INSTITUTE OF FOOD AND FLORIDA AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES COOPERATIVE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA EXTENSION SERVICE

FLORIDA FOLIAGE GROWER TEACiNG RESEARCH EXTENSION

Volume 14, Number 3 'larch, 1977

SHORT COURSE REPORT

Since the National Tropical Foliage Short Course was initiated in 1971, the meeting has continued to grow in scope and attendance. There were 1514 registrants for the 1977 National Tropical Foliage Short Course including representatives from 41 states, Puerto Rico and 9 foreign countries. Flor- ida registrants constituted 53 percent of the total figure.

KEEPING PACE WITH THE NOMENCLATURE R. W. Henleyl As many of you know, some of the foliage being grown, sold and used have undergone name changes. taxonomists throughout the world contribute to the bank of knowledge which is used to properly classify plants. When taxonomists change the name of a cultivated plant it is up to the horticulturists to learn and utilize the new name. Name changes often cause confusion and aggravation initially, but with proper attention they can be adopted by the trade and amateur horticulturists in a relatively short period of time. It is especially important that we as horticulturists attempt to use the most appropriate nomenclature for plants in catalogs, price lists and adver- tisements. More buyers today are well informed and judge a firm by the quality and accuracy of its plant lists or ads. The following list provides the names of several important plants in the foliage industry. Those technical names which appear in parenthesis are obsolete names. The revised nomenclature is according to Hortus Third. Many may wish to retain the obsolete names in parenthesis following the new horticultural name in printed plant lists and catalogs. Some of the common names on this list are not consistent with Hortus Third. This procedure will help your customers and employees learn the new names during a transition period.

1 Associate Professor, Agricultural Research Center, Apopka, Florida.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences is an Equal Employment Opportunity - Affirmative Action Employer authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function without regard to race, color, sex, or national origin. COOPERATIVE EXTENSION WORK IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS, STATE OF FLORIDA, IFAS, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AND BOARDS OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS COOPERATING -2-

SELECTED LIST OF TROPICAL FOLIAGE PLANTS INCLUDING RECENT CHANGES

Horticultural Name Common Name

Aeschynanthus pulcher Lipstick Plant Aglaonema commutatum elegans Silver Evergreen Aglaonema crispum (A. roebelinii, Painted Evergreen SchismatoglottTs roebelinii) Aglaonema x 'Silver King' Silver King Evergreen Aloe barbadensis (A. vera)* True Aloe Ananas comosus Pineapple Aphelandra squarrosa 'Dania' Dania'Zebra Plant Araucaria heterophylla Norfolk Island Pine Ardisia crenata (A. crenulata) Coralberry Asparaqus densiflorus 'Sprengeri' Sprenger Asparagus (A. sprengeri)* Asparagus setaceus (A. plumosus)* Fern Asparagus Aspidistra elatior Cast-Iron Plant Beaucarnia recurvata Ponytail Begonia Masoniana Iron-Cross Begonia Begonia x rex-cultorum (B. x rex)* Rex Begonia Brassaia actinophylla Australian Umbrella Tree (Schefflera actinophylla) Calathea Makoyana Peacock Plant Chamaedorea elegans (C. humilis, Parlor Palm Collinia elegansT Chamaedorea erumpens Bamboo Palm Chlorophytum comosum 'Variegatum' Spider Plant Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Yellow Palm, Areca Palm, (Areca lutescens) Cane Palm Cissus rhombifolia Grape Ivy Codiaeum x 'Bravo' Bravo Croton Coffea arabica Common Coffee Cordyline terminalis 'Baby Doll' Baby Doll Ti (Dracaena terminalis 'Baby Doll') Crassula argentea Jade Plant Cryptanthus bivittatus Earth Star -3-

Horticultural Name Common Name

Dieffenbachia amoena Giant Dumbcane Dieffenbachia amoena 'Tropic Snow' Tropic Snow Dumbcane Dieffenbachia maculata 'Rudolph Roehrs' Rudolph Roehrs Dumbcane (D. picta 'Rudolph Roehrs')* Dieffenbachia x 'Exotica Perfection' Exotic Perfection Dumbcane Dizygotheca elegantissima False Aralia Dracaena angustifolia 'Honoriae'- Honor Dracaena (Pleomele angustifolia 'Honoriae') Dracaena deremensis 'Janet Craig' Janet Craig Dracaena Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii' Warneckii Dracaena Dracaena Draco Dragon Tree Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' Corn Plant Dracaena marginata Madagascar Dragon Tree Dracaena Sanderana Belgian Dracaena Dracaena surculosa 'Florida Beauty' Florida Beauty Dracaena (D. godseffiana 'Florida Beauty')* Dracaena thalioides (Pleomele Lance Dracaena thalioides)* Epipremnum aureum (Scindapsus aureus)* Golden Pothos, Devil's Ivy Fatsia japonica (Aralia japonica, Japanese Fatsia A. sieboldiiT Ficus benjamin Weeping Fig Ficus elastica 'Decora' Decorative Indian Rubber Tree Ficus lyrata Fiddle- Fig Fittonia Verschaffeltii Silver Nerve Plant Gynura procumbens (G. sarmentosa)* Purple Passion Hedera Helix 'Needlepoint' Needlepoint English Ivy Hoya carnosa 'Compacta' Compact Wax Plant Hoya carnosa 'Variegata' Variegated Wax Plant Maranta leuconeura 'Kerchoviana' Prayer Plant Maranta leuconeura erythroneura Red-Vein Prayer Plant Monstera deliciosa (Philodendron Ceriman pertusum) Neoregelia Carolinae 'Tricolor' Tricolor Blushing Bromeliad Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis' Boston Sword Fern Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffles' Fluffy Ruffles Sword Fern -4-

Horticultural Name Common Name Peperomia caperata 'Emerald Ripple' Emerald Ripple Peperomia Peperomia obtusifolia 'Variegata' Variegated Oval-leaf Peperomia Peperomia griseoargentea Ivy-Leaf Peperomia Philodendron x 'Burgundy' Burgundy Philodendron Philodendron bipennifolium Fiddle-Leaf Philodendron (P. panduriforme) Philodendron x 'Red Princess' Red Princess Philodendron Philodendron scandens oxycardium Heart-Leaf Philodendron (P. oxycardium, P. cordatum)* Philodendron scandens scandens Velvet-Leaf Philodendron (P. micans )* Philodendron Selloum Lacy-Tree Philodendron Phoenix Roebelenii Pygmy Date Palm Cadierei 'Minima' Dwarf Aluminum Plant Pilea nummulariifolia Creeping Charlie Pilea 'Silver Tree' Silver Tree Pilea Pittosporum Tobira Japanese Pittosporum Platycerium bifurcatum Common Staghorn Fern Plectranthus australis Swedish Ivy Podocarpus macrophyllus Southern Yew, Yew Pine Polyscias Balfouriana 'Marginata' Variegated Balfour Aralia (Aralia balfouriana marginata) Polyscias fruticosa (Aralia fruticosa) Ming Aralia, Ming Tree Pteris ensiformis 'Victoriae' Victoria Table Fern Sansevieria trifasciata Snake Plant Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii' Goldband Snake Plant Scindapsus pictus Argyraeus Satin Pothos Sedum Morganianum Burro's Tail Senecio mikanioides German Ivy Soleirolia Soleirolii (Helxine Baby's Tears soleirolii )* Spathiphyllum x 'Clevelandii' Cleveland Peace Lily Spathiphyllum x 'Mauna Loa' Mauna Loa Peace Lily Syngonium podophyllum 'Emerald Gem' Emerald Gem Arrow-Head Vine -5-

Horticultural Name Common Name

Syngonium podophyllum 'Green Gold' Green Gold Arrow-Head Vine Tolmiea Menziesii Piggyback Plant Yucca elephantipes Spineless Yucca Zebrina pendula Wandering Jew

*Botanical name changes according to Hortus Third.

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME FOLIAGE PLANTS TO FLUORIDE AIR POLLUTION

S. S. Woltz and W. E. Waters 2

The relationship of ornamental plants to environmental quality has received increased attention in recent years. While ornamental plants usually improve the environment, occasionally the tables are turned and the environment damages the plants as in the case of air-borne fluorides. Fluoride from the atmosphere has received attention in Florida for an ex- tended period of time since it affects the growth and quality of ornamental plant material. Since the construction of greenhouses at the Bradenton Agricultural Research and Education Center with provisions for maintenance of steady-state, varied levels of fluoride air content, it became possible t- -lassify ornamental plants for susceptibility to air-borne fluorides. Information from this work should be useful in choosing ornamental plant for specific production or planting locations when a fluoride air pollution problem is likely to occur.

Compartmentalized fiberglass-wood-concrete greenhouses were constructed to provide attached, serially-fumigated units. Each unit is 9 feet by 12 feet in size and has an air space of approximately 800 cubic feet. Air for cooling and providing a stable fluoride atmosphere was drawn through 3 1/2 feet by 5 feet, double-thickness cooling pads at the rate of 425 cubic feet per minute. Hydrofluoric acid was volatilized in a gas generator chamber between the pad and the fan. Thermostatically controlled evaporators (polypropylene beakers in a sand bath in commercial electric skillets) were used to steadily volatilize the hydrofluoric acid of concentrations varied according to the desired atmospheric fluoride level. The rate of dripping of HF into the '?akers was about 3 to 4 drops per minute providing a steady evolution of gaseous acid fluoride which was then mixed with a large volume of air drawn through the fan, directed to the top of the greenhouse, recir- culated and then vented on the far side of the greenhouse.

Atmospheric fluoride was monitored once or twice weekly and adjustments made as necessary to maintain stable atmospheric fluoride concentrations at

IThis article is adapted from Bradenton AREC Research Report GC1976-17. 2Plant Physiologist and Director, respectively, Agricultural Research and Education Center at Bradenton. -6-

levels of 0, 0.4, 2 and 10 micrograms fluoride per cubic meter of air. The gravitational flow rate of standardized hydrogen fluoride (HF) solution was adjusted by raising or lowering the polyethylene bottle delivering HF into the generator system through a 0.015 inch inside diameter intravenous in- jection polythylene tube.

Plants (4 replicates per fumigation compartment) were graded into uniform lots before they were placed in the respective fumigation chambers. Appropriate shading was provided by saran screen placed over the fumigation greenhouses. Plant parts previously damaged by environmental factors were removed or noted and uniformly distributed among treatments.

A three-week exposure period was the standard treatment. Plants were observed daily for the early occurrence of symptoms. Direct comparisons of plants from different fumigation levels were made twice weekly with plants moved outdoors under natural light. Plants were classified for susceptibility to fluoride injury. Three classes were used: high, medium and low to indicate the degree of economic or quality damage. Species which reacted very rapidly or at the low HF levels were usually included in the highly susceptible category. A wide range of ornamentals was investigated for susceptibility to hydrofluoric acid air pollution. Classification of the ornamentals is presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Sensitivity of selected foliage plants to aerial fluoride pollution. Plant name Sensitivity rating*

Aglaonema x 'Silver Queen' L Aphelandra squarrosa L Araucaria heterophylla L Ardisia crenata M Asparagus densiflorus 'Sprengeri' H Brassaia actinophylla L Caladiumx'Red Flag' and 'Freida Hemple' L Chamaedorea elegans M - H Chlorophytum comosum 'Variegatum' H Chrysalidocarpus lutescens L Codiaeum variegatum L Coffea arabica L Cordyline terminalis H Crassula argentea L Dracaena deremensis 'Janet Craig' H

*H = high susceptibility, M = medium susceptibility, L = low susceptibility. -7-

Table 1. Sensitivity of selected foliage plants to aerial fluoride pollution (Continued). Plant name Sensitivity rating Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii' H Dracaena fragrans 'Massangeana' L Dieffenbachia x 'Exotica' L Epipremnum aureum (Scindapsus aureus) L Gynura procumbens L Hemigraphis L Hoya carnosa L Maranta leuconeura erythroneura M Nephrolepis exaltata 'Bostoniensis' L Nephrolepis exaltata 'Fluffy Ruffle' L Peperomia caperata L Peperomia obtusifolia L Peperomia obtusifolia 'Variegata' L Philodendron scandens oxycardium M Philodendron bipennifolium (P. panduriforme) M Philodendron x 'Red Emerald' L Philodendron Selloum M - H Phoenix Roebelenii M Pilea Cadierei L Plectranthus australis L Podocarpus macrophyllus M Pteris cretica 'Albo-lineata' H Pteris cretica 'Mayii' H Pteris ensiformis 'Evergemensis' H Sansevieria trifasciata 'Hahnii' L Syngonium podophyllum L Zebrina pendula L -8-

Florida Foliage Grower Monthly Newsletter - Edited By : J,( .do- Richard W. Henley Richard L. Biamonte Associate Professor Assistant Professor Foliage Extension Specialist Foliage Extension Specialist Agricultural Research Center - Apopka Agricultural Research and Education Center - Homestead

This public document was promulgated at an annual cost of $425.25 or 6 cents per copy to inform county and state extension personnel, foliage growers, marketers and allied trades of research results and improved practices in ornamental horticulture.

To simplify information in the "Flori da Foliage Grower" it is sometimes necessary to use trade names of products, equipment and firms. No endorsement of named products is intended nor is criticism implied of similar products which are not mentioned.

Florida Foliage Grower March, 1977

In This Issue: Page Short Course Report. 1

Keeping pace with the nomenclature. Susceptibility of some foliage plants to fluoride 5 air pollution.

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