Louisiana Conservationist, 126 Court Courts Building, New Orleans 16, La

J!.0444/UCUUI CONSERVATIONIST

ROBERT F. KENNON L. D. YOUNG, Jr. Governor of Louisiana Director

Published Monthly except May, June, July and August when Bi-Monthly in the interest of conservation by Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission 126 Civil Courts Building, New Orleans, La. JOHN BLANCHARD Editor

December, 1955 No. 3

BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS

A. C. GLASSELL, Shreveport Chairman J. 3. BESSON, Baton Rouge Vice-Chairmav GEORGE A. FOSTER, Pollock O. A. LAHAYE, Eunice C. H. BROOKSHIRE, Meaux J. W. DOXEY, Cameron A. J. BUQUET, Houma

L. D. YOUNG, Jr. Director

WARREN M. SIMON s o TT^, ^ R A T 'We Attorney JOHN BLANCHARD Chief, Division of Education and Publicity TED O'NEIL '°n and P„f',?° of Chief, Division of Fur and Refuge '^'"'licity JAMES N. McCONNELL Chief, Division of Oysters and Water Bottoms GEORGE MOORE Chief. Division of Fish and Game

lecond class mail matter August 21, 1947, at the Post Offic [ew Orleans, La., under the act of August 24, 1912. FRANK GOOGAN Subscription: Free on individual request. Chief. Division of Research and Statistics ember. Southwestern Association of Industrial Editors JOHN McGEE Chief, Division of Enforcement

ROBERT L. EDDY, Jr. Chief, Division of Commercial Seafoods Permission to reprint material in this publication will be granted provided that it is not used for advertising or commercial purposes and provided that proper credit is given. Contributions and photographs are welcomed, but the CONSERVATIONIST cannot be responsible for loss or damage to unsolicited material. Manu- c<:Po scripts should be addressed to Editor, Louisiana Conservationist, 126 Court Courts Building, New Orleans 16, La. e^^

IN THIS ISSUE

L. D. Young, Jr. Director

Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission

Report of Progress 2

Administration 3 Progress does not come without ambition.

Division of Commercial Seafoods ... 9 Programs set up three years ago by your Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, its administrators and personnel were goals never before attempted Division of Education and Publicity.. 14 in Louisiana. The fulfilment of these literally came through sweat, tears and a lot of know-how gained by a desire to accomplish the seemingly impossi- Division of Enforcement 18 ble and in many instances, in the face of stumbling- blocks laid in the paths of personnel by those who "did Division of Fish and Game 23 not know". Did not know the reason behind

the efforts . . . the reason for the new ideas . . . the reason for the need in a country so blessed by Division of Fur and Refuge 31 nature as Louisiana.

The people of Louisiana were not the only ones Division of Oysters and Water watching the operation of this Commission. Every Bottoms 36 state in the nation, every similar federal agency focused their eyes on the administration form of wildlife management. The efforts were not in vain. Division of Research and Statistics .. 40 We have had more than our share of bouquets, along with a few bitterweeds. Index for 1955 44 It takes an efficient staff to make progress, and not just because it is the season for good cheer DEPARTMENTS do we say that we were fortunate in securing the services of so many ambitious people. Every di- Page vision of this Commission is amply stocked with Message from the Director 1 talent needed in the proper protection and propagation of the fish and game in Louisiana. Speak Your Piece.. 43 The public has become aware of the need for scientific management of our natural resources. Upstream Casts Inside Back Cover They have accepted the plans, aims and ideas of the biologist, the parasitologist, the mammalogist, the geologist and other technicians. Behind these scientifically trained people are guiding hands in every field necessary to manage the wildlife resources.

Sportsmen have come forward offering the hand of good sportsmanship to a new era in conserva- COVER tion. With all this in mind, we report to you at

.V I .niii siana Wildlife R nger, placed i n uniform the close of three years under the commission- fnr the first time in earlj 1953. Louis LeLeux of Jeff Da vis Parish is one of the staff of game and form of operating your natural resources in this fish protectors under the direction of tl e CommiB- diversified state. Never before has such a chal- s E iforcement progrti m. Photo hi/ Britt. lenge been issued, and never before has a crew accepted their responsibilities with such energy and ambition. ir ^

P!*!^'Si

Members of the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission, shown with Director Young (seated, center) are: (left to right, seated) A. C. Glassell, Chairman, Shreveport; Jerry J. Besson, Vice-Chairman, Baton Rouge; (standing) O. A. LaHaye, Eunice; George A. Foster, Pollock; J. W. Doxey, Cameron; A. J. Buquet, Houma, and C. H. Brookshire, Abbeville. REPORT OF PROGRESS

It is with a great deal of pride that we present this three-year "Re- port of Progress" to the people of Louisiana and to those in other states who have been so vitally interested in the protection and propagation of fish and game species in this state. We humbly say "Thanks" to the thousands of you who have been cooperative in accepting new ideas which were based on scientific knowledge. Changes have been made in the administration and opera-

tion of this state agency, which is one of the two self-supporting

branches of Louisiana government. Mistakes have been made, as is the case with any concern operated by human beings; but they were hon- est and each has been corrected a hundredfold. We do say that our human frailties have been far outweighed by the fulfillment of our obli- gations to the hunters, fishermen and general populace of this state. When we spend a sportsman's dollar we get dollar value received.

. . . When we institute long-range programs, it is after discussing the

situation with the persons to be affected. . . . We forever have the in-

terest of the public at heart, and it is with this in mind that we herewith present our past accomplishments and our aims for the years to come.

Louisiana CONSERVATIONISI :

Director L. D. Young, Jr.

ADMINISTRATION

Progress in the nMnagernent of Louisiana's wild amount does not exceed $100, provided a real life resources, and the administration of the many emergency exists. This department handles the phases of this big and ever expanding department, buying of all items when the purchase totals $1,000 is reflected in the divisional reports xvhich folloiv. or less. All purchases of $1,000 or more are handled through the Division of Administration. When the Commission began its functions on De- Competi- tive buying, careful planning close cember 10, 1952, one of the glaring needs of the and attention to repairs and maintenance Department was a centralized and carefully super- have resulted in large savings to the state. vised plan for purchases and property control. There was no existing organized plan for purchases when The accounting section has been completely re- this Commission came into being. Toward that end, organized and its activities are now closely co- one of the assistant directors was given the respon- ordinated with all divisions of the department. A sibility of handling all purchases and the maintain- study of this section reveals that the following ing of property inventory, assignment and control advances have been made in the last three years records. Other departmental set-ups were studied 1. A close coordination with the purchasing sec- and many good ideas found—resulting in a purchas- tion in the issuing of purchasing requisitions, pay- ing section which is affording financial savings on ments of invoices and control of allotted funds. purchases, a perpetual inventory and complete 2. Also close coordination with the revenue sec- records showing assignment of properties, its con- tion in detail of revenues collected, audits of revenue dition and other pertinent information. producing functions and records. Bids are taken on all items to be purchased. 3. A complete installation of machine accounting Emergency field purchases may be made when the in various phases of the accounting, i.e.: payroll.

December, 1955 :

disbursements and allotment ledgei'. Other phases will be added as time and requirements permit. Examples of what this machine accounting has accomplished are:

a. Payrolls are prepared and in the same operation the employee's earnings card is posted and his gross salary and withholding tax deduc- tions accumulated to date; also, the pay check is written at the same time. This combines three prior operations into one and also eliminates the balancing of these records. b. Vouchers are written and added by the machine and posted to the check register in one operation.

c. Posting of the allotment ledgers gives a clear picture of the expenditures and encumbrances for each allotment, also a divisional breakdown of expenses and encumbrances.

4. Posting to an invoice register was eliminated but supplemented by a file of the duplicate copy of the voucher, which gives a more complete record.

5. Consolidation of all accounting records in the one section to prevent duplication and unnecessary records. Revenues have increased approximately 40 per cent for the years 1953-1954 as compared with 1951- 1952. Tabulation of receipts reflects increases and A. A. Sikes, assistant director decreases categorically, but especial attention is called to several items, as follows 1951-52 to $497,192.59 in 1953-54, an increase of $258,438.24. a. Angling license sales have more than doubled—increasing from $238,764.25 in b. Hunting license sales volume for the same period jumped from $566,371.51 to $888,- 863.65, or an increase of $322,492.14.

c. Fresh water commercial fishing licenses increased from $48,100 in 1951-52 to $111,950 in 1953-54, a gain of $63,850.

These are just three examples of increases which have been brought about by strict enforcement of laws and regulations and stepped-up research and management, which havxe provided more opportunities for sport fishing and hunting and for all commercial endeavors.

Careful and more frequent audits of sand, gravel and shell accounts have resulted in keeping all collections current and in some cases actually brought about collections not heretofore received by the state. Shell royalties have increased tremendously since the severance tax increased from seven and one-half cents to 12 cents per cubic yard, and thousands of dollars in delinquent taxes and fees have been collected. More than $50,000 in delinquent taxes have been collected, some having been due for several years.

Many forward steps have been made in acquiring, improving and maintaining properties and equipment for the Department. The Sabine Pass Lighthouse property, near the Photo III Blanchnrd W. S. (Bill) Werlla, assistant director mouth of Sabine Pass, was acquired from the Fed-

Liiiusiaiia Conservationist —

Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission by the City of New Orleans at no cost to the state, other than the cost of title transfer, and a $1,000 engineering fee for establishing exact property and boundary lines and furnishing sketch of survey, legal description, necessary and incidental to act of donation and acquisition of property. Development of administrative, research, museum, aquaria, and educational facilities are planned which should make this the outstanding accomplishment of its kind in America. The large acreage will permit the development of wild life resources displays in natural set- tings and affords a progressive development chal- lenge of almost inconceivable results. The Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commis- sion is aware of the many problems confronting those who depend upon our wildlife resources for their livelihoods. Every day there comes in one way or another to the attention of Commission members and personnel the immediate need for exacting research, remedial measures and forward progressive steps to protect and improve the vast commercial potential which is a natural blessing to Louisiana. Decal for all Commission vehicles, boats and planes Cooperative fisheries studies contracts have been with Tulane Loui- eral Government without cost to Louisiana. It is made both University and siana estimated that cost of purchasing the approximately State University. Another contract existing with Louisiana State University 45 acres of land and improvements thereon vi^ould covers a compre- have been about $100,000. A concerted effort was made on the part of Texas to gain this property, but Louisiana's request was granted. At the present time, negotiations are underway to acquire Livingston Lighthouse, Barataria Bay, under the same arrangement, and there is a pos- sibility that a small tract known as March Island Lighthouse may be negotiated successfully. Some 300,000 acres of land have been leased for public hunting and fishing and game management areas, without cost to the Commission except in rare instances where token or nominal fees were paid. The Commission is cognizant of its respon- sibility to provide recreational opportunities for as many people as possible. Pass-a-Loutre public hunting facilities—now actually operated for the public—have met with general public praise and acceptance. Before 1955 ends, a statewide radio system will be installed. This is one of the highlight forward steps of the year, and will serve to further coordinate the many phases of endeavor being carried on by the Commission throughout the state. Safe and fast speed boats have been purchased Phnta bil l,:rsi, n„ for coastal enforcement, waste disposal inspection Carroll J. Perkins, assistant to the director and research. Similar boats will be assigned to the main stem rivers, bayous and lakes of Louisiana. The 1955 session of the Louisiana Legislature hensive study of our coastal marshland. This Com- appropriated $1,000,000 for an administrative mission is bearing the cost of this work on the part building and $200,000 for a laboratory in this of these universities because it is felt that informa- building. It will be erected in West End Park tion of almost inestimable value will be forthcoming. comprising approximately 29 acres—donated to the The Commission has worked closely with other

I>ecember, 1955 state departments, with such mutual understanding and cooperation resulting in pyramiding public benefits. The Commission director serves as a member of the Louisiana State Forestry Commission, and is Chairman of the Louisiana Stream Conti'ol Commis- sion. Problems and responsibilities of the Forestry Commission and Wild Life Commission are so kin- dred and closely allied that the success of varied functions of one is largely dependent upon the other in all respects. This was graphically illustrated last hunting season, when, during a prolonged drought and dangerously dry period, many forest fires occurred in the delta parishes. The state forester recommended that hunting be stopped in several parishes until some relief was evidenced. The situation was studied carefully by personnel of both agencies and hunting halted. Eleven days later, rains deluged the area involved, the fires were all out, and hunting resumed. The support and cooperation of land owners, sportsmen, citizens and state and parish oflficials were a tribute to Louisiana's united effort to protect and improve its resources.

This department has worked very closely with the

State Mineral Board, and in recent months has had Chief attorney Warren M. Simon many opportunities for cooperative state service in view of stepped-up Oiffshore mineral developments. portunity to tell the story of conservation to hun- Our department has jurisdiction over seismic agents dreds of future who enforce state regulations for geophysical per- conservationists. mits issued by Federal, State Mineral Board and our The Division of Administration has been most own agency. cooperative—handling a large percentage of our The State Department of Education has responded purchases—and in all cases purchases exceeding in a splendid way, affording our personnel an op- $1,000.

.^>^'

Programs are in progress to attract and liold flocks of Canada geese like these.

Louisiana Conservationist —

the Scouts in good conservation practices. An adult Scout leader accompanied each group along with department personnel, and close attention will be given to each phase of work observed.

Louisiana's citizenry has generally accepted the Commission's work favorably. Many of the fish and game management practices are new to Louisiana but benefits which have come about because of such endeavors as fish samplings, hyacinth control, mod- estly liberalized fishing regulations, more favorable hunting seasons, more liberalized commercial regulations—all have met with general public approval. The Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commis- sion's program is planned with a view to eventually having this state recognized as the nation's leader in management of its magnificent and bountiful natural resources.

Photo hil Brill

John M. Dunn, Jr., supervisor, personnel section

The Department of Public Works has planned and supervised many hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of new projects and improvements to existing facilities for the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission. The spirit of zeal and interest, a genuine good job of planning and engineering on every one of these undertakings, merits the thanks and praise of this Commission.

Several cooperative endeavors by this Commission and the State Parks Commission have provided recreational facilities and opportunities for the public.

There has been a general and helpful cooperation on the part of state and parish officials throughout the state. We have cooperated in many undertakings with local governing authorities such as police juries, school boards, town and city councils and levee boards—these many local projects being varied in nature, but all helpful in a sound conservation and resources management program. Both branches of the Louisiana Legislature have responded agree- ably to our program by enacting legislation con- ducive to sound conservation practices, and making available at the same time ample funds to provide facilities, personnel and operational costs for the statewide program.

In 1954 the Commission inaugurated a Boy Scout

I /; / I p., Ill Conservation program in cooperation with the sev- Roy B. Schaefer, chief, accounting section eral area councils of Louisiana. Some 500 Boy Scouts were divided into groups that observed every phase of the department's work throughout the state. The tours lasted all of July, and each Scout group was under constant adult leadership. The program was expanded this year, and several changes in procedure encouraged and enlightened

EVecember, 1955 COMPARISON OF REVENUES AND FEDERAL MATCHING FUNDS Jan. thru Dec, 1951 and 1952 with Jan. thru Dec, 1953 and 1954

Type of Revenue 1951-1952

Sev. Tax—Oysters $ 47,392.23 40,366.31 Sev. Tax—Shrimp 145,989.54 154,556.41 8,566.54 Sev. Tax—Furs, Etc 89,264.87 56,751.57 Angling License 238,764.25 497,192.59 258,428.34 Hunting License 566,371.51 888,863.65 322,492.14 Trapping License 21,061.32 17,248.37 Fresh Water Comm. Lie 48,100.00 111,950.00 63,850.00 Salt Water Comm. Lie 7,835.00 17,860.00 10,025.00 Wholesale, Ret'l and Agt Lie 58,300.00 73,470.00 15,170.00 S.W. Ves'l, Trawl and Frt. Lie 77,005.00 117,265.00 40,260.00 Oyst. Tonnage and Dredg. Lie 17,289.50 24,068.50 6,779.00 Fur Buyer and Dealer Lie 19,450.00 15,850.00 Oyster Bedding Ground 68,347.00 88,282.00 19,935.00 Miscellaneous License 2,626.72 2,869.25 242.53 Shell Royalties 501,712.54 476,260.05

SUB TOTAL 1,909,509.81 2,582,853.70 Min'al. Lease Royalties: Oil, Gas and Rental 903,094.48 1,050,475.41 147,380.93

Sulphur - 327,109.96 327,109.96

SUB TOTAL 2,812,604.29 3,960,439.07 1,213,213.52 Federal Aid (Fed. 75% only): Pittnian Robertson 368,239.65 392,679.02 24,439.37 Dingell Johnson 60,375.43 60,375.48 Stream Control 16,600.00

SUB TOTAL 3,197,443.94 4,413,493.52 1,298,028.32

Violation Fines 12,595.72 63,341.91 50,746.19

TOTAL $ 3,210,039.66 $ 4,476,835.43 $ 1,348,774.51 OVER ALL INCREASE $ 1,266,795.77

" Shell Royalty Collections Jan. 1-June 16, 1955 $207,295.89. Much of this applicable to 1954 collections

Habitat improvement and protection have meant the return of the wild turkey to Louisiana.

Louisiana Conservationist : :

Division of Commercial Seafoods

As in other fields of commerce, insurance and daily business, the confusion of short term transac- tions conceals and disguises the economic patterns and orderliness of affairs. So it is with the fisheries. Viewed with the advantage of increased perspective in time and geography, economic behavior takes form in regularities and patterns and we discern that the sum of these small, disorders is large scale order. Since the economics of the Louisiana fishery is but an integral part of the fishery of the whole country, and that of the world, a study confined to this state's industries exclusively would be superficial and of little value. A practical example of immediate interest would be the impact of Mexican exports upon domestic markets. Viewed at the local level for brief periods, the fortunes of the fishery would appear to be dominated by the uncertainties of weather, erratic markets and fishermen's luck, and capri- cious and unpredictable.

In order, therefore, to obtain a clear understanding of the pattern of economic behavior in general Robert L. Eddy, Jr., chief and in orderly terms an economic study is made and extended into a study of the fisheries of the whole country and even foreign countries. Such a study applied value nor the economic consequences. To tries to define and measure the influence of all minimize this tendency the Commercial Fisheries factors which fix the magnitude and determine the Division in formulating its program has considered internal and external com,petitive position of the first the questions

fisheries as a source of wealth and livelihood ; special 1. What knowledge exists? emphasis is placed upon an attempt to discover the to learn cheaply that which is not characteristics of the existing markets and the de- 2. How best known ? gree to which the local fisheries participate. Most important to provide beneficial results, the We endeavor to answer these questions in this study should find consistent and repetitive regulari- manner ties of economic behavior so that it will be possible 1. Through university contracts to compile exist- to foresee to some degree the economic and biological ing knowledge into one usable body. effects of whatever actions are taken by the com- cooperative programs. mission and the legislature as policy makers. 2. Ecological Research and Since our attempts to manage and control the yield The Industrial Services Section was developed as of the fishery is for the benefit of man and not fish, the work of the division became clarified by experi- the end result of management upon the fish them- ence with the industry. Originally a statistical sec- selves is a consequence which cannot be regarded as tion had been outlined in the table of organization. beneficial per se. However, the degree to which man Most of the statistical records, it developed, could will benefit from management is a function of the be obtained from other divisions of the Commission biological reaction to the methods employed in the and sources outside of the Commission. The opera- exploitation of the resource. Knowledge, therefore, tion of a separate statistical unit would have been regarding these responses to differences in mode of repetition of information already obtained else- exploitation becomes essential to the understanding where. of fishery economics. After several surveys of the Fisheries Industry, Research programs, however often, grow to mon- it was discovered that one of the essential means for strous proportions and meander endlessly in suc- the development of the Louisiana fisheries had not cessive projects which serve only to create the raison been employed by the industry itself. This was ad- d'etre of their proponents and never regard the vertising the Louisiana fisheries either within the

December, 1955 As a further step to making the Louisiana iishery known, the Industrial Services Section set up a display at restaurant and hotel expositions in key cities throughout the country. This was the only state agency from any state bringing to food buyers the fisheries products from their state. The directory was distributed in great volume from the booths at these shows.

As a result of these efforts, the division was in- vited to appear at the National Restaurant Show in Chicago in May, 1955. The resulting publicity was very favorable and should increase the already existing good will the restaurant owners of the United States feel for our fisheries industry.

Another program which has been exclusively carried out by the Industrial Services Section with a certain amount of success is the effort to establish a floating weather station in the Gulf of Mexico. The entire delegations from the five Gulf States in the

fj»5!,\*ift4a*;,. ->-•.- Congress have supported the program. Newspapers and magazines have carried the story, and this has drawn attention to the work of the Commission in

Charles A. Murphy, chief, industrial services section, leading any program which would be directly or in- with one of his exhibits to promote Louisiana seafood directly beneficial to our state fishery. products. Exchange of technical data with foreign govern- state or over the nation. As a result of this, a direc- ments was early arranged through the consular tory of licensed wholesale dealers was prepared, offices in New Orleans. As a result we are in con- printed and distributed. stant communication with fisheries' representatives The distribution of this directory was made all over the world. Many of these administrators through hotel and restaui'ant associations. Requests from other countries have visited the division and for copies came rapidly after publicity in the several have been shown the operation of our biological and restaurant and hotel magazines. exploratory vessel sections.

"hutnhii (,,,' Exploratory vessel ALBACORE with gear designed for use by trawl boats for catching tuna in the Gulf.

10 Loiiisia)t(t, Conservationist It is planned to further expand the coverage of the Industrial Services has the support of the industry services to food handling operations; namely, hos- to such a degree that the Chambers of Commerce in pitals, institutions, schools and colleges. The field Houma and Morgan City have mailed the directory

of hospital diet is a fertile one for the use of fishery to several hundred purchasing agents throughout products. Mental institutions are increasing their the United States. Individual members of the in- purchases of seafood products with great success in dustry have expressed their pleasure at the efforts the treatment of mental illness. The program is being made to create a wider market for the fishery being surveyed in order that we might possibly be of the state. of greater value to the fisheries industry through A panel was created by the chief of this division cooperation with the American Hospital Association for the purpose of advising on our research program and the American Dietetics Association. and in the field of fishery management. Its members, all internationally known, were recommended Additional litei'ature is contemplated in the form 21-22, of color brochures which would include information highly. At their initial meetings on July about the particular products, photographs of sam- all expressed satisfaction at the investigations ple dishes and menus for mass feeding containing planned and at the efforts of the Board of Commis- these seafood products. The distribution of these sioners to establish a sound fish conservation pro- booklets together with the directory at the many gram for Louisiana, and all gave sound, constructive exhibitions held annually throughout the United advice. States would insure close coverage to the market Fisheries Management Advisory Council directly addressed. This direct approach would elim- inate the necessary loss in mailing to a list without Dr. John F. Dequine, Chief Fisheries Biologist, knowing the requirements of the people on such a Florida Game & Fresh Water Fish Commission, Tal-

mailing list. lahassee, Florida.

Photo hy ihirphjj Typical display by the Industrial Services Section to restaurant conventions advertising Louisiana seafood products.

I>ecember, 1955 11 The late Dr. R. W. Eschmeyer, Executive Vice President, Sport Fishing Institute, Washington, D. C. Dr. Gordon Gunter, Acting Director, University of Texas, Institute of Marine Science, Port Aransas, Texas.

Dr. Carl Hubbs, Professor of Biology, University of California, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, California. Dr. G. Robert Lunz, Director, State of South Caro- lina, Bears Bluff Laboratories. Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina.

Dr. Edward Raney, Professor of Zoology & Fish- ery Biology, Furnow, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. L. D. Young, Jr., Director, Wild Life & Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana. Robert L. Eddy, Jr., Chief, Commercial Seafoods Division, Wild Life & Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana. Fishes, shrimps, crabs and other aquatic species are renewable resources. Heretofore, these crops Giant hammerhead shark caught on set line while sort bonus of nature have been considered as a of fishing for tuna on the exploratory vessel ALBA- and harvested by methods of spoliation without con- CORE. sideration of possible maximum yields. There have been attempts at conservation by restrictive meth- applied values, was formulated during the weeks not been ods, but, for the most part, these have following activation of this section on February 2, based on pertinent biological facts for the reason 1953. Field investigations would be conducted that environmental requirements and the population concurrently. Zones of activity would be primarily dynamics of the species in question are as yet little in the coastal environments, with supporting studies understood. in freshwater areas from which the former derive An ecological research plan, with emphasis on their nutrient materials. Field investigations would be supported by laboratory confirmation.

No attempt is to be made to duplicate the work of other agencies (federal, state, institutional or pri-

Three of six yellowfin tuna caught by the ALBACORE uring October. ALBACORE crew display catch.

Phrilu (ij; Britt Appetizing seafood dinner prepared with Louisiana products.

Louisiana Conservationist 12 vate) , it being part of the plan to assemble pertinent information from such sources. The data would be evaluated by this section and integrated into a coordinated whole, always with a view to determination of factors which limit productivity on the one hand and favor expanding populations on the other. It is believed that co-ordinated effort will be a short cut to the formulation of intelligent management policies for the fisheries industries. Toward this end two contracts for fundamental marine research have been executed—one with Tu- lane University and one with Louisiana State, and cooperative projects have been entered into with Scripps Institute of Oceanography. Efforts are presently under way to join Woods Hole Institute in a marine tagging project.

Photo by Gresha Biologist Percy VIosca

Seagoing shrimp lugger underway in Gulf of Mexico, one of more than 3700 licensed trawl boats in Loui- siana.

Photo hy Blanchard

s^i^

Etecember, 195b 13 Division of

Education and Publicity

Working under the assumption that no Commis- sion program can go forward any faster than the accompanying education and information setup, we have made every effort to set the pace in making the public cognizant of the various aims to protect and propagate the myriad species of iish and game in Louisiana. "The new era in conservation", termed thus because long-range propagation programs are now based on scientific knowledge and flavored with common sense, has required a larger staff, modern equipment, new ideas which reflect as a mirror of progress, properly trained and indoctrinated personnel who have an interest in their work and programs instituted on a statewide basis. No section of the state has been given special consideration, heretofore "hurry up and wait" attitudes have been discarded and the resulting planned step-by-step progress has become evident in all division activities. No program can go forward without the consent and good wishes of the general public. The first John Blanchard, chief stone turned must be a wedge aided by interested, serve as supplemen- enthusiastic people on a local basis. New ideas must of up-to-date literature which or teaching aids. know that more first be explained and publicized as a public re- tary data We is being given the textbook's wild- lations and educational measure. This has been stress was and before. The program did not done, to cite a few, in the fish sampling program, life section than ever followed visits from these in water hyacinth control, in halting the restocking end here, but was up by programs and others. men who scheduled assembly programs, for larger attendance, for the showing of movies, slides and Prior to the beginning of 1953 nothing had been filmstrips and oral teaching. Thirteen hundred done to inform, educate and encourage the youth schools are now using this material. of our state, youngsters who will tomorrow catch Future endeavors call for wildlife education on a the fish, kill the game, operate our state govern- district basis similar to the setups of the fish and ment, mold public opinion and become responsible game and enforcement divisions, with a staff infor the well being of humanity in Louisiana and crease of the youth educators to nine—addition of the nation. Not only are they the future citizens, seven capable and qualified individuals. Not only but the shadows of the present-day populace. In will this staff teach the youngesters, but they will this regard we know that a young son can do more be held responsible for the district public relations to clean a bloody shirttail than the courts of this programs, radio and television. rich-in-natural-resources state. With all these In addition, these two men now address wildlife, thoughts in mind we instituted, for the first time, civic and service and church groups, upon request, a statewide youth education program. show movies, slides and filmstrips to any interested With the consent of the State Department of group. Last summer they participated in a teacher Education which requires the teaching in the eighth workshop, summer youth encampments and a Scout grades of the textbook, "Louisiana's Natural Re- program. sources", the youth education was begun in 1954 The Louisiana CONSERVATIONIST, a welcome piece with two college trained staff members in charge. of literature in 42,500 homes, is compiled, edited and Prior to 1954, one youth education representative published by this division. Since its conception, the worked with 4-H, Scout and other youth groups in mailing list had never been revised, but the task was full-time capacity. undertaken, and the list revealed several magazines Each eighth grade teacher in the state was con- going into the same home, to residents long expired, tacted by these staff members and given 14 pieces and that names were being added on a wholesale

14 Louisiana CONSERVATIONIST basis. The revision chopped the list from 44,000 to 34,000. Since 1954 a total of 8,500 have requested that their names be placed on the list to receive this rejuvenated publication. The material at present is presented as informative, entertaining and educational data. The magazine is well illustrated with photographs, maps, drawings and even cartoons. The paper content was improved to aid illustrations and make the entire magazine contents more legible.

Since the magazine is a free-of-charge publication, we attempt to make it as desirable as or more so than marketed publications costing 25 cents or more. We want it read, and it must be more than attractive and interesting—it must be one of the best magazines published if its contents are to be absorbed by the general readership. Reprints from other publications, unless they apply specifically to Louisiana problems or ideas, are not carried today. Color was used on the cover for the first time in the July- August, 1955 issue.

Louisiana is one of the two states in the nation to own and operate its own wildlife museum. The wildlife and fisheries museum, at 751 Chartres Street, Claude H. Gresham. Jr., editor of the CONSERVA- TIONIST until his resignation September 1, 1955. New Orleans, exhibits more than 3,000 native fish, birds and animals. More than a quarter million An auditorium seating approximately 200 persons people visit this shoviiDlace annually. is available to groups for movies which are in the From this museum go portable exhibits to the Division's film loan library. School groups, garden major fairs and festivals in Louisiana and to many clubs, church organizations. Boy and Girl Scouts district and regional festivities when time permits. use this facility extensively the year 'round. These exhibits are reserved as far as a year in ad- An average of 85 movies are distributed monthly vance and are one of the chief attractions in any to organizations throughout the state, with attend- group gathering. Permanent displays may be seen ance exceeding 6,000 per month, exclusive of youth at the State Fair in Shreveport and the New Orleans education activities. An attendance report is re- airport. turned with each movie, for the first time. There are now 92 films in the library for free-of-charge distribution to groups, television and other audi- ences. The 5,000 per month figure is also exclusive of television usage.

Another "First" is the filming of our own movies. Two new movies, a story of the fur industry and

Raymond D Moody, oublc shontinrj gioii supervisor, aids Phuin (ith the Scout piog am conducted by the -nmission under publicity. Photographe H. (Jack) Britt Te supervision oF the division of eduoati- and

15 I>ecex»ber, 1955 one covering the game birds, fish and animals, have been released, with several copies of each available to the general public. These films were photographed

exclusively by the Division staff'. Three others in Mel Washburn, public the process are oysters, shrimp and enforcement. relations associate, who One full-time photographer was employed in 1954 produces radio and TV for Commis- for photographic work, both stills and movies. shows the sion. A library of stills, containing more than 3,000 negatives and contacts, along with several hundred 8 X IDs, has been indexed in the past two years. Until this time no "still" library was in existence. May, 1955 saw for the first time the establishment of our own darkroom facilities.

These photographs are used in illustrating the Louisiana Conservationist, special photos to newspapers and magazines in the state and nation. Photo- graphs from this library have appeared in such magazines as Outdoor Life, Sports Afield, Field and Stream, Sport Life, Fisherman, Southern Fish- erman, Sportsman, True, and others, such as wildlife publications in other states.

Encouragement has been given national publications in publicizing Louisiana's natural resources. April 5, 1955 marked the beginning of the first In the past two years the following magazines have statewide radio program from the Louisiana Wild published stories of outdoor opportunities in this Life and Fisheries Commission. Prepared by this state: The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's, division is a 15-minute program now being aired Sports Illustrated, Look, Life, Sports Afield, over 18 major stations in the state. The listening Field and Stream, Outdoor Life, Sport Life, audience has been conservatively estimated at True, Fisherman, Sportsman, Men, Fishing and 250,000 weekly. Hunting, Parade, Ebony, and others. In operation for the past two years has been a regular weekly television program over a New Or- leans station. Consideration is now being given to a statewide TV program over stations in Baton Rouge, Alexandria, Monroe, Shreveport, and Lake Charles. Speakers from this division address wildlife, civic, service, veterans, youth clubs, along with garden clubs, church organization and others making the request. In addition, movies and slides are used in illustrating the talks, when necessary. These are public relations activities, but the "conservation story" will be told on a moment's notice to any group, within and without the state. In addition, writers of this division prepare special speeches and material for delivery by other Commission personnel. Indoctrination and training courses for all personnel are set up by this division, such as programs for Ranger Schools and new personnel coming into Commission employ. This is an idea originating in the past two years. Exclusive of the Conservationist, approximately 60,000 pieces of literature are distributed by this division upon request each year. This does not include safety hunting posters, 10 commandments of hunting, nor publishing fishing and hunting- regulations. This figure does, however, include such booklets and pamphlets as "Common Birds of Loui- Museum Curator Edouard Morgan collects specimens for the -luseum, located at 751 Chartres St., New Orleans. siana", "Hunter's Guide to Wild Waterfowl", "Poi-

16 Louisiana Conservationist This youngster is the target for teaching conservation in the schools of Louisiana.

Photo iy Britt

sonoLis Snakes, Plants and Black Widow Spiders", "Hawks", "Eleven Pennies for Better Hunting", reprints from the Conservationist, brochures, etc. Approximately 12 news releases per month, not Photo by DIanrhnrd including special photographs and stories of special Arthur L. Rozas, youth education staff member events, are issued to the state's 130 newspapers, 30 radio stations and TV stations. The publication record has been remarkable, as confirmed by the clipping service. During the past year, we have played hosts to the Southeastern Game and Fish Commissioners Convention and the American Association for Con- servation Information and have participated in other worthwhile group meetings such as the Loui- siana Press Association, National Fisheries Society, North American Wildlife Conference and others. Deciding that not only the public should be in- formed, but also Commission employees, an Inter- department Newsletter has been printed monthly for the past year. Policies and procedures of the Commission, births, deaths, marriages and other items of interest are carried in the mimeographed publication. Equipment and staff increase in the past two and one-half years: Museum receptionist and film loan librarian, two youth education representatives, radio and tele- relations associate) photo- Photo Ivi BUini'hiird vision producer (public , secretary. Charles D. Phillips, Jr., youth education staff grapher and one Tember Equipment: Two slide projectors, four cameras, five automobiles, one movie projector, three type- writers, one filmstrip machine, complete photographic darkroom equipment, and miscellaneous office and photographic supplies. The impoi'tance of our natural resources cannot

be overemphasized ; the recreational and aesthetic values cannot be measured; but their places in the the lives of the people of Louisiana are now being- brought to the forefront for the first time with this "new era of conservation" in the Pelican State.

December, 1955 17 ;

Division of

Enforcement

Assurance that future generations may enjoy hunting- and fishing opportunities comparable to those of today in Louisiana, a brighter outlook for natural resources development, elimination or strict control of poachers, cooperation of the courts of the state, changes in statutes governing the harvest of our fish and game surplus and selection of personnel capable of enforcing these regulations are purposes borne in the operation of the Law Enforcement Division. If there was a single major step made during the past three years, we'd like to refer to the freedom given our uniformed representatives in doing the job laid out for them. No longer do these men fear political interference. No longer do they ask for political affiliation before charges are filed; no longer do they fear loss of a job for obeying orders, and no longer do these men fail to give fair and equal treatment to any violator, John L. McGee, chief regardless of the nature of the regulation broken.

No longer is ill health a qualification for a "game member of a stepped up enforcement program de- warden" job. Qualifications for a ranger position signed to operate without fear or favor. have been stepped up to attract high type personnel, In order to make him a better man, he must have the high school graduate, the man with a college still more and better equipment, a change in the degree, but most of all, the man with an interest in hunting and fishing laws, in order that they may be his work. Today, an applicant, under Civil Service clearly understood by him and the thousands of regulations which were written by the Commission, sportsmen within and without Louisiana. A car- must have a high school diploma, must be between penter can build a better cabinet with better tools the ages of 21 and 45 and in good health and have no of his profession and thus is the story of the en- criminal record. forcement man. The ranger of today is given some incentive op- To assure that every man employed by the En- portunities for advancement ; his starting salary has forcement Division of the Commission is doing the been adjusted to attract better men; his orders are job for which he is hired, the State of Louisiana has clearly written and defined ; his supervision is close been divided into nine (9) districts, with a system his appearance in uniform is neat ; his equipment is of supervision set up by the Division. There is a modern, his future is safe as long as he adheres to supervisory captain over each district who has been regulations established for him; his superiors give supplied with a state-owned automobile and whose him the necessary encouragement and backing so job is primarily to see that each ranger working necessary for any law enforcement officer. Yes, the directly under him performs his duty in a correct Ranger of today is a different man because he is a manner. The primary purpose of this supervisory captain is to see that each ranger employed by the Commission gives the State of Louisiana a day's work for a day's pay. Each employee of the En- forcement Division must supply the Commission with a signed time sheet each month showing time that they work during the month before he receives any pay. In addition, each ranger supplies his supervisory captain every month a detailed work sheet showing when and where he worked every day during the month. Each month the employees of the Enforcement Division are authorized to submit expense accounts. These expense accounts must correspond with the by Blnnclin , Photo Confiscated shocking machines of all sorts time sheet and work sheet and must not exceed the

18 Louisiana CONSERVATIONIST :

authorized amount set up for each employee of the division. Rangers are paid seven cents per mile for official travel in their personally owned automobiles, not to exceed $75 per month, and in addition are authorized to receive the amount of $15 per month for oil and gas for outboard motors, provided signed receipts for same are furnished. In other words, the Ranger in the field is authorized to receive the amount of $90 per month on the furnishing of receipted expense accounts for that amount. Receipted meals while on official duty outside of domiciled parish of the ranger can be included in the maximum of $90 shown above. The captains with state-owned automobiles are authorized to receive a maximum of $60 per month for a signed expense account.

The starting salary for the ranger is $230 per month. Most of the rangers now, after a year's services, receive a salary of $260 and captains now receive $340.

Every ranger in the Enforcement Division in the state of Louisiana has now been assigned at least one boat, motor and trailer for use in his official Photo by Britt work. record of the assignment of each piece of A Major Ben Dahlen laps plans for statewide patrols equipment is maintained at the central office in New Orleans and also by each supervisory captain. It is felt that the furnishing of this equipment has greatly primarily in enforcement of the commercial and fish aided the ranger in the performance of his work. laws. The Commission has employed two airplane The Enforcement Division also maintains and op- pilots on 24-hour call to operate the above aircraft. erates several large boats under the command of a By January 1, 1955, the Commission will have put boat captain, employed at the rate of $295 per into operation a statewide two-way radio hook-up month. These boats maintain constant daily patrol which will be second to none of its type in the United and have been extremely useful in keeping down the States. violations of our commercial fish laws. It is felt that fishermen as a whole have greatly the commercial Results of the Enforcement Program can best be strict enforcement of benefited by the commercial determined by examination of the following arrest oyster fish laws, which include the shrimp and laws. record compiled to show the results of a stepped-up The Enforcement Division also maintains and op- Law Enforcement Program over the last three erates three amphibious aircraft which are used years

PJioto ill Grestian One of the Commission's amphibious planes, used for statewide patrol, comes in to be docked at a point on Red River.

Pecember, 1955 19 LOUISIANA GAME AND FISH LAW Hunting robins in closed season 10 Type of Violation 1952 Hunting ARRESTS frogs with gun 5 Possession of undersize Camping without license 5 1951-1955 shrimp 35 Trapping, no license 2 Possession of undersize crabs 5 Type of Violation 1951 Trapping out season 4 Poss. of migratory water Angling, no license 59 Trapping on state preserve fowls out of season 2 Commercial fishing, no license 11 Trapping on rat bed Possession of undersize frogs Trawling, no license Buying fur, no license Possession of over limit Trawling at night Buying illegal fur fowls out of season 1 Trawling in closed waters 39 Poisoning fish 6 Possession of illegal deer Poss. undersize fish 29 Killing fish at night meat 2 Poss. over legal limit game fish 12 Fishing with explosives 3 Hunting migratory water- Poss. game fish for sale 6 Fishing on state preserve 2 fowl Illegal hour 95 Poss. undersize shrimp 20 Pollution of stream 1 Hunting migratory water- Poss. undersize crabs 9 Over limit mig. water fowl 14 fowl closed season 34 Poss. frogs in illegal manners Hunting on state preserve Hunting migratory water- Fishing game fish illegal tackle 84 Poss. of deer meat fowl without duck stamp.... 12 Fishing commercial fish illegal tackle 17 Poss. of migratory waterfowl out of Hunting migratory water- Hunting without license 23 season fowl In baited pond Hunting at night 144 Selling fish without license Hunting on state preserves.... 25 Hunting with unplugged gun 5 Hunting license Hunting illegal without 67 Hunting quail closed season 3 migratory waterfowl Hunting at night 204 Hunting squirrels closed season 105 hours 53 Hunting with unplugged gun 34 Hunting doe closed season 28 Electrocution of fish 34 Hunting quail In closed sea- Hunting deer at night 56 Dredging oysters in closed waters.... son 4 Hunting frogs closed season 49 Hunting squirrels In closed Hunting rabbits closed season 13 TOTAL 1951 961 season 140 Hunting turkeys closed season 11 Hunting squirrels—over the Hunting doves closed season 14 Type of Violation 1952 1953 limit Hunting migratory water fowl closed Angling without license 68 1121 Hunting dove in closed sea- season 11 Com'l fishing without license.. 19 107 son 26 Migratory water coots 3 Selling fish without license.... 5 36 Hunting deer in closed season 76 Hunting no Fed. stamp 6 Electrocution of fish 52 54 Hunting and killing doe deer Hunting snipe in closed season Trawling without license 18 33 in closed season 39 Hunting grosbec in closed season.... Trawling at night 27 8 Hunting deer In closed parish 11 Hunting egrets in closed season Trawling in closed waters 120 161 Hunting frogs In closed sea- Hunting blue heron in closed season Possession of undersize fish.. 46 182 son 20 Hunting furbearing animals with Possession of over legal limit Killing deer with horns less gun 36 of game fish 38 41 than three Inches 13 Hunting from power boat 17 Possession of game fish for Hunting rabbits In closed sea- Hunting woodcock in closed season.. 5 sale 10 18 son 25

Mud, mosquitos, violators and the swamp plague the enforcement crew in all sections of the state.

Photo hy BrUt

20 Lonisiana Conservationist Type of Violation 1952 1953 Type of Violation 1952 1953 Type of Violation 1954 1955

Hunting turkeys in closed Taking fish with bow and Hunting at night 390 161 season 2 arrow 3 Hunting with unplugged gun 177 40 Hunting snipe in closed sea- Catching lizards at night with Hunting quail in closed season 1 light 3 son 32 3 Hunting grosbec in closed Camping without permit 11 Hunting squirrels in closed season 39 season 143 10 Hunting crane in closed sea- TOTALS 1951-1953 1433 3755 Hunting dove illegal hours.... 14 6 son 2 Possession over limit of squir- Hunting egrets in closed sea- rels ---- 3 1 Type of Violation 1954 1955 son 2 1 Possession over limit of dove 15 10 Fishing game fish with illegal Angling without license 790 738 Hunting doves in closed sea- tackle 40 96 Commercial fishing without son 37 6 Fishing commercial fish with license 147 98 Hunting doe in closed season 45 11

illegal tackle 10 97 Selling fish without license. ... 56 54 Hunting deer in closed parish 6 10 Fishing non-resident license.. 110 Electrocution of fish 62 6 Hunting deer in closed season 55 8 Fishing with explosives 1 Trawling without license 32 18 Hunting deer on public road 6 3 Fishing on state preserve 3 2 Trawling at night 2 Hunting frogs in closed sea- Hunting fur-bearing animals Trawling in closed waters 60 18 son 30 25 with light and gun 28 40 Possession of undersized fish 122 5 Hunting frogs by illegal Hunting from power boat 18 10 Possession over legal limit methods 5 8 Hunting robins in closed sea- game fish 31 2 Hunting rabbits in closed season 11 Possession game fish for sale.. 7 son 32 14 Hunting woodcock in closed Possession undersized shrimp 50 7 Hunting turkeys in closed season 3 2 Possession undersized crabs.. 10 3 season 4 15 Hunting frogs with gun 2 Possession undersized frogs.. Hunting snipe in closed sea- Hunting woodcock illegal Possession of migratory wild son 4 2 hours fowl out of season 7 Hunting grosbec in closed Trapping without license 2 Possession over limit fowl 53 9 season 5 Trapping out of season 1 Taking alligators in closed Hunting crane in closed sea- Trapping on state preserve.... season 4 son 1 Camping on refuge Possession illegal deer meat.. S 7 Hunting egrets in closed sea- Buying fur without license.... Hunting migratory wild fowl son 1 Buying illegal fur illegal hours 88 14 Fishing game fish illegal Poisoning fish 5 Hunting and killing wood- tackle 105 33 Pollution of stream 2 duck 34 7 Fishing commercial fish illegal

Blocking of Stream 3 Hunting migratory wild fowl tackle - 72 24 Taking oysters from polluted closed season 45 16 Fishing without non-resident area G Hunting migratory wild fowl license 144 90 Transporting fish out of state 1 without duck stamp 39 7 Fishing with explosives 5 2 Attempted murder and aggra- Hunting migratory wild fowl Fishing on State Preserve 6 vated assault 3 in baited pond 16 2 Hunting furbearing animals Shooting fish with light and Hunting on State Preserve.... 28 25 with gun 21 12 gun 4 Hunting without license 175 85 Hunting from power boat 46 6

Photo by Britl Photo hij Britt onthly district meetings.

Itecember, 1955 21 :

Type of Violation 1954 Blocking of stream 39 27 Firing the feeding and breed- Hunting- robins in closed sea- Taking oysters from polluted ing grounds of wild birds son 15 area and wild life quadrupeds..., 39 33 Hunting woodcock in closed Transporting fish out of state season 2 Aggravated assault — at- 3468 1699 Hunting Woodcock illegal tempted murder 1 through May 31, 1955 hours Shooting fish—light and gun 3 1951 961 Trapping without license 12 Taking fish with bow and 1952 1438 Trapping out of season 14 arrow 1953 3755 Trapping on State Preserve.. 9 Catching lizard at night with 1954 3468 Camping on refuge 15 light 1955 through May 31, Buying fur without license.... 1 Arson—setting fire to State 1955 1699 Poisoning fish 29 Parks 15 Pollution of stream 1 Taking illegal turtle eggs 3 GRAND TOTAL 11,316

A great number of the cases made by Enforce- and weekend. The efforts of the rangers of the ment Division are handled in the state district courts Enforcement Division have produced amazing re- and the United States Federal Courts. Minor viola- sults as can be seen from the above records. tions are handled by state justices of the peace whei-e However, no program can be successful without the defendant is permitted to pay a civil penalty. public support. It is felt that the rangers by their These penalties collected in the justices of the peace' fair and impartial handling of the fish and game courts are collected by the Commission and turned laws have now gained strong public support over to the local public school board for use for the throughout the state of Louisiana. public schools. The parish whei'e the offense occurs The rangers' work includes more than a mere ap- gets the civil penalty paid in each case. The follovi'- prehension of violators of fish and game laws of ing is a record of the dates shown of the civil penal- Louisiana. They are now called on to assist each ties collected and turned over to the appropriate of the other divisions of the Commission and public school boards frequently assist the other departments of the state Justice of the Peace Penalties Collected of Louisiana. (Does not include District and Federal Court Fines) Enforcement Division has conducted a fish creel 7/1/51-6/30/52 $ 4,279.42 census check for the Fish and Game Division; boat 7/1/52-6/30/53 -.. 22,688.00 operators check for the Education and Publicity 7/1/53-6/30/54 --.. 35,081.96 Division; fish dealers check for the Commercial 7/1/54-5/31/55 35,862.62 Seafood Division; license check for the Revenue (11 months) Section and worked for the Fur and Refuge Divi- Enforcement Division now^ feels that it has an sion in their trapping program. excellent staff of trained Wildlife Rangers who are Many Rangers are extremely active in boys' work equipped to do the job expected of them. All rangers and have assisted the Education and Publicity Divi- of the Commission work a full six-day week, which sion in their Educational Program in the Public includes many voluntary overtime hours. Their Schools. work requires that they be on duty on every holiday It is felt that in the future the ranger will have more time to devote to public relations and educational work; however, in any game management program, law enforcement will always be a major part.

Photo iy Britt I'l,.,l,i Bntt Captain Anthony Berni, who is in charge of hv records for the Enforcement Division. Rangers gather for raids on violators in the Florida parishes.

22 Lotdsiatm Conservationist :

Division of

Fish and Game

Although this does not give a complete picture of the accomplishments of this Division from one year to the next, it does give a yardstick for measuring what is being done. Naturally, changing conditions, new biological facts and monetary conditions go a long way in dictating aims and accomplishments. To give a true picture of the major aims of the Louisiana Wild Life and Fisheries Commission in regards to Game and Fish Management, it is necessary to give a brief resume of the program.

1. Fisheries Section—This section is responsible for the management, development, operation and fact-finding. State fishery projects that were initiated within the last three years are Lake Mmiagement and Extension Service—The project is designed primarily to check lake and pond population balances, fish kills, and to supervise lake and pond rehabilitation and management. Jobs included under this project are: Sampling all lakes George C. Moore, chief and ponds for which requests are received, recommending and supervising management procedures. various soil types of Louisiana and to determine Three lakes have been or are in the process of re- methods of rehabilitating unbalanced ponds. habilitation. They are north Cane River (approxi- Elfects of Engineering and Constructional Prac- mately 50 acres), River (approximately Cane 1,000 tices on Fish Population and Production—This job acres, the largest lake in the south to be treated is designed to study the effects of water level control Clear Lake, reclaimed the use of chemically) ; by and fluctuation on fish population, the effects of seines. small mesh obstructive dams and sills on fish movements and Farm Pond Investigations—This project is de- populations, the efl'ects of turbidity and silting on signed to determine the most effective and economical fish population, production and fishing success. Jobs methods of stocking and fertilizing farm ponds in under this project are:

Photo bij Britt Fish and game and enforcement personnel gather for district meeting.

December, 1955 23 Black Bayou Lake (Caddo Parish) used the fish w^ay have been tagged and re- Objective: To determine the effect of a four leased in the lakes in the last t^vo years. foot water level rise. Investigations of the Prevalent Parasites of the Bayou Lafourche Pumping Project Common Fresh Water Game and Commercial Fish Mississippi Objective: To study the effects of —This project is designed in order to make a brief water pumped into Bayou Lafourche. study of the occurrence of parasites in fish in order Use and effect of fish ladders at Lake Bistineau to determine when, where and how frequently they and Lake Chicot. occur. Objective: To determine the effect on the Hatchery Fish Production Investigations—This use of the fish way and its effect on existing project is designed to determine the most practical fish populations. Over 2,000 fish that have and economical way to produce bass and bream in hatcheries. Establishment of Access Points to Desirable Fish- ing Area—This project was designed to obtain points for public access to good fishing waters. This project is to be carried out in conjunction with development of public hunting and fishing areas and entail the construction of boat docks, launching sites and parking areas. Rate of Groivth—This project was designed to analyze fish scales from various lakes to determine the growth rate and reproduction success of the various species. Noxious Aquatic Weed Research —Most of the water of Louisiana is infested with noxious aquatic plants which are detrimental to fishing and boating. In 1954 a special appropriation was set up so that research could be conducted to find an economical and efficient means of eradicating bothersome plants. With this money, a botanist has been hired and enough equipment and chemicals purchased in order that these control experiments may be conducted properly. Up to this time over 20 chemicals have been used in this project. Before this project, the water hyacinth biologist conducted some plant experiments on a part-time basis, as most of his Raymond D. Moody, public shooting grounds supervisor, weighs a coot at Pass-a-Loutre. time was consumed with water hyacinth surveys.

Photo by Fish sampling crevj g ready for operation on Spring Bayou near IVIarksv

24 Louisiana CONSERVATIONIST have been limited Fish Rescue—The activities of the Fish Rescue The activities of the fish rescue stocking crews have been kept to a minimum. The i-eason for to salvaging fish when they are needed for or lakes that have been rehabilitated this is that once again the introduction of more fish a new water smaller bodies of water into waters that are ah-eady producing their carry- by the use of chemical. In an overpopulation of stunted pan fish, ing capacity is injurious to the existing population. that have a management method of population manipulation There is only enough food for the existing fish, corrective method. By the stocking and the addition of more fish causes a stunted can be used as a as bass, the popu- population. of more large predator fish, such lation of stunted pan fish is reduced. In this way the remaining pan fish grow to a larger catchable size and the predator fish get larger. This is another way the fisheries section will utilize the bass that are "rescued." Another new policy in the utilization of fish recovered by the fish rescue crews is the stocking of swimming pools after the swimming season has closed, so that the children can have a place to fish. Many towns have fishing rodeos for the children, awarding prizes. Fish Hatcheries—Present operation—the three fish hatcheries have been changed over from rearing stations to actual fish hatcheries. In the past, fingerling bass were gotten from the Federal Hatch- eries and placed in our ponds, where they were kept and fed for nine or ten months. At the end of this period (the fish were from 4 to 7 inches long) the ponds were drained and the fish delivered to various lakes for stocking. Rearing fish to adult size costs

a fortune, as it takes about 7 pounds of food to make one pound of bass—the cost of one-pound hatchery bass is estimated to be eight dollars.

Photo by Blanchard

John S. Campbell, federal aid coordinator (Pittman- Robertson coordinator)

December, 1955 Special studies This year at the Beech- of water is 200 pounds, — this poundage may found that the oxygen is less expensive wood Fish Hatchery as a part of an ex- be 200 one-pound fish, or 400 half-pound than the gasoline run water pumps. periment to ascertain the best and most fish or 800 quarter-pound fish. Federal Aid in Fish Restoration (Din- economical method of fish propagation, Stocking methods — Instances where gell-Johnson) various stocking of brood fish was tried. stocking fingerlings serve a good purpose In March, 1953, after the bill had been In one pond 18 adult brood fish were are: a law for two years, a new section of Fed- placed, in a second, 6 brood bass, and in 1. To stock ne-w waters, especially new eral Aid dealing with fish was initiated in a third, a regular stocking- of fry bass farm ponds and new public fishing Louisiana. Like the Federal Aid to wildlife from the Federal Hatchery (approximately lakes restoration (Pittman-Robertson) the Fed- 15,000 bass). The pond that had the 6 2. Reintroduction of fish in lakes de- eral Aid to fish (Dingell- Johnson) is brood bass produced more fish than the pleted by fish kills. based on federal legislation which ear- other ponds. About 15,000 fry were re- 3. Introducing species not already pres- marks fishing tackle tax monies for fish moved and put in another pond and still ent, where such introduction is de- restoration. The amount of money which had an estimated 15,000. These small sirable. Louisiana receives annually for such work fingerlings will be delivered this summer 4. Restocking of waters from which is based on a ratio of the State's ai-ea, its' to lakes and ponds that have been ex- existing fish populations ^vere re- volume of license sales and, of course, the amined and found to need fish, as the moved through use of chemicals or total amount of tax monies collected. Be- stocking of fish in waters that are carry- by draining. cause Louisiana only sells licenses to rod ing their capacity is injurious to the lake. Farm Pond Program new program and reel fishermen our annual allotment An acre of water can only produce a —A — setup in the fisheries section is to check is comparatively low. It is now averaging limited poundage of fish dependent on its private waters, giving advice on proper about $50,000 annually, but is expected to fertility, so that the introduction of more stocking and management. In this new increase next year coincidental with an in- fish would necessarily cut down on the program a crew checks the population of crease in license sales. Louisiana, however, size of the fish. To explain it another small ponds with a minnow seine and on will never receive its full share of Dingell- way, if the carrying capacity of an acre large bodies of water by the use of Johnson funds until our fishing license rotenone. From the findings, advice is sale is extended to all types of fisher-men. given the owner, and he in turn has the Following is a brief summary of the corrective work done. In cases of new work done to date: ponds, the correct species, number and a. Fish Population Investigation—On ratio of fish are stocked in the pond when April 1, 1953, Dingell-Johnson Project they are available. F-l-R (Fish population investigation) was Transportation and handling—Another initiated, in order to gather the basic in- change is in the method of delivery. formation needed to plan a constructive Previously, the fish were transported in sport fish management program. The in- fish trucks. These were two-ton trucks formation which is needed to evaluate a with a permanent type body that carried management program is as follows: 18 twenty-gallon cans in which the fish 1. The importance, use and extent of were carried. Pumps were used to keep the various ecological types and subtypes water circulating and oxygen content up. of waters occurring in Louisiana. 2. The These trucks could only be used for fish fish population composition in selected transportation. The new method consists aquatic types. 3. The growth rates of im- of a tank divided into three compartments portant game fish. 4. The success of re- in which the fish are transported. The production of important game fish. 5. A source of oxygen is an oxygen tank. This comparison of population composition, equipment is put in the back of a pickup growth rates and reproduction in various truck, and when the fish transportation waters and the factors controlling them. job is completed, the truck may be used In order to supply this information, this Photo hy Britt Biologist Don Geagan works in laboratory. for other jobs. From experiments, it is project is divided into six parts. A discus-

The chemical 2-4, D is sprayed on water hyacinths, which hamper fishing and navigation in the rivers and lakes of Louisiana.

riu,lo b,j Bntt

26 Louisiana CONSiniVATlONlST — —

sion of these parts, how their objectives of fishes and poor fishing. Many of the so- study the factors aft'ecting it. The spawn- will be accomplished and what has been ac- called "fished out" lakes and streams are ing season is determined by periodically complished so far are: actually supporting a maximum of fish— examining both male and female fish for but the wrong kind. the presence or absence of milt or eggs. 1. Classification of Louisiana Waters the composition It is hoped that such factors as tempera- In order to initiate this investigation on a In order to determine this a ture, siltation, overflows and population systematic basis, Louisiana waters were of a fish population, survey employs which indicates the composition might be correlated with the classified according to general ecological sampling technique condition of an entire lake or stream. spawning- season and survival of the eggs types. This classification is based mainly within and young fish. Minnow seines and small upon the general physical characters of the Representative areas are selected lake stream to be sampled; and a mesh bait trawls are used as a final check different bodies of water. So far, all of the the or the fish to rise to on the survival of the young fish. waters in this state have not been classi- chemical, which causes the surface and die of asphyxiation, is ap- 5. Clear Lake Investigation—Clear fied, and it is possible that some do not plied to the water. In this manner the Lake, which is a small oxbow lake that fit into this classification. However, it is all fish from small does not overflow, was selected as a study felt that the majority of the waters and biologist gathers of the gather information surely those which are of importance for areas and obtains information concerning area in order to on how the fish population of the entire lake or to manage this lake and other similar bod- public fishing will fit into this classification. stream. ies of water for sport fishing. There are 2. Fish Population Composition—One many similar lakes in the state, most of of the basic essentials for the intelligent .3. Determination of Age and Growth Knowledge of the age and rate of growth which are accessible to the sportsmen and fish management program is intimate support a large amount of sport fishing. knowledge concerning the amount, kinds of fish is helpful in regulating fishing seasons, size limits, creel limits and in evalu- Pi-evious revealed that Clear Lake and sizes of fish present in the waters to work pounds be managed. Research has shown that a ating various management practices. The was supporting approximately 600 acre. 90 per cent of given area of water will produce and main- method being used in determining the age of fish per However, species on gizzard shad and only tain a certain poundage of fish and no and growth of important game this weight was fish. a more. Once the maximum carrying ca- this project is the scale method. An an- seven per cent was game Such on the scales of fish composition is not ideal from a sport pacity is reached, the poundage does not nulus or ring is formed increase with time but remains the same. fish after each annual growing season. fishing management standpoint. The re- represents of Lake In many cases, the presence of one kind Each of these rings one year sults of a creel census on Clear difficult with- 1.08 fish wei-e being of fish will reduce the amount of other growth, and they are to see showed that only lens. distance be- of effort, which is kinds of fish in the same lake by com- out the aid of a The caught per man hour rings indicates the rate of success. peting for food. Sufficient food is present tween these considered a low year; and it is to support only a limited amount of fish, growth for that particular An attempt will be made to change the possible to calculate the rate of growth for and if the two kinds of fish eat the same fish composition of Clear Lake from its comparing the distance type of food, the abundance of one is held previous years by present composition to one which is more length the fish. in check by the presence of the other. Quite between rings with the of favorable from a sport fish management often a competing species is an undesirable 4. Success of Natural Reproduction standpoint. Gizzard shad and rough fish fish, e.g., one that is not highly prized as Most species of fish possess a rather large will be removed from the lake by seining, a game fish or has no economic value as reproduction potential when compared until they make up a small per cent of the such for food. It is obvious that the re- with other vertebrates. If one examines total population. The fish composition, fish moval of one species should permit an in- the number of eggs in most female fish, it production, growth rates of game fish and crease in the quantity of the other. This is indeed a wonder that our waters are not reproduction success of game fish will be has proved to be the case in actual man- overflowing with fish. However, there are determined at various intervals, so as to agement practice with various species of many factors which determine the fate of ascertain how they are being affected by fish. A similar selective removal of fish is a fish from the egg to the adult. the removal of gizzard shad and rough constantly occurring in our waters. Most It is the purpose of this part of the fish fish. A creel census will be conducted in fishermen seek the desirable fish while the management program to determine the de- order to measure the effects of the seining undesirable fish are left in the water to gree of success of natural reproduction of operations upon fishing pressure and suc- multiply. The result is an unbalanced ratio important game species, and if possible, to cess.

These four hunters from Opelou- sas seem to be happy over their kill at Pass-a-Loutre. This public shooting ground, in operation for the second year, is handling 200 guns per week during the migatory waterfowl season.

Photo by Greshan

December, 1955 27 : —

The small amount of work already done shows some indication of success in a faster growth rate of bass and white perch (crappie), more reproduction, and a better catch per man hour. The result of this investigation should help determine the value of seining as a fish manag'ement tool in Loviisiana.

b. Fish Populations and Aquatic Condi- tions in Polluted Waters Data obtained from this study will be of greater significance in determining fish populations and aquatic conditions in polluted waters and in evaluating conditions in polluted waters and in evaluating the Photo bu Blanchard Streams at an undisturbed point. Bayou Macon runs into Tensas River where Franklin amount of pollution compatible with good and Catahoula parishes join. fish management. The Ouachita River and tributaries which have been selected for study should prove most feasible and ad- tions. 2. To devise sampling schedules, Reproduction Study: Objectives— 1. To vantageous from the standpoint of study- both chemical and biological, which will determine the success of natural repro- ing pollutional efl'ects upon sport and com- enhance consistent sampling. 3. To de- duction of fishes in polluted waters select- mei'cial fish species, inasmuch as the waters termine and establish techniques to be ed for study. are of general importance and are, in used in areas selected for study. 4. To Fish Migration and Movement Study: various types of waste review pertinent literature. part, subjected to Objectives— 1. To study the effects of discharges which are, in themselves, of Fish population sampling in selected pollution on selected waters in an attempt The Ouachita and general importance. waters—Objectives: 1. To obtain infor- to determine whether spawning areas of tributaries appear to have supported a mation concerning fish population com- migratory species of fish have been ren- fishing, considerable amount of sport and position in pollulted and non-polluted dered unsuitable. 2. To determine whether still do to a great extent in certain areas. areas of waters selected for study. 2. To pollution barriers prevent fish from mov- Similarly, commercial fishing has been of obtain information concerning status of ing through them to a more suitable considerable importance in the past, but game fish and ratio of game fish to non- habitat. is reported to have declined in the last game species. 3. To determine effects, if Age and Growth Studies: Objectives decade. any, of pollution on fish distribution. 4. 1. To obtain information concerning the Wastes which are .shunted either into To determine whether certain species of predominant age groups of several impor- the Ouachita or certain of its tributaries, fish are more tolerant than others to pol- tant game fish species in polluted versus and which may act as pollutants at various luted waters. non-polluted waters selected for study. times, are several in number; the most Fish Food Studies—Objectives: 1. To 2. To obtain information concerning the important of these are probably paper mill obtain information concerning composition growth rate of the several important game wastes. Another pollutant, and possibly of of fish food organisms (bottom in vertebrate fish species in polluted versus non-polluted no less importance, is domestic sewerage fauna) in polluted and non-polluted areas waters. discharge. Others of dubious character are of waters selected for study. 2. To de- Polluted oil and gas field wastes, and chemicals ter-mine whether presence or absence of An Index of Utilization of to Non-Polluted from commercial solvent manufacturers. fish food organisms is integrated with fish Waters as Compared The latter was the cause of many tons of population composition. Waters. Objectives fish being destroyed in the Ouachita short- Food Habit Study: Objectives— 1. To 1. To obtain an index of fishing utiliza- ly after initiation of this project. determine the predominant food habits of tion of polluted waters selected for study Jobs under this project are: Selection fish in waters selected for study. 2. To and compare with fishing utilization of of Study Areas and Determination of attempt a correlation between fish stomach non-polluted control areas. 2. To deter- Techniques—Objectives: 1. To select study content analysis and presence or absence mine the feasibility of undertaking a de- areas and establish adequate sampling sta- of fish food organisms. tailed study of fishing success in and utili-

Photo by Britt One of the fast speedboats used for patrol throughout the state. 28 Louisiana Conservationist ; :

project are general planning and super- sportsmen. During the past two years the vision, project initiation and renewals, and following- areas have been acquired and financial supervision. made available for public use under the

2. Federal Aid: This section serves management of the Louisiana Wild Life and the Commission as it always has, but new Fisheries Commission research problems continuously occur, new- Wisner Game Management areas are being developed and all game Area 28,000 acres stocking is being carried out by this Sec- Grassy Lake Game Man- tion. " agement Area . . 26,000 In 1950 and 1951 the Federal Aid pro- Camp Claiborne Game gram consisted of: Management Area 2,000 "

a. State-wide wildlife inventory and The Burn Game Manage- management study, a survey of game ment Area 1,500 " status, location, range and importance to DeRidder Air Base Game " the sportsmen; b. Mourning dove study: Management Area 2,000 A study of migration, distribution, popula- Richland Parish Game " tion, etc.; c. Waterfowl study—A study of Management Area 1,780 migration, distribution, population and re- Morehouse Game Manage- " production; d. Evaluation of wildlife man- ment Area 1,200 agement practices—A study of the success Bayou Bodcau Game Man- of the turkey, deer and other stocking agement Area 37,000 " work; a study of deer range carrying capa- Chicago Mill Game Man- city and relation between mast producing agement Area (Fisher- " trees and game abundance; e. Farm game Ayer) 25,000 Gresham Photo by habitat improvement—A farm game food In addition to the above areas, three The patrol boat ZORIC also doubles as a and cover planting project; f. Deer Trap- additional areas have been transferred to vessel for transporting hunters from Venice ping and Transplanting 624 the Fish to the Pass-a-Loutre shooting grounds and — deer were and Game Division for manage- return. transplanted in nine parishes in the state ment where public hunting- will be under- in 1950-1951. During the past three years taken. These are: zation of the major polluted areas by approximately 875 deer have been trapped Pass-a-Loutre 66,000 acres means of creel census studies. and transplanted in Louisiana; also 1,332 Singer (Chicago Mill Game Chemical Analysis of Waters Selected pen-raised turkeys were released in 10 Management Area) 35,000 " for Study: Objectives:— 1. To conduct parishes. Several hundred beaver have been Terzia Game Management chemical analyses of waters in study areas. trapped and transplanted into suitable Area 58,000 " 2. To determine the effects of various pol- areas; g. Development of wildlife man- lutants on physical and chemical charac- The Pass-a-Loutre Game Management agement areas—The development by food teristics of selected waters, and to attempt area was used by very few people as a planting, fencing, stocking and cover mani- to correlate the presence or absence of public hunting area until 1954, when five pulation on 11 areas, totaling appi'oxi- fish food organisms and fish with chemical new camps were constructed and hunters mately 180 acres. data. were selected by lottery. A little less than The present Federal Aid Section has c. Statistical Stirveij of Game and Fisli 4,000 hunters applied and about 800 or been reorganized into three projects which Harvest and Management Data—The objec- one-fifth were selected for a two-day hunt include many investigational and develop- tive of the project is to determine fishing on this famous duck area. In addition to ment jobs. For better operation effi- pressure and success in the various areas and those selected by lottery, some 150 other cient use of material and personnel, the of the state. To determine which species hunters used the area and the facilities of program has been organized into districts, of fish are preferred and the relative fishing the main lodge. with the personnel in each district respon- pressure on the various species. To ascer- After much discussion, the Chicago Mills sible for the entire program in his district, tain the avei-age catch per day and per officials agreed to lease a large tract in rather than species management as was season by species. To ascertain the relative Tensas parish for public hunting rather the case in 1950 and 1951. The Federal amounts of salt water and freshwater fish- than remove it from a hunting area by Aid Program has been enlarged to include ing and to locate areas of greatest pres- establishing a sanctuary. The Commission the studies of woodcock, snipe, squirrel, sure. feels that suflScient refuges are already rabbits, quail management in cut-over pine Jobs under this project are: present in that section of the state with- land, woodcock breeding, deer browse 1. To secure a random mailing list of out establishing additional ones. studies and an evaluation of the game licensed and unlicensed resident fishermen The Terzia area was leased from the harvest in Louisiana. The over-all Federal of Louisiana, stratified by parishes, for the Crossett Lumber Company, and its oflScials Aid activities have continued and have purpose of conducting a mail questionnaire have expressed an interest in opening the been accelerated where possible. type of survey. area to managed hunting. This will be 2. To determine fishing jjressure and 8. Land Management Section — This done as soon as conditions can be worked success in various areas of the state, which section is completely new and was added out to a satisfactory conclusion. species of fish are preferred and the rela- as a result of the tremendous demand to 4. Hyacinth Control — The Hyacinth tive fishing pressure on the various species preserve some of the remaining good game Control Section is functioning exactly as the average daily and seasonal catch by land for public use. The average sports- it has for a number of years. The program species; preference for various types of man was finding it more and more difficult has been expanded during the past two fishing; the average number of hours spent to find a place where he could hunt be- years so it is five times as big as previ- per trip and the average number of fishing- cause of increasing "posted" signs and the ously and consequently much more effec- trips per year. leasing of large tracts of good game range tive. The section is operating under a with located areas d. Ding ell-Johnson Coordination—This is by a few individuals. In addition to the district system crews in an administrative project designed to plan acquisition of land that will remain for where the problem is greatest. The pro- the work and administer the finances of all public use, much management is being gi'am has been expanded from three crews Dingell-Johnson projects. Jobs under the undertaken to enhance its values to the of two men each to 10 crews of two men.

December, 1955 29 1 plus a supervisor and foreman. With new larly assigned duties, Dr. St. Amant made needed. To meet the increased personnel and improved equipment and more effec- considerable contributions towards the fish needs for this program, a full-time biolo- tive chemicals the effectiveness of the pro- and wildlife survey and inventory for the gist was employed last August to assist gram far exceeds the token control carried Arkansas, White, and Red River areas of in the evaluation of the various construc- essentially out in 1950 and 1951. Not only has the Louisiana. This area embraces tion projects which would in any way hyacinth been brought under control in the upper half of the state. affect the habitat of the wildlife and the northern two-thirds of the state, but River Basin work in the Commission for fishery resources of this state. Subsequent- increase, it a real inroad is being made to get this pest the years 1953-June 15, 1955: ly, as the needs continued to under control in many of the best fishing The AWRBIAC project was continued was found necessary to create a River areas in the southern part of the state. and in fact will terminate June 30, 1955. Basin Section, and a second full-time biolo- 5. River Basin Activities—This is a Dr. St. Amant continued to represent the gist was employed effective June 15, 1955. study of the effects of water control pro- fish and wildlife interest of the Commission Another biologist has been employed to jects on fish and wildlife resources in on a part-time basis until January of 1955. form a nuclear group of three trained Louisiana. The first efforts directed to- During this period, he developed the po- technicians to work with other technicians ward river basin work were made by Dr. tential fish and wildlife needs as well as of established sections of this division this Lyle S. St. Amant when he was allowed plans for meeting the needs for area and the other divisions of the Commission to spend no more than 10 percent of his of the state. Additional river basin prob- in securing adequate information relative time on this work. This consisted primarily lems developed in other areas of the state, to each proposed project. The supervisor of attendance at the Arkansas-White-Red and he met these needs with difficulty be- will represent the Commission at related Basins Inter-Agency Committee meetings cause of his regularly assigned duties. high-level interagency state and federal in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and attending public These problems consisted of attending pub- meetings, both in the state and out of hearings in the upper half of the state. His lic hearings to represent the Commission's state. participation in this work developed large- fish and wildlife interests, directing a sur- Recently, preliminary studies have been ly after the Commission became aware of vey of the fishery values of the Red River made on the Amite River and Tributaries the acute problem existing in the water Backwater Area, and attending various project, thirty-one projects in Southwest control projects in Louisiana. related meetings. Louisiana, the Lafourche-Jump Waterway, Dr. St. Amant was given approval to The Commission's interest in this river the proposed widening, deepening and relo- spend up to 50 per cent of his time on basin program increased when they realized cation of the Intracoastal Waterway, and river basin activities, and as a result he the rapid pace in which good fish and the Barataria Waterway. Statements and acquired representative status on the fish wildlife habitat was being destroyed. Often reports covering these projects have al- and wildlife work group. During the latter this destruction was due to an indifferent ready been submitted to the proper officers part of this period, in addition to his regu- attitude rather than because it was or are being prepared presently.

"^"-7 W*^i^

Photo hy Blttiuhard Out for a night's coon hunt.

Phfilo hij Blanchnrd An English setter, a shotgun and the limit of quail. Who could ask for more?

30 Louisiana Conservationist ;

Division of

Fur and Refuge

The Fur and Refuge Division is set up to supervise, maintain and operate all state-owned and some state-leased refuges, and to supervise, counsel and regulate the fur industry, and to conduct state fur sales. The state-o\vned refuges set up under this division are Rockefeller Refuge, located in Cameron and Vermilion Parishes, consisting of 85,000 acres

of marshland ; Marsh Island Refuge, located in Iberia Parish, consisting of 79,000 acres of marshland; State Wildlife Refuge, located in Vermilion Parish, consisting of 13,000 acres of marshland St. Tammany Game Preserve, located in St. Tam- many Parish, consisting of 6,000 acres of marshland; and Pass-a-Loutre Public Shooting Grounds, located in Plaquemines Parish, consisting of 66,000 Ted O'Neil, chief acres of marshland. The leased game preserves set up under this division are Chicago Mill and Lumber fur bearers and all other forms of wildlife, and that Company Game reserve, located in Tensas and all revenues derived from these areas be expended Madison Parishes, consisting of 38,765 upland acres, directly on the refuge for upkeep and further de- and Morehouse Game Preserve, located in Morehouse velopment, and with the further provision that in Parish, consisting of 48,000 upland acres. the event of surplus fur bearers, trapping be per- Rockefeller Refuge, Marsh Island Refuge and mitted and state sales conducted to dispose of the State Wildlife Refuge are areas donated to the state, pelts. with the provision that they be maintained by this The above-mentioned leased areas were set up division as a permanent sanctuary for waterfowl. under this division as a sanctuary for upland game,

M0^t SS S5 3S SBS5 |P

Photo hy Rozas

Giant pumping barge used to pump fresh water into lakes which will attract and hold migratory waterfowl during the winter season.

December, 1955 31 : ;

serving to protect the greatest deer herd in the Construction of steel warehouse building adjoin- south. ing headquarters buildings, for storing all equip- During former years, the refuges were allowed ment, supplies and housing boats being constructed. to deteriorate and were left undeveloped, and there Constructed one 1,000-acre reservoir. was very little usable equipment to work with. As Dirt work completed for two additional reser- a result of unsound management of the marshland voirs, totaling 4,700 acres. refuges, salt water was allowed to intrude into the Constructed one 150-acre drain demonstration heart of the former productive wildlife areas, area. causing them to lose their original intended purpose. Constructed a fresh-water property line canal Listed below are the accomplishments made by extending from Superior Canal to the west end of this division from January 1953, to the present refuge, totaling approximately nine miles. time, following the above program as a guide Bids let and construction underway on 25 miles of property line canals and levees which will com- Rockefeller Refuge plete the total 39.6 miles of fresh water property Completed engineering survey and new map of line canals and levees. entire boundary of refuge, and posted boundary line Completed approximately 30 miles of transporta- with asbestos piping, creosote posts and signs. tion and patrol mudboat ditches along boundary Purchased and have in use the following heavy lines, whei'e canals are to be constructed at a later equipment: % yard dragline; V2 yard dragline; 2 date. steel barges; piledriving attachments for dragline; Completed construction of new turning and dock-

acetylene drills ; light plants, two marsh buggies ing basin and transportation and patrol canal from two cypress mudboats; % ton truck; ly^ ton truck; new headquarters site to outlet in Gulf, through small wood mudboats two (workboats) ; tractors; Joseph Harbor Bayou. shallow draft speedboat for patrolling along refuge's Contract let and dirt work one-half complete on Gulf shore; skiffs and pirogues. Lake No. 4, comprising 5,680 acres. Employed by contract and set up coordinated pro- Repaired all levees along Humble Canal, exclud- gram for engineering staff, two surface geologists, ing salt water intrusion into the marshes.

five biologists, one parasitologist, two mammalo- Contracts let for dirt work on balance of lakes gists and one ornithologist. ranging in size from 480 acres to 2,400 acres, com-

Laid a seven-acre dirt fill, four feet high, where pleting a total of 9 water control lakes, comprising headquarters buildings will be constructed. 18,400 acres. Completed engineering survey and architectural Completed new eight inch fresh water well for plans and specifications for new headquarters build- use in experimental lakes. ings, consisting of six units for refuge personnel, Secured a portable 16-inch water pump to control

etc., and laboratory (research) , which contract has water in reservoirs over refuge. been let. Completed all surface geological surveys and

Ph',l:-i hji l:lnn,hard Engineers look over plans for Rockefeller Refuge can A soil sample is taken on Rockefeller Refuge levee construction. by a geologist.

32 Louisiana CONSERVATIONIST ;

biological surveys of refuge, and submitted report Posted refuge with creosote posts and enamel covering this work. signs. being control Bids accepted on a series of water Laid dirt fill for turning and docking basin where structures to be placed in major bayous along Gulf headquarters buildings will be constructed. Beach, property line canals and reservoirs. Completed engineering survey and architectural Repaired all existing trappers' camps on refuge. plans and specifications for new headquarters build- Set up program to transplant oysters from the ing; contract has been let. polluted areas in Calcasieu Lake to suitable areas Completed initial survery for construction of on refuge for experiment. 7,000-acre reservoir in Cheniere LaCroix area. Secured a contract with L.S.U. for cooperative work covering biological research on refuge and Completed surface geological and biological sur- contract with Tulane University for cooperative veys of refuge and submitted report covering this work covering bacteriological and parasitological work. research for refuge. Completed nine miles of transportation and pa- Financed and aided in collecting data for publi- trolling mudboat ditches.

cation Biids of Louisiana, now released by Univer- Constructed earthen fill dams in four bayous for sity Press. the purpose of stabilizing water levels. Financed and aided in collecting data for publi- Repaired 36 existing trappers' camps throughout cation Furred Animals of Louisiana, now in final refuge. drafting form, to be printed shortly. Controlled surplus fur crop by trapping during Have controlled the surplus fur crops by trap- each season on refuge, and conducting fur sales ping during each season on the refuge, and con- thereof. ducting fur sales thereof. State Wildlife Refuge Financed and aided in collecting specimens, etc., Posted entire refuge, with creosote posts and for waterfowl display at L.S.U. Museum. enamel signs. Marsh Island Refuge Constructed three new rooms on main headquarter Completed new large scale map of entire refuge. building and furnished same. Purchased and have in use the following heavy Presently working on headquarters fill, revetment,

equipment: 1/2 yard dragline; 1 steel barge; piling turning and docking space, boat ways, airstrip for driving attachments for dragline; drills; light small planes, and work shop.

plants ; one cypress mudboat ; 2 small workboats Working on constructing seven water-control 2 shallow-draft speedboats for patrolling along structures. refuge's Gulf short; skiffs and pirogues, and re- Repaired nine trappers' camps. placed old engine in Boat Marshland. Controlled surplus fur crop by trapping during

The Atchafalaya Basin, one of the last frontiers of undisturbed swamp- land.

Photo by Blanchard

December, 1955 83 Collecting data and reworking for reprint the two publications, Game and Wild Life Refuges and The Muskrat hi the Louisiana Coastal Marshes. Prepared pamphlet on life history of nutria. Worked in cooperation with Education and Pub- licity Division making a color film covering entire trapping and fur handling process. Set up program in cooperation with state trade schools, to teach on-the-ground courses in fur handling techniques and methods. Contacted New York and European nutria handlers and was successful in securing a healthy growing market for the new and notoriously increasing nutria population. Secured trappers from different sections of state to trap coastal marshes in order to tap a new source of trappers that will be necessary to handle our increasing nutria population. The following are endeavors of this division through 1956, following the above expansion pro- rhoto !)i/ Britt gram as a guide. Baby nutria make excellf-nt pets, as proved by this trapper's Rockefeller young son. Refuge Set up complete coastal marsh research staff covering all phases of coastal wildlife, staff to be each season on refuge, and conducting fur sales headquartered at refuge, work to be coastal and thereof. statewide, as far as furbearers are concerned. Pass-A-Loutre Public Hunting Grounds At the completion of all construction work, broad acres of duck ponds on shooting Sprayed 1,000 scale waterfowl and fur bearer food planting project with solution to control water hyacinth grounds to be initiated. growth. Stock all suitable reservoirs with game fish for of headquarters Raised camp, repaired foundation public recreational purposes. camp and repaired existing cisterns. (Note: This area has since been transferred to the Fish and Game Division, and the program and work to be followed will be conducted by that division.) Chicago Mill & Lumber Company Game Preserve Purchased jeep station wagon for patrolling refuge. Posted entire refuge, painted trees, and cut boundary line with bulldozer, large enough to be patrolled by Jeep. (Note: This area has just recently been transferred to Fish and Game Division, to be supervised by that division.) Morehouse Game Preserve Posted entire refuge, painted boundary line trees. (Note: This area has just recently been transferred to the Fish and Game Division, to be supervised by that division.) Other Projetcs Purchased fur mart building in Abbeville and boat landing site with river frontage on Vermilion River, all for purpose of fur industry.

Legislation : Had severance tax on nutria reduced from five cents to two cents. Revised trapping laws in order that season can be set each year according to animal population Photo htj Ulanchnrd and weather conditions; regulated laws relative Habitat improvement program for furbearers in currently to alligators. underway in this type marsh.

Louisiana 34 Conservationist Marsh Island Refuge Chicago Mill and Lumber Company Game Preserve and Morehouse Game Preserve Complete construction of new headquarters building, and construction of 7,000-acre reservoir. As shown above, these two areas have been transferred to Fish and Game and intended endeavors Construct seven additional water-control struc- will be under supervision of that division. tures for purpose of excluding excessive salt water intrusion and drainage. Other Projects At the completion of all construction work, broad Remodel fur mart building in Abbeville into scale waterfowl and furbearer food planting project modern fur auction center. to be initiated. Complete surface geology and biological research on entire Intracoastal Canal and other important State Wildlife Refuge canals, streams and waterways throughout coastal At the completion of all construction work, broad marshes and outline plans for purpose of directing project scale waterfowl and furbearer food planting disposition of spoils and dredging work that will be to be initiated. done in future, in an effort to benefit wildlife habitat. Carry out program to develop the alligator re- Pass-A-Loutre Public Hunting Ground sources on a state-wide basis and reprint, as part To control surplus fur crop by managing trapping of educational program, the publication, The Alli- during each season and conducting fur sales thereof. gator.

Blue and snow geese feeding in three-cornered grass on IVlarsh Island

Pholu bij Britt

Artliur P. Kay, Jr., wlio is in charge of setting up the two- way radio system for the Commission. The system will be complete by January 1 on a statewide basis.

December, 1955 35 Division of

Oysters and Wafer Bottoms

After analyzing the records of the Division of Oysters and Water Bottoms over a period of the last four years, we are glad to be able to state that there has been an increase in oyster production during the calendar years 1953 and 1954 over the calendar years 1951 and 1952. This increase has been accomplished in spite of the fact that the oyster industry is facing at this time a most serious threat against its very existence. The steady increase of mineral development in James N. McConnell, Chief Louisiana's coastal waters has of necessity brought about serious problems to the oyster industry. In In addition to all of this, the increase in geo- the last few years proven oil fields have been dis- physical activity has also affected the oyster indus- covered in many of our formerly best producing try. During the years 1951 and 1952 we had an oyster areas. The oil companies have dredged canals average of 92 geophysical crews operating in Loui- through our shallow bays and marsh areas, so that siana, while by contrast during the years 1953 and their heavy drilling barges could be placed on lo- 1954 the average number of crews amounted to one cation. The resultant placing of spoil banks and hundred and nine, and approximately eighty per the canals themselves have in many cases blocked cent of these operations occurred in our coastal off currents from certain oyster reefs which have waters. In many parts of our oyster areas, coin- caused these reefs to silt up and become totally un- cidental with geophysical shooting activity during productive as far as oyster cultivation is concerned. the hot summer months, heavy oyster losses have occurred. In addition to this, in many of our shal- These many canals are rapidly changing the en- low bays and bayous losses have occurred due to tire ecology of our coastline, and most of this change propeller wash from boats used in geophysical has been detrimental to the oyster industry by operations. bringing additional salt water into areas formerly of lower salinity more suitable for oyster cultivation During the past six years nature itself has added and propagation. an additional problem to the already heavily bur-

Photo ill niancharit Sister Lake Camp, located on the oyster seed ground reservation at Grand Caillou.

36 Louisiana Conservationist dened oyster industry. The entire nation is pres- We now give you statistical infoi'mation of this ently suffering from an annual shortage of both Division as far as its oyster operations are con- rain and snowfall. The annual flow from practically cerned for the fiscal years 1950-51, 1951-52, 1952- all of the rivers entering the coastal waters of Loui- 53 and 1953-54. We are unable to give at this time siana for the last five or six years has been far be- receipts for the fiscal year 1954-55, as these figures low normal, and as a result high salinities in oyster will not be available until after July 1. areas are prevalent. High salinity conditions are ideal for the propagation of Thais, the "conch" or oyster drill, considered the most destructive natural Statistical Data oyster enemy found in Louisiana waters. Many of 1950-51 1951-52 our natural reef areas have been completely deci- Bedding ground rentals ...$ 37,496.00 ; 36,277.00 mated by this animal. Privilege tax 8,651.66 12,985.58 Through the cooperation of the entire oyster in- Tonnage licenses 1,228.00 1,469.00 dustry, together with assistance from the officials Dredging licenses 7,050.00 8,100.00 of Plaquemines Parish, the efforts of this division Resale, shop, etc 815.00 735.00 and our Commission, the legislature has seen fit to Transfer fees 41.00 35.00

appropriate the sum of $300,000 obtainable from Sand - 1,748.00 1,031.85

the Conservation Fund to secure additional fresh Shells - 81,981.53 156,793.86 water to the natural oyster reefs in the parishes of 52,472.70 Plaquemines and St. Bernard, east of the Missis- Gravel 87.61 sippi River. In addition to this sum, our Commission has seen $191,571.50 $217,427.29

fit to set aside from our Oyster Seed Ground Fund the sum of $50,000 to assist in building the Bayou 1952-53 1953-54

LaMoque structure. Plans and specifications will Bedding ground rentals---.$ 41,532.00 I 38,870.00 be completed and bids will be advertised for by Privilege tax 12,031.01 12,521.18 July 1st for the building of a controlled structure Tonnage licenses 1,382.00 1,537.00 consisting of four 10 foot x 10 foot concrete boxes Dredging licenses 8,900.03 9,059.00 to convey river water from the Mississippi River Resale, shop, etc 710.00 1,060.00 to Bayou LaMoque in Plaquemines Parish. The Transfer fees 23.00 26.00 Department of Public Works has assured us this Sand 1,415.52 1,459.47 project will be completed by January 1st, 1956. Shells 224,974.41 110,906.79 In addition to this, preliminary steps are being 123,835.43 taken to have large syphons placed on the east bank Gravel 325.80 of the Mississippi River to convey river water into Bayou Terre aux Boeuf which should be of great $290,967.94 $299,601.67 benefit to both the fur and oyster industries.

An oyster lugger brings its catch from the reefs of the Louisiana coast.

I>ecember, 1955 37 Oysters (barrels) (Calendar Year) 1951 467,074.15 1953 793,074.36 1952 885,716.80 1954 797,224.37

1,352,790.95 1,590,298.73 1,352,790.95

Increase 237,507.78

In placing before you statistical information on income from sand, shells and gravel for the calendar years 1951, 1952, 1953 and 1954, we wish to call attention that the decrease noted is due almost en- tirely to the fact that for the past two years the Mathieson Chemical Corporation, one of our heaviest users of shells, has obtained all of its shells from Texas waters.

Statistical Data (Calendar Year) Sand (cu. yds.) 1951 108,715.54 1953 220,367.92 Photo hil Grrsluim 1952 62,294.92 1954 97,017.51 Dr. Lyie S. St. Amant, chief biologist, oyster division

171,010.46 317,385.43 Marine Biological Section 171,010.46 In recent years the biological problems associated with summer oyster mortality, oil pollution in Increase 146,374.97 oysters, ecological changes resulting from canaling, Oyster Shells (cu. yds.) and predation by conchs has increased a hundred- 1951 1,816,512.50 1953 638,443.62 fold. The need for a long range biological research 1952 1,642,995.32 1954 866,160.44 and development program has been apparent for the past 10 or 15 years, but it has been possible to 3,459,507.82 1,504,604.06 set up such a program only during the past year. 1,504,604.06 Although this program has just been initiated, results to date have been exceptionally gratifying, 1,954,903.76 Decrease even though little could be expected until several Clam Shells (cu. yds.) years of intensive study had been completed. Fol- 1951 1,813,414.64 1953 1,535,910.73 lowing is a brief summary of the type of program 1952 2,054,926.64 1954 1,615,952.83 being planned and some of the progress made during 1955. 3,868,341.28 3,151,363.56 Personnel: It is planned that from three to five 3,151,863.56 professional marine biologists will be secured to develop a program under the direction of Dr. L. 716,477.72 Decrease S. St. Amant, chief of the biologist section. Each Gravel (cu. yds.) biologist will have at least one biologist aid and 1951 953.00 1953 2,172.00 boat operator assigned to his project in order to 1952 216.00 1954 11,672.00 form a complete unit that may be assigned to individual projects. Common and skilled labor will 1,169.00 13,842.00 be hired as needed by each project leader. In addi- $1,169.00 tion to the biological staff at least one analytical chemist and helper will be employed to carry out Increase 12,673.00 very important chemical analysis. With this basic personnel a full scale long range program can be For reasons stated above it becomes immediately set up which may be expanded as the need arises. evident that a long range biological program is es- Equipment: Water and land transportation will sential to the welfare of the oyster industry. Our be needed for each project as set up. It is expected current and future plans for biological research that each biologist project leader will be furnished follow. with a boat of a size and character suitable to work

38 Louisiana Conservationist 11. A statistical analysis of oyster production annually. In addition to the above named projects, one biological group will be solely assigned to trouble shooting complaints as they come in from the commercial seafood industry. In order to carry out the above work to completion, supplemental laboratory work in chemistry and marine biology will be needed. It is planned that such will be carried out principally in our proposed marine laboratory and in the new laboratory in New Orleans.

The conch sits atop an oyster. Accomplishments to Date

Although it was expected that Dr. St. Amant, the the coastal area efficiently. In addition one large chief biologist, would spend most of his first year's boat equipped to carry out field biological, chemical work organizing the above program, purchasing and ecological studies is on order. This craft will equipment, setting up a laboratory, and securing be equipped with the most modern instruments professional personnel, much of his time has been available so that a coastal ecological survey may spent in the field trouble shooting immediate prob- be carried out at the earliest possible date. lem. His accomplishments along this line include One of the great needs is a marine laboratory. the following: Such a laboratory is now being planned. When 1. Initiation of ten projects and study areas deal- complete it will be equipped to carry out all needed ing with immediate problems of oil pollution and type of marine investigations, will serve as a bead- oyster mortality. quarters for field crews and a general storage place 2. Completion of an ecological and bacteriological for field equipment. sui-vey of Calcasieu Lake. Nature of the Program 3. Made preliminary investigation and reported Biological answers needed to marine problems are on eff'ects of seismic operations on bottom character. manifold, and those concerning oysters are excep- 4. Set up oyster sampling procedure for certain tionally numerous. Past experience in such research L.S.U. projects dealing with packaging and handling indicates that more efficient results are obtained oysters. when individual problems are approached as sepa- 5. Selected shell planting areas and calculated rate projects. Each project is planned individually measurement of shell boats. and personnel assigned solely to this work until 6. Worked toward planning program and securing completed. At present a number of such projects personnel. are being planned. Some of the more needed studies In general the biological section has accomplished considerable may be listed as follows: during the first four months of its existence. It 1. A study of the general ecology of the coastal is hoped that in the near future personnel area with respect to commercial seafood. can be obtained so that a definite project approach to 2. A study of the oyster seed ground area with the many problems may be accom- emphasis on expanding the seed grounds and more plished. efficient production. 3. A study of the efi'ects of oil pollution on taste and mortality in oysters. 4. Investigations of the summer mortality in oysters. 5. Studies of the ecological effects of canaling, dredging, silting with possible answers and corrective measures. 6. Studies of proposed fresh water outlets into oyster growing area. 7. Investigations of predators and diseases of oysters. 8. Large scale investigations of seismic operation eflfect on oyster mortality and growth. 9. Studies of the means of controlling bacterial pollution in oysters. 10. Investigation into ways and means of increasing oyster production. rhuto by J:,, II oyster i-eady fo ating on the half-shell.

December, 1955 39 Division of

Research and Sfafisfics

The personnel in the Division of Research and Statistics are technically trained men whose duties include the recognition of all types of pollution, familiarization with all industries discharging products or by-products into public water bodies, measuring the extent of damage caused by these discharges, and recommending measures which al- leviate these damages. In order to accomplish these aims, these personnel must have a technical and working knowledge of chemistry, engineering, and biology. Thus, this Division employs a chemical engineer as its chief, one field engineer, three aquatic biologists, a water chemist and five waste disposal inspectors. Since the primary aim of this group is to keep the state's water bodies in an upgraded position at Coogan, Chief all times, constant checks are made on all industrial Frank J. operations and the streams which receive their effl-

uents. Intensive surveys are made on the streams chemist is helping the Division of Oysters and which receive the more damaging effluents, and while Water Bottoms in the analysis of water, mud and a report may be written and recommendations given oyster meats. The biologists have performed bac- when a great deal of data has been gathered, this teriological examinations for this same agency. does not signify a "closed file", since periodic checks They have assisted the Division of Fish and Game are made on these streams by the field personnel in water chemistry analyses and bottom fauna sur- so that the "file" may be kept current. For these veys. The U. S. Public Health Service asked for reasons, a constant stream of reports comes into and recevied assistance on field toxicity data per- the office every week from the field personnel who taining to oil field pollution, also assistance on the have visited oil fields, refineries, paper mills, pine survey of the Ouachita and Pearl Rivers. products and naval stores plants, sugar mills (dur- Listed below are the most important activities of ing grinding season), chemical plants, gravel plants, the Division of Research and Statistics from Jan- and other industries having offensive or polluting- uary 1, 1953 to the present: waste discharges. Since the Division's personnel gain invaluable Stream Survey Work experience and knowledge in water chemistry and Completed 15 months' biological and chemical stream biology, they are often called upon to assist survey of Little River, Grant and LaSalle Parishes. other state or federal agencies engaged in conservation work. At the present time, the Division's Completed survey of Ponchatoula Creek.

Dam and discharge gate at main impounding basis, Esso Standard Oil, Baton Rouge, La.

40 Louisiana CONSERVATIONIST Instructed in the use of and assisted in the instal- PROPOSED lation of a water chemical laboratory for the town DISTRICT ORGANIZATION FOR WASTE DISPOSAL of Franklin, Louisiana. INSPECTORS Instructed on the use of and interpretation of HEADQUARTERS various scientific sampling devices used by Louisiana State University Zoology Department, and Game Management Department. Assisted National Council for Stream Improve- ment with the temporary loan and use of scientific instruments. Gave short-course instructions on the i-ecognition and definition of general pollution to Game Ranger classes. Instructional lectures to civic groups and sportsmen's organizations. Cooperation with Federal Agencies Assisted in survey of Ouachita River (USPHS), of Corney Lake at- Surveyed all gravel plants from Mississippi line assisted in survey (USPHS), tended classes in Cincinnati, Ohio, in biology to Denham Springs, Louisiana—Amite River. USPHS chemistry, assisted in field toxicity tests on pol- Completed sugar mill surveys on all mills dis- and oil fields draining into charging into public water bodies for two grinding luted waters from Arkansas Louisiana. seasons. Corney Lake, Laboratory Analyses Oil Field Brines, Sugar Completed survey for brine and oil discharge — Mill Effluents, Paper Mill Effluents, Pine Products into public streams in Tullos-Urania and George- and Naval Stores, Food Processing Plants, Missis- town oil fields. sippi River at Baton Rouge, Oil Refineries, Private Surveyed Caddo-Pine Island oil fields for quantity Ponds. discharge of brine and waste oil discharged into Fish Toxicity Tests—Oil Field Brines, Oil Re- public streams. finery Wastes, Insecticides, Herbicides, Ammonia Surveyed Corney Lake biologically and chemically Plants, Pine Products Plants, Algacides, Chemical and recently completed fish census studies. Plants, Pure Chemicals. Surveyed Calcasieu River from Oberlin, Louisi- Sugar Mill Pollution ana, to Lake Charles, Louisiana. Investigations The areas of the state in which are found streams were of a biological and chemical nature and in- receiving sugar mill waste have been under close and cluded fish census. constant surveillance for the past two years. The Surveyed Vermilion River for damages wrought streams in these areas were visited at least once by food processing plants. each week, beginning a week or so before cane Surveyed Ouachita River from Arkansas line to grinding started and extending for a period of Columbia, Louisiana. some two to three weeks after cane grinding ceased. Surveyed Bogue Falaya River near Covington, On each of these visits stream and mill waste sam- Louisiana. ples were collected and analyzed in the Baton Rouge Surveyed Trout Creek near Merryville, Louisiana, for probable pollution for proposed paper mill. Currently surveying Bundicks Creek, DeRidder, Louisiana. Initiated biological and chemical surveys on streams in North Louisiana (especially those receiving industrial wastes) emphasizing the collec- tion and identification of fishes that might be used as index organisms in stream survey work. Cooperation with other State Agencies and Civil Agencies. Assisted with biological and chemical survey, including fish census, of Caddo Lake with Division of Fish and Game. Assisted Division of Fish and Game with biological and chemical survey, including fish census on Black Bayou. Currently assisting Division of Oysters and Water Bottoms with chemical analysis of waters and muds, and bacteriology.

December, 195.5 41 laboratory. Data collected included volume of flow, dissolved oxygen content, B.O.D., and pH, sugar content. It might be said that considerable improvements have been brought about through the cooperation of sugar mill owners and other interested parties to the extent that stream pollution problems in these areas to a far lesser degree are inticipated in the coming grinding season. Gravel Plant Operation The operations of the gravel plants and the resultant stream pollution is considered a comparatively small problem. The abatement and/or elimination of this type of problem is largely the result of the cooperative attitudes of the plant operators, aided and abetted by the constant surveillance of the Wild Life and Fisheries Commission game rangers located throughout the area.

Calcasieu River A complete biological and chemical survey of this river down to Lake Clear was conducted. This survey included some fish census work in the upper reaches of the stream. Stream pollution in this area Water samples are taken at a pollution site for further investigation in the laboratory. has been reduced—and here again through cooperation with some of the industries located on or near the survey, and a complete report on existing con- the stream. Kraft paper plant in this area con- A ditions was submitted to proper authority. Since tinues to discharge waste into the Calcasieu, causing this study was made, enormous changes have re- a pollution problem. This firm was brought into a sulted in the Creek as a result of the dredging of court of law late last year, and the decision rendered Ponchatoula Creek. No complaints have been filed in this case was in favor of the paper plant. Here with office in quite some time. again survey work is currently being conducted in The naval stores plant located in Covington and the waters of receiving streams. discharging its waste to the Bogue Falaya River Stream survey work is also under way in the has drawn the attention of field survey crews of the lower Calcasieu River around and below Lake Division of Research and Statistics very recently; Charles, Louisiana. in fact, further investigations have been strongly recommended. Correspondence between this firm Food Processing Plants and the Stream Control Commission is currently Vermilion River being carried on. Lafayette, Louisiana Pearl River

Limited amount of study on stream conditions in Pearl River, which is the receiving water body the areas of the sweet potato processing plants in for the waste discharge of the Gaylord Container Lafayette, Louisiana, has been done intermittently. Corporation, came under the close and exacting- Laboratory analyses of the waste sample and stream scrutiny of a cooperative group composed of per- samples were also made. sonnel from the U. S. Public Health Service and Conditions of the river in this area is showing- biologists of the Division of Research and Statistics. marked improvement. Much data or information was gathered both on the . Pine Products Discharge and Wood Treating paper mill and the receiving stream. This work Plant Located in Florida Parishes—In the past sev- was carried on in late 1950. As a follow-up of this eral years stream surveys and plant wastes analyses survey personnel from this division have made and have been conducted on two streams receiving waste are making frequent visits to the stream for the from one wood creosoting plant and one naval stores purpose of ascertaining stream conditions in Pearl or pine products plants. The wood creosoting plant, River. located between Hammond and Ponchatoula, discharges its wastes into Ponchatoula Creek, which Training Courses Attendance empties into Ponchatoula River. A comparatively In both 1953 and 1954, biologists from this complete study was made on Ponchatoula Creek and division attended biological training courses held the waste entering from the wood cresoting plant. at the Environmental Health Center, U.S.P.H.S., Biological and chemical data was gathered during Cincinnati, for the purpose of acquiring more

413 Louisiana Conservationist To complement chemical laboratory analyses, bio- assays are also conducted on various industrial effluents and/or many other chemicals used in various manufacturing processes.

Ouachita River In the latter part of 1953, Research and Statistics personnel participated in a detailed survey of the Ouachita River. This work was done in cooperation with the U.S.P.H.S. Work done in this case included biological survey of bottom fauna of the river above, at and down- stream from sources of pollution. Also, much of the sampling in this survey was done by a waste-disposal inspector and an engineer of the division.

Involvement in Court Proceedings

It has become the undesirable lot, yet the manda- tory task of Research and Statistics personnel to appear in a court of law in a case of repeated viola- Scouts see coastal waste control inspectors at work tions of Stream Control Commission regulations. near oil fields in the marsh. Regretfully, it must be reported, the judicial decision was rendered in favor of the party other and/or better knowledge regarding the study of than the state's pollution control agency. (It is stream pollution : Certiiicates attesting to attendance questionable whether or not this can be included of these training schools have been issued and are as an achievement, in spite of the time and effort in the possession of personnel who attended. Such expended.) training courses, since they are attended by indivi- Trouble Shooting duals from areas throughout the country, have been invaluable, primarily as an opportunity for ex- Frequently throughout the year personnel for this change of ideas with these various people from division are called to investigate complaints con- various parts of the U. S. cerning fish mortality and/or other related inci- dents arising as a result of stream pollution and un- Laboratory Analyses natural stream phenomena. Examples of these are A considerable amount of time has been spent so-called "natural fish kills", which occur often and quite a bit of work has been done on laboratory throughout the year and are scattered over the state. analyses of various industrial waste effluents along Game Ranger Instruction with stream samples. This is considered an integral part of an overall stream survey and study of Biologists of the division have served in the capa- waste properties. Chemical analyses, in such cases, city of lecturers at game ranger schools. In the past include B.O.D., oil content, suspended and total two years, four such training courses have been solids, phenol content, etc. held for game rangers. SPEAK YOUR PIECE

IT'S FRENCH, FOR SURE FINE SUGGESTION THE WORST KIND Monroe Buras Port Barre

Will you please let me know what the I an ardent fan of hunting and fish- am I am a regular reader of the CONSER- word "cheniere" means? There is a Che- find the articles in your magazine ing and VATIONIST and I like the work you have Monroe, but neither I do some commer- niere Brake near West of great interest. also been doing. the natives of that town nor the people at cial trawling (on vacations and weekends, You should visit our area and see what the public library know the meaning of the etc.) and am therefore interested in shrimp flood control has done to some of the best word. and shrimping. May I suggest that an bass fishing area in Louisiana. It's a big I recently read a novel by Frank Yerby, article in your publication on this subject day now if you get eight or ten. I am not in which the word is used frequently. might be interesting to many others? against flood control, but I do think they —W. L. Rogers —W. J. Edgecombe should be required to put fish steps on all A book on Louisiana French words tells story on shrimping opera- their locks, so the fish can go upstream in us that "cheniere" means "an oak-covered Watch for a along the Gulf Coast, slated for a the Spring. That would give all the bayous ridge elevated slightly above the coastal tions Spring issue of the CONSERVATIONIST. in the Atchafalaya Floodway time to re- marshes". It is derived from the French A. Lewis word "chene", meaning "an oak". —Ed. —Ed. plenish each Spring. —C.

December, 1955 43 — — Louisiana Conservationist Index for 1955

INDEX BY TITLE OF ARTICLE INDEX BY SUBJECT INDEX BY SUBJECT Title—Author Issue Subject—Author Issue Subject—Author Issue AACI Conference Held in New Orleans :Martins: Wanted— lU.OOO New Martin Houses. Louisiana State University July-Aug., p. 10 Leslie Lloyd Jan., p. 8 New Forestry Building for LSU May-June, p. 19 Alibis 'N Such, Bob and Marilyn We Recommend: Louisiana Birds Nov., ],. 9 Waterfowl Exhibit Opens May-June, p. 22 Bergstrom March, p. 12 LorisiANA Wild Like and Fisheries Commission Armadillo—The Original Wetback, Charter Boats i: Personnel: Enforcement Division Gwen Eirtley Perkins Feb.. p. 15 Claude Gresham May-Juue, p. 20 Personnel Feb., p. 11 Buying Pressure by the Pound, Urgent—Gulf Weather Ship Needed, Personnel : Wild Life District Offices Lee Apperson March, p. 2 Charles Murphy Mar'^ii, );. 9 in Operation May-June. p. 12 Cane River Poisoning Project, Don Geagan Oct., p. 4 f'AXNiXG, Seafood Canning Plant, Report of Progress Dec, p. 2 Cliarter Boats in Louisiana May-June, p. 20 Claude Gresham Sept., p. 11 Louisiana Wildlife Federation Christmas Bird Count, Robert Newman March, p. 14 Civil Defense, Of Interest—Commission Pledges Bosch, Charles : Bosch Receives National Coastal Waste Control, Civil Defense Support Feb., p. 20 Award April, p. 20 Claude Gresham May-June, p. 2 Coast Guard, see: U.S. Coast Guard Convention Highlights April, p. 22 Duck Hunting—Pirogue Style. Commission, see: Louisiana Wild Life and Federation Convention Flashes March, p. 19 John Blanchard Oct.. p. 2 Fisheries Commission National Wildlife F'ederation, Conservation

Enforcement Division Personnel - Feb.. p. 11 Conservation Education Publications, Charles Bosch Jan., p. 22 Eschmeyer Dies, Claude Gresham July-Aug., p. 15 Conservation Publications, list of, North American Wildlife Conference, First Fishing Trip, John Blanchard Oct., p. 12 Charles Bosch Jan., p. 22 New Oaelrns to Be Host to 21st Fish Conservation Fundamentals, Dr. R. W. Eschmeyer Is Education the Answer? John Blanchard North American Wildlife Confer- Drainage (see also: ence - - July-Aug., 21 Part I : The General Picture July-Aug., p. 7 Wetlands) p. Part II: Stocking Sept.. p. 6 Excerpts, Speak Your Piece May-June, p. 29 Outdoor Writers' Association, Of Interest Part III: Regulations Oct., p. 9 Excerpts, Speak Your Piece Sept., p. 23 Outdoor Writers Elect Officers ....Feb., p. 20 Part IV; Habitat Improvement Nov., p. 8 Drowning, How to Drownproof Yourself, Pass-a-Loutre, Pass-a-Loutre Duck Hunting Fish Conservation Highlights: Louisiana Prof. Fred R. Lanoue May-June, p. 6 Plans Sept., p. 19 1954 April, p. 6 Ducks (see also: Waterfowl) Results of Pass-a-Loutre Hunts March, p. 16 Fish Eaters Welcome, Floyd B. Chapman Oct., p. 7 Duck Calling Contests: Pictures from the Readers Fishing at Home, Dr. Bryant Bateman Feb., p. 2 With the Federation - Oct., p. 23 Jan., p. 12 ; April, p. 12 ; July-AugTist, p. 16 Game Law Convictions for 1954 F'eb., p. 14 Duck Hunting—Pirogue Style. Poetry Gar Fishing, Claude Gresham Sept., p. 9 John Blanchard Oct., p. 2 Gardens of Lafourche, The, Gentleman Bird, W. McFadden Duffy Nov., p. 2 Woodduck Boxes: Snake in the Box, Hazel B. Rasmussen Nov., p. 20 Grand Isle Rodeo May-June, p. 11 Ray Rogers Jan.. p. 10 Manchac, Hazel B. Rasmussen Nov., p. 18 How Fast Is a Fish? David Gunston July-Aug., p. 24 Enforcement Poisoning, see; Fish Research & Management How to Drownproof Yourself. Enforcement Division Personnel Feb., p. 11 Pollution Prof. Fred R. Lanoue May-June, p. 6 It's Their Duty—Wildlife Rangers at Coastal Waste Control, Hyacinth Control Report, Pete Button May-June, p. 8 Work Nov., p. 12 Claude Gresham May-June. p. 2 I Can Hunt Again, Don Harbuck Feb., p. 7 Radio Network Nov., p. 4 Effect of Oil Nov., p. 22 Is Education the Answer? John Blanchard April, p. 8 Wild Life District Offices in Excerpts, Speak Your Piece April, p. 21 Louisiana Fish Ways, Harry Sckafer and Operation May-June, p. 12 and July-Aug., p. 29 Don Geagan July-Aug., p. 18 Exhibits, Waterfowl Exhibit Opens May-June, p. 22 Fourth Annual Water Symposium March, p. 5 Louisiana Forestry Commission, The, Federation, see: Louisiana Wildlife Federation Posted Land James Mixon April, p. 10 Field Trials, Southwest Field Trial Association Excerpts, Speak Your Piece Jan., p. 21 Louisiana Hunting Regulations Holds Fifth Annual Meet, and March, p. 19 for 1955-56 Sept., p. 10 Harry Gates -Jan.. p. 20 Public Shooting Grounds (see also: Pass-a-Loutre) Louisiana's Wetlands, Ted Ford April, p. 2 Fish Your Public Shooting Grounds, Louisiana Wild Life & Fisheries Commission Fish Conservation Fundamentals, Carroll Perkins April, p. 15 Report of Progress Dec, p. 2 Dr. R. W. Eschmeyer Quail Excerpts, Speak Your Piece Sept., p. 22 Managing Louisiana's Fresh Water Fisheries, Part I : The General Picture July-Aug., p. 7 Dr. Lyle St. Amant Jan., p. 2 Part II: Stocking Sept., p. 6 Gentleman Bird. W. McFadden Duffy Nov., p. 2 New Fishery in the Gulf, Claude Gresham Jan., p. 14 Part III: Regulations Oct., p. 9 Quail in Louisiana, New Forestry Building for LSU May-June, p. 19 Part IV: Habitat Improvement ....Nov., p. 8 Claude Gresham July-Aug., p. 2 Our Policy on Wetlands, Fish Conservation Highlights: Quail Research, Robert Murry Sept., p. 14 L. D. Young, Jr July-Aug., p. 12 Louisiana—1954 April, p. 6 Radio Outstanding Young Conservationists, How Fast Is a Fish? Radio Network Nov., p. 4 Charles Phillips May-June, p. 26 David Gunston July-Aug., p. 24 Radio Program Schedule; Pass-a-Loutre Duck Hunting Plans Sept., p. 19 Fish Ponds Statewide Radio Oct., p. 18 Proposed Management for Lake Bistineau, Fish Eaters Welcome, Rangers, see: Enforcement George Moore Oct., p. 13 Floyd B. Chapman Oct., p. 7 Refuges. Giveaway of Wildlife Refuges Quail in Louisiana, Claude Gresham ....July-Aug., p. 2 F'ishing at Home, Dr. Bryant Bateman Feb., p. 2 Starts July-Aug., p. 14 Quail Research, Robert Murry Sept., p. 14 Fish Research and Management Seafood, Seafood Canning Plant, Claude Gresham Radio Network Nov., p. 4 Cane River Poisoning Project, Shrimp (Recipes), Shrimp Is Simple, Results of Pass-a-Loutre Hunt, Don Geagan Oct., p. 4 Jan Sebastian Jan., p. 7 Carroll Perkins March, p. 16 Fresh Water Creel Census, Victor Lambou Snakes Rodeo Results Sept., p. 16 and Charles Shaw -Feb., p. 6 Snake Hunt (picture story). Seafood Canning Plant, Claude Gresham Sept., p. 11 Louisiana Fish Ways, Harry Schafer Jack Britt May-June, p. 16 Shad Removal from Clear Lake, and Don Geagan July-Aug., p. 18 Snake in the Box, Ray Rogers Jan., p. 10 Victor Lambou March, p. 10 Managing Louisiana's Fresh Water Fisheries, Soil Conservation, Soil Conservation Aids Shrimp Is Simple, Jan Sebastian Jan., p. 7 Dr. Lyle St. Amant Jan., p. 2 Louisiana Wildlife, H. B. Martin Nov., p. 5 Snake Hunt May-June, p. 16 New Fishery in the Gulf, SQnRRELS, Squirrel Research. J. B. Kidd Nov., p. 10 Snake in the Box, Ray Rogers Jan., p. 10 Claude Gresham Jan., p. 14 Swimming, How to Drownproof Yourself, Soil Conservation Aids Louisiana Wildlife, Proposed Management for Lake Bistineau, Prof. Fred R. Lanoue May-June, p. 6 -ff. B. Martin Nov., p. 5 George Moore Oct., p. 13 Trapping Seasons Oct., p. 24 Southwe.st Louisiana Field Trial, Shad Removal from Clear Lake, Tuna, New Fishery in the Gulf, Harry Gates Jan.. p. 20 Victor Lambou March, p. 10 Clau-de Gresham Jan., p. 14 Squirrel Research, /. B. Kidd Nov., p. 10 Fish Tags. Fishing Plugs for Fish Turkeys Tony's First Turkey Hunt, Tags July-Aug., p. 30 First Turkey Season in Years Set March, p. 5 Frank Heyward March, p. 6 Fishing and Hunting Tony's Turkey. Frank Heyward March, p. 6 Trapping Seasons Oct., p. 24 Buying Pressure by the Pound. Turkev Hunt Results. Turkey Hunt Results Julv-Aug., p. 22 Lee Apperson March, p. 2 Claude Gresham July-Aug.. p. 22 Urgent: Gulf Weather Ship Needed, First Fishing Trip. John Blanchard —Oct., p. 12 Turkey Shoot March, p. 21 Charles Murphy March, p. 9 Fishing Rodeos U.S. Coast Guard AVanted— 10.000 New Martin Houses, Cameron and Grand Isle: Urgent—Gulf Weather Ship Needed. Leslie Lloyd Jan., p. 8 1955 Winners Sept., p. 18 Charles Murphy March, p. 9 Waterfowl Exhibit Opens May-June, p. 22 Rodeo Results Sept., p. 16 Your Coast Guard Rescue Service. Waterfowl Through the Winter, Grand Isle Rodeo May-June, p. 11 Gilbert Shaw May-June. p. 15 Dick Yancey Sept., p. 2 Iberia Parish Rod & Gun Club Rodeo. Water We Recommend: Louisiana Birds Nov., p. 9 see: With the Federation Oct.. p. 22 F'ourth Annual Water Symposium March, p. 5 What's Happening to Our Water Supply? Forestry (see also: Drainage and Wetlands) What's Happening to Our Water Supply? Joseph G. Eeeley Sept., p. 20 Excerpts, Speak Your Piece - Nov., p. 17 Joseph C. Keeley.. Sept.. p. 20 White Ibis Situation in Louisiana, The, Louisiana Forestry Commission, The, Waterfowl (.see also: Ducks) Robert Allen Feb.. p. 17 James Mixon April, p. 10 Waterfowl Through the Winter, Wild Life District Offices in Operation May-June, p. 12 Kew F'orestry Building for LSU May-June, p. 19 Dick Yancey Sept.. p. 2 Wildlife Rangers at Work Nov., p. 12 Gars, Gar Fishing Sept.. p. 9 West End Park, Commission Accepts Land for Wildlife Societ5^ The. Daniel Leedy ....May-June, p. 24 Guns. The Pro and Con of Firearms New Building Your Coast Guard Rescue Service, Registration Nov.. p. 19 Wetlands Gilbert Shnw May-June, p. 15 Browsing March, p. 25 Your Public Shooting Grounds, Hunting Excerpts, Bayou I Can Hunt Again ! Don Harbuck Feb., p. 7 and April, p. 24 Carroll Prrkins April, p. 15 Louisiana Hunting Regulations for Flash! Wetlands Public Hearings Set March, p. 15 1955-56 Sept., p. 10 Louisiana's Wetlands, Ted Ford — April, p. 2 INDEX BY SUBJECT On Alibis and Such! Our Policv on Wetlands, Subject—Author Issue Bob and Marilyn Bergstrom March, p. 12 L. D. Young. Jr July-Aug., p. 12 Albixos, Of Interest—Partial Albino Buck Results of Pass-a-Loutre Hunt, Wetlands—Going! Going! . . . ? Carroll Perkins March, p. 16 Charles Bosch May-June, p. 30 Killed Feb., p. 20 American Association for Conservation Hyacinths, Hvacinth Control Report. AVith the Federation. Charles Bosch ....Feb., p. 22 Information, AACI Conference Held Fete Dvtton May-June, p. S Wilcox. Robert H.. Ibis. Ibis ....May-June, in New Orleans Julv-Aug., p. 10 The White Situation in Louisiana, Excerpt. Bayou Browsing p. 33 Armadillos, Armadillo—The Original Wetback, Robert Allen Feb., p. 17 Wildlife Organizations, Wildlife Society, The, Gwe.n Kirtley Perkins Feb., p. 15 Louisiana Forestry Commission, Daniel L. Leedy May-June, p. 24 Birds The Louisiana Forestry Commission. Youth Christmas Bird Count, James Mixon April, p. 10 Conservation Publications, List of, Robert J. Newman March, p. 14 Louisiana Game & F'ish Lavt Convictions Charles Bosch Jan., p. 22 Fish Eaters Welcome, FOR 1953 AND 1954 Feb., p. 14 Is Education the Answer? Floyd B. Chapman Oct., p. 7 Louisiana Outdoor Writers' Association, John Blanchard ....- April, p. 8 Ibis: The White Ibis Situation in Louisiana, Of Interest—Outdoor Writers Elect Outstanding Young Conservationists. Robert Allen Feb., p. 17 Officers Feb., p. 20 Charles Phillips May-June, p. 26 in Review", Pass-a-Loutre, the sprawling, 65,000-acre Our own new movie, "Wildlife public showing. It was public shooting grounds near the mouth of the has been released for Edouard Morgan and its run- Mississippi River, is in the limelight, nationally filmed in color by J.

30 seconds . . . script speaking. There appeared a story on this project ning time is 30 minutes and by Gay Batson of in the November issue of Outdoor Life and a two- by "Upstream", narrated features ducks and geese, deer, page spread in the Saturday, October 29 Saturday WDSU-TV. It for bream, jackfish, Evening Post. In addition, Parade, a Sunday sup- turkey, bear, and fishing tarpon. The climax is noth- plement, will carry the story along with a future tripletail, bonito and of terrific as seen through Edouard's issue of S7)orts Illustrated. ing short camera (he's the tarpon-fishin' Museum Curator, This area is unique in many ways—ecologi- you know). cally, geographically and monetarily (oil and charge through that it It is now available free of sulphur) . However, we'd like to point out our movie loan library, which has been boosted is only one effort of the Commission in making to some 97 films. Please make reservations at lands available to public shooting. The acreage least two weeks in advance. available for the 1955-56 season totaled more than 347,000 acres—and that's a lot of land. More is being leased for future use. From where we sit, Santa is probably loading up his sleigh by with continued cooperation by landowners, now and repairing the harness on his eight tiny sportsmen and the general public, the hunting reindeer and it's time you were dropping subtle prospects in Louisiana are growing brighter every hints to the lady of the house for that new shot- year. gun, rifle or fishing tackle. There's nothing like telling the dealer to call her, or hanging big signs

in the living room ; or better still, buy it yourself This issue is devoted to the "Report of Prog- tell her that's your Christmas. ress" by each division within the Commission. and Our aim is to acquaint the public with the overall operation of this self-supporting state agency in Quail season was ushered in Thanksgiving which there is so intense an interest. Bag limits, day, deer season in north Louisiana on December seasons and conservation in general are contro- 1; and bear will become fair game on December versial topics, to say the least. There are more 16. Doves may again be shot during the second experts in this field than in agriculture and in- half of the split season—December 19-January dustry combined. No team is too smart to learn, 10. Rails and gallinules may not be shot after and we're more than happy to listen attentively to November 29, but woodcock hunters may go anyone or any group's story. Conservation is afield December 12 until the close of the day Jan- after actually common sense anyway . . . and uary 20. We are blessed by having so much game you've read this issue of the CONSERVATION- available during these periods. IST you will probably agree that it takes a lot of scientific knowledge and a lot of horse sense this Commission tick. It is with your to make In case I don't see you upstream, here's wish- have been made. help that forward strides ing you a happy holiday season—to all of you from all of us. —J-B. 100,000,000 pounds was the Louisiana shrimp catch in 1954— (Photo by Britt)