communications (see also trade routes), 10, clay (use of), 26, 34, 35 22–31, 150, 162, 243, 260, 264–271, 307, climate, 18, 20–22, 31, 80, 99, 110, 134, 152, 311 153, 184, 203, 253 Comoro Islands, 12, 38, 43, 49, 56, 64, 143, cloth (see also textiles), 47, 92 171, 216, 219, 228, 239, 310, 313, 319, production (see also weaving), 13, 31–33, 326 75, 81, 92–93, 97, 202, 335 Compagnie des Indes, 47, 63, 342 trade, 7, 8, 11, 41, 42, 55, 66, 92, 164, 177, Compagnie française de l’Orient, 342 200–203, 222, 228, 233, 251, 301, 334, competition, 63–64, 72, 74, 75, 92, 109, 110, 335 111–316 bark cloth, 31, 202 Comptoir national d’Escompte de Paris cotton cloth, 291 (CNEP), 282, 301 theft of, 273 concubinage, 110 prices, 169, 201, 202, 203 Condúncia¸ Bay, 221 production, 31, 33, 43, 74, 81, 92, Congo, 108, 143, 152, 325, 326 124 Congo treaty (1884), 325 trade, 11, 13, 40, 42, 43, 55, 57, 66, 75, consortiums, 166 167, 168, 169, 191, 200–203, 204, 205, conspicuous consumption, 208 206, 210, 233, 249, 253, 257, 259, 260, construction, 39, 43, 81, 101, 124, 125, 126, 263, 279, 282, 297, 301, 302, 303 127, 128–130, 247–248, 277 hemp cloth, 31, 202 coopers, 98 leaf cloth, 31, 202 copal (see gum copal) loincloth, 57, 58 copper, 37, 42, 96, 97, 124, 172, 289, 300 silk cloth, 195, 295 coral, 20, 42, 47 production, 32, 74, 81, 202 Cordell, Dennis D., 138 trade, 42, 66, 75, 100 Corpses (trade in), 42 velvet, 75 corruption (see also fraud), 268, 283 woollen, 92 corvées(see also fanompoana; labor - forced), clothes manufacture, 70, 75, 92, 116, 124, 130, 113, 119, 165, 264 201 cotton, 31, 73, 101, 107, 188 clothing, 152, 203, 254 trade, 41, 42, 43, 55, 188, 200, 204 cloves, 100, 188, 189 couriers, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 272, price of, 189 299 coal, 331 Courteen Association, 343 Cobden Treaty (1860), 329 cowries, 11, 57, 293, 308–310 cocoa, 107, 108–109, 206 crafts, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 31–37, 38–39, 40, 41, coconuts, 29, 37, 57, 100 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 92, 97, 102, coffee, 123, 181, 208, 337, 341 prices, 188 craftsmen – see artisans production, 57, 99, 100, 107, 108, 188 credit (see also loans), 11, 15, 117, 176, 231, trade, 167, 188, 274 292–304, 315

392 Index

Creoles (see also Mascarenes; Mauritius; desert, 20, 21, 22 Réunion), 13, 50, 53, 62, 63, 73, 107, desertion, 10, 334, 338, 339, 341 110, 141, 166, 174, 179, 230, 262, 284, Desharee, Mohammed (Comorian trader), 100, 293, 294, 296, 297, 303, 317–319 172 Creusot, 97 Desmorels (Mascarene trader), 174 crime, 85, 154 Deutsch Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft Crimea, 330 (D.O.A.G.), 261, 326 Crocodile, 30 devaluation, 291 crops, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 122, 296 dhows, 38, 50, 178, 192, 219, 224, 225, 226, cash, 8, 9, 57, 62, 70, 73, 76, 82, 99, 101, 227, 228, 235, 236, 261, 314 102, 107, 110, 181, 182, 188, 189, 277, dialects, 1, 53 319 diamonds, 320, 336 Crouzet, Francois,¸ 82 Diego Suarez (see Antseranana) Cuba, 8, 182, 213 diet, 28, 29, 30, 31, 100, 151, 152 cultivators, 76, 80, 81, 116, 117, 122, 125, Digby Willoughby (British army officer), 323 142, 152, 276, 278, 296, 304, 319, 339, Dignatories (local), 51, 53, 63, 65, 70, 129, 341 161, 164, 165, 176, 205, 230, 231, 232, currency (see money) 233, 244, 256, 257, 278, 285 currency reform, 291–292 disease (see also epidemics), 110, 333 Currie, Donald (British ship owner - see also affecting animals, 135, 183, 185, 187 Donald Currie), 11, 321 affecting humans, 13, 15, 16, 134, 135, 137, customs, 162, 171, 173, 202, 210, 211, 259, 142–144, 145–151, 152, 153, 154, 216, 268, 278, 284, 285, 290, 292, 300, 301, 236, 333, 334, 339, 341, 342, 343 304, 322, 334, 343 affecting plants, 108, 188, 216, 274, 316 cyclones, 20, 52, 73, 107, 140, 150, 151, 208, Diu, 314 216, 223, 243, 261, 265, 269, 316, 318, Djibouti, 325 323 DOAG (see Deutsch Ostafrikanische Gesellschaft) DNA, 6 doctors, 165 dairy products, 184 dogs, 96, 154 Dalakeimo (Indian trader), 177 Donald Currie (British steamship company), Damão,314 260, 269, 271, 272, 311, 322 Daosa (Indian trader), 173 drainage, 26, 121, 122, 139, 149 Dar-Es-Salaam, 326 Droit (French artisan), 93, 277 Dartmouth, 270 drought, 21, 29, 134, 139, 150, 183 Dawson, Marc, 146 Duder (U.S. trader), 169 De Cossigny, Jean Francois¸ Charpentier Dumaine (French trader), 54 (Mascarene trader), 60 Durban, 266, 268, 271–275, 297, 311 De la Bourdonnais, Bernard-Francois¸ Mahé Dutch (the), 108 (Mascarenes governor), 49, 97 duties, 268 De Mahy, Francois¸ (French deputy & on foreign trade, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 82, 83, government minister), 330, 331, 332 93, 166, 170, 173, 174, 184, 190, 192, death rate (see mortality rate) 202, 209, 217, 235, 249, 259, 278, 283, debt, 85, 168, 296, 297, 302, 303 285, 290, 300, 301, 316 Decary, Raymond, 142 on domestic trade, 72 defenses (see fortifications; forts; garrisons) dyeing, 32 deforestation, 24, 39 dyes, 33, 57, 66, 81, 97, 125, 195 deka, 129, 162–165, 179, 184, 276, 278, 296 dykes, 24, 25, 121, 122 Delagoa Bay, 171, 221, 314, 321, 325, 326 dysentery, 236 Delivré,Alain, 154 demographic transition theory, 134–135 East India Company (English), 313 Denmark, 207 ebony, depopulation, 76, 116, 146, 147 prices, 191 Deschamps, Hubert, 59, 60 trade, 166, 176, 190, 191, 200, 249

Index 393

economic depression (1880s-90s), 6, 7, 13, 15, Egypt, 5, 7, 8, 12, 112, 172, 305–306, 320, 107, 180, 193, 202, 203, 210, 212, 259, 321, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 332, 301, 303, 305, 312, 324, 334 339 economies of scale, 92 Elieser (vessel), 270 education (see also schools), 10, 86–89, Ellis, William (LMS missionary), 59, 60, 115, 136 118, 129, 130, 144, 248, 252, 253 educational goods, 90, 91 endogamy, 121 eels, 30, 125 evangelisation, 78 efitra, 258, 259 exchange rates, 290 elephants, 308 executions, 147 emancipation (see also slavery - abolition of), extra-territoriality, 77, 78 113, 118, 119, 129–131, 139, 173, 214, 215, 217, 225, 235, 240, 274, 310 factories (see also mills, workshops), 10, 82, emigration, 156, 215, 317–319 83, 85, 87, 92–99, 103, 126, 127, 128, emporium, 51, 61 182, 188, 192, 201, 246, 247, 259, enslavement (see also slave – raiding), 9, 10, 277 41–43, 55, 56, 64, 67, 70, 85, 115, 116, factors of production, 112 117, 152, 168, 231, 255, 296, 337, family (see also household), 23, 26, 48, 53, 63, 341 74, 81, 92, 102, 141, 142, 143, 145, 147, entrepots,ˆ 48, 56, 162, 170, 187, 191, 211, 174, 220, 295, 296, 297 216, 219, 230, 241, 314 famine, 15, 16, 24, 67, 76, 121, 134, 136, 139, environment, 18–22 147, 148, 150–151, 152, 154, 220, 248, epidemics, 134, 137, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 333, 337, 339 152, 153, 175, 208, 239, 240–318 Fandroana, 254, 257 erosion, 24 Fanjakana, 177 escarpment, 19, 20, 22, 30, 52, 190, 243 fanompoana (see also corvéesand labor, Ethiopia, 80, 286, 327 forced), 10, 14, 15–16, 24, 25, 83, 86, 87, Etienne, Eugene (French deputy & 90, 91, 101, 105, 107, 110, 113, 117, government minister), 331 119–133, 141–143, 145, 148, 149, Eton, Frederick (British consular official), 321 151–152, 153, 162, 213, 217, 244, Europe, 5, 6–7, 16, 36, 57, 79, 82, 83, 87, 112, 246–249, 256, 258, 263, 268, 277, 301, 118, 119, 134, 141, 181, 256, 263, 266, 303, 304, 322, 336–338, 340, 341 268 Far East – see Asia, East colonialism in Africa, 134, 135, 139, 143, farmers (see cultivators) 149, 152, 242, 305–339 Farquhar, Robert (British governor of commerce, 103, 167, 178, 187, 191, 195, Mauritius), 43, 61, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 202, 204, 211, 260, 261, 286, 288, 293, 77, 243, 244 301, 302, 303, 305, 308, 314, Fashoda, 328 315 fatidra (see blood brotherhood) expulsion of Europeans from Imperial Fenoarivo, 51, 132, 153, 182, 211, 221, 282, Madagascar, 59, 60, 209, 343, 344 300 settlers in Madagascar, 57, 78, 141, 143, Fenn, S.B., 208, 244, 266, 319, 342, 343 ferries, 38 shipping, 228, 268, 270, 271, 311 Ferry, Jules (French prime minister), 330 textile industry, 80 fertilizers, 26 traders (see also France – traders; Britain – fertility rate, 134, 135, 140–144, 145, 160 traders; Germany – traders), 13, 15, 47, festivals, 75, 95 48, 50–55, 56, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 77, 91, Fiadanana, 101 106, 110, 143, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, Fianarantsoa, 95, 130, 152, 265, 266, 267 169, 172–180, 187, 190, 191, 192, 202, Fieldhouse, D.K., 332 207, 209, 210, 211, 228, 230, 231, 232, Fiherenana, 40 233, 246, 253, 257, 261, 262, 263, 265, Fiji, 107, 188 266, 267, 268, 273, 277, 279–304, 308, filanzana (see palanquin) 313, 315, 334 Filliot, J.M., 236

394 Index

Finaz, 164, 247, 264 coinage, 204, 281, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, fines (see also indemnities), 47, 90, 153, 244 298 Finkelmeier, 280, 281 colonial administration, 331 fire, 22, 23, 24, 29, 35, 318 colonial grouping, 13, 331–332, 339 Fisakana, 103, 133 colonial officials in Madagascar, 136, 211, fish, 30 268, 274 trade, 40, 57, 66, 196 colonial rule in Madagascar, 137, 143, 144, fishing, 30, 38, 40, 125, 135, 152, 214 152, 175, 180, 327, 332, 340 nets, 30, 38 colonies, 1–3, 152, 174, 213, 214, 218, 227, Flanders, 81, 82, 90 229, 230, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, flight (see also refugees), 15, 16, 107, 241–274, 312, 317, 336, 339 149, 151, 152, 336, 337, 339, colonization of Madagascar, 1–3, 11, 12–17, 341 62, 64, 108, 110, 133, 136, 149, 152, 156, flints, 47, 55, 57 179, 180, 182, 184, 211, 212, 218, 242, floods, 73, 105, 121, 151 245, 246, 269, 275, 305–339, 340, 341 foko, 120, 121, 122 commerce, 93, 100, 110, 183, 188, 189, 195, food (see provisions) 196, 199, 204, 207, 260, 274, 279, 334 footware, 39, 74, 85, 93, 96 community in Madagascar, 319, 322, 342 foraging, 23, 30 consular officials, 303, 331 foreign exchange, 77, 253, 295 East India Company (see Compagnie des foreign investment, 4, 13, 93, 99, 103, 107, Indes) 108, 109, 112, 113, 123, 132, 188, 189, empire, 1, 61, 64, 199, 319, 331, 333 216, 268, 276, 291, 335–336, 340 expulsion from Imperial Madagascar, 322, forest (see also deforestation; rainforest), 22, 330 24, 28, 37, 74, 95, 96, 101, 103, 149, 150, flag, use of, 219, 226, 227 151, 190–195, 243, 247, 248, 311 foreign policy, 12, 328, 329–332, 338 concessions, 191, 193, 274 government, 13, 53, 62, 215, 226, 227, 260, people, 22, 38, 39, 41 298, 300, 307, 323, 324, 325, 329, 330, products, 8, 57, 73, 82, 95, 107, 109, 110, 331, 332, 338, 339, 342 129, 152, 190–195, 278 imperialism, 1, 4, 6–7, 11, 12–17, 61, 173, forgery (see also fraud), 284 216, 283, 300, 303, 306–339, 340 forges, 36, 97, 125, 246 military intervention in Madagascar (see Fort Dauphin (see Tolanaro) also Franco-Merina War), 93, 101, fortifications, 122, 127, 149 131–132, 136, 148, 149, 151, 166, 175, forts (see also garrisons), 10, 77, 101, 164, 182, 242, 244, 245, 248, 267, 268, 269, 165, 248, 263, 344 275, 279, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 319, fossils, 191 322, 323, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333–334, Foulepointe (see Mahavelona) 338, 339, 341, 342 foundries, 91, 93, 96, 124 navy, 4, 7, 12, 60, 166, 210, 215, 226, 227, fowl, 29, 42, 57, 66, 154, 254, 287 248, 262, 267, 279, 299, 307, 313, 322, Fraissinet (see Roux de Fraissinet) 323, 324, 325, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, France, 50, 78, 82, 269, 323, 324 338 agriculture, 189 parliament, 330, 331, 332 alliance with Jean René,69 Post Office, 266 artisans in Madagascar, 83, 91, 93 protectorate in Madagascar, 4, 16, 227, 232, army, 12, 13, 16, 148, 323, 328, 329, 330, 290, 300, 324, 327, 330, 331, 332, 338, 333–334, 338, 339, 341, 342, 343 343 blockades imposed on Madagascar, 210, Revolution (1830), 329 211, 262, 267, 299, 311, 313 Revolutionary War, 307 capital investment, 335–336 shipping, 225, 258, 260–261, 269, 311, 324 capitalism, 3, 4, 11, 12, 334 traders, 47, 53, 54, 56, 64, 166, 167, claims to Madagascar, 62, 64, 227, 298, 172–180, 214, 216, 218, 232, 239, 240, 330, 338, 339, 342, 344 279, 302, 310

Index 395

Franco-British Accord (1862), 329 Germano-British Treaty (1886), 326 Franco-British Entente Cordiale (1904), 328 Germano-British Treaty (1898), 326 Franco-British modus vivendi, 306, 324, 325, Germany, 329 agriculture, 189 Franco-British naval accord (1833), 226 commerce, 195, 196, 207, 261 Franco-German entente (1880s), 325 colonialism (see also German East Africa), Franco-Merina Treaty (1868), 109, 307, 329 325, 326, 327, 328 Franco-Merina Treaty (1885), 282, 300, 323 government, 325 Franco-Merina War (1883–5), 4, 12, 13, 15, industrialization, 324 103, 107, 108, 130, 131–132, 142, 175, navy, 324 177, 182, 195, 203, 205, 210, 227, 232, shipping, 261, 311, 324 235, 240–344 traders (see also O’Swald), 15, 166, 175, Franco-Merina War (1894–5), 269, 291, 202, 308 333–334, 339 Gesellschaft fur¨ deutsche Kolonisation Franco-Portuguese Agreement (1883), 216 (Company for German Colonisation), Franco-Prussian War, 4 325, 326 Francophonie, 1 gifts, 52, 54, 165, 231, 232, 233 Frank, Andre Gunder, 5 ginger, 44, 54, 66 fraud (see also adulteration, corruption), 44, Glasgow, 311 202, 226, 286, 304 glass, 96 free trade, 10, 62, 70, 77, 78, 82, 278, 280, production, 10, 97 305, 326–327, 329, 344 trade, 55, 200, 206 Freeman, Joseph (LMS missionary), 90, 101, Goa, 314 116, 307 goats, 29, 96 freight, 52, 74, 90, 128, 130, 165, 246, gold, 286, 288, 295, 318, 320 248–249, 250, 251, 256, 258, 262, 274, chains, 37 280, 298, 312 coinage, 70, 196, 290 freight rates, 14, 175, 178, 260, 261, 271–272, price, 196, 198 275, 311, 314 production, 15, 79, 103–107, 130, 131–133, French (see France) 142, 152, 195, 259, 300, 311, 312, Friends Foreign Missionary Association 315–316, 327, 335, 336, 338 (FFMA – see also missionaries), 119, rush, 316 153, 266, 267, 308, 322 smiths, 37, 85, 125 fruit, 37, 42, 57, 66, 100, 152, 188, 206, 296 trade, 7, 8, 11, 37, 106, 164, 195–198, 205, fuel, 34, 41, 42, 43, 44, 66, 81, 96, 115, 246, 211, 252, 265, 300, 303, 304, 316 254 Gold Coast, 106 fungal infections, 73 Gore-Jones (British naval commander), 253, furnaces, 246 322 blast, 97 Govea (trader), 177 bellow, 35, 36, 97 Grandidiers, Alfred & Guillaume, 3, 29, 36, 164, 247, 254, 318, 332 gadralava (see labor - convict) Granville, 325 galena, 96 Great Lakes, 326 Galiber (French admiral), 331 Grifﬁths, David (LMS missionary), 115, 116, Garnot (Mauritian trader), 83, 249 155 garrisons (see also forts), 70, 87, 89, 100, 118, Gros, Louis (Mascarene artisan), 101 131, 162, 164–165, 176, 205, 231, 249, guards, 23 254, 268, 331 Guinard (French gold concessionaire), 105 George Ropes (U.S. company), 166, 176, 177, Guizot, Francois¸ (French prime minister & 178, 179, 290 foreign minister), 329 German East Africa, 222, 242, 320, 326 Gujarat, 11 Germano-Boer plan, 325 gum copal, 11, 55, 166, 170, 191–192, 249, Germano-British Treaty (1885), 326 278

396 Index

gums, 85, 107, 196 273, 274, 279, 293, 297, 301, guns (see also muskets), 7, 103, 124, 130, 320 333 Hindus, 48, 120 trade, 176 hoarding, 47, 295 gunpowder, 39, 286 hogs (see pigs) as a currency, 44, 47 Holothuria (see sea slugs) price, 205 Holt (British steamship company), 311 production, 37, 85, 93, 96, 97, 102, 124, honey, 37, 41, 66 125, 130, 246 Hood, Cyrus (US trader), 171 trade, 55, 57, 71, 173, 176, 177, 203, 205, Hopkins, A.G., 82, 306, 334 206, 222, 284 Horombe plateau, 20 horses, 74, 206, 208, 244, 275 hail, 20, 26 Houlder, John (LMS missionary), 119 Hall, Gage John (acting Governor of household (see also family), 144 Mauritius, 1818), 69, 86, 343 housing, 54, 91 Hamburg, 15, 166, 173, 192, 195 Hova (see under caste) hammers, 36, 42, 81 hunter-gatherers, 22, 41 handkerchiefs, 55 hunting, 30, 189 Hansing (Hamburg trader), 173 hurricanes (see cyclones) harbors (see also ports), 19, 61, 101, 225, 228, 243, 261, 283, 323, 327 Ialatsara, 105 hardware, 200, 206, 208 Iaraivo, 132 haricots, 23, 28, 29, 42 Ibara (see also Madagascar – South), 14 harpoons, 30, 38 anti-Merina struggle, 336 Harrison-Smith (British gold concessionaire), cattle raising, 29 105 commerce, 41, 57, 185, 224 harvests, 23, 24, 26–28, 33, 108, 149, 225, people, 15 257, 296 raiders, 16, 178, 230, 336 shortfalls of, 15, 30, 40, 73, 82, 108, 110, sericulture, 31, 32 150, 151, 184, 220, 248 Ibo, 56, 191, 218, 219, 221, 222 hasina, 90, 277 Iboina, 343 Hastie, James (British army ofﬁcer and commerce, 57, 65, 67, 231 government agent), 30, 36, 43, 53, 55, 75, court, 64 78, 86, 115, 128, 141, 142, 217, 294, 295, Merina expansion into, 98, 186 296 Merina garrisons in, 100, 164 Hathorne (U.S. trader), 176 Swahili settlement in, 48 hazo (see rainforest) Ibraheme, Adam bin (Indian trader), 174 hazondrano (see also reeds), 31 ideology, 89 Heligoland, 327 Ihosy, 165 Hemileia vastatrix, 108, 188 Ikopa (river), 24, 93, 121, 150, 243, 244 hemp, 31, 38, 41, 43, 125, 320 Ilafy, 25, 93, 96, 117, 124, 246 herana (trade), 43, 66 Ile de France (see Mauritius) Hertz, 173 illness (see also disease), 52 Hiarambazaha, 164 Imamo, 31, 67, 141 Hiarandandriana, 25 Imerimandroso, 95 hides, 39, 73, 95, 252 Imerina, 22, 25, 26, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 55, 75, prices, 168, 169, 186, 187, 259, 274, 301, 78, 84, 89, 90, 114–130, 141, 143, 144, 334 146, 147, 150, 154, 197, 233, 244, 249, production (see tanning) 252, 264, 265, 295, 298 trade, 11, 55, 82, 99, 166, 167, 168, 169, administration, 10, 16, 87, 114, 123, 171, 172, 183, 186–188, 194, 200, 203, 131–132, 144, 154, 197, 202, 210, 217, 205, 206, 210, 244, 249, 252, 259, 260, 228, 231, 243, 251, 254, 257, 259, 263,

Index 397

264, 267, 268, 278, 283, 284, 285, 286, government, 1, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 291, 297, 340 50, 67, 68, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 89, 90, agriculture, 9, 24, 25, 26, 27, 107, 108, 113, 91, 95, 96, 102, 103, 106, 109, 110, 121, 122, 139, 142, 257 111–113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, alliance with Britain, 3, 9, 10, 14, 59, 60, 62, 123, 127, 130, 131–132, 136, 137, 67, 68–78, 82, 103, 162, 307, 308, 343, 138–140, 142, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 344 152, 153, 154, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, alliance with Jean René,68 168, 170, 179, 181, 184, 191, 197, 198, army (see also soldiers), 3, 9, 10, 15, 16, 67, 202, 203, 204, 205, 209, 210, 212, 214, 68, 76, 77, 89, 93, 95, 98, 100, 113, 114, 215, 216, 230, 245, 246, 248, 249, 250, 115, 116, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 252, 253, 256, 258, 259, 263, 264, 267, 131–132, 142, 148, 153, 154, 155, 269, 276, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 289, 162–165, 198, 214, 247, 248, 276, 322, 290, 291, 295, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 323, 330, 333–334, 338, 339, 340, 341, 304, 307, 308, 315, 322, 323, 324, 327, 343, 344 328, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, cattle raising, 29, 116 340, 341 citizenship, 172 imperialism, 8–10, 14, 52, 60, 64, 67, 68, colonies, 10, 244 70, 72, 76, 95, 97, 98, 113, 116, 117, 118, colonists, 100, 101, 340 122, 139, 148, 150, 153, 154, 155, 161, commerce (see also under slave trade and 164, 170, 177, 214, 217, 225, 230, traders), 9, 43–47, 50, 54, 55, 56, 57, 241–340 63–64, 65, 69, 70, 92, 93, 143, 151, industry (see also industrial experiment), 161–170, 177, 203, 205, 208, 234, 250, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 41, 80, 81, 82, 85, 92, 256, 273, 274, 279, 280, 289, 334, 338 102, 128, 186, 247, 304, 337 consuls, 300, 325, 327 Civil Wars, 8, 44, 57, 64, 68, 76, 149 court syndicate, 90, 117, 192, 194, 261, 265, population, 75, 76, 115, 116, 122, 127, 137, 266, 273 138, 144, 148, 151, 155, 156, 201, 203, crown, 4, 8, 9, 10, 14, 59, 60, 68–72, 76, 83, 253–254, 297 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 101, 103, Prime Minister (see Rainilaiarivony) 106, 107, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, Secretary of State, 231, 250 125, 127, 129, 131–132, 139, 152, 162, slave raids on, 230 163, 166, 181, 192, 193, 194, 195, 202, slave trade, 42, 43, 55, 56, 114–130, 217, 243, 249, 257, 264, 276, 277, 283, 322, 233, 235, 239, 240, 241 330, 337 sovereignty, 60, 77, 154, 329 crown contracts, 74, 83, 91, 99–100, 123, state church, 4, 15, 128, 131–132, 249, 264, 166, 170, 179, 188, 189, 192, 249, 278 308, 322, 338, 344 education system, 86–89, 90, 123 traders, 43, 50, 56, 58, 65, 67, 71, 72, 114, elite, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 85, 95, 101, 164, 165, 168, 180, 184, 187, 189, 205, 116, 117, 118, 127, 128, 129, 142, 154, 231, 281, 282, 292, 294, 301, 302, 303 155, 162, 208, 250, 259, 276, 278, 279, unification, 3, 9 280, 296 immigration, 18, 22, 50, 156 embassy, 330 Imperial British East Africa Company, 222 empire, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14–17, 40, 63, 65, import substitution, 92, 93, 210 67, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 89, 114, 118, 140, impoverishment (see also poverty), 16, 75, 76, 143, 151, 161–170, 177, 178, 179, 181, 80, 122, 151, 152, 153, 203, 276, 278, 184, 190, 195, 200, 208, 211, 213, 214, 304, 317, 337 215, 216, 217, 225, 228, 229, 230, 232, Inanga, 164 240, 245, 246, 249, 256, 257, 258, 259, incomes (see also wages), 9, 71, 141 264, 268, 275, 279–285, 290, 292, 295, indemnities, 166, 279, 282, 290, 300, 330, 301, 305, 322, 334, 336, 340, 341 331, 334, 344 fleet, 245 India, 5, 11, 17, 38, 43, 50, 61, 166, 180, 215, garrison commanders, 176, 249, 268 216, 305–306, 307, 321, 325, 328, 329

398 Index

India (cont.) international economy, 5, 6–7, 11, 17, 161, agricultural specialists, 100 180, 181, 209, 243, 276, 305 caste, 120 interpreters, 52 commerce, 7, 11, 49, 56, 92, 171, 176, 180, invasions, 93, 244 181, 190, 196, 203, 206, 207, 210, 228, iron, 9, 31, 103, 206, 263, 289 230, 261, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313, 314 bars, 34, 47, 208 contract labor, 118, 215, 216, 229, 230, 232, ironware, 7, 23, 26, 36, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 235, 314, 317 55, 66, 124, 334 convict labor, 83, 100, 127 ore, 34, 35, 97 craftsmen, 37 weights, 44, 286 credit structure, 11, 292–295, 297–298 workers (see also blacksmiths, iron manufactures, 62, 200 working), 74, 95, 97, 98, 101, 124 migration to Mauritius, 216 working, 34, 43, 74, 85 navy, 313 irrigation, 25, 26, 113, 121, 135, 149 planters, 101 Islam, 5, 54, 172 railways, 311 Islamic countries, 7, 181, 214, 236, 237, settlement, 48, 319 239, 310 shipping, 225, 228, 311, 312, 314, 320 Islamic traders (see also Swahili, traders,), soldiers, 305 13, 48, 56, 143, 171, 216, 227, 284 traders, 11, 13–14, 15, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 64, Isoraka, 93, 102 72, 75, 100, 106, 161, 166, 168, 170–180, Isotry, 145 184, 190, 191, 195, 202, 205, 209, 225, Italy, 196, 288, 327 230, 231, 232, 261, 273, 281, 292–295, Itasy (lake), 30, 95 297–298, 313–315, 319, 321, 341 Ivato, 108 West India, 13, 16, 48, 49, 226, 278, 281, Ivohitrambo, 38 282, 292, 314 Ivoloina, 109 Indian Ocean economy, 11–12, 15, 17, 51, Ivondrona, 99, 109, 244 180, 292, 294, 305–339 ivory, 7, 22, 170, 293, 308, 309 indigo, 33, 42, 96 Indo-China, 322, 325 Jacob, Guy, 334 Indonesia, 6, 22, 24 Janjina, 164 industrial experiment (see also Jauréguiberry(French admiral & government proto-industrialization), 10, 15, 16, 78, minister), 330, 331 79, 80, 82, 83, 92–99, 102, 110, 113, Java, 108 123–128, 186, 217, 246–247, 277, 336, Jeannin, Pierre, 81 337, 339, 340, 341 jewelry, 37, 42, 47, 55, 60, 295 Industrial Revolution, 6, 7, 14, 16, 102, 126, Johanna, 100, 172 181, 311, 333 Johannesburg, 311, 316 industrialization, 6, 10, 80, 81, 82, 83, 181 John Bertram (vessel), 270 industry, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 41, 43, 61, 73, John Haddon (London company), 269 75, 80, 81, 82, 85, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, Johns (Jones), David (LMS missionary), 101 102, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128–130, 186, Jones, Richard, 136 201, 246, 247–248, 277, 304, 324, 337 Joseph A. Ropes (vessel), 261 infanticide, 136, 141, 142 judiciary, 4, 110, 116, 154, 296, 303 infants, 142, 144, 146, 152 inflation, 47, 65, 258, 290 Kabevana, 164 influenza, 151, 152 kaolin, 34 Inhambane, 218, 221, 239 Karana, 13 insects, 73 Karany, 13 insurance, 261 Katsoaka, 25 interest rates, 91, 277, 294, 295–297, 298, 300, Kazembe, 219 301, 302 Kelialina, 25

Index 399

Kent, Raymond, 2, 327, 330 skilled (see also artisans), 15, 37, 74, 85, 90, kerosene, 191, 201, 260 102, 123, 127, 129, 271, 272, 341 Kestell-Cornish (SPG Bishop), 265 unskilled, 15, 72, 90, 102, 127, 128, 271, Khoja, 48 272, 337, 341 kidnapping, 41–43 wage, 52, 74, 90, 117, 141, 214, 257, 272, Kilimanjaro, 326 273, 280, 282, 304 kilns, 34 Lacombe, Laguéval de, 164 Kilwa, 56, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224, 342 lagoons, 19, 244 Kingdon, Abraham (FFMA missionary, turned Lagos, 327 trader & entrepreneur), 105, 267, 291, lamba, 93, 115, 201 292, 300 Lambert Charter, 298 Kingony, 132 Lambros (trader & planter), 244 Kinkony (lake), 37 Lancashire (see also Manchester), 92 kinship, 9, 293 Langany, 48 Kirk, John (British consular agent), 321, Larson, Pier, 56 326–327 Lastelle, Napoléonde (Réunionnaistrader, Kisaony, 25 planter & manufacturer), 91, 97, 99, 100, Kitching, Gavin, 140, 141 102, 166, 186, 192, 193, 204, 337 Klein, Martin, 112 lead, 96, 206, 259 knives, 27, 36, 42, 47, 51, 66 Leakey, 146 Korea, 112 leather (see also hides), 39, 70, 73, 97, 124, Kota Kota, 220 130 Kriedte, Peter, 80 leather products (see also footware), 93, 95 leaves, 31, 40, 252 Laborde, Jean (French artisan & legislation, 44, 78, 253, 296 manufacturer), 91, 93, 96, 99, 100, 102, Lemerle, Achille (Mascarene trader), 174 189, 247, 277 Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul (member of French labor, 9, 12, 14, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26–28, 52, 77, colonial grouping), 331 83, 85, 86, 89, 90, 91, 95, 99, 102, 105, life expectancy, 145, 156 107, 110, 111–133, 139, 140, 141, lime, 73, 95, 97, 129, 247 142–144, 152, 189, 195, 215, 216, 225, Limpopo (river), 333 230, 232, 235, 236, 240, 246, 253, 256, Lindi, 219, 221, 222 263, 276, 277, 278, 316, 317, 338 literacy, 10, 86, 87, 89, 102, 123, 162, 264 child, 23, 36, 81, 131–132, 133, 257, 341 Liverpool, 207, 311 contract, 11, 77, 90, 118, 215, 216, 241, Livingstone, David, 118 253, 310, 314, 317 loans (see also credit), 83, 91, 112, 268, 276, convict, 85, 100 282, 294, 296, 300, 301, 302, 303, division of, 8, 14, 26–28, 31, 81, 102 335 female, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 53, 75, 81, locusts, 26, 42, 183 92, 105, 115, 130, 131–132, 133, 142, Loch, Henry (British High Commissioner for 152, 246, 256 South Africa), 328 forced (see also fanompoana; corvées),10, Lohasoa, 100, 247 15, 16, 90, 100, 102, 112–133, 139, 141, Lokoho, 48 149, 151, 152, 162, 184, 202, 209, 212, London, 82, 90, 166, 192, 193, 195, 269, 270, 217, 256, 258, 264, 278, 304, 339, 340, 282, 288, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303, 325, 341 327 industrial, 15, 87, 90 London Missionary Society (LMS – see also migrant, 6, 118, 214, 215 missionaries), 77, 78, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, slave (see also slavery; slaves), 49, 76, 84, 102, 123, 128, 129, 132, 141, 143, 214, 85, 90, 100, 110, 112–113, 120, 128, 129, 248, 249, 257, 264, 265, 266, 269, 130, 139, 141, 142, 165, 184, 202, 240, 271–272, 280, 298, 307, 308, 322, 323, 249–259, 261, 265, 273, 304 343, 344

400 Index

London Missionary Society (cont.) 188, 189, 190, 194, 195, 200, 201, 202, artisan missionaries, 73, 74, 75, 83, 87, 91, 207, 208, 211, 214, 221, 223, 243, 244, 92, 93, 95, 96, 123, 129, 248 245, 247, 248, 250, 253, 261, 267, 278, clerical missionaries, 59, 74, 86, 87, 90, 279, 281, 289, 298, 299, 301, 303, 312, 91, 96, 101, 115, 116, 123, 132, 162, 313, 318, 319, 334, 337, 340, 342 258 highlands (see also Imerina), 3, 8, 9, 15, 16, credit system, 298–300 18, 20, 22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 39, 43, 52, 55, expulsion from Imperial Madagascar, 96, 56, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 73, 80, 83, 135, 123, 307, 343 136, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, looms, 32, 33, 74 152, 153, 161, 171, 177, 178, 184, 190, Louis Philippe (French king, r. 1830–48), 330 201, 203, 208, 218, 223, 226, 229, 231, Lourenco¸ Marques, 312 259, 263, 266, 268, 274, 279, 285, 298, Lugard, 201 333, 334, 337, 340, 341 Lunda, 219 historiography of, 1–8, 12, 14, 15, 16, Lurio, 221 59–60, 114, 122, 136, 201, 306, 327, 334, Lyon, 31 340 lowlands, 10, 15, 97, 135, 136, 144, 148, Maasai, 145, 146 151, 152, 190 McCubbin (Natal company), 175, 315 Mascarene settlement in, 50, 107, 108, McEvedy, Colin, 136 141 machinery, 10, 92, 93, 97, 99, 247, 277 nation-state, 3–4, 8, 340 Mackenzie (director, Imperial British East nationalism, 4 Africa Company), 222 North, 20, 22, 29, 30, 37, 47, 50, 150, 175, Mackinnon, William (Scottish ship owner), 313 11–12, 306, 311, 321, 326 Northeast, 50, 52, 56, 57, 62, 63, 65, 67, 69, Madagascar 73, 76, 93, 95, 108, 109, 150, 151, 153, area, 1 165, 182, 184, 190, 192, 193, 195, 228, commerce (see also slaves, trade), 247, 249 domestic, 8, 14, 40–47, 164, 165, 282 Northwest, 24, 30, 31, 38, 48, 49, 51, 56, foreign, 6, 9, 15, 48–58, 65, 69, 70, 72, 57, 98, 106, 109, 162, 170, 171, 172, 77, 78, 83, 121, 161, 165, 166, 167, 173, 175, 184, 224, 229, 230, 233, 170, 172, 181–212, 244, 249, 250, 257, 235, 261, 289, 297, 298, 313, 330, 278, 285, 336, 339, 341 331, 343 exports, 8, 9, 10, 47, 49, 51, 57, 62, 63, plateau (see highlands) 65, 68, 70, 71, 73, 91, 92, 93, 95, 97, South (see also Ibara), 8, 10, 15, 20, 22, 29, 99, 100, 107, 121, 123, 151, 165, 166, 34, 41, 67, 113, 118, 178, 179, 181, 216, 167, 168, 170, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 322, 336, 340 179, 181–198, 202, 203, 204, 205, 222, Southeast, 22, 24, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 83, 256, 262, 273, 274, 277, 278, 285, 290, 136, 145, 164, 214, 241–252 297, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 315, 316, Southwest, 41, 57, 67, 174, 175, 176, 177, 334 185, 187, 195, 203, 211, 227, 235, 297, imports, 8, 9, 13, 47, 55, 65, 66, 69, 71, 314 72, 74, 91, 92, 93, 102, 103, 109, 128, traders, 15, 43, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 58, 65, 151, 161, 167, 168, 169, 173, 176, 177, 67, 71, 72, 114, 164, 165, 168, 176, 180, 179, 200, 232, 233, 249, 258, 273, 277, 184, 187, 189, 205, 231, 281, 282, 292, 278, 279, 285, 291, 298, 299, 300, 301, 294, 301, 302, 303, 319 302, 312, 315, 322, 334 West (see also Sakalava), 8, 9, 10, 13, 15, East, 9, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22–24, 29, 30, 31, 19, 20–22, 24, 29, 30, 31, 34, 37, 38, 40, 33, 37, 40, 41, 44, 49, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 41, 43, 47, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 64, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 72, 73, 85, 67, 70, 71, 72, 77, 100, 102, 113, 118, 90, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 107, 108, 128, 161, 170–180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 187, 140, 144, 151, 161, 162, 164, 165, 166, 189, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197, 200, 170, 173, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209, 211, 214, 216,

Index 401

218, 221, 224, 226, 229–232, 240, Malawi, 219, 242 241–278, 279, 285, 289, 290, 294, 297, Malawi (lake), 220, 222, 224 313, 314, 315, 319, 322, 334, 336, 340, Maldive Islands, 308 343, 344 Malindi, 48 Madagascar Times, 201 malnutrition, 151, 154 Madeira, 270 Mamba, 25 Madras, 38, 166 Manambolo (port and river), 48, 50, 221, 229, Maevatanana, 103, 105, 106, 336, 338 233, 314 Mahabo, 95, 162, 164, 231, 268 Manakara, 282 Mahafaly, 29, 40 Mananara, 51, 151, 282 Mahajamba, 48, 51, 221 river, 37, 43, 99 Mahajanga, 14, 150, 174, 175, 227, 233, 245, Manandriana, 132, 247 326 Mananivo River, 221 commerce, 9, 50, 51, 57, 102, 106, 118, Mananjary, 51, 100, 107, 109, 111–337 161, 170–173, 174, 175, 182, 186, 190, Manchester (see also Lancashire), 75, 93 191, 192, 201, 204, 205, 209, 217, 221, Mandiavato, 25 229, 239, 246, 260, 261, 267, 270, 279, Mandridrano, 151, 177 282, 283, 289, 294, 298, 300, 312 Manerinerina, 164, 244 French blockade of, 210 Maneva, 164 French occupation of, 211, 322, 331 Manganja, 219 Merina conquest of, 9, 70, 170, 245, 343 Manjakamiadana, 247 Merina garrison in, 128, 162, 164, 165 Manjakandrianombana, 323 plantations, 100 Mandritsara, 105 postal services, 266, 268, 270 Mangoro, 107, 249 foreign community in, 48, 50, 51 mangroves, 100 population, 150, 153 Maniendy, 30 Mahambo, 51 manila, 107 Mahanara, 48 Maningony valley, 22 Mahanoro, 51, 109, 166, 182, 211, 257, 267, manioc, 23, 28, 29, 116 282, 299 trade, 40, 43, 66, 256 Mahasita, 38 Manjakamiadana, 127 Mahatombo, 101 Manning, Patrick, 154 Mahavelona, 37, 49, 51, 55, 56, 57, 63, 65, 73, Manoro, 51 99, 100, 101, 150, 182, 192, 221, 223, Mantasoa, 91, 96, 97, 100, 102, 124, 127, 128, 244, 248, 307, 342, 343 247, 277 Mah´e, 270 manufactures, 9, 10, 66 Mahela, 51, 98, 100, 111–166, 182, 186, 189, manufacturing (see also industrial 190 experiment), 9, 10, 91 mail (see postal service) Maputo, 326 Maintirano, 51, 176, 177, 179, 187, 191, 221, markets 229, 230, 231, 235, 240, 294, 314 foreign, 49, 55–56, 57, 74, 95, 102, 181, Mainty (see under caste) 183, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, maize, 23, 28, 29, 100, 116 194, 195, 202, 230, 285, 301 trade, 40, 49, 57, 66, 184, 200 domestic, 29, 36, 43, 50, 54, 56, 57, 65, 69, Majunga (see Mahajanga) 74, 75, 81, 92, 95, 96, 101, 109, 114, 115, Makua, 219, 236 117, 127, 161, 169, 177, 184, 189, 191, Makomba, 51 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, Malabar traders, 313 207, 208, 229, 230, 241–302 Malagasy origins, 1–2, 3, 6, 22 market economy, 9 Malaimbandy, 162, 164 market stewards, 44 malaria, 7, 10, 16, 62, 76, 140, 146, 148–149, Marks, William, 83, 102, 170–171 150, 151, 152, 163, 245, 253, 255, 316, Maria Theresa dollar, 288, 290, 293 323, 333, 339, 342, 343 Marofototra, 51

402 Index

Maroantsetra, 51, 52, 164, 192, 282, 300 government, 74, 90, 99, 214, 215, 269, 279, Maromiasa, 84 342 maromita (see mpaka entana; mpilanjana; governors of, 43, 61, 86, 203, 248 porters) immigration, 317 Maroratsy, 84 Merina youths in, 85, 90 Marovatana, 25, 31, 122, 131, 150 overpopulation, 61, 317–319 Marovoay, 51, 109, 164, 186, 187, 229 postal service, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273 marriage, 53, 141, 178 settlement in Madagascar, 77, 317–319, 343 Marseille, 166, 167, 173, 260, 269, 270 shipping, 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 306, marshes, 20, 24, 26, 120, 121, 122, 139, 145 311, 322 Mascarenes (see also Mauritius, R´eunion, soldiers, 62 plantations), 61, 216, 233, 241, 307, 313, traders, 11, 70, 83, 111–344 316, 321 Mayeur, Nicolas (French trader), 25, 34, 36, British blockade of, 65 42, 50, 53, 63, 64, 127, 289 British occupation of, 65 Mayotta, 175, 240, 260, 270, 311, 343 commerce, 6, 49, 52, 55–56, 65, 73, 83, 95, measles, 146, 150 116, 151, 166, 170, 181–182, 184–185, measures (see also weights), 44–45 193, 202, 207–208, 213, 214, 218, 219, meat, 29, 30, 39, 73, 182 222, 224, 225, 226, 230, 233, 234, 235, trade, 42, 49, 55, 57, 66, 82, 95, 182, 184, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 260, 270, 186 285, 294, 297, 301, 310, 312, medical services, 134, 135, 136, 143, 144, 338 153 economy, 48, 184, 240, 316–319 medicines, 7, 333 emigration, 317–319 Mediterranean, 5 government, 49, 53 Menabe, 40, 100, 143, 164, 176, 177, 230 population, 95, 181, 317, 318 Menalamba Uprising, 4, 136, 306, 319, 338 shipping, 231, 262, 312 Mendels, Franklin, 79, 80, 81 traders, 13, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 63, 64, 65, Merina (see Imerina) 91, 151, 165, 166, 170, 174, 182, 184, Merina Code (1881), 291 207, 218, 223, 226, 230, 231, 232, 233, Messageries Maritimes (steamship company), 239, 240, 253, 257, 261, 262, 265, 267, 260–261, 268, 270, 271–273, 319 268, 273, 278, 279–304 metals, 37, 39 Mashonaland, 316 metalworking (see also iron manufacturing), Masindrano, 51 37, 75, 81 Masombahiny, 25 metal workers, 85 masons, 101, 129 Mexican coinage, 47, 106, 288, 290, 291, 292 Massachusetts, 51 Miantsoarivo, 132 Massingire, 240 Middle East, 5, 7, 17, 56, 112, 237, 238 Matabeleland, 316 middlemen, 9, 11, 15, 56, 63, 64, 67, 166, Matitatana, 31, 51 168–170, 172, 174, 176, 179, 230, 231, mats, 31, 33, 57, 81 235, 293, 294, 313 Mauritius (see also Mascarenes, plantations), migration, 156, 317, 320 4, 11, 60, 61–62, 68, 69, 83, 100, 118, Mikea, 22 166, 189, 215, 216, 260, 269, 311, 314, Mikindani, 221, 222 318, 323, 327 Milburn, 239 British colonization of, 61–62, 305–306, military ofﬁcers, 101, 115, 129, 130, 131–132, 307, 328 162, 163, 164, 165, 205, 276, 278 commerce, 11, 15, 51, 62, 71, 167, 171, milk, 29, 57, 66 182, 185, 186, 188, 192, 193, 200, 204, millet, 29 206, 210, 211, 214, 233, 270, 288, 297, mills (see also factories), 92, 93, 96, 102, 201 298, 299, 301, 311, 316, 317 mines, 34 economy, 316–319 mining (see also gold production), 34, 38, 81, emigration, 317–319 103, 113, 126, 274

Index 403

mints, 47, 288, 291, 300 mortgages, 294, 296 missionaries (see also LMS), 2, 3, 4, 10, 13, motor vehicles, 269 14, 15, 16, 59, 92, 110, 115, 131, 149, mountains, 22, 24, 80, 81 162, 195, 207, 242, 247, 248, 264, 265, Mozambique (see also Mozambique Island), 268, 281, 285, 298, 341 216, 224, 306, 321, 326–327, 328, 329 credit system, 298–300, 304 coast, 6, 38, 43, 64, 174, 182, 205, 219, 220, mail service, 265, 266 222, 224, 226, 228, 230, 236, 239, 285 expulsion of, 89, 248 commerce, 6, 7, 15, 49, 171, 174, 175, use of fanompoana labor, 101, 131–132, 178–179, 182, 187, 190, 191, 194, 205, 133, 248–249, 264 214, 218, 219, 220, 224, 226, 228, 230, Mocha, 99, 195 232, 235, 236, 239–240, 270, 277, 294, Mocimboa,¸ 219, 221 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 339 Mogadishu, 195 Portuguese settlement, 49, 179 Mohammed Ali, ruler of Egypt, 8 slaves in Madagascar, 131, 226, 233, 235, Moma, 221 336 Mombasa, 191, 307 Mozambique Channel, 18, 38, 50, 213, 221, money (see also coinage, commodity monies, 223–229, 235, 293, 307 piastres), 9, 47, 57, 69, 76, 116, 117, 120, Mozambique Island, 56, 174, 218, 219, 221, 161, 200, 201, 222, 233, 254, 255, 256, 239 273, 276–304 mpaka entana, 251–252, 254, 267, 271–272 moneychangers, 285, 287 mpanantatra, 122 moneylenders, 295, 296 mpilanjana, 251, 252, 254, 271, 272 money supply, 65, 70, 71, 75, 169, 258, 280, mules, 74 282, 285–292, 295–304, 336 Mullens, Joseph (LMS director), 165, 257 monopolies, 113, 177, 202, 260, 261, 325 Munroe Doctrine, 321 granted foreign traders, 166, 170, 186, 190, Muscat, 329 192, 198, 249 muskets, 37, 42, 47, 50, 51 of Ambohimalaza cartel, 169 production, 93, 96, 97 of East India Company, 313 trade, 47, 55, 57, 63, 91, 153, 173, 203, 205, of Indian traders, 177, 179, 294 206, 279 of La Compagnie des Indes,63 Myre de Viliers (French Resident in of members of the Merina court, 91, 117, Madagascar), 311, 332 179, 184, 277, 280, 296, 299, 336 of Merina crown, 10, 70, 71, 83, 86, 89, 90, nails, 36 103, 106, 107, 113, 162, 165, 166, 170, Namehana, 246 181, 192, 193, 194, 195, 209, 212, 215, Namorona river, 37 216, 278, 284, 291 Napoleon I (French Emperor, 1804–14, of porters, 85 1814–5), 290 monsoons (see wind) Napoleon III (French Emperor, 1852–70), 330 Moramanga valley, 22 Napoleonic Wars, 4, 51, 61, 209, 215, 225, Moresby Treaty (1822), 239 278, 307, 313, 328, 338 Morice, 64, 342 Narinda, 221 Morocco, 333 Natal, 260, 271, 305–306 Moromaniry, 84 commerce, 11, 15, 175, 179, 180, 185, 186, Morombe, 231 187, 203, 205, 207, 211, 268, 270, 285, Morondava, 51, 57, 162, 176, 200, 205, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315–316, 341 210, 221, 231, 248, 267, 268, 282, 300, postal service, 266, 268, 269 315 shipping, 266, 268, 269, 311, 312, 315, 322 Moriandro, 25 sugar cane industry, 317 mortality, 10, 16, 42, 76, 102, 118, 136, 144, Natal Bank (Durban), 297 145–156, 239, 311, 333, 343 nationalism, 4, 305–306 mortality rate, 134, 135, 140, 142, 144, natural disasters, 140, 185, 236, 316, 333 145–156, 163, 216, 217, 236, 240 needles, 36, 42

404 Index

neo-Marxists, 79 oligarchy, 60, 163, 166 Netherlands, 1 Oliver, S.P., 31, 33, 130 New England (see also Salem), 260 Oman (company), 268 New Oriental Bank of London, 301, 303 Oman, 306, 341 New Year (see Fandroana) Omanirule in East Africa, 171, 173, 218, 237, New York, 189, 194, 270, 299 313, 326 New Zealand, 18 Onilahy River, 243 Nguni, 240 Onive valley, 22, 103 nickel, 300 open door policy, 307 Nicol (French trader & planter), 100, 189 opium, 38 Nicolay, William (Governor of Mauritius), opportunity costs, 15, 16, 102, 337 203, 248 Oran, 331 Niger (river), 325 orchil, 40, 57, 195, 200, 293 Nigeria, 135 Oriental Bank (Mauritius), 297, 298 Nile (river), 321 Orieux (French planter), 84 nitre, 95, 246 ostrich, 55 nitrogen, 26 overheads, 74, 261 Norden (trader), 177 overpopulation, 61, 135, 136, 317–319 Normandy (vessel), 204, 207 Owen, 225 Norway, 270 Norwegian Missionary Society (NMS), 266, pacification, 62 268, 270, 282, 297 Paillard, Yvan-Georges, 136, 148 Nosy Be, 109, 170, 175, 240, 343 painting, 85 commerce, 167, 170, 173, 174, 175, 187, Pakenham, Thomas (LMS missionary turned 190, 194, 201, 205, 207, 221, 260, 261, British consular official), 252, 299, 270, 290, 297, 311 303 French colonial rule on, 175, 207, 343 palaces, 101, 127, 247 population, 48 palanquins, 106, 244, 252, 253 Sakalava revolt on (1848–9), 173, 174 Paris, 301, 330, 332 Nosy Boraha, 30, 49, 51, 108, 207, 221, 244, parrots, 23 260, 270, 342, 343 Passandava, 170, 221, 228 Nosy Faly, 343 passports, 78, 165, 254, 259, 273 Nosy Komba, 343 Paulus (vessel), 270 Nosy Mitsio, 343 pawnship, 116 Nosy Ve, 175, 179, 211, 260, 314 Pax Britannica, 313 Nsenga, 219 peas, 42 numeracy, 10 pedlars, 165 nutrients, 23, 24 Pelisier (Mascarene trader), 262 Nyamwezi, 249 Pemba, 213, 237 Nyasa, 326–327 Pepin, César(Mascarene trader), 174 Nyiuba, 120 pepper, 51 perfumes, 57, 190 oaths, 54 Persian Gulf, 171, 214, 237, 313 oats, 73 Peters, Karl, 325, 326–327 Obock, 331 Pfieffer, Ida, 246 O’Swald (Hamburg company)., 15, 166, 173, pharmaceuticals, 190 174, 175, 176, 190, 195, 207, 261, 290, Philibert, 244 292, 293, 297, 298, 302, 303, 310, 325 piastres, 40, 44, 47, 55, 56, 63, 92, 286, 288 ochre, 33 Pickersgill, William (LMS missionary, turned oil (see also kersosene), 66, 262 British consular agent), 274, 323, coconut, 100, 206 327 fish, 30, 38 Pierre (French naval commander), 330, 331 neat’s foot, 95, 125 Pietermaritzburg, 311

Index 405

pigs, 29, 42, 57, 66 288, 300, 314, 315, 325, 328, 331, 334, wild, 23, 73 343 Piolet, J.B., 113 French occupation of, 175, 211, 267, 268, pirates, 48, 49, 313, 343 269, 283, 284, 285, 322, 327, 331, 342 plague, 150, 152 Merina governors of, 162, 172, 202, 259, plantain, 23, 66, 100 260, 284 plantations, 213, 214, 237, 293, 310 Portugal, 28, 326 in Madagascar, 10, 70, 84, 85, 99–101, 102, colonies (see Portuguese East Africa) 107–109, 110, 113, 128, 172, 181, 188, commerce, 207 189, 207, 244, 335, 337, 343 government, 222, 321, 327 on the Comoro Islands, 172, 227, 241 maritime activity, 6, 225, 311 on the Mascarenes, 6, 7, 8, 14, 70, 77, 95, traders, 48 114, 118, 182, 184, 202, 213, 218, 222, Portuguese East Africa, 49, 179, 218, 222, 225, 229, 230, 240, 241 225, 228, 238, 242, 313, 327 on Mauritius, 6, 7, 8, 47, 49, 62, 188, 214 postal service, 246, 264–271, 311 in North America, Postal Union, 266, 269 on Réunion,6, 8, 47, 49, 110, 188, 214, 215, potash, 246 216, 227 potassium, 26 planters, 50, 77, 108, 110, 118, 166, 214, 215, potatoes (see also sweet potatoes), 66 216, 253, 279, 297, 317 pottery, 31 plough, 73 manufacture, 33–34, 81, 97 plunder (see also booty), 176 trade, 40, 66 pneumonia, 152 poultry (see fowl) Pointe-a-Larée,244` poverty (see also impoverishment), 75, 85, polygamy, 117, 140, 145, 160 116, 319 Pool, D. Ian, 156 poverty gap, 295 population (see also depopulation; prayer meetings, 89 overpopulation), 18, 48, 69, 75, 76, 84, prazos, 219, 240 95, 113, 115, 116, 122, 127, 134–160, pregnancy, 141, 146 165, 181, 201, 203, 240, 244, 253–254, presents (see gifts) 297, 317, 319, 333 prestations, 121 censuses, 123, 135, 136, 137 prime minister – (see Rainilaiarivony) density, 8, 9, 22, 24, 50, 61, 68, 83, 113, printing, 101, 248, 267, 269 121, 122, 135, 136, 139, 145, 153 prison, 162 growth, 8, 14, 80, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, prisoners of war, 42, 64 139, 144, 181, 318 privateers, 51, 61 porcelain, 57 Prize Negroes, 215, 225 Port Elizabeth, 270 Procter Brothers (company), 166, 167, 282, Port Louis, 61, 266, 318, 328 299, 300, 301 Port Said, 270 Procter, Samuel (Imperial Malagasy consul in Portal, 329 London), 325, 327 porterage, 81, 83, 90, 106, 117, 119, 127, 128, productivity, 25, 86, 90 129, 130, 169, 246–259, 263, 264, 271, profits, 9, 43, 56, 64, 71, 72, 77, 83, 93, 272, 273, 274–275, 277, 280 131–132, 133, 165, 171, 184, 216, 228, porters, 52, 74, 85, 101, 117, 124, 141, 165, 229, 233–235, 253, 262, 277, 278, 283, 202, 244, 246–259, 264, 265, 271, 272, 312 273, 274, 275, 277, 280, 292 property, 78, 109, 110, 294, 296 ports (see also harbors), 9, 49, 51, 53, 56, prostitution, 143 61, 62, 65, 70, 83, 145, 150, 162, protectorates, 4, 16, 216, 227, 232, 290, 300, 166, 170–179, 182, 185, 197, 209, 210, 324, 326, 327, 330, 331, 332, 338, 211, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221, 225, 227, 343 228, 229, 231, 235, 249, 259, 262, protest (see also revolt), 10, 15, 256, 257, 275, 263, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 279–285, 279

406 Index

proto-industrialization, 79–91, 92, 102, 141 Rainilaiarivony, 4, 84, 118, 120, 128, 129, 145, provisions (see also diet), 54, 81, 85, 90, 91, 163, 168, 249, 251, 258, 268, 277, 278, 122, 134, 139, 142, 145, 151, 154, 165, 284, 291, 292, 299, 300, 327 254, 256, 337 Rainimaharavo, 166, 231, 250 trade in, 6, 8, 10, 30, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 61, Rainimaharo (member of court elite), 116 82, 181–186, 200, 206, 228, 256, 273, Rainimanana (Verkey – Merina artisan trained 282, 298, 316 in Britain), 93, 102 public works, 80, 121, 122, 123, 127, 300 Rainimanana (Merina trader), 168 pupils (see scholars) Rainizafindrazaka (Merina officer), 176 purslane, 57 Rainizanaka (Merina trader), 168 Putnam, Horace (US trader), 297 Rainizanamanga (eldest son of Pye, Thomas (British agent), 65, 68 Rainilaiarivony), 84 Raison, Francoise,¸ 116, 129 quarrying, 81, 124, 129, 247, 248 Rajoely (Merina trader), 168 Quelimane, 218, 219, 221, 222, 239 Rakoto Radama (see Radama II) Querimba, 56 Ralambo (Merina king c. 1575–1610), 121 Quinga, 221 Rama, F.H. (Merina trader), 168 quinine, 7, 140, 149, 284, 333 Ramanajoharo (Merina trader), 168 Quintangonhe, 218 Ramanana (Merina trader), 168 Quissanga, 221, 224 Ramanananjohn (Merina trader), 168 Ramanangodra (Merina trader), 168 Rabau freres,` 173 Ramanetaka (Governor of Mahajanga), 172 Radama I (Merina king r. c. 1810–28), 3, 9, 10, Ramba (sister of Rainilaiarivony), 145 55, 59, 60, 63, 67, 68–72, 76, 77–78, 82, Ramboamadio (Merina garrison officer, 84, 85, 86, 89, 92, 93, 100, 101, 115, 123, Mahabo), 231 124, 127, 164, 165, 166, 215, 217, 243, Ranavalona I (Merina queen, r. 1828–61), 4, 244, 245, 246, 253, 278, 279, 291, 295, 10, 59, 60, 78, 85, 89, 93, 96, 124–125, 297, 307 155, 163, 204, 216, 248, 279, 295, 298, Radama II (Merina king, r. 1861–3), 4, 102, 330 118, 128, 244, 278, 279, 330 Randriamihary (Merina trader), 168 Rafaralahy Bay, 51 Randriantaola (Merina trader), 168 raffia, 31, 33 Randriantsola (see Randriantsolo) raffia palm cultivation, 31, 188, 189 Randriantsolo (Merina trader), 168 raffia cloth, 1.X Ranofotsy, 51 raffia rope, 38, 189 Ranomafana, 164 price, 189 Ranopas, 177 trade, 40, 42, 44, 66, 189 Raoelina (Merina trader), 168 rafts, 38 Raolombelona (Merina artisan trained in Raharo (member of court elite), 163 Britain), 75, 93 raids (see also slave, raiding), Raombana (Merina court secretary educated in maritime, 38, 43, 48, 61 Britain), 87, 116, 148, 154 terrestrial, 15, 16, 52, 56, 152, 162, 338, rapids, 22 341 Rasaheno (Merina trader), 168 railways, 11, 268, 275, 311, 312, 316, 338 Rasoherina (Merina queen r. 1863–8), 125 Rainandriamampandry (Governor of Ratefy (Merina prince), 116, 244 Toamasina), 260 Ratoera (commander of Betsiriry army), 177 rainfall (see also season, rainy), 20, 21, 22, 24, Ratofarilana (Merina trader), 168 73, 105, 146, 149, 150, 253 Ratrimo (Merina garrison officer), 101 rainforest, 20, 23–24, 34, 245–246, 253 Ratsimanohatra (Merina trader), 168 Rainharo (member of court elite), 116 Ravarika (see Rainimanana) Rainialidera (Merina trader), 168 Ravoavahy (Merina trader), 168 Rainiharo, 295 raw materials, 61, 66, 74, 83, 103, 126, 246 Rainiketramanga, 257 Razafimbelo (Merina trader), 168

Index 407

Razafindrintsoa (Merina trader), 168 stocks, 25, 115, 122, 152, 276 rebellion (see revolt) prices, 182, 276 Rebut et Savatile (French company), 167 surpluses, 8, 9, 14, 25, 102, 122 reciprocity, 41 trade, 40, 42, 43, 49, 52, 55, 66, 82, 165, recruitment, 167, 182–183, 188, 196, 200, 204, 206, army, 76, 77, 87, 128, 139, 142, 162, 163, 207, 256, 276, 279, 301 259, 341 weights & measures, 44, 286, 287 forced labor, 123, 128, 129, 130, 131–132, Richardson, James (LMS missionary), 165, 133, 142, 259, 341 258 general tasks, 128 rickshaws, 275 school, 86, 162 rifles, 177, 298, 334 Red Sea, 2, 237, 313, 325 Rigaud (French gold concessionaire), 105 reeds, use of (see also zozoro, hazondrano), rinderpest, 145 31, 37 Rio de Janeiro, 235 reforms, 44 ritual, 120, 121, 136, 153, 186, 208, 277 refugees (see also flight), 15, 152, 177 riverine regicide, 118 commerce, 50, 52, 229 regional specialisation, 80, 81 cultivation, 24, 27, 29 Registe (French company), 167, 175 fishing, 30 René, Jean (Malagasy-French trader, king of transport, 22, 38, 98, 243, 245 Toamasina d.1826), 65, 68, 69 roads (see also transport, overland), 74, 77, residence permits, 78 127, 244, 274–275, 333 Réunion (see also Mascarenes, plantations), 4, Roandriana, 38 12, 99, 100, 108, 110, 214, 215, 216–217, Robequain, Charles, 136 240, 260, 307, 318, 328 Robin, 86 British capture of, 61, 307 Robinson (US consul), 204 commerce, 55, 70, 71, 97, 166, 182, 185, Rodrigues, 317 186, 188, 192, 211, 226, 229, 230, 233, Rogers (trader), 301 235, 260, 270, 280, 297, 310 Rontaunay (trader), 83, 99, 166, 182, 184, 186, deputies, 328, 330, 332 188, 190, 207 economy, 316–319 rope, 38, 39, 247 emigration, 317–319 Ropes, Emmerton (U.S. company), 166, 175, government, 279 187, 190, 196, 198, 204, 290, 291, 293, overpopulation, 317 300, 302, 303 postal service, 269, 270 Roret, 96 settlers in Madagascar, 110, 317–319 Rosebery, Archibald (British Foreign traders, 70, 99, 110, 166, 188, 218 Secretary & prime minister), 327 revenue (see also duties, taxes), 76, 276–304, rose wood, 190 334 Ross, Robert, 146 from domestic taxes, 76 Rossier brothers (Mascarene traders), 174, 176 from trade, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 82, Røstvig, Lars (NMS missionary), 268, 297 162, 166, 202, 209, 278, 283, 284, 285, Roux de Fraissinet (French company), 166, 291, 300, 301 174, 175, 176, 190, 232, 246, 261 revolt, 4, 10, 16, 65, 70, 115, 136, 173, Rovuma (river), 219, 221 174, 305–306, 319, 326, 327, 336, Rowlands, Thomas (LMS missionary), 73, 75, 338 92, 93 Rhodesia, 316 Royal Bank of Madagascar, 300 Rianambo, 100, 189 rubber rice, 29, 32, 34, 115, 254 prices, 193, 194, 195, 334 cultivation, 8, 9, 14, 16, 20, 23–28, 56, 84, production, 57, 82, 107, 109, 143, 192–195 100, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 121, 122, trade, 11, 109, 174, 192–195, 200 125, 135, 139, 149, 150, 151, 152, 244, rum (see also alcohol), 254 257, 337 prices, 207, 208

408 Index

rum (cont.) Salem, 51, 166, 170, 171, 192, 260 production, 100, 207 Salisbury, 326 trade, 151, 206, 207–208, 297 salt, 47, 73, 96 rupees, 281, 288, 290, 293, 298 production, 37 Russia, 81, 82, 86, 87, 189, 260, 324, 326, 336 trade, 40, 41, 42, 43, 55, 57, 66, 187, 196, Ryder, 187 206 Sama, Mose (Swahili leader, Mahajanga), 172 St. Augustin, 50, 51, 55, 57, 170, 175, 185, Samat brothers (Mascarene traders), 174, 176, 221, 224, 233, 235, 267, 343 177, 230 St. Helena, 270 Sambava, 109, 282 Ste. Luce, 51, 221 Sancul, 218 Ste. Marie (see Nosy Boraha) sandal wood, 190 sabotage, 10, 16 Sanderson, G.N., 325 safo tany, 149 Sangaye, 218 saffron, 44, 66 saonjo, 23, 28, 29 Sage (Le) (British army ofﬁcer), 253 satrana palm, 37 Sahadia, 48 savannah, 22, 29 Sahambava, 48 Savigny (Mauritian weaver), 75 Sakalava (see also Iboina, Menabe, & Savinery (see Savigny) Madagascar - West), 154, 176, 178, 231 saws, 39 agriculture, 231 scales, 36, 42, 44, 285–286, 287 alcohol production, 37 Schlemmer, Bernard, 334 anti-Merina struggle (see also raiders), 205, schools, 3, 4, 10, 15, 70, 86–89, 90, 102, 123, 232, 336, 343 131–132, 141, 162, 341 canoes, 38 scholars, 10, 86–89, 131–132, 133, 141 cattle raising, 29, 99, 145, 186 scissors, 36, 42, 47, 66 commerce, 15, 40, 48, 55, 57, 95, 172, 176, sea slugs, 57 177, 185, 205, 224, 227, 228, 229–230, Sears, A. C. (U.S. ship captain), 207 232, 282 seasons consumption, 29 rainy, 20, 24, 26, 27, 28, 31, 41, 52, 105, copper working, 37 140, 146, 150, 223, 243, 253, 261, 263, court, 50, 64 269 dignatories, 172, 230, 231 dry, 20, 26, 29, 31, 41, 52, 56, 75, 81, 90, emissaries, 50 105, 146, 149, 243, 249, 293 empire, 54 secondary imperialism, 8–10 fanompoana, 105 secretaries, 162 ﬁshermen, 30, 40 security, 63, 67, 134, 135, 136, 149, 178, 260, gold production, 105, 106, 291, 336, 338 268, 290, 291, 303, 304, 319, 344 land, 14, 51 sedition, 85 Merina garrisons in, 205, 231, 331 seeds, 24, 26, 37, 47, 72 Merina governors in Sakalava land, 176, sedge (see herana) 177, 268 Sena, 221 mining, 38 Senegal, 331 raids, 16, 178, 211, 230, 231, 232, 300, 307, Senegalses troops, 334, 339 336 servants, 89, 91, 117 slaves, 56, 118 Sewell, Joseph (FFMA missionary), 119 slavers, 56 Sewji, Jairam (Indian trader & farmer of traders, 43, 50, 51, 227, 294 Zanzibar customs), 171 Sakaleona basin, 103 Seyyid Said (Omani ruler, Zanzibar), 307, 343 sail-making, 38 sexual relations, 53, 120, 140, 141, 142, 143, sailors, 85, 166, 172, 176, 226, 228, 229, 261, 160 323 Seychelles, 225, 226, 229, 317 salaries (see wages) sharks, 30

Index 409

sheep, 29, 42, 57, 66, 96 republic, 259 Sheik Adam (Swahili trader), 290 syndicate, 249–259, 263, 273 shells, 55, 57, 196 slave trade, 6–8, 112, 135, 213–242, 333 Shepherd, Michael, 171 Atlantic, 7, 153, 159, 213, 228, 236, 334 Sheriff, Abdul, 7, 237 ban on, 3, 9, 10, 14, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, Shervington, C.R. St. Leger (British military 84, 114, 115, 116, 118, 170, 181, 200, ofﬁcer & gold concessionaire), 105, 198, 209, 213, 214, 217, 225, 236, 278, 310 323 compensation for, 68, 70, 71, 72, 119 shipyards, 38, 97, 328 east African, 6, 7, 16, 64, 65, 70, 117, 118, shipping (see also boats; dhows; 119, 147, 213–214, 215, 216, 217, steamships), 43, 85, 185, 225–226, 227, 218–230, 233–242, 277, 310, 312 228, 231, 236, 245, 258, 260–261, 262, Indian Ocean, 8, 11, 13, 213–214 264, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, Malagasy, export, 8, 9, 47, 49, 50, 52, 273, 279, 280, 283, 300, 306, 311, 312, 55–57, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 314, 315, 320, 322, 323, 324, 331 114, 116, 121, 123, 156, 157, 161, 177, Shipton, Samuel (Mauritius trader), 83, 111 178, 180, 181, 191, 200, 213, 214–215, shipwrecks, 34 216, 226, 229–230, 232, 241 Shire River, 222 Malagasy domestic, 40, 42, 43, 66, 76, 85, shops, 92, 106 114, 116, 117, 217, 296, 297 shrubs (use of), 31, 247 Malagasy import, 117, 118, 119, 177, 179, shuttles, 33 180, 200, 203, 211, 213, 217, 218–242, Siam (see Thailand) 294 Sibree, James (LMS missionary), 29, 129, Mascarene, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55–57, 63, 64, 142 65, 69, 70, 71, 118, 181 Sicilian (vessel), 207 slavery (see also labor, slave), 113–119, 130, sickle-cell, 146, 148 213, 216, 217, 220, 296, 340 Silamo, 13 abolition of (see also emancipation), 4, 99, silk (see also cloth, silk), 31, 32 112–113, 118, 121, 136, 173, 230, 242 production, 31, 97, 100 Slavery Convention (1926), 113 trade, 40, 41, 42, 43, 55, 58, 206 slaves (see also labor; slave; slave trade), 6, 8, silkworm, 31, 66, 83, 100, 124 42, 47, 56, 75, 89, 92, 120, 121, 154, 155, silver, 57, 288, 291, 295 156, 157, 165, 172, 182, 215, 217, chains, 37, 55, 66 249–259, 277, 336 coins, 47, 70, 196, 200, 280, 286, 287, 288, royal, 44, 71, 130 289–291, 296, 298, 299 smallpox, 137, 146–147, 150, 151, 153, 208, jewelry, 42 236, 265, 281 smiths, 37, 125, 289 Smith, Henry (trader), 177 working, 37, 85 smiths, 36, 37, 124, 125, 130 Similaza, 65 smuggling, 71, 89, 106, 177, 181, 210–211, Sind, 321 214, 228, 230, 284, 285, 297, 300, 312, Sirabe, 95, 247, 248 334 slates, 90, 247 Soalara, 185 slave Soamalaza, 127 irons, 36, 42 Soamandrakizay, 84, 99 mortality, 155, 236, 239 Soanierana, 101 ownership, 113, 116, 117, 119, 128, 142, soap, 155, 165, 214, 217, 254, 256 production, 96, 97, 102, 130, 208, 246 population, 75, 84, 115, 116, 240, 253, 297 trade, 208, 279 prices, 7, 55, 63, 64, 65, 69, 115, 117, 150, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel 222, 224, 229, 230, 231, 233–235, 241 (SPG), 265, 266, 298, 299 raiding, 43, 67, 115, 116, 117, 143, 177, Sofala, 219 178, 220, 224, 230, 231, 232, 235, 236, Soﬁa (river), 57 336, 337, 341 soil, 23, 25, 26

410 Index

soil (cont.) Sudan, 326, 327 fallow, 24 Suez, 270, 311, 312 fertility, 23–24, 26–29, 31, 68, 73, 80, 99, Suez Canal, 11, 167, 216, 260, 269, 312, 321, 108, 121 330 volcanic, 31 sugar (see also beet), soldiers (see also Imerina, army), 10, 62, 67, prices, 215, 216, 240, 334 87, 89, 90, 100, 119, 128, 142, 148, 154, production, 8, 70, 85, 97, 99–100, 188, 215, 162, 163, 164, 248, 276, 307, 323, 330, 247, 317 338, 339, 341, 343 trade, 11, 110, 188–189, 196, 206, 260, 317 Somalia, 326, 329, 331, 333–334 sugar cane, 37, 81, 244, 247 somangy, 33, 66 cultivation, 23, 28, 99, 107, 110, 116, 188, sorabe,86 239, 260, 316, 317, 335 sorcery (see also witchcraft), 85, 154 trade, 42, 66 sorghum, 28 Sukuma, 249 sowing, 23, 24, 26, 27 sulfur, 95, 247 South Africa (see also Cape Town; Natal), 5, Surat, 42, 49, 55, 314 211, 306, 317, 320, 326, 339 Surprise (ship), 300 commerce, 6, 15, 16, 17, 175, 179, 180, Swahili (see also Antalaotra, Arabs), 37, 38, 184, 185, 203, 211, 232, 269, 297, 309, 242 310, 312, 315, 339 coast, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, 64, 143, 153, 167, 179, mining interests, 105, 184, 312, 315–316, 182, 213, 219, 222, 224, 230, 237, 238, 336 239, 306, 310, 313, 316, 325, 326, 338 railways, 311 commerce, 65, 170, 182, 213, 285 shipping, 311 maritime activity (see also dhows), 226 traders, 11, 15, 176, 207, 233 planters, 101 South West Africa, 325 settlement in Madagascar, 48 spades, 10, 36, 42, 58, 66, 97, 106 traders, 13, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, Spain, 288 56, 64, 65, 67, 72, 75, 100, 143, 161, Spanish Union coinage, 44, 47, 208, 286, 288, 170–180, 184, 190, 191, 192, 205, 209, 290, 291 216, 217, 218, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, spears, 36, 42, 51, 57, 66, 95, 103, 107, 130 232, 233, 278, 281, 290, 293, 294 specie (see also coinage, gold), 71, 106, 200, sweet potatoes, 23, 28, 65, 116 204, 210, 211, 258, 265, 277, 279, 280, trade in, 42, 43, 57, 66 290, 301, 302, 303, 304 swidden, 23–24, 26, 135, 150, 152 speculation, 9, 41, 290, 292, 294 swords, 50, 93, 95, 97 spices (see also cloves), 100, 189 syphilis, 143, 146 spindles, 32 spinning, 73, 92, 124 taboos, 120, 136, 144, 295 Spy (vessel), 245 Takotainga, 51, 342 Sri Lanka, 108, 308, 310 Talbot (Mauritian gold concessionaire), 105 standard of living, 53, 74, 128 talismans, 66 Stanwood (US consular agent), 285 tallow, 39, 186, 279 steamships, 11, 145, 167, 175, 176, 178, 179, Tamatave – (see Toamasina) 191, 204, 207, 210, 216, 226, 260–261, Tambohorana, 51 268, 269–271, 272, 273, 274, 285, Tanala, 38, 84, 136 311–312, 314, 315, 316, 318, 319, 322 Tanganyika, 222, 242 steel production, 97 tangena, sterling, 299 nut, 42 storms (see also cyclones), 73 poison ordeal, 116, 153, 154–156 strikes, 256, 257 Tankary, 249 Suberbie (French gold concessionaire), 103, tannin, 95 105, 130–131, 132, 335, 338 tanning, 73, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 124, 130, 247, subsidies, 74, 260, 271, 322 259, 301

Index 411

Tantsaha, 155 Merina advance on, 68, 69 Tanzania, 219 Merina governors of, 259, 260 tapia, 31, 32 Merina treaty with, 68 tariffs (see duties) plantations, 107, 108, 109, 188 tarminic, 66 population of, 69, 140, 150, 153 tavo,28 postal service, 264, 265, 266, 268, 269, 270, tavy (see swidden) 271 taxes (see also duties), 15, 47, 54, 76, 77, 91, tobacco (see also cigars), 39, 66, 107, 188, 119, 136, 139, 175, 176, 204, 257, 262, 189, 206 269, 276–278, 296, 301, 303, 304, 322 toko, 122 tea, 57, 107, 188 Tolanaro, 14, 20, 31, 50, 51, 111–342 teachers, 90, 114 Toliara, 21, 177, 179, 185, 231, 233, 235, 268, technology, 60, 82, 85, 96, 102, 305, 311, 333 297 telegraph, 268, 311 tombs, 42, 81, 140, 244, 295, 296, 297 Telovohitra, 84 Tonkin, 324 temperatures, 20, 26, 73 topography, 18, 22 textiles (see also cloth, cotton) tortoise shell, 206 production, 9, 82, 85, 92–93 tortoises, 55, 57 trade, 47, 279 Toussaint, Auguste, 318 Thailand, 8, 112, 113, 332, 339 Tovenkery (Menabe Sakavala king), 231 Tharia Topan (Zanzibari trader), 293 towns, 87, 89, 122, 153 theft (see also brigandry), 41, 44, 74, 85, 106, trade, 264, 265, 273, 295, 298 balance, 70, 209, 280, 335 Thornton, John, 156 caravans, 63, 64, 256, 259, 273, 293 Tibbits, Ebenezer (U.S. trader), 171 disputes, 52, 56 Tibet, 120 Malagasy (see Madagascar, commerce) tile production, 97 terms of, 13, 311, 320, 335 timber (see also wood), 81, 101, 127, trade networks, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 50, 55, 129–130, 247–248 161–180, 181, 313–315, 321 trade, 11, 33, 37, 40, 42, 43, 55, 66, trade routes, 131–132, 196, 200, 211, 249 overland, 9, 14, 22, 41, 52, 53, 56, 57, 62, tin, 289 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 85, 128, tin workers, 83, 124 162, 165, 184, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, Tintingue (see Takotainga) 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 264, Toamasina, 9, 49, 60, 150, 151, 165, 174, 175, 265, 267, 271–272, 273, 274, 275, 333 208, 214, 223, 244, 245, 248, 260, 261, maritime, 38, 50, 52, 61, 145, 167, 173, 174, 263, 264, 307, 318, 319 175, 184, 186, 221, 223–229, 235, 236, commerce, 55, 56, 57, 64, 65, 85, 167, 168, 243, 260–261, 270, 274, 305–306, 307, 169, 182, 185, 187, 188, 192, 194, 196, 311–312, 313, 315, 320, 322, 325, 197, 199, 204, 210, 221, 244, 246, 249, 328 252, 257, 259, 260, 262, 267, 270, trade unions (proto), 256–259, 270 271–272, 273, 274, 275, 279, 281, 282, Trader Horn, 316 283, 284, 290, 300, 302, 303, 312, 315, trading posts (see also entrepot),ˆ 52, 61, 232, 342, 343 342, 343 defense of, 101, 164, 166, 248, 323, 344 transport (see also freight; porterage, railways, foreign consuls in, 103, 167, 204, 259, 265, steamships), 7, 10, 11, 22, 85, 106, 266, 282, 284, 297 243–275, 304, 333 Franco-British attack on (1845), 248, 279, costs (see also freight rates), 74, 95, 307, 343, 344 111–275, 280, 311, 312 French attack on (1829), 343 maritime (see shipping) French naval blockade of, 210, 262, 267 passenger, 74, 246, 252, 256, 257, 263, French occupation of, 211, 267, 268, 269, 271 283, 322, 331 wheeled, 74, 244

412 Index

Transvaal, 310, 312, 325, 328 industry, 201 treasury, 162, 277, 298 navy, 324 Treaty of Paris, 61, 307 sailors, 172 tribute (see also hasina), 90 shipping, 227, 228, 245, 260, 261, 280, 283, tripods, 36, 66 300 Tromelin Island, 223 traders, 51, 75, 102, 106, 166, 167, 168, trypanosomiasis, 145 169, 170–171, 172–180, 182, 186, 187, Tsarahafatra, 99 188, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 200, 201, Tsaratanana massif, 20 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209, 210, 211, Tsiarondahy 228, 231, 232, 233, 245, 246, 251, 253, caste, 264 257, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, district, 25, 44 267, 268, 273, 278, 279–304 Tsienimparihy plain, 32 treaty with Zanzibar (1833), 170 Tsimahafotsy, 162 whalers, 51, 170, 176, 181 Tsimandao (see Tsimandoa) usury, 9, 152, 294, 295–297 Tsimandoa, 264, 265, 266, 269 Tsimanandrafozana, 51, 177, 267 vaccination, 146, 147, 153 Tsimanoa, 84 Vahilava, 25 Tsimiamboholahy, 25, 162 vagabonds, 85 Tsimihety, 29 varongy tree, 38 Tsimiofy, 24 vegetables, 73, 184, 296 Tsinjoarivo, 105 Venetian coinage, 286, 288 Tsiribihina river, 51, 177 Verge (Mauritian army officer), 323 Tsiroamandidy, 164 Vezo, 30, 40, 178 Tsivoty, 22 voanemba,28 tuberculosis, 146 Vakinandiana, 127 Tunghi, 219, 221 Vakinankaratra, 22, 25, 31, 67, 95, 103, 105, Tunisia, 322 122, 131, 132, 150 turtle shell, 172, 189, 190 Vakinisisaony, 25, 122, 131 turtles, 30, 190 Valalafostsy, 67 Tulear (see Toliara) Valette, Jean, 59 typhoid, 150, 151, 153, 333 Vandenbroeke, Christian, 81, 82, 90, 105 vanilla, 99, 100, 337 Union Coloniale, 332 varnish, 191 Union Steam Company, 179, 191, 260, Vatomandry, 51, 107, 197, 203, 211, 259, 262, 312 263, 282, 283, 300 United States of America, 181 venereal diseases, 142–144, 146 Americans expelled from the Merina Verkey (see Rainimanana) empire, 59, 60 Victoria (lake), 135, 326 coinage, 288, 290, 292 Vidal Regis´ (company), 167, 173 colony in Madagascar, 342 Vidal et Roger (company), 232 commerce, 57, 103, 167, 170–171, 172, Vienna Freres` & Cie, 194 173, 178, 187, 188, 191, 192, 194, 196, Voas, David, 142 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, Vodivato, 93, 125 209, 210, 211, 232, 251, 260, 261, 290, Vohilakatra, 30 293, 299, 301, 305, 308, 315, 334 Vohimara, 20, 48, 51, 52, 109, 151, 170, 192, consular officials, 103, 167, 170, 171, 204, 193, 211, 228, 260, 270, 282, 300 210, 259, 266, 268, 270, 280, 281, 282, Vohimbohitra, 43 283, 284, 285, 315, 322, 328 Vonitzar[y], 128 cotton production, 202 Vonizongo, 67, 95, 122, 131, 150 flag (use of), 226, 227 Vorimo, 84 government, 300 Voromahery, 129, 131

Index 413

wage costs, 82, 90–91, 102, 111 wood craft, 38–39, 70, 124 wages, 52, 90, 91, 117, 119, 165, 249, 255, workshops (see also factories), 10, 36, 70, 73, 256, 257, 258, 265, 271, 272, 273, 277, 97, 186 280, 337 wormwood, 246 Wales, 90 Wrigley, Christopher, 140, 145, 154 missionaries to Madagascar, 86 Walthamstow, 93 yaws, 143 Ward, Andrew, 245 yams, 57, 66 warehouses, 53 Yao, 219 warriors (see also soldiers), 38, 41, 42 youth (see also children), 141, 223 wars (see also Franco-Merina War), 4, 41, 42, 64, 113, 134, 153–154, 178, 220, 323, Zafimaniry, 324, 338 riziculture, 23 water supplies (see also canals, mills), 115, woodcraft, 38 130 Zafindraminia, 252 Waters, Richard, 171 Zambesi Smith (see Trader Horn) wax (see beeswax) Zambesia, 219, 240, 242 wealth, 29, 41, 63, 68, 70, 74, 95, 116, 117, Zambezi River, 214, 219, 222, 242 140, 154, 172, 217 Zanadoria, 31 weapons (see also armaments), 36, 37, 42, 50, Zanadralambo, 31 52, 63, 77 Zanzibar, 17, 172, 174, 175, 213, 219, 227, weaving, 31, 33, 41, 73, 74, 75, 81, 83, 92, 93, 260, 311, 321, 343 124 Betsimisaraka raids on, 38 weeding, 23, 33 British dominance of, 4, 7, 310, 321, weights, 44–45, 106, 161, 196, 286, 287 326–327, 329, 339 whaling, 30, 38, 51, 170, 176, 181 commerce, 7, 11, 12, 13, 49, 170, 171, 173, wheat, 72, 73, 184, 286 176, 180, 182, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, wheel (use of), 244 205, 207, 209, 212, 220, 222, 236, 237, whooping cough, 146, 155 239, 260, 261, 270, 292, 293, 294, 312, winds, 26, 52, 223, 224, 226, 236, 260, 313, 341 261 flag, use of, 227, 298 monsoon, 20, 50, 52, 173, 223, 224, 261, French imperial interest in, 64 293 postal service, 267, 268, 270, 311 trade, 20, 223, 226, 261 shipping, 267, 268, 270, 311, 315 witchcraft (see also sorcery), 154–155 Sultan, 292, 293, 321, 326 Witwatersrand, 312 traders, 292, 297 women, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 53, 70, 75, 81, United States consular officials in, 170, 171 92, 105, 110, 115, 117, 129, 130, 140, Zimbabwe, 219 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 152, 153, zinc, 124 154, 168, 172, 201, 222, 223, 231, 246, Zoma market, 127, 168 252, 256 zozoro (see also reeds), 31, 40 woodcutters, 129–131 trade in, 43, 66 woodlands (see forest) Zulus, 306, 320, 321, 323