PNG/85/001 Field Document 13 January, 1990

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Sepik River Fish Stock Enhancement Project PNG/85/001

AN ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL AND ORGANISATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE SEPIK RIVER FISH STOCK ENHANCEMENT PROJECT

by

Dr. J. F. Muir Fisheries Department FAO Rome

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1990 This report was prepared during the course of the project identified on the title page. The conclusions and recommendations given in the report are those considered appropriate at the time of its preparation. They may be modified in the light of further knowledge gained at subsequent stages of the project.

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. CONTENTS: Page :No. 1 Introduction

1. 1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Main species/ priorities ...... 2 1.3 Main approaches to species introductions ...... 4

2 The stock transfer system

2.1 The quarantine system ...... ~ ...... 6 2.2 Distribution and introduction ...... ·...... 7 2.3 Sizing and specifying the transfer system .... 10 2.4 Preliminary conclusions 12

3 Quarantine facilities

3. 1 Basic description/ location ...... 14 3.2 Design characteristics ...... 14 3.3 Operation and logistics ...... 17 3.4 Outline costs ...... 17 3.5 Summary ...... ··...... 19

4 Coldwater production/distribution centre

4.1 Basic description/location 20 4. 2 Design characteristics ...... 20 4.3 Operation and logistics...... 23 4. 4 Outline costs ...... 27 4. 5 Summary ...... 29

5 Warmwater production/distribution centre

5.1 Basic description/location 30 5.2 Design characteristics ...... 30 5.3 Operation and logistics ...... 37 5. 4 Outline costs ...... 38 5. 5 Summary ...... 42

6 Main conclusions/recommendations

6.1 Summary of options and costs...... 43 6.2 Suggested implementation...... 44

i Figures: Page No.

1 Location/main river zones of the Sepik/Ramu system .... 2 2 Outline of quarantine procedures ...... 5 3 outline of proposed quarantine stages ...... 7 4 Possible approaches to distribution and introduction .. 8 5 Suggested layout: quarantine system ...... 15 6 Outline layout: coldwater centre ...... 22 7 Sidestream hatching facilities ...... 24 8 Simple cage systems 25 9 Simple enclosure systems ...... 26 10 Portable hatching facilities ...... 31 11 Outline layouts, Madang/Wewak ...... 34 12 Project schedule bar-chart ...... 46

Tables:

1 Outline species/system choices ...... ~ ... 9 2 Basic species characteristics ...... 11 3 Outline sizing of facilities ...... 12 4 Typical specifications: quarantine system ...... 16 5 Outline capital cost: bas1c quarantine system ...... 18 6 Outline operating cost: quarantine centre ...... 18 7 Outline capital cost: purpose-built quarantine centre. 19 8 Typical specifications: coldwater centre ...... 21 9 Specifications: purpose-built coldwater centre ...... 23 10 Outline capital costs: coldwater centre ...... 28 11 Outline operating costs: coldwater centre ...... 28 12 Outline capital costs: purpose-built centre ...... 29 13 Using/upgrading Ai yura facilities ...... 32 14 Specifications, purpose-built warmwater centre ...... 35 15 Dimensions/specifications, cages and enclosures ...... 36 16 Upgrading ponds at St Xavier's ...... 36 17 Outline capital costs, Aiyura and ancillary ...... 38 18 Outline capital cost, initial Madang/Wewak ...... 39 19 Outline capital cost, full-scale Madang/Wewak ...... 39 20 Outline capital costs of main options ...... 40 21 Outline operating costs, initial level option a ...... 40 22 Outline operating cost, developed level option c ..... 41 23 Summary, operating costs of various options ...... 41 24 Summary capital and operating costs ...... 43

Appendices: I References II Extracts from EIFAC recommendations III Cost information

- ii 1 INTRODUCTION

~-1 Backgrou~d Primary work (Coates 1985, 1986, 1987) has established that the Sepik and Ramu river systems of northern Papua New Guinea are low in fish species numbers and biomass by comparison with similar systems elsewhere in the world. Current studies (Coates 1989, 1990) suggest that the system is not food-limited, but that due to its recent zoo-geographical history, there has been limited opportunity for specialised occupation of freshwater niches by suitable species. In the upper Highland reaches of the system there is a particular need for additional quality food sources to serve local populations, many of whom already actively fish the river. In the lower levels, the establishment of a balanced and productive fish stock will have important consequences for the longer-term development of the region.

The UNDP/FAO project PNG/85/001, through which much of the above work has been carried out, has as its main objective the enhance­ ment of fish production in the Sepik system; specific aims of which are:

to advise PNG on the feasibility of fish introductions; to provide cost versus benefit analyses of this activity; to address the Potential environmental problems that might occur (eg disease control, effects on existing stocks,etc)

The main tasks of initial phases of the project have included:

identification of present species and stocks in the Sepik and Ramu river systems;

assessment of current fishing practices, social and other characteristics of people associated with the river system;

identification of possible candidate species for introduction;

the outlining of a protocol and procedure for introducing further species to the river system, including;

the formation of an international Advisory Group to review and recommend on stocking policy and practice.

The project will shortly start its implementation phase, with specific recommendations and action for introduction, transfer, stocking and management of additional species to the Sepik/Ramu system. This report reviews the means for carrying out this work, and comments on the physical and operational requirements and its potential costs. As the total requirements may exceed the scope or budget of the present project, priority areas for the Project are defined, and activities have been identified for external funding.

- 1 - 1.... :. ...£ ... _._}ja tcL.:?._f?_~g_i.g.:e_L.-1:2.r :i Q.C.t.t..l_S-_$.. Three major stock introduction zones can at the simplest le-.....el be i dent i f i e d ( Figure 1 ) :

- Zone I; upoer highland zones (2000-2500m+), requiring cool temperate species suited to fast flowing streams and rivers, with pools, gravel reaches, rocky stream beds, etc.

Zone II; the middle reaches (500-2000m) requiring warm to cool temperate sPecies, suited to medium-fast flowing inter­ medi6te stage streams and rivers, with pools, riffles, etc;

- Zone III; the lower floodplain zones (0-500m), requiring warm temperate to tropical species, suitable for slower flowing river, floodplain and temporary lake conditions;

location/ main ,~ive,~ zones or the Sepik/Ramu syste·m

,.::..:.,1 . ___::-, ---- ..... ·--......

In the lower reaches of the rivers, the main habitats/ feeding niches to be occupied include; seasonal occupation of possibly low-oxYgen floodplain zones, benthic/mud detritus feeding, specialised phytoplakton feeding, macroPhyte, fruit and leaf feeding. In the middle and upper reaches, litter, drift material, insect larvae, smaller fish and benthic and lithophytic materiars constitute the main food resources; as very few species are cur­ rently Present, almost any reasonably versatile and exploitable species might be considered.

Populations should Preferably become self-sustaining within a reasonably short time~ or be dependent on onlY minimal levels of continued restocking. The only exceotion might be if a soec{es was of uncertain ootentisl or risk. where a non-supporting ooculation would be Preferred, at least for initial test trans- The main species for introduction/transfer to the system ha~e been discussed and reviewed eg by Coates, 1986, 1987 and Wer­ comme, 1989, subject to further review and approval by the Ad­ visory Group and the PNG authorities. Possible species might in­ clude (but need not be confined to) the following:

10,~ SPP. 'mahseer'; N. Indian/Himalayan cold water species; specific strains would have to be selected; some aquaculture experience.

?.,9ne .... ILlI

Salmo gai,~dnerii - stocks already in PNG, but alternate strains, eg with different spawning characteristics, body form, etc may improve potential; extensive aquaculture experience, wide range of stock sources.

Schizothorax spp. - Himalayan snow trout, species/ stocks would need to be selected carefully; these may be par­ ticularly interesting tor hig~land areas; limited, experimental ·aauaculture experience.

Acrossocheilus spp - Himalayan cyprinid; limited aquaculture experience.

Leptobar·bus SPP. - carp species; some aquaculture ex- oerience.

Labeo rohita - Indian carp, 'rohu' widespread aauacul- ture experience.

Prochilodus(probably platensis) - fine detritus feeder; from Latin America; strain needs to be selected carefully; should migrate along lower areas; experimental aquaculture experience.

Nisgun-,us angui 11 icaudatus - for s1,..•ampier deoxygenated areas; some holding experience of related species.

Puntius 9onionotus - versatile cyprinid for lower waters; would need to be imported; aquaculture experience.

?.9..0.~ ...... II!...I.J. .. .I

Cyp,~inus carpio - common carp; already in the system; better strains may be available; extensive culture experience; wide range of stock sources.

Osphronemus gorami - for fruit and higher vegetation: deoxygenated waters; already in the P.Moresby area; some aquacul­ ture experience. Trichogast~r pectoralis - eoiohyte and zooplankto~ feeding; deoxygenated waters~ already in Southern PNG; some aquaculture experience.

o,~eochromis mossambicus - tilaPia; already in the system; phytoplankton/omnivore; better more productive strains may be available; it may also be useful to widen the present genetic base; extensive aquaculture experience.

Nematolosa sp - detritus and algal feeder, native to Southern rivers of PNG.

Anabas testudineus - insectivore; suitable for deoxygenated areas; already established in Irian Jaya and has spread to Fly River, Southern PNG; aquaculture experience.

Ti lapia ,~endal 1 i - stocks to be determined; for ex­ ploiting higher vegetation; would have to be introduced into PNG; some aquaculture experience.

Colossoma or f"iylosso'ma spp - fruit/allochthonous Plant feeding; Latin American warm water riverine species, tolerant of low oxygen levels; some aquaculture experience.

Those species for which there is some aquaculture experience may be more immediately feasible for introduction, as such experience has direct bearing on the ease of eg handlir1g, quarantining, broodstock holding, spawning and fry rea~ing. and may also deter­ mine the availability of stocks of known characteristics.

The most immediate social and developmental Priority is that of stocking the upland waters (Zone I and II), to provide additional food supply to the populous areas of the Papua New Guinean High­ lands. Precisely because of their geographical characteristics - located on the higher altitude low-order streams and rivers in dispersed and often poorly accessible areas - these will be the most difficult for distribution and establishment of stock. By contrast, the lower lying zones are relatively accessible, and offer a fairly continuous habitat in which introduced stock might be expected to disperse by itself .

.t.•-~---···-·...!:::1.9. . .t. . .r:::i ____ §.l?.P.C-9.9..gh.~.. §. ____ :t::.-9 ...... :?.P.~.. gi_.~.:?.._ ..,~ .. t:::!.:l::.. C.Q.S;!..1,,J_gj::j._Q.!J.:2. Because of the imoortance of the Sepik-Ramu system, and because of its unique biological characteristics, transfers and introduc­ tions should be carried out in the most scrupulous manner practi­ cally possible. The guidelines offered by the EIFAC/ICES Codes of Practice lTurner, 1988) would form the basis of the intended protocol and procedure.

A careful and intelligent approach to risk/benefit assessment would be required at all stages, to ensure that a reasonable balance is found between 'idealist' theoretical constraints and Practical feasibility. A well balanced, Practical and operational programme is likelY to be a better Protection f0r the system than

- 4 - an excessively conservative regime which would encourage illegal and uncontrolled introductions by other means.

Figure 2 outlines the main procedures involved: the system would comprise an initial holding/ quarantine stage, followed either by direct introduction to the intended locations, or more commonly by transfer of eggs to intermediate centres, for fry hatching and distribution, or in some cases, for growing broodstock to produce Fl stock for distribution.

Figure 2 Outline of' Q1.,,1arantine Proced1.,,1res

-----~ ---...,..-...,---..,---~ -~ \.i j J··.J-

, ______' .

I -----,-- i :

------~

·-- ·- ._.-; :·._

.J:5;:: ::::.J: Where particular protection is required, it may be necessary to raise broodstock through quarantine and release Fl eggs for rear­ ing as potential broodstock, thus waiting until F2 generation for introduced stock. Where stock are transferred from other water bodies in PNG, quarantine may not be so rigorous, though some in~ spect ion is desirable ..

- 5 - 2 THE STOCK TRANSFER SYSTEM

2 . L.l.b_~.9.!J.E! r a rJ.:t.in~--.-~Y-§.!...~JIL Regardless of the origin of proposed stocks, some form of initial examination and quarantining will be required. Three levels of quarantine can be identified:

Stage 1 - short term holding, typically 2 to 1~ days, suitable for initial inspection prior to clearance to other quarantine stages, or with local transfers, to intermediate hold­ ing prior to introduction, etc. At this stage, primary disinfec­ tion, gross pathological exam~nation, and sampling for detailed analyses can be done. Secure disposal of unacceptable stocks would also be required. There should be efficient and rapid access to good quality pathological services; bacteriology, parasitology and ideally virology.

Stage 2 - intermediate term holding, typically 2 to 20 weeks, in which primary cleared stock could be held for further observation, additional pathological analyses, and further routine disinfection if required. Disposal facilities are also needed. After this stage, man~ of the lower risk groups could be made ready for transfer. Reasonable access to pathology services is desirable.

Stage 3 - longer term holding, Possibly up to 3 years, for stock which has cleared_ the other stages, appears to be free of directly discernable disease, but has to be held in reasonably secure conditions until F1 stock can be taken at spawning. Only routine husbandry and disease control facilities should be required, with some access to pathology services.

All quarantine facilities should be:

- as near as possible to the main transport routes involved; stage 1 quarantine should be as near as possible to the main im­ port point - in this case Port Moresby airport;

- self contained, and isolated from adjacent water bodies or aquatic habitats, using either independent or recycled water systems;

- designed to eliminate cross contamination of adjacent stocks, by having separate holding, water and service systems for each stock involved;

- capable of being completely cleaned and sterilised between batches, or in the event of a major disease problem;

relatively simple and cheap to set up and operate; ver­ satile and reliable;

If Possible these should be based at existing centres where staff and infrastructure are already or potentially available. In general, the stringency of operation, etc is greatest at stage 1, and decreases towards stage 3; similarly the level of services,

- 6 - protection, etc is normally greater at stage 1, though capacity is normally smaller.

Details of specific design aspects are given in section 2. Figure 3 shows the typical relationship between quarantine stages.

Figure 3 Outline or proposed quarantine stages ------

[ ·:. "11·· p ..-. t I ~·-, t 1·- ,..-.. , ..-l I J .. -•. t "1 ..- ' 1··1 •-· ~-· - I _ ·-' l __j -- L_. _ I __ ,

Ouaran~ne StaQe 2 lni.-=rrn-=·ji.Ji-= hc-ldh·-, ~

I '

------p- F

;?..: ... ;? .. _Q.! .. ?...!T ~ ..!2.Y!_:h.2.D ___ 2_Q_g _____ j,_r:::i_t.. r 9..9..Y.i;?..:t.t9 l'J. Once the stock has been appropriately inspected and/or quaran­ tined, steps can be taken for distribution and introduction. There are several possible options:

- stocks can be introduced directly as eggs, hatched directly in suitable habitats within the river system, or using simple man-made in-stream hatching devices. ;

fry or fingerlings can be introduced, depending on rela­ tive suitability, either directly or from eggs hatched in one or more suitably located hatcheries;

- broodstock can be reared at suitable locations, from which eggs, fry or fingerling can be distributed as required. There are several factors to be taken into account in choosing between these options:

- eggs are usually the simplest to transport, particularly for rough conditions and multiple locations, though helicopter transport may simplify delivery of hatched or part grown stock

- facilities for holding and hatching eggs are normally

- 7 simpler than those for rearing stock, particularly if specialised feeding or environmental requirements are involved.

- there is usually a payoff between early lifecycle stage introduction - usually simpler and cheaper - and overall survival of stock, which is better for larger introduced sizes.

- the availability of specific habitats, and the relative protection from predation, would have to be assessed for the chosen species and life-cycle stages.

facilities, and hence stocking policies, are likely to be dictated as much by available access, infrastructure, and staff­ ing, as by other factors.

A typical arrangement would involve one or more main distribution centres, from which stock was received from the quarantine stage, plus several related ancillary centres, from which specialised hatching, fry or fingerling rearing, and/or broodstock production could be carried out. Figure 4 illustrates possible approaches.

Figure 4 Possible approaches ..to Distribution· and Introduction

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- - \ \ " -- ·--_t=_ , r----) 7----> \ !, i -- - T -, j:. ·=---·_-.·.·.. ··.·.·_·..·--·.-_· .. ·.·";·.·.·. ;-:.;;.-~f-. !"·._.- ~~ !i !'~_{i~ ~--::--:: _¥ _,~_-_·.·.· .-:··.'.. __-- ... ··.·.·_- ...·-.·._--.·.: .... --

:~ ·-.... -- ·- __... • :!·'. .}: ·--... __.-· ••• •.. • ·. ---'f~-·· ·------· ·- --- .-- \._ ~ ·:---- g --. ---- \t ..-1===~~----~ :.:.~---.\... ., \,', ::',·.· } (. j ) . ·."; .. \ ...... __ ~-----· -.•______... -· \ ...... ---- . ·-. 1------~ ...._ ~---. ·:. ----. ~ _.-.. "I. l:. ~ ~ ------=- -~ ~ ---- 1 ------.. ---- t=. ' - ~ ...----- ....\ -7..----- .....\ 'j-•" ) -· ~\. ·-.•______.------· ·--· :-__... ·-..._ ·-- _..---

- 8 - A number of different systems is available, for which selected examples are summarised in Table 1. For practical purposes, •most species are reasonably versatile in their system requirements;

Table J.: Outline species/systems choices

Species Potential systems Notes Broods tock SpS\lning Em fry Fingerling ------·--- SalJDO gairdnerii PO!lds,tanks,cages stripped troughs, jars tanks,troughs tanks,Ponds, seasonal spawning normal;large eggs enclosures gravel boxes small cages cages/enclos easy to handle, but need good quality

Schizothorax spp. PO!lds,enclosures stripped troughs, jars small tanks, tanks, cages can use salmonid type systems gravel boxes troughs

Tor SPP. POndS, cages stripped jars,troughs troughs,tanks POnds,cages migratory spawner; aquaculture enclosures tanks techniques now successful

Tilapia rendalli tanks,PO!lds,cages natural,POnds, substrate hapas, small hapas, Ponds large egg batches, substrate spawner enclosures tanks,hapas hapas, jars ponds, tanks cages, tanks

Osphronernus goramy ponds, POSS natural/nests nests/jars hapas, small hapas, ponds 3-~000 eggs in unde~ter nests; tanks ponds materials have to be provided.

Trichogaster ponds natural/nests nests POnds, hapas ponds,poss bubble nest builders, spawn dry season pectoral is POSS tanks tanks may be adaptable to artificial methods

Cyprinus carpio ponds, cages natural/ponds jars, troughs ponds, hapas ponds, cages normally seasonal,better production enclosures or stripped small ponds small cages enclosures hatched;predation problems in ponds

Oreochromis tanks, Ponds, cages nat' !/ponds, or jars, hapas, hapas,ponds, tanks, ponds, non-seasonal, very versatile methods, mossambicus enclosures tanks, hapas mouth-brood tanks cages/enclos hatching increases productivity.

Proch ilodus ponds, cages stripped jars,hapas hapas,ponds ponds, cages migratory spawner,small eggs,can use platensis carp systems

Puntius gonionotus ponds, cages ponds, cages jars,hapas small ponds, hapas, cages can use carp systems enclosures hapas ha pas enclosures

Acrossocheilus spp. ponds, tanks stripped/ponds jars, troughs POnds,hapas hapas,cages experimental results successful

Lept obarbus POnds,cages natural or jars,hapas ponds, hap as ponds, cages may use carp systems stripped troughs

Labeo rohi ta ponds, cages natural or jars, troughs troughs,hapas ponds, cages routinely spawned and reared stripped hap as tanks tanks

Colossoma spp. ponds, cages natural or jars, troughs troughs,hapas POnds,cages carp-based systems relatively good stripped

My 1ossoma SPP. ponds, cages natural or jars, troughs troughs,hapas ponds,cages stripped ------note: 'hapas' are s111all fine-meshed bags suspended inside ponds or enclosures

- 9 - many could be supported using relatively simple systems sue~ as cages, ponds, hapas ~nd jar or trough hatching units. Howev~r at least two separate distribution systems will be needed; one each for warm and cool water species.

2.3 Sizing and specifyin~ the transfer system While Table 1 indicates the overall possibilities or options for the different species involved, it is also important to consider the relevant numerical aspects, such as:

- minimum introduced stock required for the successful es­ tablishment of a self-sustaining population,

- the rate of buildup of a stock to a useful size, capable of supporting or contributing to a fishery under local conditions

- typical batch sizes available, either from single spawning batches or as defined by holding or transport capacity.

- relative contribution of the stock to the fishery poten­ tial of the river system.

- seasonality of stocks involved, and the need for managing specific stock activities at specific times; hence defining capacity suitable for short-term seasonal work, and planning usage to sequence stocks having different seasonal patterns.

- means of transfer, etc, its capacity, range, effective coverage relative to survival characteristics of the stock/ lifecycle stage involved, and cost.

- time taken for measurable effects to occur - ideally over the medium term, within the scope of the lifetime of the project; this must be set against the scale and cost of the operation.

- the overall results of the transfer of stock, and its benefits, compared with the cost of the transfer; the marginal costs of transferring additional lower priority stocks relative to their benefits.

Tables 2 and 3 summarise some of the main characteristics of the transfer operation, and provide initial indications of the size and relative costs of facilities. Specific details are given in the next sections.

- 10 - T!bl., 2: Ft·!G/S

Sf"'<' i.,,. n,,-,..J te ..p Sp,...,,,inqle99 Spa..,ns Broodst»ck Spa<.1n batch Earlt:1 lifecycl" habibt., Possibl

r•n9" char?di1191 surviv"l 1 el:.c. size and numbers per site

s~1'~' 4-20 .. igratory seasonal spa1K1er,uppo?r single o. 3-1. 0 400-1000 d""'"rsal 1str

gairden~ii streams inse<::I:. larvae 1 zoophnkton 1

S.:hizothorax 4-20 seasonal '"i9ralory,14-17c upper seasonal o. t-1.0 ~000-5000)strea·• pools,zooplankton,drift t.:> loo<1r Part-batch,sa•; 5000 as SMll fingerli1'l9S spp. stre...,s;art.st.ripping w.•rin.;,r [ak,.;; tanks ,.,.,d .,,..-!:.fe1"

Tor spp. 4-20 susonal 1 so.. elt....,s .wltiple s~asonal O.l-1.0 1000-101)00 d<1.. ersal '")9S 1eds:i!t; pr<1d~ted;frythen I to 5 batches of eo39s instre-M or si,.ilar spawning in sl:.reams 1or stripped l:.o sh.,llered ar .. as;zooplankton t

Ti lapia 2+-32 non-seasonal,,..,..sls 1 sticky eggs 2 t.:> 6 o.t-0.4 2000-3000 shallow pond or hk" ed9es 1 zooplankton I to IO spa•;nin9 batches (2 t,., 20 1000/;fry

ren&lli guarded by inah innd larv•e feed 1 predal:.ion risks I l:o 5 bal:.ches (l lo 1011)))) of fi,...3erlin•3 Ospi-cC<"loe.nus 25-35 subtoer9ed n

'l"'""'"'j le>ves, detritus etc f.,,,..ds 1 chopped leaves, "tc Tricho3ast:...r 25-35 air-bubble nests built by ..ale, sl!?'vt:?ral, 0.1-0.2 500-1000 fry reared in spa«nin•3 ponds, f'1o?d on 5 to 10 batches,fry or fingerlin9s

p... :tonl is fl»atin9 e99s, spawn dry s•nson S:~·:tSQn.al Z•)op l .•nkton

Cwims 15-30 nor,.ally seasonal 1strippo?d or sin9lo? 0.6-2.0 100-300000 ponds 1 1akes 1 :i:•:ioplankt»n f eedi119 Part bat:.ch 1 say 5000 to 10000; s,..al l f in9erl in9s carpio n

IJretJr:hr~ni~ 20-35 non-sea:i;on.a l 1 Muth-b.-.,.xl ing by multiple 0.1-0.5 201J-3()l) shal lo•• p•;nd or lak" ed·~eszooplankl:."n I lo 5 batches of s1nal 1 fing .. rl ir>~s I-' 1 lfll"l (3-10) I-' fe..ale 1 be halche

Proch i 1odus 20-35 seasooal 1 t11i9rates; art.spa•minq seasonal 0.3-l.O 250-51)0000 flooded pools in river syste~s,fe'1

phto?nois in ponds,jar iricubation of "';)95 zoopl•nkton, in~ect!arvae,et~. fi119erlinqs Puntius 20-32 no.-.... 1 ly seasonal, l:.ri9'3er"d by seasonal 0.2-0.6 1000-5000 p.:.inds and I •kes b

g:oni orob..1s 1:.e~p.,ratur"~hanges

A-:rosscx:hei lus 15-28 seasonal flood spa..,..,..r,or held seasonal 0.5-0.8 500)-10000 f.,.,d earl•~willlak" arbficial diets I batch as fi119erlings 1 h.! x "'3""" l <>pi s in poods for strippini;i

Lab.,.~ 18-~ norMally seasonal tri93ered by sP."sonal 0.3-0.S 50-150000 p

Coloss0<>a 18--32 riverine spa1Jner 1.0-5.0 200-300000 floodpl.ins 1 lake areas P,..-t batch, s•y ~O t:.o !OOOO;s~allfil'>j"rlin<;JS 11ta-:ropomus

Myloss°"'-• 18-32 riverine spa-r o. 3-1.0 na floodpl•ins 1 lake areas Port balch, s•y 5000 to IOO));s.all fin'J"rl ing~ duriVW>lris Table 3: PNG/Sepik - outline sizing of facilities ------~------~------Species Distri- Typical Brood- Holding Stock Brood- fry/fing Ave wt Max. no Capacity but ion/ annual -stock units density -stock stock at re- per required stock number needed used capacity density lease; cycle sites needed (m+f) kg/m3 m3 kg/m3 g. m3 ------Schizothorax spp 20 100000 40 tank/cage 5 6 5 10 70000 140 Tor SPP 20 100000 60 pond/cage . 2 250 3 10 40000 130 Salmo gairdnerii 20 20000 150 tank/cage 5 20 5 15 12000 36 Puntius gonionotus 10 40000 40 pond .1 200 3 10 30000 100 Acrossocheilus 20 100000 60 pond/encl .1 600 3 15 40000 200 Labeo rohita 10 100000 6 pond/tank 1 3 3 10 80000 260 Cyprinus carpio 10 100000 6 pond/tank 10 5 10 40000 80 Oreochromis mossambicus 10 20000 100 tank/cage 8 10 5 10 8000 16 Tilapia rendalli 10 100000 60 tank/cage 5 6 5 5 20000 20 Osphronemus goramy 6 120000 80 pond/cage 1 70 3 5 40000 66 Trichogaster pectoralis 4 20000 80 pond .1 120 3 10 10000 33 Prochilodus SPP 10 50000 6 pond/cage 2 3 5 10 50000 100 Colossoma spp 6 60000 6 pond/tank 20 3 15 40000 200 Mylossoma spp 6 60000 10 pond/tank 20 3 10 I.ODDO 160 ------

Notes:- 1) The numbers suggested are for demonstration, but correspond typically with the small relaease number/ small number of sites approach typical of initial introductions. If greater numbers or larger sized in­ dividuals are reouired, rearing facilities would be correspondingly enlarged. In practice, one set of facilities should be capable of handling several species in sequential crop cycles, in which case only broodstock capacity need be provided for the separate species, while fry or fingerling production can share common facilities.

2) A simple assessment of the effects of these introductions may be made by considering the time and possible survival to maturation, the overall fecundity, the likely spawning success in the introduced environment, and the potential survival of recruits.

;?_,,_4__ p r tl_t_m.to a r:-x_. __~.9.D.~) .... LJ_~_t_gn_~ While it is difficult at this stage to specify the particular performance characteristics of stocks and their holding and transfer systems, the following preliminary conclusions can be made:

at least one. quarantine centre will be required; if necessary this should have facilities for both cold and warm water species. This should have at least stage 1 capability. In the initial phases of the project, with lower-risk species, this may be sufficient for most needs;

additional (stage 2 and/or stage 3) quarantine capacity could be provided at this location, but may be better established in secure locations within the overall environment of the target

- 12 - transfer destinations. If species are selected carefully, t~is need not be required' in the initial stages of the project;

at least two main distribution centres will be required; one for cooler water species, one for warmer water species. These could if necessary be located together with, but separate from, the associated stage 2/3 quarantine facilities. Preferably these should both be located on the Sepik/Ramu catchment unless they are handling species which are already present in any alternative catchment. These should be as simple and versatile as possible, and should make use of existing facilities where possible;

- facilities in the quarantine and distribution centres could be sized and specified around the requirements of the fol­ lowing species, to be amended as required for other species;

Salmo gairdnerii (rainbow trout); Tilapia rendalli; Cyprinids;

in the initial stages, ~ncillary sites would be useful and cost-effective for the following purposes;

in stream hatching of rainbow trout; holding and growing broodstock carp, tilapia in ponds or pens

in later stages, additional locations could also be used for; in stream hatching of Tor, Schizothorax, or other up­ per river species; enhancing natural spawning of rainbow trout, by providing specific habitat needs; enhancing natural spawning of other upper river species, by similar means; enhancing natural spawning of lower river species.

in later stages of the project it may also be useful to consider association with government or private centres for;

growing broodstock rainbow trout and producing eggs for hatching or distribution; growing broodstock carp, producing and hatching eggs, and growing fry and fingerling; hatching and releasing various species

- 13 - 3 QUARANTINE FACILITIES

~.:..J,_ r2.. ~_?.... t9. .... _9.~.:?... 9..r.:::t.P... :t.... tS?.n1.1.9..£.si.. :t.i.9.D. Stage 1 quarantine facilities should if possible be located near the main import site, Port Moresby airport. The Dept of Fisheries main office at Kanudi is probably the most convenient choice, as this is within 30 minutes of the airport, has reasonable serv­ ices, access to skilled staff, and a sufficent area of land within its boundaries. It is .enclosed by a security fence and is a sufficient distance from Port Moresby itself to have fewer security problems. Additionally, it is within reasonable distance of the National Veterinary Laboratory at Kila Kila.

No ancillary centres would be proposed, as it is important that quarantine activities be concentrated in one site wherever pos­ sible.

~ .. ,.2. Q_~.2. ..L9..C! ...... g .. b.S'l..r.:::.e..9..:t...~.cJ.. 2..t... t9..2 .. ,c-igu,~e 5 shows suggested layouts and Table 4 outlines typical dimensions/specifications for the quarantine unit. This system would have to accommodate both warm and cold water species, and so would require some form of ~nvironmental control. As batch quantities and holding duration will not be too large, some form of simplified recycle system will probably be most suitable - operated as several separate units. At a minimum level an ambient small-tank system, a controlled temperature small-tank system, and several larger single-tank units could be proposed.

Water supplies can be obtained from domestic services, suitably aerated and dechlorinated, while waste water can be run to a soakaway, in which it would be chlorinated to sterilise it. Dead or sacrificed fish would be disposed of by incineration or by burying in a well-limed disposal pit.

It is probably not feasible at this stage to consider using this site for longer-term holding, as it is not particularly well suited to either of the main Sepik/Ramu environments, and has a relatively limited water supply. It also is not on the Sepik/Ramu catchment. In this event it will probably be necessary to use one or more of the distribution centres (see later) for stage 2/3 quarantine. This should be quite adequate for species already in PNG and for other lower-risk introductions. Should this prove un­ workable because of higher introduction risks it would be neces­ sary to develop a purpose built centre.

- 1 w. - Figure 5 Sugges"/:ed layou"/: derails; qL,iaran"l:ine sys"/:em

[~>::·l:1:::ir-1·-1cJI i::: recr -.. -· r ..:;: 1i::: .'.!·'·c I ~::i a ~~.:s1:s·-r1

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11 ·1 t-r,.] ri::::n::.: ',/c ! 1::1

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______,. .. _,____ ! I - l··, .•·11.r_,·!-il i,_-'"':' ·: "'·l·- -- .- -- .... , -· ::J I 1 _ 1.J : '=:::.:: 1 1.:.-:1 '·- f'"l:::i(JS '::Jre 1..J 1--"-·· 1=:, 1- I ~oil1-npl 1::;:. shcidit-";: '··------·-----.. ------·-·-·------J

:~:, ·=:i:i I i::: ,1 rT1 ; r-··,-,---·,-.. --,.. ------j·--1 0 1 2 ..:::1 4 ._I

- 15 - Table 4: Typical dimensions/speci "ficat ions, quarantine station,..

Basic description: At least two separate recycle system assemblies,inside,12 by 2001, one of which in temperature-controlled enclosure. 4 outside flow-through tanks, approx 4m dia. Additional glass, plastic tanks for assembly as required to main services, etc. 6 self-enclosed recycle tanks, approx 1m3,shaded.Basic inspection/analysis laboratory Complete area easily cleanable,sterilised,concrete/tile finishes. Disposal facilities for waste water, fish, packing material,etc.

Land area required: Approx 500m2; land adjacent to Fisheries Dept office, Kanudi.

Holding facilities: 2 x (12 x 2001) recycle systems, glass or GRP tanks, with circulating pump, aeration settling,biofiltration, optional UV sterilisation,backuP ion-exchange unit. One system with air heating/cooling in insulated enclosure,with additional water temp control. ~ x flowthrough tanks,approx 10m3,with aeration;~RP or frame and liner type 6 x selfcontained recycle tanks,airlift operated,GRP,corrugated steel or frame and liner Additional tanks, 50 to 5001, plastic, glass, etc for assembly as needed.

Water supply: Mains water,fed to header tank; aerated. Also collected rainwater tank if possible. Recycled systems require approx 2 to 3% flow as fresh input, also new ~ater to recharge systems after drainage/cleaning.

Aeration system: Twin blower unit,continuous operation,approx 0.5kW,feeding 60-75mm main with droppers to tank units,header tanks,filters,etc. Conventional diffusers, to be sterilised regularly,

Po11er supplies: Mains power with backup generator; approx 5kW required for aeration, pumps and temperature control. Po11er line run above tanks, with earth leakage circuit breakers.

Waste system: Sump/soakaway pit approx 5m3, at least 200m from water course, with chlorine doser Drum incinerator for packaging,etc. Lime pits to be dug as required for solid wastes.

Laboratory services: Approx 15 to 20m2 lab area with,cleanable work surfaces, floor and walls can be hosed down. With fridge/freezer,equipment store,simple isolation area for bacteriology, stainless steel sink, solid waste collecting bin.

Vehicles: At least one Pickup truck, 500kg or more payload,pref.4wd,back must be completely washable,with transport tanks,air/oxygen system,storage tank for waste material, etc. ~,i_Qe.. ~ ra t._tQ.CL.f'l_t'J_q_ __l.9 .. £Lt:?... t L9._?.. Arriving stock - normally eggs or fry, usually in egg trays or oxygenated polythene bags - would be collected at the airport by staff from the quarantine centre. All documentation should be available and cleared, indicating the quarantine centre as the only destination. On balance it is probably simpler to carry ex­ change water on the collection vehicle, together with a dump tank for collecting transport water, dead stock, internal packing materials, for disposal at the quarantine station. Ample supplies of disinfectant should also be carried, to disinfect any areas in the airport where transport water has been spilled, etc.

Prior to use, quarantine tanks would be cleaned, sterilised, rinsed and filled with well-aerated water at the appropriate tem­ perature. After primary disinfection, etc in eg a suitable dip or bath tank, stock should be carefully introduced, and the relevant tanks correctly labelled. Routine sampling and observation can then be carried out. Stock shd~ld be kept in good condition by good water management and moderate feeding. If required, a por­ tion of the stock could be stressed - eg in poorer environmental conditions, to determine whether any latent conditions are present. In many cases the stress of transport itself is suffi­ cient to stimulate any disease present. Dead fish should be dis­ posed of promptly, after any samples have been taken for analysis.

Once the stock has been cleared, it can be transported by road and/or air to the later stage quarantine or distribution centres. All transport containers, etc should be routinely cleaned and disinfected. Eggs of reliable origin would normally be cleared quickly through the system after thorough disinfection, to be hatched or distributed from the appropriate centre. Eggs hatched at the quarantine centre would be normally have to be taken past first-feeding before transport.

~-:A:. out 1 in~_gg~t.. :?... Outline costs for the system are shown in Table 5. In practice the cost of establishing the unit will depend greatly on how it is done. The cheapest and simplest approach will be to set it up with direct supervision from project staff, using local labour and minor works contractors or tradesmen, and making use of rela­ tively simple structures and simple techniques. Most of the specialist equipment will have to be imported, but could be as­ sembled locally with competent supervision.

- 17 - Table 5:- outline capital costs; basic quarantine system ------,------Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost req'd Kina Kina ------Land/site preparation m2 500 10 5000 Building m2 40 150(1) 6000 Holding facilities allow 8000 . \.later supply allow 2000 Aerator/air system allow 1500 Power supplies allow 2000 Feeding equipment allow 500 Laboratory equipment allow 5000 \.later treatment allow 500 Disposal allow 1000 Vehicles unit 15000 15000 Contingencies at: 15% total capital cost 7000

TOTAL 53500

(1) - base on upgrade of existing buildings/construction of simple shade area

Typical operating costs are shown in Table 6.

Table 6:- outline operating cost, quarantine centre

Item Unit No.reod Unit cost Total Kina Kina ------Staff: m/m 4 2000 (1) 8000 Power k~h 10000 .08 800 Fuel lit res 3000 • 4 1200 Feed kg 200 1 200 Chemicals allow 500 Lab costs allow 1000 Maintenance allow 5% of total capital costs: 2675 Charters allow (2) 1000 Leases/rents allow 200 Miscellaneous allow 1000 Contingencies: at 15% of total operating cost 2500

TOTAL 19075

(1) allow for part-time involvement of management and technician staff, driver, etc. (2) for additional vehicle, boat or other hires

Outline costs for a purpose-built centre are shown in Table If a separate site were necessary additional costs of site development- eg for better water supplies, security, off ice/ other facilities, as indicated, would have to be included.

- 18 - Table 7: - outline capital costs; purpose-built quarantine system

------~------Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost req'd Kina Kina ------Land/site preparation 1112 500 10 5000 Building m2 100 350(1) 35000 Holding facilities allow 8000 !later supply allow 4000 ·Aerator/air system allow 1500 Power supplies allow 4000 Feeding equipment allow 500 Laboratory equipment allow 5000 !later treatment allow 500 Disposal allow 1000 Vehicles unit 15000 15000 Contingencies at: 15% total capital cost 11900

TOTAL 9HOO

(1) - new construction; average of higher cost laboratory buildings and lo~er cost shaded/light framed tank areas

~,_§____ ~.!-l m_rn.erx A protocol for handling introduced stock is outlined; three levels of quarantine are proposed, depending on the protection and lifecycle requirements involved. In the initial stages, basic primary stage quarantine facilities are probably best located at the Fisheries Department offices at Kanudi, where relatively simple facilities could be set up within the existing complex, and supported within existing infrastructure. To handle the range of species likely to be considered, simple environmental control facilities will be required. For longer-term holding, it would be convenient to transfer stocks to separated areas within the proposed distribution centres.

Outline estimates place initial capital cost at around K50,000- 60,000 (53,500) assuming moderate use of existing facilities at Kanudi and construction by local staff or jobbing contractors. A purpose-built facility of similar specification would cost at least K90,000 (91,400), excluding additional infrastructure. Using larger contractors and formal tender and supervision proce­ dures could increase this cost considerably, possibly by 100% or more. Initial operating costs, based on shared resources with Kanudi, and backup resources from the National Veterinary Laboratory at Kila Kila, are estimated at about K20,000 (19,075).

Quarantine facilities should be developed as early as possible in the project; at least 3 months, Preferably 6 months or more before the first intended introductions. Steps should be taken as soon as possible to confirm a site and prepare more detailed plans and equipment specifications. It would be advisable in~­ tially to test the system with local species from another watershed, before using it for imported stocks.

- 19 - 4 COLDWATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

i;;tS2§_i_g_ ____ g_~_§:£ r :iJ?.J_J C?JJ.Ll.Q.t;;?E..:ti_.QD For zone I (coldwater highland) species, the centre should ideally be located at an existing trout hatchery on the Sepik/ Ramu catchment. At present, however the main options, none on the catchment, would appear to be the Gana (Kotuni) farm outside Goroka, or the hatchery at Mendi in the Southern Highlands. The hatchery at Keglsugl (Mount Wilhelm), Simbu Province would prob­ ably be too small and inaccessible. The main functions would be to hatch out introduced egg stocks. to produce fry or fingerling for distribution by road or helicopter, and to build up and spawn broodstock from the introduced eggs. At least one section of the facilities should be able to be kept isolated for later stage quarantine operations.

Additional sidestream hatching sites or gravel hatching beds could also be developed at suitable locations,norrnally on tributary streams with reasonable road access. Alternatively these sites could be supplied by 'plane or helicopter. These sites could be supplied directly from introduced egg stocks once through quarantine clearance. ··

If none of the existing facilities were available or could be used for the distribution system, separate facilities would have to be built. This would add considerably to both time and cost.

Q.~?. ..t~D .. _.. 9.b..9C.9.9.:t~.r::..t:?t.:.. l9:2: Existing water supplies and other facilities should be used wherever possible. For zone I species, modern GRP troughs or trays and holding baskets are Preferred for hatching, as these are easier to keep clean, and help ensure good survival and fry quality. Alternatively, simple 'over-tank' hatching baskets can be used, from which hatched fry drop directly into the rearing tank. Rearing tanks should be provided with easily controllable water supplies, and should be easily drained and cleaned. If necessary, small ponds can be used for fry or fingerling rearing, but these would need to be well protected against predators, and may offer greater risks for parasite infestations.

Existing ponds or tanks could be used for broodstock rearing, or additional facilities provided. As with fry and fingerlings, tanks or simple raceways would be preferable. Corrugated metal tanks are usually the cheapest, but frame and liner tanks may b; Particularly useful because of their flexibility, portability and ease of assembly. If suitable and secure sites are available, it might also be feasible to construct simple small cages or enclosures within river or stream pools.

Tai::>le 8 outlines typical dimensions for such facilities; F"i~u,~e 6 shows suggested layouts. Requirements for separate (new) facilities are outlined in Table ~ Details of typical spawning c·ed sites and of s idestream hat chi ng box es ar'e given in ,::::-i 9u,~e 7, v.ihile /=igures 8 and 9 ill~.Jstrate simple cages and enclosures.

- 20 - Table 8:- t:ypical dimensions/spc--citicat:ions, c0Jd(,,1ater cent:re,. ------,----- Basic description: Hatchery area,pref under cover,with water/air/drainage(light/power,concrete floor min.15m3 At least one separate small isolation/recycle system assembly, pref.under cover,approx 12 by 2001 At least 2 outside flow-through tanks or ponds for fry/broodstock,minimum 10m3. Additional glass,plastic tanks,plastic jars,trays for assembly as required to main services, etc. At least 6 recycle or flowthrough tanks, approx 1m3,shaded. Basic inspection/analysis clean area Internal areas easily cleanable,etc,~ith concrete/tile finishes.Gravel/concrete outside areas for reasonable hygiene conditions. Additional facilities/materials for stream hatching boxes. simple cage and/or enclosure facilities.

Land area required: Preferably existing site; approx 500m2 required. Site should be securely fenced,etc, and have reasonable access, staff accommodation, etc. Additional sidestream,pool sites to be be identified as needed, preferably with good access,reasonably secure.

Holding facilities: 1 x (12 x 2001) flowthrough or recycle system, glass or GRP tanks, with recycle equipment as shown,etc 2 x flowthrough ponds/tanks,approx 10m3,with aeration,earth,GRP or frame and liner type 6 x flowthrough or airlift operated recycle tanks,GRP,corrugated steel or frame and liner Additional tanks,Jars,troughs,50 to 5001, plastlc, glass, etc for assembly as needed. Additional materials sufficient for 8 sidestream hatching boxes,plus approx 500m3 cages,enclosures

Water supply: Existing water supply,aerated if needed.Also collected rainwater tank if possible. Upgrades may be needed for supply lines,control valves, piping.etc. Recycled systems if used need 2 to 3% flow as fresh input, also new water to recharge systems after drainage/cleaning. Other systems set into streams/pools, etc.

Aeration system: Twin blower unit,continuous operation,approx 0.5kW,feeding 60-75mm main with droppers to tank units,header tanks,filters,etc. Conventional diffusers,cleanable as reauired. Backup oxygen system plus bottles for charging delivery bags, etc.

Power supplies: Mains po~er if present and/or backup generator; approx 5kW required for aeration,pumps,other eouio ments,etc.Internal area power line run above tanks, with earth leakage circuit breakers.Pref at least one external power line.

~aste system: Settling/soakaway area with medium screens,approx 5m3 preferable before discharge to watercourse. Drum incinerator for packaging,etc,as needed. Lime pits to be dug as required for solid wastes.

Laboratory services: Approx 15 to 20m2 lab/inspection area with cleanable work surfaces, floor and walls can be hosed down. With fridge/freezer,eauipment store,clean area for sampling,microscope,etc. stainless steel sink, solid waste collecting bin.

Vehicles: At least one pickup truck,pref 500kg or more payload,4wd,back must be completely washable.with transport tank,fixing lugs,air/oxygen syster.

- 21 Figure 6:- Ol.ttline layol-.1ts ------

1 " ~:11re1·Jn··1 c·r rh.1·er wnter supply

1,.1,•c11 ··k. 1 ll f.~ ,, 111l1d //~"'"~: :":,,~;; fo;li:J 1.1t,.··,, ,11,·f·:/ l i. I

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- 22 Table 9:- specifications, pu,~pose-built cold1,.,1ater centre

Basic description: As for basic cold-water facility, but established on new site, may reQuire access road, security· fencing, staff accommodation, dam and water supply pipe or channel,or groundwater supply system, plus basic hatchery, lab and storage buildings, etc. Accommodation for at least one staff member/family plus watch/guard and store building, small office.

Land area required: At least 500m2 required,plus access area,accommodation,access to water supply,etc. have ~ater should be secure,safe from tampering/contamination,etc. Site should have good general access,available infrastructure,eg power,communications.

Holding facilities: As for basic coldwater facility.

Water supply: Either stream dam and sluice with year-round water available, minimum 10001/min, or equivalent ground~ater supply,with pump and header/distribution tank. Recycled systems if used need 2 to 3% flow as fresh input,also new water to recharge systems after drainage/cleaning. Other systems set into stream~/pools, etc.

Other systems, vehicles, etc: As for basic coldwater facility.

4- .. "··-~·-···········Qe_~C::.i?... .t ..t9.C.!...... 9.. .tJS!._ .... l.:.. 9.Q ..t:?..:t.i:..f:..:?. The distribution of zone I stocks is likely to be the most com- plex task of the project, as access to the many streams and smal­ ler tributary rivers can be difficult and transport times by road or track unacceptably long. In addition, the migration of intro­ duced stocks within the river system may not be as reliable as that within the more uniform and accessible conditions of the lower river.

For egg release or localised hatching, stock would be transported either directly from the quarantine station, if of reliable provenance, or from the main distribution/spawning centre. Con­ ventional 'Vibert box' or equivalent egg trays could be used for larger eggs, or simple plastic mesh screens, well packed with moist, absorbent material capable of retaining moisture as well as Protecting the eggs against shock. The whole assembly should be well insulated, and if necessary should contain one or more 'ice trays' in which crushed ice is packed, and allowed to drip down through the egg trays to cool them. If necessary, for rough road conditions the assembly could be slung from a simple 'hammock' arrangement, to isolate the containers from direct shock forces.

23 - Figure .··:- sidestream hatching facilities Figure 8:- simPle cages ------

2) Keavier d~tY bar1l:>oo fr-ei;~c ~~ 1·ith ~:?.!;in; r·la!'fo:-t a"'1 1~~-ails

st eel or belJboo t r!JllJ."!Kli;

SJDE \'!£\\.

25 Figure 9:- simple enclosures______------.. ------

turwl 11 m:f otJt: J11Joo •!li1Jr

itrJoc r1ri1lts 11 J.14 mtm

/Jo:imt1J Jnm 11 J.fa mru

1 Jorimf1J Juw/rim!Js

"'-'""''"-""""'/ .:.·:V··· _,~1/tml / ti11ml Juw mt/ rJm :;rir/!1 - u:Jrnu uttiJf

(!'~-·-=~~.,'- ';: ..': . ·-. ,_ ''·;:;,:· ·~:.. 1.•• :.

Key: l) Sim~le erdcsu·e across strean: or r:ver 2) 5a:-ii;-

r----·n· ol ~-;;-- ~1 .. 1--- ~I:

26 In practice, a transport time of 6 to 8 hours would be the limit; at an average speed of 20 to 40 km/hr this implies an effec{ive range of 120 to 320km. Sites requiring longer road times could be served either by helicopter, or by setting up simple intermediate 'stopping points' in which eggs could be held in baskets or trays, in a simple stream pool, for up to 3 to 4 days before being moved onwards. Care would have to be taken that eggs were transferred within the normal 'degree-day' limits, so that, eg for rainbow trout, at least 3 -4 days further hatching time was available at the site itself. This would have to be adjusted as required for other species.

For fry releases, oxygen filled polythene bags would normally be used, packed if necessary in insulated containers. These could also be slung in 'hammocks' for protection from rough road condi­ tions. The same bags and containers could also be used for helicopter delivery, though if very large deliveries were con­ sidered, conventional GRP transport tanks might also be used, either loaded inside, or slung below the helicopter, to be landed at a suitable distribution site.

Fish for growing to broodstoc~ size should if possible be held in a single location up to broodstock size, as transport between sites becomes more difficult and expensive as the fish grow larger. If necessary tank transport by helicopter could be con­ sidered. Where good roads were available, tank transport by road might also be possible. It would normally be most convenient to spawn broodstock in situ, and to hatch the eggs nearby or move them to a suitable site - either a hatchery, local hatching box or stream site

For zone II fish, similar though normally less stringent proce­ dures could be considered. In many cases it should be possible to reach distribution areas by road and small boat, and to expect a reasonable natural spread of introduced stock throughout the more continously connecting water bodies of the lower regions. These will be described in the next section.

~_,,_4:._ __Q.!:d t l.i.n~ __c o st s Outline capital costs for the zone I system are shown in Table 10. Actual costs will depend on how it is developed, and to what extent existing facilities can be used. It will be cheapest and simplest to use direct supervision from Project or associated staff, with local labour and minor works contractors or trades­ men, using relatively simple structures and techniques. Most of' the specialist equipment will have to be imported, but could be assembled and commissioned locally with competent supervision. Operating costs for typical activities are shown in Table 11.

- 27 - Table 10: - outline capital costs; basic coldr...1ater centre ------Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost req'd Kina Kina ------Land/site preparation m2 500 10 5000 Building m2 20 150(1) 3000 Holding facilities allow (2) 10000 I-later supply allow 2000 · Aerator/air system allow 1500 Power supplies allow 2000 Feeding equipment allow 1000 Laboratory equipment allow 2000 I-lat er treatment allow 500 Disposal allow 200 Vehicles unit 15000 15000 Contingencies at: 15% total capital cost 6300

TOTAL 48500

(1) - base on upgrade of existing buildings/construction of simple shade or fenced area where required. (2) base on upgrade of existing facilities/adding new equipment

Table 11 :-outline ope,~ating cost, coldr...1ate1~ disti~ibution centre

Item Unit No.reqd Unit cost,K Total,K ------Staff: m/m 24 2000(1) 48000 Power kWh 10000 .08 800 Fuel litres 6000 • 4 2400 Feed kg 1000 1000 Chemicals allow 500 Lab costs allow 500 Maintenance allow 2500 Charters allow (2) 10000 Leases/rents allow 200 Miscellaneous allow 3000 Contingencies: at 15% of total operating cost 10300

TOTAL 79200

(1) allow for part-time involvement of management and technician staff, driver, etc. (2) for additional vehicle, boat, air or other hires

Outline costs for a purpose-built centre are shown in Table 12. If a separate site were necessary, additional costs of water sup­ plies, site development, security, office/ other facilities, as indicated, would have to be included.

- 28 - Table 12:- outline capital costs; purpose-built cold1.. 1 ate,~ centre ------Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost reQ'd Kina Kina ------Land/site preparation m2 500 100(1) 50000 Building m2 80 350(2) 28000 Holding facilities allow (3) 50000 Water supply allo1i1 10000 Aerator/air system allow 2500 Power supplies allow 5000 Feeding eQuipment allow 1000 Laboratory eQuipment allow 2000 water treatment allow 500 Disposal allow 200 Vehicles unit 15000 15000 Contingencies at: 15% total capital cost 24600

TOTAL 188800

(1) - including local roadway, fencing, other site preparation (2) - including basic accommodation, new hatchery, store buildings, etc. (3) - allowing for new tanks, holding units, etc

~--"···?._ ... -...... $.1,,!_II!.'Il.!2.CZ A system for holding, ~roducting and distributing zone II species is described, comprising an operating centre and associated an­ cillary instream hatching sites. The small site at Goroka could be upgraded and may be the most convenient; the hatchery at Mendi might suit as an alternative. A new centre on the Sepik/Ramu catchment might also be considered, but access may be difficult, and costs would be difficult to justify in the initial stages. Ancillary sites would however be cheap to set up and could be operated wherever suitable access and local habitat were iden­ tified.

Outline costs for upgrading existing facilities using local labour and/or small contractors would be around K50,000 (~8,500); purpose built facilities would be at least K200,000 (188,000 ex­ cluding major site development); typical operating costs for upgraded facilities would be around K80,000 (79,000) of which staff would be a major part - these costs could be considerably reduced if staff in existing facilities could assist.

This component of the project could start relatively early, as zone I species are perhaps the most critical for enhancing sub­ sistence fisheries in the catchment. If existing facilities are not readily available, some limited holding space could be nego­ tiated, Plus a few instream units, to support a preliminary operation. This would be particularly feasible for new trout stocks, which would require relatively low-level quarantine and short holding time if from reliable sources.

- 29 - 5 WARMWATER PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

9__,,__1_ r2.9 s :i,__£._9~.2£C.i..e.:t_i o tJ.LLg_~ a t_J._Q.!J The system should preferably be centred round existing product­ ion/ distribution sites on the Sepik/Ramu catchment. For zone II (cool-water, middle section) species, the existing carp centre at Aiyura, just on the edge of the main Sepik/Ramu catchment, would be the most appropriate, and could be upgraded or modified quite simply to meet the needs of the project. For zone III species the main options would appear to be the CR! (Christensen Research Institute) research station at Madang, or the Sepik river project site at Wewak. A third site, the old fishponds at the St Xavier's island missionary school some 40-60 minutes by boat from Wewak, might also be considered. However, although an island site is at­ tractive for quarantine, it is rather inaccessible, would need considerable physical development, and would not have readily available skilled staff.

The main functions for both species groups would be to hatch out introduced egg stocks, to grow on or produce fry or fingerling for distribution by road or helicopter, and to build up and spawn broodstock from the introduced eggs. At least one section of the facilities should be able to be kept isolated for later stage quarantine operations.

Additional ancillary sites - eg river or lakeside areas could, if secure, be used for low-cost holding of potential broodstock, which could then be spawned locally for stocking in the vicinity or for transfer elsewhere. Possible sites might include Angoram, Kanduanam, Kapaimeri (for Chambri lake), Ambunti, Bowami and one or more sites on the Ramu river such as Bunapas, Tsumba, Kwanga or Annenberg.

9_,._4. Q.~2_.t.sm ..... -~.b_e..r:.e.g_t.~.r:J_2.:t.J.. ~2 The system would use existing water supplies and other facilities wherever possible. In the case of Aiyura the existing and/or proposed new facilities could be used with little further modification, though flexibility could be improved by using simple 'hapas' - suspended fine mesh nets - within various ponds, to separate particular broodstock, hatch out eggs, and rear fry or fingerling. For some species, simple pond-side enclosures can also be constructed to make suitable breeding nests.

If necessary, small portable tanks can be used, together with a , simple pump and pipe assembly, as header tanks, to hold certain stocks, provide spawning tanks, o~ to operate as a simple fry or fingerling rearing facility. Such a system could easily be con­ verted for water recycling by incorporating a simple filter tank. Additional items such as hatching jar assemblies, hapas, simple cages and enclosures could be used as needed. /="igure 10 il­ lustrates typical details.

- 30 - Figure 10: portable hatching facilities ------~----

Trie selection of 11Jteriels vill ~on trie s~ies. liost of these itns can be ctrrie-d br boat or :l""l.ci a.?d instelled, twether ~·itli aerators, WI»PS, si~ie pip._"llQ.'t. if r~ired, enclosire frfJ!Tle £m r~ttin>, B?d a siwle 5Aflter structtre, to ·QPerate as .a hstcte"r dring a pertiwlsr season. If ne-cess£n, a siJFJ:le va:er recrcle srstes can elso be set UP, using aeretion a.1d a filter t!rl: or pond to treat the "'8ter.

(j) SimDle e>ortat•Je cage asseaiblr

(2) Fo:-ta~le fre~ a:id liner ta'lk

(3) Te-m;;io:--a~y ja:-- h::ctiin~ fa:ili~es, ~ar: clso ti~ s~:i.:ilied by D:Jffi~ a'"1d nee-~:- ~a1k '/.~f,(.~ ::~f$~, :.1 :":' ,------.••• [<) Ra:i~e of si11~le nest msteri~ls

..... ~------....----- ·.....-. ------~~~-r-

1 ) ~~~~&~~~~%'." :· .. ,~, ~~:- ';';.-•-':'T!"'C!c ~:- r~t.•t tri1•1: 1.~1.1.~::-• .

. :-) SI'=~~~= ~1:lcsJ""t: ~~e~ ~o­ s;>s-r:i'"l'i: .. .ctcr1irr; e:~r: ~ .... ~ ~::-: 1;

31 For the Madang or Wewak sites, a purpose-built assembly would have to be set up, b~sed fundamentally on simple tanks with: pumped groundwater or stream supplies, or a recycle system supplemented by collected rainwater. The availability and reliability of water supplies could be critical in final site selection. These systems should be adequate for holding most stocks, and for spawning the smaller or less demanding species.

Depending on species characteristics, separate, self-contained spawning tanks might be feasible for larger-sized species. Alter­ natively - better for larger quantities of spawners - enclosures or cages could be set up at suitable freshwater locations nearby. The ponds at St Xaviers could also be reclaimed if necessary and used for occasional stock storage.

Cages or enclosures could also be used at ancillary sites, made as much as possible from local materials. These could be used for growing and possibly spawning broodstock, and for egg hatching and fry and fingerling rearing, using smaller 'hapas' inside the main structures. If necessary, portable tanks could also be used for pre-spawning and spawning, and simple land-based hatching facilities could be set up adjecent to the cages or enclosures using a solar or petrol pump/reservoir tank water supply, battery powered aerators, and simple plastic hatching jars or troughs, set up within a basic shade structure.

Table 13 outlines typical requirements for using/upgrading the fcilities at Aiyura. Table 14 gives typical specifications/ dimensions for purpose-built warm water facilities such as those required for Zone III species at Madang or Wewak, while Figure 11 shows suggested layouts. Should Aiyura be unsuitable or unavail­ able for Zone II requirements, details and layouts would be similar to these.

Table 13: using/l,,1pgrading Aiyura "facilities:· Zone II centre

Basic description: Hatchery area,pref under cover,with water/air/drainage/light/power,concrete floor min.15m3 At least one separate small isolation/recycle system assembly, pref .under cover, approx 12 by 2001 At least 2 outside flow-through tanks or ponds for fry/broodstock,minimum 10m3. alternatively static ponds at least 1000m2, with hapas, dividing nets as required Additional glass,plastic tanks,plastic jars, trays for assembly as required to main services, etc. At least 6 recycle or flowthrough tanks, approx 1m3,shaded. Basic inspection/analysis clean area Internal areas easily cleanable,etc,with concrete/tile finishes.Gravel/concrete round outside tanks for reasonable hygiene conditions. Additional facilities/materials for cages and enclosures

Land area required: Preferably existing site. Site should be securely fenced,etc, and should have reasonable access, staff accommodation, etc. Additional ancillary river,lake or pool sites to be be identified as needed, preferably with good access, reasonably secure.

Holding facilities: 1 x (12 x 2001) flowthrough or recycle system, glass or GRP tanks, with recycle equipment as shown, etc 2 x flowthrough ponds/tanks,approx 10m3,with aeration,earth,GRP or frame and liner type alternate 2 x 1000m2 earth ponds, min 1m deep, with monk outlets, hapa frames, dividing nets.

- 32 - 6 x flowthrough or airlift operated recycle tanks,GRP,corrugated steel or frame and liner Additional tanks,jars,troughs,50 to 5001, plastic, glass, etc for assembly as needed. Additional materials - netting, poles, rope,etc sufficient for at least 2000m3 cages,enclosures

Water supply: Existing water supply, aerated if needed.Also collected rainwater tank if possible. Upgrades may be needed for supply lines,control valves, piping,etc. Portable pumps can be used to allow pond water to be used for spawning tanks etc. Shallow pond area possibly useful for pre-warming water. Shaded storage tank/pump may supply cool water for spawning, Recycled systems if used need 2 to 3% flow as fresh input,also new water to recharge systems after drainage/cleaning.

Aeration system: Twin blower unit,continuous operation, approx O.SkW,feeding 60-75mm main with droppers to ponds,tanks,header tanks,filters,etc. Conventional diffusers,cleanable as required. Backup oxygen system plus bottles for charging delivery bags, etc.

Power supplies: Mains power if present and/or backup generator; approx Sk~ required for aeration,pumps,misc equipment. Internal area power line run above tanks, with earth leakage circuit breakers. Pref at least one external power line.

Waste system: Settling/soakaway area with medium screens,approx 5m3 preferable before discharge to watercourse. Drum incinerator for packaging,etc,as needed. Lime pits to be dug as required for solid wastes.

Laboratory services: Approx 15 to 20m2 lab/inspection area with cleanable work surfaces,f loor and walls can be hosed down. ~ith fridge/freezer,equipment store,clean area for sampling,microscope,etc. stainless steel sink, solid waste collecting bin.

Vehicles/boats: At least one pickup truck,pref SOOkg or more payload,4wd,back must be completely washable, with transport tank,fixing lugs,air/oxygen system. If possible small service boat, eg rubber hull, 200kg payload, or shared with zone III centre (see next table)

- 33 - Figure------11: ou'Cline layou'Cs, Nadang/J.Je1,..1ak

"""':.ir f1;·r· •Nt.Jl• .1'.:'I ii' 1l:1qui1·1~,d

l:-1.:1r·1·i1:•r 1~·11:":fi:,i:; 1_1n:1r;

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I 11 ii ..: .hiri q l.1T• 111:,J 1 l'' 1.1n1 I ··i:.1Ll'J j ,~1r1:,;

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34- Table 14.:- specifications, purpose-built Zone III centre

------~------Basic description: As for basic Aiyura facility, but established on new site, may require access road, security fencing,staff accommodation,dam and water supply pipe.or channel,or groundwater supply system, plus basic hatchery, lab and storage buildings, etc. Accommodation for at least one staff member/family plus watch/guard and store building,small office.

Land area required: At least 200m2, pref 500m2,plus access area,accommodation,access to water supply,etc. have Water should be secure,safe from tampering/contamination, etc. Site should have good general access,available infrastructure,eg power,communications.

Holding facilities: 1 x (12 x 2001) flowthrough or recycle system, glass or GRP tanks, with recycle equipment as shown,etc 2 x flowthrough ponds/tanks,approx 10m3,with aeration,earth,GRP or frame and liner type alternate 2 x 1000m2 earth ponds, min 1m deep, with monk outlets, hapa frames, dividing nets. 6 x flowthrough or airlift operated recycle tanks,GRP,corrugated steel or frame and liner Additional tanks,jars,troughs,50 to 5001, plastic, glass, etc for assembly as needed. Additional materials - netting, poles, rope,etc sufficient for at least 2000m3 cages,enclosures

Water supply: Either stream, dam and sluice with year-round water available,minimum 2001/min or equivalent groundwater supply,with pump and header/distribution tank. If not available, collection tanks/ponds with recycled systems, which if used need 2 to 3% flow as fresh input.also new water to recharge systems after drainage/cleaning. Other systems- cages, enclosures, etc could be set into river/lake/pools, etc.

Other systems, vehicles, etc: Note: some or all of these could be shared with Aiyura: at least one pickup truck, pref SOOkg or more payload,4wd,back must be completely washable,with transport tank, fixing lugs, air/ oxygen system. At least one transport boat, min 500kg payload, preferably rigid hull, flat deck. If possible small service boat, eg rubber hull, 200kg payload.

,t:jgures 8 and 9 and Table 15 describe typical cages and enclosures, suitable for ancillary sites, while the items shown in ,t:igure 10 can be used for a simple hatchery. Table 16 outlines requirements for upgrading the pond system at St.Xavier's.

- 35 - Table 15:- dimensions/specit'ica't:ions, cages and enclosures

------~------Basic description: Cages, enclosures made from local materials - bamboo/timber/plant fibre, etc set at river edges, backwater lakes, pools, typically 2~3m water depth, moored or attached to shore Simple food and gear storage, local supervision/maintenance

Land area reQuired: Minimal: access paths or tracks only; local hut for storage, etc

Holding facilities: Cages; typically 3m x 3m x 2m deep, rigid frame or sQuare top frame only with flotation units, or fixed to river/lake bed on standing timber/bamboo frame; with covered top area, inner nylon net bag, weighted if needed, outer wire protection net; alternatively one or more cages can be placed inside a protective wire net stockade. If possible, access platform or work·deck should be provided, to which cages are attached. Enclosures; typically !Om x 10m x local water depth; rigid pole frame driven into river or lake bed · approx 1.5m intervals, well cross and corner-braced, usually with simple access platform from shore Internal nylon net attached to bottom pole, which is pinned securely to floor, or alternatively, cage type bag can be used. External protection wire net at least lm outside.

Materials reQuired: Framing: bamboo poles, eg 3-3.Sm x 50-75mm, or as reQuired for cage frames, or local timber, eg poles as bamboo or rough-Quartered or sawn, eg 50 x 75mm, etc. Fixings: rope, plant fibre for lashings, bolts for timber Flotation: encased polystyrene or plastic, metal 50-200litre fuel or chemical drums Netting: preferably knotless nylon, medium-grade antifouled, or flexible plastic mesh, typical sizes 10-25mm sQuare or diamond depending on stock size, etc. For cages, normally mounted in panels to form bag, with top, side, bottom lifting ropes, etc, Protective netting: standard wire 'pig-netting'.

Table 16: specit'ica't:ions: upgrading ponds a't: St Xavier's

Basic description: Existing dam and water supply upgraded, with repaired water channel and new piping to pond areas. Existing ponds to be dug out and/or other ponds established uphill nearer the dam site. Simple food and gear storage, local supervision/maintenance

Land area reQuired: Minimal: existing pond areas, access paths or tracks only; local hut for storage, etc

Holding facilities: Ponds, 3 x approx 20m x 10m x 80-lODcm deep, with hapas, etc as reQuired.

Materials/work reQuired: Excavation of approx 300m3 earth; concrete/brick for simple water outlets; cement/grouting for repair of supply sluice; approx 200-30Dm of 150-20Dmm PVC or similar water supply pipe, plus fittings, control valve,etc, trenching/protection of pipeline.

------~

- 36 - ~3. Operati9-n and loQ..ist~cs The same principles tor stock transfer apply as for the coofer water species, though some of the warmer water stocks may be more tolerant of poor environmental conditions, and may be more easily transported, in higher stocking densities. Better access, and the probable ability of most stocks to spread themselves throughout the lower river system, should simplify the task. However it may be desirable to introduce particular stocks at several locations - to increase chances of striking favourable habitats, or to in­ crease the overall rate of spread from multiple 'node' points.

Depending on species, temperatures, etc, stock from Aiyura can be transported directly by road or 'plane to Madang or by road and plane to Wewak for further holding and/or distribution, or can be taken directly to the upstream part of the Ramu lowlands. For the lower areas of the Ramu stock could be transferred by boat. For direct stocking to the Sepik, 'plane or helicopter could be used.

From Madang, stock can be transferred by boat, road and boat, or by 'plane or helicopter to Wewak and to the Sepik, and by road, 'plane or helicopter to the Ramu.

From Wewak, stock can be transferred by boat, plane or helicopter to the Sepik, and by plane or helicopter to the Ramu.

The facilities at Aiyura are relatively well developed and should be expected to form part of the system, as the costs and time in­ volved in establishing an alternative would be unacceptable. Ex­ isting infrastructure at Madang is excellent, but there may be problems with site availability and water supply. A limited site area may be available at Wewak, but would probably also face water supply limitations. St Xaviers would be expensive to upgrade relative to its capacity.

In most respects, the Madang and Wewak options are quite similar, would be relatively expensive to develop and might not offer too many logistic advantages over good 'ancillary' sites if these could be identified. In practice the options in order of cost, complexity and development time involved, might be;

a) basic system; Aiyura plus one or more simple ancillary sites; eg Angoram, for simple spawning, fry rearing;

b) - intermediate system; as above, plus an initial scale development - simple recycle system/tank storage facilr­ ities and basic laboratory - at either Wewak or Madang;

c) - developed system; as above, with Wewak or Madang sys­ tem more completely developed, eg with hatching facil­ ities, increased broodstock capacity;

d) - full system; Aiyura, plus - mainly for the Ramu ~ Madang and ancillary sites, plus - mainly for the Sepik - Wewak and ancillary sites.

- 37 - ~~4 Outline cost~ Clearly, the choice for developing the warmwater systems would depend on the specific availability of sites, on the actual costs of developing them, and on the budgets available. Outline costs for the different system components are shown in Tables 17 to 19. The actual cost of establishing the system will depend greatly on how many centres are used, and how they are set up. For guidance, Table 20 provides a summary of the options defined earlier. The cheapest and simplest approach, as with the other centres, will be by direct supervision from project staff, using local labour and minor works contractors or tradesmen, and making use of rela­ tively simple structures and simple techniques. Specialist equip­ ment will have to be imported,. but could be assembled and put into operation locally with competent supervision.

Table 17: - outline capital costs; development of' Aiyura and ancillary site

Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost req'd Kina Kina ------~------Land/site preparation m2 500 20 10000 Building m2 30 150(1) 4500 Holding facilities allow (2) 25000 !.later supply allow 2000 Aerator/air system allow 1500 Power supplies allow 2000 Feeding equipment allow 1000 Laboratory equipment allow 2000 !.later treatment allow 500 Disposal allow 200 Vehicles allo11(3) 35000 Contingencies at: 15~ total capital cost 12600

TOTAL 96300

(1) - base on upgrade of existing buildings/construction of simple shade or fenced area where required. (2) - base on upgrade of existing facilities/adding new equipment/ponds etc, plus materials and equipment for ancillary centre. (3) - including boats, etc

- 38 - Table 18: - outline capital costs; initial development of t../e;1,;,1ak or Nadang sites

Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost Kina Kina

Land/site preparation m2 100 50 2000 Building m2 10 150(1) 1500 . Holding facilities allow (2) 5000 !later supply allow 1000 Aerator/air system allow 500 Power supplies allow 1000 Feeding eQuipment allow 500 Laboratory eQuiPment allow 2000 !later treatment allow 500 Disposal allow 200 Contingencies at: 15% total capital cost 2100

TOTAL 16300

(1) - simple shaded area, storage space, modifications to existing facilities, etc (2) - simple tank/recycle systems, miscellaneous materials

Table 19: - outline capital costs; full-scale development of l../e1,;,1ak or Nadang sites

Item Unit Number Unit cost Total cost req'd Kina Kina

Land/site preparation m2 500 50 25000 Building m2 ,0 350(1) HOOD Holding facilities allow (2) 60000 !later supply allow 5000 Aerator/air system allow 1500 Power supplies allow 5000 Feeding eQuipment allow 1000 Laboratory eQuiPment allo11 3000 \.Jeter treatment allo11 500 Disposal allow 500 Vehicles allo11(3) 35000 Contingencies at: 15% total capital cost 22550

TOTAL 173050

(1) - base on new buildings including accommodation, stores, etc (2) - new facilities and new eQuipment/tanks/ponds etc (3) - including boats, etc

- 39 - Table 20: Outline capital costs of' main options ------·------w------Option Description Outline capital cost al - basic system; Aiyura plus one or more simple ancillary 96,300 sites; eg Angoram; b) -intermediate as above, plus simple recycle system/ 112, 600 system; tank storage facilities and basic lab at Wewak or Madang cl - developed as above, more completely developed, 245,500 system; with hatching facilities, increased brood­ stock capacity, at Wewak or Madang d) - full system; Aiyura, plus fully developed system in 350,000 to Madang and Wewak, plus ancillary sites 500,000

Typical operating costs, excluding capital charges, for the main components and stages of the system are shown in Tables 21 and 22, and are summarised in Table 23.

Table 21 :- outline ope,~ating cost, initial level: option (a)

Item Unit No.reQd Unit cost Total Kina Kina ------Staff: m/m 24 2000(1) 48000 Power kWh 10000 .08 800 Fuel litres 6000 . 4 2400 Feed kg 3000 3000 Chemicals allow 1000 Lab costs allow 1000 Maintenance allow 4500 Charters allow (2) 5000 Leases/rents allow 200 Mi see ll aneous allow 2000 Contingencies: at 15% of total operating cost 10000 ------TOTAL 76900 ------(1) allow for part-time involvement of management and technician staff, driver, etc. (2) for additional vehicle, boat or other hires

- 4.0 - Table 22:- outline operating cost, developed level: option (c)

------~------Item Unit No.reqd Unit cost Total Kina Kina ------Staff: m/m 36 2000(1l 72000 Power kWh 20000 .08 1600 Fuel litres 9000 • 4 3600 Feed kg 6000 6000 · Chemicals allow 2000 Lab costs allow 3000 Maintenance allow 8000 Charters allow (2l 10000 Leases/rents allow 1000 Miscellaneous allow 5000 Contingencies: at 15% of total operating cost 16900

TOTAL 129,100

(1l allow tor part-time involvement of management and technician staff, driver, etc. (2l for additional vehicle, boat, 'plane or other hires

Table 23: Summary ope,~ating costs of va,~ious options

Option Description Outline operating cost

al - basic system; Aiyura plus one or more simple ancillary 76,900 sites; eg Angoram;

bl -intermediate as above, plus simple recycle system/ 100,000• system; tank storage facilities and basic lab at Wewak or Madang

cl - developed as above, more completely developed, 129,100 system; with hatching facilities, increased brood­ stock capacity, at ~ewak or Madang

dl - full system; Aiyura, plus fully developed system in 200,000• Madang and Wewak, plus ancillary sites

• estimated by extrapolation from other cost schedules.

- 4.1 - 5,5 Summarr ,. A system for holding\ production and distribution of zone I~ and III species is described. For zone II species, use of the Aiyura centre is the simplest option. For zone III species some central capacity will be required either at Wewak or Madang, together with ~imple ancillary centres - cages, enclosures and/or simple transportable hatchery facilities - on the river system itself. Although the St Xavier's island site may be useful for quaran­ tine, its relative costs limit its feasibility. The availability of space at either Wewak or Madang would have to be confirmed.

A number of options were assessed for capital and operating costs. At the basic level; upgrading Aiyura and running a very restricted zone III operation, capital and operating costs are around K100,000 (96,300) and K80,000 (76,900) respectively, based on local construction and supervision, and some shared operating costs with the existing system. Developing some zone III facilities would result in capital and operating costs of about K115,000 (112,600) and Kl00,000, while a fully developed zone III system would raise these to K250,000 (245,500) and K130,000 (129,100), again based on a relatively simple approach to con­ struction and installation. Fihally a complete development of both Wewak and Madang (or eg an alternative to Aiyura plus one of these) would give capital and operating costs of around K350,000 to 500,000 and K200,000 respectively. In all these cases, these estimates could be considerably exceeded if large contractors and complicated administration and supervision procedures were in­ volved.

The facilities at Aiyura could if made available be used at any time, with relatively simple modifications. The development of the zone III facilities may take some time if site availability is problematic. Technically, the Madang site is perhaps simplest to develop as considerable infrastructure already exists, though the Wewak site could be established relatively quickly with self­ contained recycle systems. Simple river-based facilities could be established quite rapidly as soon as stocks became available.

- 42 - 6 MAIN CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

~-1 Summary of options At the minimal level, the project will require basic quarantine facilities, together with a simple network of holding/production/ distribution facilities. Of these, facilities for zone I and to some extent zone II would have the most immediate priority for developing subsistence food resources in the river system, though for longer-term development, zone III facilities would be needed relatively early, to allow sufficient time for quarantine, repro­ duction, distribution, and build-up of stocks. In outline terms, the costs of the various options and levels of development are summarised in Table 24, based on the earlier tables. The most practical and cost-effective options are underlined. Note: opera­ tion costs do not include direct costs of bought-in stock.

Table 24: Summary capital and operating costs

Option Capital cost,K Operating cost,K

1a) Basic quarantine station plus occasional use of existing facilities (eg Aiyura,Gana) plus one or more simple ancillary sites 80,000 2S,000

1b) As above but purpose-built quarantine unit 130,000 3S,000

2a) As (1al. plus upgrading of cold11ater 140, 000 10S, 000 facilities and additional ancillary sites

2b) As (2a), but developing ne11 site rather 280,000 120,000 than upgrading existing site.

3a) As (2a) plus upgrading of Aiyura system 240,000 1so,ooo•

3b) As (2a) but developing new site rather 440,000 200,000 than upgrading Aiyura

4a) As (3a) plus simple recycle system/ 260,000 170,000' storage facilities,basic lab, ~ewak or Madang

4b) As (Aa) but more completely developed, 380i000 2oolooo• with hatching facilities, increased brood­ stock capacity, at ~ewak or Madang

Sa) System with new coldwater site (2b), plus fully developed system in Madang or S20,000 2SO,OOO ~e11ak (4b), plus ancillary sites

Sb) As (Sa) plus new zone II site· 720,000 300,000

Sc) As (Sb) plus fully developed system in 8SO,OOO+ 330,000 both Madang and ~ewak ------~------~---- • allowing for some savings through shared staff, etc.

- 4.3 - In practice, assuming availability of sites, and depending on final species priori~ies and allocation of budgets, a grad~al development from option la to 2a, towards 3a then 4a, and later possibly to 4b, would appear to offer the best and most cost­ effective approach.

As far as the present project is concerned, an immediate priority would be the quarantine unit, closely followed by the setting up of some arrangement for zone I and II species. However, as there is at least a possibility that funds for some parts of the development could be obtained elsewhere, eg for:

- establishing the basic quarantine facilities; eg under separate project initiatives such as EEC or bilateral agreements, or under national quarantine responsibilities;

- upgrading coldwater facilties; eg under separate project intiatives, or national or provincial programmes;

- upgrading Aiyura; eg under separate project initiatives or national programmes;

installing local hatching facilities; eg as part of com­ munity development projects;

- the project may more usefully focus on the development of the zone III facilities, and on the provision of technical and management inputs to the other parts of the project. However these priorities could only be finalised once external initiatives were more clearly defined.

S?_.::. .. :?-~.!::l-2-9 e s_t e q_ .. _~J!!.e).~. .!I! en t a t...i.9_1'J. The actual implementation of this phase of the project would depend greatly on the factors discussed in the previous section. However, a number of specific priorities can be identified:

- ascertain potential development plans for existing sites; Kanudi, Gana, Mendi, Aiyura, and check site availability at Madang and/or Wewak;

define operational/support links with Fisheries Dept, Animal Health Dept, etc; identify staff responsibilities and ad­ ditional staff requirements;

- confirm priorities for introduction with Advisory Group/ Government authorities; identify target sources of material, times of availability, etc;

- confirm outline plans, budgets, equipment lists, etc, based on likely level of support from associated agencies;

- outline possibilities and likely timing for alternative project funds/developments; possibly prepare background case material to support requests for assistance;

- 44 - - if new centres likely, as soon as feasible make suitable arrangements for contract procedures, and preparation of pl;ns as required;

organise initial staffing groups and co-operating staff;

set up quarantine centre; allow at least 3 to 6 months; test operation with inter-basin transfers;

- if possible, start direct transfers to cool water areas, eg with instream hatching systems;

bring in initially cleared imported stock;

start to introduce and ongrow potential broodstock in place; liaise with existing staff - eg Gana, Aiyura, during its operation/development to start some stocking activities;

start longer-term developments;

bring in other stock;

Figure 12 shows an outline bar-chart schedule for the project.

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Coates,D.,1985, Fish yield estimates for the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea, a large floodplain system east of 'Wallace's line'. J. Fish. Biol., ;?.,:Z, pp 431-443

Coates,D.,1987, Consideration of fish introductions into the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea, Aquaculture and Fisheries Manage­ ment, ~~. PP 231-241

Coates,D.,1986, Fisheries Development of the Sepik River, Papua New Guinea: Proposed Fish Introductions, PP 367-370, In J.L Maclean, L.B. Dizon and L.V.Hosillos (eds) The First Asian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.

Coates,D.,1989, Fish Fauna of the Sepik and Ramu River Floodplain Regions: Summary of Information on Fish Ecology, Identification of Vacant Niches and Categories of Fish Species suitable for stocking; Field Document No.3, PNG/85/001, in press.

Coates,D.,1989, Summary of th~ Geology, Geomorphology, Climate and Vegetation of the Sepik and Ramu River catchments with notes on their relevance to fisheries; Field Document No.2, F'NG/85/001, in press.

Coates,D.,1990, Sepik River Fish Stock Enhancement Project, Phase one final report and recommendations, Parts 1, . 2 and 3, PNG/85/001

Kovari,J.,1986, Investigations into the re-establishment of carp fishing in the Highlands. FAO: FI: TCP/PNG/4503 Field Document L

Kohler,C.C., and J.G.Stanley, 1984, A suggested protocol for evaluating proposed exotic fish introductions in the United States, P 459 in W.R.Courtenay,Jr and J.R.Stauffer,Jr (eds) Dis­ tribution, Biology and management of exotic fishes, John Hopkins Press, Baltimore

Pitt,R.M., 1986, Carp cultivation and the Highlands Aquaculture Development Centre, Aiyura. FAO: TCP/PNG/4503 Field Document 1, 108pp

Turner,G.E., 1988, Codes of practice and manual of procedures for consideration of introductions and transfers of marine and fresr~ water organisms. EIFAC Occasional Paper No.23, 44pp, FAO Rome.

Varadi,L.,1987, Detailed Engineering Design for the Aiyura Pond System and Hatchery. FAO: TCP/PNG/4503 Field Document 4

Welcomme,R.L.;1989 Back to Office Report, FAO/FIRI July 1989

Woynarovich,E. a~d L.Horvath, 198~. The artificial propagation of warm-water finf ishes. A manual for extension. FAD Fisheries Tech- n i cal Pape1~ !·Jo. 201, 18,?,pp.

- Appendix I page 1 Appendix II Extracts from EIFAC recommendations

9

3 .4 Quarantine Introduced or transferred aquatic organisms which are placed in quarantine are, by definition, a potential health risk. The aim of quarantine is to establish that they are either free of prescribed pathogens and pests or if not, that their progeny may be acceptable if they are proven pathogen- and pest-free. Because aquatic organisms ~~Y covertly carry pathogens without showing overt signs of clinical disease, they must in most cases be held in quarantine for life and be subject to repeated tests to establish their pathogen-free status. If they are established as pathogen-free, the Fl generation may be released. If the FD generation is not pathogen- and pest-free and they are not destroyed but kept for breeding, then it may be necessary to quarantine the Fl generation for life, demonstrate the Fl generation is free from pathogens and pests and then use the F2 generation for release. 3.4.1 Introductions, whether as gametes or fertilized eggs for fish (preferred) or as sooe other stage for molluscs or marine plants, should be disinfected upon arrival at the quarantine .\lnit (even though an approval certificate is supplied). If young fish are being imported, they should be treated by prophylactic bath. As stated under inspection and certification procedures, all materials in contact with the import during shipment should be destroyed or sterilized and not allowed to enter the holding system area of the quarantine unit. Acclimation of eggs, larvae, adult orsanisms etc., to enviromiental conditions, such as temperature at the quarantine station, should be done in a :nanner which prevents, as far as possible, any contact bet.ieen transport and final hclding :nedia. 3.4.2 It is reccr.nended that intake waters be sterilized or disinfected. Sterilization means killing all life forms in the water supply. Disinfection means using techniques which wi11 kill all the prescribed pathogens. Spring, grcund, artesia:i, and ;;ell waters which have no flora or fauna in them prior to entry to the quarantine unit are best and require no trea~oent. If surface waters are used, there is a risk that native pathogens and pests may cause disease outJreaks in the quarantine unit causing consequent difficulties in deciding whether the pathogen is native to the water supply or was imported with the i ;itroducti on. 3.4.3 !he quality of •1ater used in the quarantine unit should be roonitored at regular interv::ls to ens;;re that any mortality in the cuarantine population is not due to environmental conditions but rather to disease 'agi;:r,ts.

3.4.4 ,ne cause of mortality in all animals in quarantine should be investigated end a p;ritten report should be prepared. Ail reports must be submitted to the regulatory authority who may undertake further investigations. 3.4.5 c:s:icsal :f s::lid wastes (faeces, surpl;.;s food, settled solids) and tjead crgar:is;;-~s m:...,s: )e co:Jducted by c~ apprcved me:hod, e.£., s:eri1ii:ed such :ri~: ~~ten:ial :a~~o~ens a~d 8ests ·can~ot escape the quaran:i~e unit ~v ~his route. ' r - ' ...,..i

3.4.5 ~hs~ recirc~1a~ic~ of water is prac:ise~, ~c:n assessmen~ and co~~rc~

- Appendix II page 1 - 3 .4.7 Recorcs cf operating c:;nditior:s end ures m.;s: :ie ke;::: ano rr.::oe available for ~nspec:ion by :rie regulatory a:.1thority on reques:. 3.4.8 If rrore than one stock (or species) is kept in tne quaran-::ine unit· each must be kept in a self-contained compartment and precautionary measures instituted to ensure that staff cannot cause transmission of pathogens or pests between different stocks. 3.4.3 No equipment should enter or leave the quarantine unit without disinfection. If several species or stocks are kept in quarantine in separated modules, separate equipment must be available for each group. 3.4.10 Personnel operating the quarantine unit must be supervised by staff qualified to ensure all biological and operating concerns are appropriately addressed.

3.4.11 Personnel should enter and leave a quarantine unit through a cisinfection station (footbath, showers) which should be regularly serviced to guarantee continued effectiveness.

3.4.12 Personnel operating a quarantine unit should not visit other aquaculture es":.ablishments on the same day.··

3.4.13 The quarantine station should have adjacent, but physically iso1 ated, laboratory facilities for inspection and preparation of material for pathology tests. ?hysical separation from tne quarantine unit should help prevent accident~ contact with quarantined species. 3.4.14 Should outbreaks of disease or pests occur while a species is in :warantir.e, a range of coilTOOn treatment procedures should be i;;rnediately available. However, while these procedures may be successful in killing fie ;:;athogens or rem::;ving specific parasites, they should not be viewed as an effective ITEans cf destroying~ organisms carried by introduced species. 3.4.15 Should.the quarantine unit suffer a disease outbreak that cannot be controlled, the diseased stocks m.;st tie destroyed and disposed of after sterilization in an approved manner, but not before notification of the appropriate gcvernment authority. The quarantine unit or particular nudule (including the biological filters if recycling system is used) must be oisinfected prior to its reuse. It is advisable to operate dual systems to facilitate shutdown and sterilization procedures.

3.4.16 The design of the quarantine unit should mrn1m1ze any risk tnat: (a) operator error causes escape of aquatic organisms. (bl unauthorized persons gain access and cause the release of the aquatic organisms. 3 .5 Patho1 ogy

For purposes of this document, pathology is defined as, "tr,e study of disease :iy sc~entific met!iods" (ICES iolorking Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Crganisrns). The objective of identifying diseases and parasites is to minimize or eliminate the introduction and distribution of organisms pathogenic t.o beth native

- Appendix II page 2 - Appendix III Local cost data

Vehicles and equipment: Air compressor, 951/sec 14.lK/hr -'dry'hire Concrete mixer, <7f t3 22.lK/day Grader, Komatsu GD31 20.0K/hr Komatsu GD623 49.0K/hr Front end loader, Ford 550 10.0K/hr w/backhoe, approx 18.0K/hr Cat 930 21.lK/hr Komatsu D55S 26.0K/hr Dozer, light,Komatsu D30P,31P 14.0K/hr D37 25.0K/hr medium, Cat D6 40.0K/hr light,Komatsu D20 30.0K/hr -inclusive medium, Cat D4D 45.0K/hr -inclusive Wheel loader, Aveling BTS230 35.0K/hr -inclusive Cat D4E 45.0K/hr -inclusive Cat D6D 58.0K/hr -inclusive Low loader, Nissan 26.5K/hr -'dry'hire Kenworth 53.0K/hr Truck, flat bed, 4 x 2 , ~ to 5t 96.0K/day - Truck, tipper, 2m3 9.5K/hr 47.4K/day Landrover 110 58.0K/day

Note: dry hire is exclusive of driver and fuel.

Labour/staff Driver, class A (specialist) vehicles 3.0K/hr Driver, general 12.0K/day overtime, beyond 8hrs 3.0K/hr Casual labour, rural areas 4-0.0K/14days - urban areas 80-90K/14days Foreman, work supervisor 150-200K/14days Materials, goods Crushed aggregate, per m3 32K Ordinary Portland Cement, retail/t 115-120K Sand, per m3 10-30K Reinforcing bar, per t 600-900K Timber: hardwood decking,125x75mm/metre 3.7K " 200x100mm/metre 4.6K Pine, 50x50mm/metre 1. 3K " 150x50mm/metre 3.5K Plywood: 2.4 x 1.2m, shuttering grade 57.7K

- Apoendix III page 1 Pipes: 50mm pressure grade/5.85m 16.8K 150mm drain pipe, PVC/5.85m 85.0K Pipe fittings: 63mm couple,screw type 14..3K 63mm cap 13.3K 4.0mm 900 bend 15.0K 63mm 23.0K 16mm couple 2.2K bung tap, 3/4." 1. 2K 4.0mm glued T, pressure 1. 2K 15mm 4.5o elbow 0.5K 20mm 0.6K 25mm 0.7K 50mm 1. 3K Panel doors 4.2.5K Roofing, corrugated iron/m length 4..7K fibreglass/m length 10.5K Polythene sheet, 3 x 50m 66.7K Reinforcing mesh, 2.4. x 3m 4.1.0K Galvanised mesh fence, 15m x 1.8m 71.0K Wheelbarrows 4.8.0K Concrete mixer, 2ft3 890.0K

Prices for equipment hire, etc obtained from Dept of Works, Madang,PNG. Other prices are estimates from Burns Philp, Merchan­ dise Division, also Madang. Prices obtained 10/7/89.

- Appendix III page 2