To: Meg Turner, JRGC Date: November 24, 2020

Project #: 34486.02

From: Joey Thompson, PWS Re: Williams Island Floristic Inventory [email protected] 804-543-6306

Introduction:

This memo summarizes the work done by VHB with funding from the James River and Tuckahoe Garden Clubs to conduct an initial inventory of the species of Williams Island in the James River Park System (JRPS) in Richmond, Virginia. Williams Island is an approximately 100-acre island in the JRPS with no land-based access. It sits in the fall zone of the James River, within Richmond city limits, about 4000 ft downstream of the Huguenot Bridge. Two hundred and thirty (230) species were found over three visits which spanned the growing season of 2020. With the help of Ben Sagara, each of these species was logged on iNaturalist (within the JRPS Project), a citizen scientist social media platform for logging and tracking the locations of the world’s species. Of the 230 species observed, 187 are native and 43 are introduced, 23 of which are listed as invasive in Virginia (Heffernan et al. 2014) and one of which is a recent introduction that is evidently invasive (Corydalis incisa). The species list provided in Table 1 is alphabetized first by species (Table 1.1) and second by family (Table 1.2), so that one does not need to know the family of a plant to see if it was found on the island, but if they would like to see which grass species were found they can go to “Poaceae” in the second list.

Methods:

VHB botanist Joey Thompson conducted a site visit on April 5th, August 30th, and October 1st, 2020, with the volunteer effort of Environmental Scientist Ben Sagara to take inventory of plant species on Williams Island. Different flowering times were captured by visiting the island at several points throughout the growing season. The island was circumnavigated and transected during each site visit. Each species observed was logged one time on iNaturalist with a photo included. Generally, only species in flower or fruit were recorded. Species were identified using The Flora of Virginia App, a digital version of the Flora of Virginia (Weakley et al. 2012). Species habitats and ranges were verified through the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, which documents confirmed locations of every species known to Virginia on a county-level basis (Virginia Botanical Associates 2020). Since the City of Richmond is not recognized in the Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora, Williams Island falls within the boundaries of Henrico County. Any specimens documented as county records have been deposited at the University of Richmond Herbarium (URV).

Results and Discussion:

Two hundred and thirty (230) species of 83 families were documented on Williams Island. The three most speciose families are grasses (Poaceae, 34 species), composites (, 21 species), and sedges (Cyperaceae, 16 species). Of the 230 total species, 187 (81.3%) are native, 43 (18.7%) non-native (introduced), and 23 (10%) non-native invasive species (Table 1). Nine (9) species have not previously been recorded within Henrico County, 6 of which are native (Table 1). Four of those species were suitable for collection and have been pressed and deposited at URV to record their presence in Henrico County. These species include rough dropseed (Sporobolus clandestinus, Thompson 1236), reflexed sedge (Cyperus refractus, Thompson 1237), American basswood (Tilia americana var. americana, Thompson 1238), and Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii, Thompson 1239). Reflexed sedge is ranked as S3 and is on the state

watch-list, meaning it is “decidedly uncommon” and therefore tracked by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage (Townsend 2020). Ohio spiderwort (Tradescantia ohiensis) would be a county record but should be considered a tentative identification. Only a single individual of this slightly disjunct species was observed in the riverside woodland, and to confuse identification further it co-occurred with Virginia spiderwort (Tradescantia virginiana). Already known from Williams Island (Nakahata 2020), small-flowered halfchaff (Lipocarpha micrantha) is rare in Virginia (S2) and found along the shoreline when water levels are low in the Fall. Likewise, wooly threeawn (Aristida lanosa) is found on a high sandy terrace and is listed as S3, a state watchlist species (Townsend 2020).

Several high-quality natural habitats were observed on Williams Island that are certainly among the least disturbed in the JRPS. Particularly, the grassy riverside woodlands along the southeast portion of the island are exceptional in quality. This area has an open canopy dominated by bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), with various grasses in the understory including river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium), needlegrass (Piptochaetium avenaceum), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides), and numerous rosette grasses (Dichanthelium spp.). One small section of this woodland is a unique habitat, likely old growth in origin, dominated by wooly threeawn and slender Indiangrass (Sorghastrum elliottii) along with numerous other uncommon species (e.g. Cyperus refractus, Penstemon pallidus, Sporobolus clandestinus).

We found that the composition of species on Williams Island is 18.7% non-native. This number is low compared to the park system as a whole (30.6% non-native), according to the recently published Floristic Inventory of the JRPS (Nakahata et al. 2020). I have several opinions about how natural communities remain intact on Williams Island, but they should be taken as nothing more. Foremost, the landmass is an island with no access by foot travel, so that ornamental and invasive species cannot disperse vegetatively from residential areas as they can throughout much of the JRPS. In this sense the James River acts as a preliminary barrier to dispersal. Reduced foot travel probably plays a part in decreasing invasive species dispersal. Periodic flooding may also help maintain an open understory in certain areas and provide a competitive advantage for the many native, floodplain-adapted species. Nonetheless, garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is abundant on the island, and Japanese stiltgrass (Microstegium vimineum), autumn olive (Elaeagnus spp.), sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), and bush honeysuckle (Lonicera mackii), along with other invasive species, are common and threatening to the resident natural areas. Additionally, a large patch (~4 acres) of golden bamboo (Phyllostachys aurea) has formed a spreading monoculture on the interior of the island.

Concluding Remarks:

Williams Island is a natural treasure in a largely disturbed urban setting. It is important to recognize that some habitats on Williams island, if small, resemble intact natural communities (Fleming and Paterson, 2017). It would not be wrong to think of these communities as “old growth”, in the sense that the populations of native (especially the herbaceous species) have occurred there for a long time. While the mainland JRPS hosts a largely native overstory of trees, seemingly undisturbed at a distance, much of the herbaceous flora has been decimated by invasive species and other human disturbance. Several habitats on Williams Island could potentially serve as reference sites for restoration projects of similar landscapes in the JRPS. Still, targeted removal of invasive species from certain high- quality areas on Williams Island should be considered. Given the robust native community observed, a small effort towards invasive removal could yield successful regeneration of native species in target areas.

References Cited:

Fleming, G.P. and Patterson, K.D. 2017. Natural Communities of Virginia: Ecological Groups and Community Types. Natural Heritage Technical Report 17-07. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, VA.

Heffernan, K., E. Engle, C. Richardson. (2014). Virginia Invasive Plant Species List. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage. Natural Heritage Technical Document 14-11. Richmond.

Nakahata, E. S., DeBerry, D. A., & Thompson, J. A. (2020). Floristic Inventory of the James River Park System, Richmond, Virginia. Castanea, 85(2), 244-258.

Townsend, John F., 2020. Natural Heritage Resources of Virginia: Rare Plants. Natural Heritage Rare Species Lists (2020-Fall). Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage, Richmond, Virginia. 9 pp. plus rare species lists and appendices.

Virginia Botanical Associates. (2020). Digital Atlas of the Virginia Flora (http://www.vaplantatlas.org). c/o Virginia Botanical Associates, Blacksburg.

Weakley, A. S., Ludwig, J. C., Townsend, J. F., & Crowder, B. (2012). Flora of Virginia. Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press.

Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Acalypha gracilens Gray Slender Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native Acer negundo L. var. negundo Boxelder, Eastern Boxelder Sapindaceae Native Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Sapindaceae Native Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissim White Snakeroot Asteraceae Native Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman var. perennans Autumn Bentgrass Poaceae Native Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle Tree‐of‐heaven Simaroubaceae Invasive Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard, Hedge Garlic Brassicaceae Invasive Allium vineale L. Field Garlic, Onion Grass, Wild Onion Amaryllidaceae Introduced Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae Introduced Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog‐peanut Fabaceae Native Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot Poaceae Native Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Bluestem Poaceae Native Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain‐leaved Pussytoes Asteraceae Native Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Poaceae Introduced Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Mouse‐ear Cress Brassicaceae Introduced Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green Dragon Araceae Native Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Ell. Woolly Three‐awn Grass Poaceae Native Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Common Mugwort Asteraceae Introduced Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. hispidus Joint‐head Grass Poaceae Invasive Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pawpaw, Common Pawpaw Annonaceae Native Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae Native Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eaton Southern Lady Fern Woodsiaceae Native Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Brassicaceae Introduced Berberis bealei Fortune Chinese Introduced Henrico Berberis thunbergii DC Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae Invasive Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch Betulaceae Native Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles Asteraceae Native Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al‐Shehbaz Smooth Rock Cress Brassicaceae Native Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Urticaceae Native Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub Rattlesnake Fern Ophioglossaceae Native Bromus pubescens Sprengel Hairy Woodland Brome Poaceae Native Henrico Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston var. arvensis Corn‐gromwell Boraginaceae Native Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet‐creeper Bignoniaceae Native Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex. Muhlenberg) Britton, Spring Cress, Bulbous Bittercress Brassicaceae Native Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Cut‐leaf Toothwort Brassicaceae Native Cardamine hirsuta Linnaeus Hairy Bittercress Brassicaceae Introduced Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae Native Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Long‐fringed Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex grayi Carey Gray's Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz Black‐edged Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex styloflexa Buckley Bent Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex typhina Michaux Cattail Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam, Ironwood Betulaceae Native Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Bitternut Hickory Juglandaceae Native Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory Juglandaceae Native Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern Catalpa Bignoniaceae Native Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry Cannabaceae Native Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis Eastern Redbud Fabaceae Native Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates River Oats Poaceae Native Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass Poaceae Native Claytonia virginica L. Virginia Spring Beauty Montiaceae Native Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng ssp. anceps Beaked Panic Grass Poaceae Native Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Mistflower, Ageratum Asteraceae Native Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed, Common Horseweed Asteraceae Native Cornus L. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae Native Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC Yellow Corydalis, Yellow Fumewort Fumariaceae Native Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Incised fumewort Fumariaceae Invasive Henrico Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Honeyvine, Sandvine Apocynaceae Native Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg Red‐root Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus lancastriensis Porter ex Gray Many‐flowered Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl. Reflexed Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Henrico Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torrey Rough Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus squarrosus L. Awned Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus strigosus L. Straw‐colored Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Deer‐Tongue Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. Variable Panic Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Small‐fruited Panic Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould Open‐flower Panic Grass Poaceae Native Diospyros virginiana L. American Persimmon Ebenaceae Native Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum Three‐way Sedge Cyperaceae Native Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mexican Tea, Wormseed, Epazote Amaranthaceae Introduced Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata Rough Barnyard Grass Poaceae Native prostrata (L.) L. False Daisy, Yerba‐de‐tajo Asteraceae Native Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Thorny Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina Elephant's‐foot Asteraceae Native Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea, Waterpod, Aunt Lucy Boraginaceae Native Henrico Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Poaceae Native Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy Wild Rye, Downy Wild Rye Poaceae Native Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Poaceae Native Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & R. Tall Scouring Rush Equisetaceae Native Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple Lovegrass, Tumblegrass Poaceae Native Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus Daisy Fleabane Asteraceae Native Erythronium americanum Ker‐Gawl. ssp. americanum Yellow Trout Lily, American Trout Lily Liliaceae Native Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.‐Maz. Winter Creeper, Climbing Euonymus Celastraceae Invasive Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small Dog‐fennel Asteraceae Native Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late Thoroughwort Asteraceae Native Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted Spurge, Milk‐purslane Euphorbiaceae Native Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom White Wood Aster Asteraceae Native Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev Nodding Fescue Poaceae Native Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae Native Forsteronia difformis (Walt.) A. DC. Climbing Dogbane Apocynaceae Native Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash, Red Ash Oleaceae Native Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. var. volubilis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae Native Galium aparine L. Cleavers Rubiaceae Native Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw Rubiaceae Native Glechoma hederacea L. Gill‐over‐the‐ground, Ground‐ivy Lamiaceae Invasive Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. var. suberosus Eastern Anglepod Apocynaceae Native Helenium autumnale L. Autumn Sneezeweed Asteraceae Native Hibiscus laevis Allioni Halberd‐leaf Rose‐mallow Malvaceae Native Hieracium gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed Asteraceae Native Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hops Cannabaceae Invasive Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly, Possum‐haw Aquifoliaceae Native Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae Native Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Introduced Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Juglandaceae Native Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie Leathery Rush Juncaceae Native Juncus effusus L. Common Rush, Soft Rush Juncaceae Native Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush, Slender Rush, Poverty Rush Juncaceae Native Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Eastern Redcedar Cupressaceae Native Justicia americana (L.)Vahl American Water‐willow Acanthaceae Native Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit, Henbit Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead‐nettle, Purple Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced Leersia virginica Willd. Virginia Cutgrass Poaceae Native Lemna valdiviana Phil. Pale Duckweed Araceae Native Lepidium campestre (Linnaeus) R. Brown Field Pepperweed Brassicaceae Introduced Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.‐Cours.) G. Don Sericea Lespedeza, Chinese Lespedeza Fabaceae Invasive Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Creeping Lespedeza, Creeping Bush‐clover Fabaceae Native Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow‐leaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae Introduced Ligustrum sinense Louriere Chinese Privet Oleaceae Invasive Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker Small‐flower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae Native Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Altingiaceae Native Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip‐Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Tuliptree Magnoliaceae Native Liriope sp. Lilyturf Ruscaceae Introduced Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Campanulaceae Native Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maximowicz Amur Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Marsh Seedbox, Common Water‐purslane Onagraceae Native Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth Bulbous Woodrush Juncaceae Native Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Invasive Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife Primulaceae Native Marchantia polymorpha L. Umbrella Liverwort Marchantiaceae Native Melica mutica Walt. Two‐flower Melic Poaceae Native Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed Menispermaceae Native Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip Boraginaceae Native Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus Japanese Stiltgrass Poaceae Invasive Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese Silvergrass, Eulalia, Maiden Grass Poaceae Introduced Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Moraceae Native Murdannia keisak (Hasskarl) Handel‐Mazzetti Marsh Dewflower Commelinaceae Invasive Nemophila apylla (L.) Brummitt Small‐flower Baby‐blue‐eyes Boraginaceae Native Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum, Sour Gum Nyssaceae Native Oenothera biennis L. complex Common Evening‐primrose Onagraceae Native Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. & D. Love Southern Adder's‐tongue Ophioglossaceae Native Ostrya virginiana (P.Mill.) K.Koch Hop‐hornbeam Betulaceae Native Oxalis florida Salisbury Slender Yellow Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia‐creeper Vitaceae Native Paspalum repens P.J. Bergius Water Paspalum, Horsetail Paspalum Poaceae Native Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passionflower Passifloraceae Native Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree Paulowniaceae Invasive Penstemon pallidus Small Eastern Pale Beard‐tongue Plantaginaceae Native Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Perilla, Beefsteak Plant Lamiaceae Invasive Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Mild Water‐pepper Polygonaceae Native Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Dock‐leaf Smartweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae Native Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Long‐bristled Smartweed Polygonaceae Invasive Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riviere Golden Bamboo Poaceae Invasive Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground‐cherry Solanaceae Native Pinus echinata Miller Shortleaf Pine Pinaceae Native Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine Pinaceae Native Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Eastern Needlegrass Poaceae Native Plantago rugelii Dcne. American Plantain Plantaginaceae Native Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, American Sycamore Platanaceae Native Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Camphorweed, Camphor Pluchea Asteraceae Native Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple Berberidaceae Native Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Horn‐leaf Riverweed, Threadfoot Podostemaceae Native Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's‐seal Ruscaceae Native Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern Dryopteridaceae Native Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Salicaceae Native Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf Cinquefoil, Canada Cinquefoil Rosaceae Native Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt Rabbit Tobacco Asteraceae Native Table 1.1 (alphabetical by species) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Quercus falcata Michaux Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus nigra Linnaeus Water Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus phellos Linnaeus Willow Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus rubra Linnaeus var. rubra Northern Red Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard Oak Fagaceae Native Henrico Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf Buttercup Ranunculaceae Native Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Fabaceae Native Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Multiflora Rose Rosaceae Invasive Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Pennsylvania Blackberry Rosaceae Native Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow Salicaceae Native Salvia lyrata L. Lyre‐leaf Sage Lamiaceae Native Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Papaveraceae Native Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Black Snakeroot Apiaceae Native Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's‐tail, Water‐dragon Saururaceae Native Scleria triglomerata Michaux Tall Nutrush Cyperaceae Native Scutellaria integrifolia L. Hyssop Skullcap Lamiaceae Native Sicyos angulatus L. Bur Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Native Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion Caryophyllaceae Native Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Needle‐tip Blue‐eyed‐grass Iridaceae Native Smilax bona‐nox L. Catbrier, Fringed Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native Smilax hispida Raf. Bristly Greenbrier, Chinaroot Smilacaceae Native Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Horse‐nettle, Carolina Horse‐nettle Solanaceae Native Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Eastern Black Nightshade Solanaceae Native Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Blue‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native Solidago rugosa P. Mill. Rough‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash Slender Indian Grass Poaceae Native Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass, Yellow Indian Grass Poaceae Native Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass Poaceae Invasive Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry Caryophyllaceae Introduced Henrico Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata Prairie Wedgegrass Poaceae Native Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Rough Dropseed Poaceae Native Henrico Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut Staphyleaceae Native Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Invasive Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Coralberry Caprifoliaceae Native Teucrium canadense L. Canada Germander, American Germander Lamiaceae Native Tilia americana L. var. americana American Basswood Malvaceae Native Henrico Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt Cranefly Orchid Orchidaceae Native Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Poison Ivy, Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae Native Tradescantia ohiensis Rafinesque Ohio Spiderwort, Smooth Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Henrico Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Poaceae Native Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass Poaceae Native Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm Ulmaceae Native Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm, Red Elm Ulmaceae Native Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile Bellwort, Wild‐oats Colchicaceae Native Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Introduced Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain Verbenaceae Native alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney Wingstem Asteraceae Native Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Yellow Crownbeard Asteraceae Native Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw Adoxaceae Native Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy Violaceae Introduced Viola sororia Willd. Common Blue Violet, Confererate Violet Violaceae Native Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong Vitaceae Native Vitis vulpina L. Winter Grape, Frost Grape Vitaceae Native Xanthium strumarium L. Common Cocklebur Asteraceae Native BOLD: state rank of S2 or S3 Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Justicia americana (L.)Vahl American Water‐willow Acanthaceae Native Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw Adoxaceae Native Liquidambar styraciflua L. Sweetgum Altingiaceae Native Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth Amaranthaceae Introduced Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants Mexican Tea, Wormseed, Epazote Amaranthaceae Introduced Allium vineale L. Field Garlic, Onion Grass, Wild Onion Amaryllidaceae Introduced Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. radicans Poison Ivy, Eastern Poison Ivy Anacardiaceae Native Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal Pawpaw, Common Pawpaw Annonaceae Native Sanicula canadensis L. var. canadensis Black Snakeroot Apiaceae Native Cynanchum laeve (Michx.) Pers. Honeyvine, Sandvine Apocynaceae Native Forsteronia difformis (Walt.) A. DC. Climbing Dogbane Apocynaceae Native Gonolobus suberosus (L.) R. Br. var. suberosus Eastern Anglepod Apocynaceae Native Ilex decidua Walt. Deciduous Holly, Possum‐haw Aquifoliaceae Native Ilex opaca Aiton var. opaca American Holly Aquifoliaceae Native Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott Green Dragon Araceae Native Lemna valdiviana Phil. Pale Duckweed Araceae Native Asplenium platyneuron (L.) B.S.P. Ebony Spleenwort Aspleniaceae Native Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H.E. Robins. var. altissim White Snakeroot Asteraceae Native Antennaria plantaginifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain‐leaved Pussytoes Asteraceae Native Artemisia vulgaris L. var. vulgaris Common Mugwort Asteraceae Introduced Bidens bipinnata L. Spanish Needles Asteraceae Native Conoclinium coelestinum (L.) DC. Mistflower, Ageratum Asteraceae Native Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis Horseweed, Common Horseweed Asteraceae Native Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. False Daisy, Yerba‐de‐tajo Asteraceae Native Elephantopus carolinianus Raeusch. Carolina Elephant's‐foot Asteraceae Native Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd. var. strigosus Daisy Fleabane Asteraceae Native Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small Dog‐fennel Asteraceae Native Eupatorium serotinum Michx. Late Thoroughwort Asteraceae Native Eurybia divaricata (L.) Nesom White Wood Aster Asteraceae Native Helenium autumnale L. Autumn Sneezeweed Asteraceae Native Hieracium gronovii L. Hairy Hawkweed Asteraceae Native Pluchea camphorata (L.) DC. Camphorweed, Camphor Pluchea Asteraceae Native Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium (L.) Hilliard & Burtt Rabbit Tobacco Asteraceae Native Solidago caesia L. var. caesia Blue‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native Solidago rugosa P. Mill. Rough‐stemmed Goldenrod Asteraceae Native Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britt. ex Kearney Wingstem Asteraceae Native Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Yellow Crownbeard Asteraceae Native Xanthium strumarium L. Common Cocklebur Asteraceae Native Berberis bealei Fortune Chinese Mahonia Berberidaceae Introduced Henrico Berberis thunbergii DC Japanese Barberry Berberidaceae Invasive Podophyllum peltatum L. Mayapple Berberidaceae Native Betula nigra L. River Birch, Red Birch Betulaceae Native Carpinus caroliniana Walt. American Hornbeam, Ironwood Betulaceae Native Ostrya virginiana (P.Mill.) K.Koch Hop‐hornbeam Betulaceae Native Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Trumpet‐creeper Bignoniaceae Native Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. Northern Catalpa Bignoniaceae Native Buglossoides arvensis (L.) I.M. Johnston var. arvensis Corn‐gromwell Boraginaceae Native Ellisia nyctelea (L.) L. Nyctelea, Waterpod, Aunt Lucy Boraginaceae Native Henrico Mertensia virginica (L.) Pers. ex Link Virginia Bluebells, Virginia Cowslip Boraginaceae Native Nemophila apylla (L.) Brummitt Small‐flower Baby‐blue‐eyes Boraginaceae Native Alliaria petiolata (Bieberstein) Cavara & Grande Garlic Mustard, Hedge Garlic Brassicaceae Invasive Arabidopsis thaliana (Linnaeus) Heynhold Mouse‐ear Cress Brassicaceae Introduced Barbarea vulgaris R. Brown Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket Brassicaceae Introduced Boechera laevigata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Al‐Shehbaz Smooth Rock Cress Brassicaceae Native Cardamine bulbosa (Schreber ex. Muhlenberg) Britton, Spring Cress, Bulbous Bittercress Brassicaceae Native Cardamine concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwarz Cut‐leaf Toothwort Brassicaceae Native Cardamine hirsuta Linnaeus Hairy Bittercress Brassicaceae Introduced Cardamine pensylvanica Muhlenberg ex Willdenow Pennsylvania Bittercress Brassicaceae Native Lepidium campestre (Linnaeus) R. Brown Field Pepperweed Brassicaceae Introduced Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinal Flower Campanulaceae Native Celtis occidentalis L. Common Hackberry, Northern Hackberry Cannabaceae Native Humulus japonicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hops Cannabaceae Invasive Lonicera japonica Thunb. Japanese Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive Lonicera maackii (Rupr.) Maximowicz Amur Honeysuckle Caprifoliaceae Invasive Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench Coralberry Caprifoliaceae Native Silene stellata (L.) Ait. f. Starry Campion Caryophyllaceae Native Spergula arvensis L. Corn Spurry Caryophyllaceae Introduced Henrico Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Common Chickweed Caryophyllaceae Invasive Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.‐Maz. Winter Creeper, Climbing Euonymus Celastraceae Invasive Uvularia sessilifolia L. Sessile Bellwort, Wild‐oats Colchicaceae Native Murdannia keisak (Hasskarl) Handel‐Mazzetti Marsh Dewflower Commelinaceae Invasive Tradescantia ohiensis Rafinesque Ohio Spiderwort, Smooth Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Henrico Tradescantia virginiana L. Virginia Spiderwort Commelinaceae Native Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood Cornaceae Native Sicyos angulatus L. Bur Cucumber Cucurbitaceae Native Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana Eastern Redcedar Cupressaceae Native Carex crinita Lam. var. crinita Long‐fringed Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex grayi Carey Gray's Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex nigromarginata Schweinitz Black‐edged Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex styloflexa Buckley Bent Sedge Cyperaceae Native Carex typhina Michaux Cattail Sedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg Red‐root Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus lancastriensis Porter ex Gray Many‐flowered Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus refractus Engelm. ex Boeckl. Reflexed Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Henrico Cyperus retrofractus (L.) Torrey Rough Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus squarrosus L. Awned Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Cyperus strigosus L. Straw‐colored Flatsedge Cyperaceae Native Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britton var. arundinaceum Three‐way Sedge Cyperaceae Native Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.) R. & S. Slender Fimbry Cyperaceae Native Lipocarpha micrantha (Vahl) G. Tucker Small‐flower Halfchaff Sedge Cyperaceae Native Scleria triglomerata Michaux Tall Nutrush Cyperaceae Native Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott Christmas Fern Dryopteridaceae Native Diospyros virginiana L. American Persimmon Ebenaceae Native Elaeagnus pungens Thunb. Thorny Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Autumn Olive Elaeagnaceae Invasive Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & R. Tall Scouring Rush Equisetaceae Native Acalypha gracilens Gray Slender Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. Common Three‐seeded Mercury Euphorbiaceae Native Euphorbia maculata L. Spotted Spurge, Milk‐purslane Euphorbiaceae Native Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. Hog‐peanut Fabaceae Native Cercis canadensis L. var. canadensis Eastern Redbud Fabaceae Native Galactia volubilis (L.) Britt. var. volubilis Downy Milkpea Fabaceae Native Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.‐Cours.) G. Don Sericea Lespedeza, Chinese Lespedeza Fabaceae Invasive Lespedeza repens (L.) W. Bart. Creeping Lespedeza, Creeping Bush‐clover Fabaceae Native Robinia pseudoacacia L. Black Locust Fabaceae Native Quercus falcata Michaux Southern Red Oak, Spanish Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus nigra Linnaeus Water Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus phellos Linnaeus Willow Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus rubra Linnaeus var. rubra Northern Red Oak Fagaceae Native Quercus shumardii Buckley Shumard Oak Fagaceae Native Henrico Corydalis flavula (Raf.) DC Yellow Corydalis, Yellow Fumewort Fumariaceae Native Corydalis incisa (Thunb.) Pers. Incised fumewort Fumariaceae Invasive Henrico Hypericum mutilum L. Dwarf St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native Hypericum prolificum L. Shrubby St. John's‐wort Hypericaceae Native Iris sp. Iris Iridaceae Introduced Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. Needle‐tip Blue‐eyed‐grass Iridaceae Native Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Bitternut Hickory Juglandaceae Native Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt. Mockernut Hickory Juglandaceae Native Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut Juglandaceae Native Juncus coriaceus Mackenzie Leathery Rush Juncaceae Native Juncus effusus L. Common Rush, Soft Rush Juncaceae Native Juncus tenuis Willd. Path Rush, Slender Rush, Poverty Rush Juncaceae Native Luzula bulbosa (Wood) Smyth & Smyth Bulbous Woodrush Juncaceae Native Glechoma hederacea L. Gill‐over‐the‐ground, Ground‐ivy Lamiaceae Invasive Lamium amplexicaule L. Henbit, Henbit Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced Lamium purpureum L. Red Dead‐nettle, Purple Dead‐nettle Lamiaceae Introduced Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Perilla, Beefsteak Plant Lamiaceae Invasive Salvia lyrata L. Lyre‐leaf Sage Lamiaceae Native Scutellaria integrifolia L. Hyssop Skullcap Lamiaceae Native Teucrium canadense L. Canada Germander, American Germander Lamiaceae Native Erythronium americanum Ker‐Gawl. ssp. americanum Yellow Trout Lily, American Trout Lily Liliaceae Native Liriodendron tulipifera L. Tulip‐Poplar, Yellow Poplar, Tuliptree Magnoliaceae Native Hibiscus laevis Allioni Halberd‐leaf Rose‐mallow Malvaceae Native Tilia americana L. var. americana American Basswood Malvaceae Native Henrico Marchantia polymorpha L. Umbrella Liverwort Marchantiaceae Native Menispermum canadense L. Canada Moonseed Menispermaceae Native Claytonia virginica L. Virginia Spring Beauty Montiaceae Native Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry Moraceae Native Nyssa sylvatica Marshall Black Gum, Sour Gum Nyssaceae Native Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall Green Ash, Red Ash Oleaceae Native Ligustrum sinense Louriere Chinese Privet Oleaceae Invasive Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott Marsh Seedbox, Common Water‐purslane Onagraceae Native Oenothera biennis L. complex Common Evening‐primrose Onagraceae Native Botrypus virginianus (L.) Holub Rattlesnake Fern Ophioglossaceae Native Ophioglossum pycnostichum (Fernald) A. & D. Love Southern Adder's‐tongue Ophioglossaceae Native Tipularia discolor (Pursh) Nutt Cranefly Orchid Orchidaceae Native Oxalis florida Salisbury Slender Yellow Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native Oxalis violacea L. Violet Wood‐sorrel Oxalidaceae Native Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot Papaveraceae Native Passiflora lutea L. Yellow Passionflower Passifloraceae Native Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud. Royal Paulownia, Princess Tree Paulowniaceae Invasive Pinus echinata Miller Shortleaf Pine Pinaceae Native Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine Pinaceae Native Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. Narrow‐leaf Paleseed Plantaginaceae Introduced Penstemon pallidus Small Eastern Pale Beard‐tongue Plantaginaceae Native Plantago rugelii Dcne. American Plantain Plantaginaceae Native Platanus occidentalis L. Sycamore, American Sycamore Platanaceae Native Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman var. perennans Autumn Bentgrass Poaceae Native Andropogon gerardii Vitman Big Bluestem, Turkeyfoot Poaceae Native Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Bluestem Poaceae Native Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ssp. odoratum Sweet Vernal Grass Poaceae Introduced Aristida lanosa Muhl. ex Ell. Woolly Three‐awn Grass Poaceae Native Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino var. hispidus Joint‐head Grass Poaceae Invasive Bromus pubescens Sprengel Hairy Woodland Brome Poaceae Native Henrico Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates River Oats Poaceae Native Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reedgrass Poaceae Native Coleataenia anceps (Michx.) Soreng ssp. anceps Beaked Panic Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium clandestinum (L.) Gould Deer‐Tongue Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium commutatum (J.A. Schultes) Gould var. Variable Panic Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium dichotomum (L.) Gould var. dichotomum Small‐fruited Panic Grass Poaceae Native Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould Open‐flower Panic Grass Poaceae Native Echinochloa muricata (Beauv.) Fern. var. muricata Rough Barnyard Grass Poaceae Native Elymus hystrix L. var. hystrix Bottlebrush Grass Poaceae Native Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. Hairy Wild Rye, Downy Wild Rye Poaceae Native Elymus virginicus L. var. virginicus Virginia Wild Rye Poaceae Native Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Purple Lovegrass, Tumblegrass Poaceae Native Table 1.2 (alphabetical by family) Species Common Name Family Status Co. Record Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev Nodding Fescue Poaceae Native Leersia virginica Willd. Virginia Cutgrass Poaceae Native Melica mutica Walt. Two‐flower Melic Poaceae Native Microstegium vimineum (Trin.) A. Camus Japanese Stiltgrass Poaceae Invasive Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. Chinese Silvergrass, Eulalia, Maiden Grass Poaceae Introduced Paspalum repens P.J. Bergius Water Paspalum, Horsetail Paspalum Poaceae Native Phyllostachys aurea Carr. ex A. & C. Riviere Golden Bamboo Poaceae Invasive Piptochaetium avenaceum (L.) Parodi Eastern Needlegrass Poaceae Native Sorghastrum elliottii (C. Mohr) Nash Slender Indian Grass Poaceae Native Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash Indian Grass, Yellow Indian Grass Poaceae Native Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Johnson Grass Poaceae Invasive Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.) Scribn. var. obtusata Prairie Wedgegrass Poaceae Native Sporobolus clandestinus (Biehler) A.S. Hitchc. Rough Dropseed Poaceae Native Henrico Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus Purpletop, Tall Redtop Poaceae Native Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. var. dactyloides Eastern Gamagrass Poaceae Native Podostemum ceratophyllum Michx. Horn‐leaf Riverweed, Threadfoot Podostemaceae Native Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small Mild Water‐pepper Polygonaceae Native Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray Dock‐leaf Smartweed, Pale Smartweed Polygonaceae Native Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitagawa Long‐bristled Smartweed Polygonaceae Invasive Lysimachia nummularia L. Moneywort, Creeping Jenny Primulaceae Invasive Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Whorled Loosestrife Primulaceae Native Ranunculus abortivus L. Kidneyleaf Buttercup Ranunculaceae Native Potentilla canadensis L. Dwarf Cinquefoil, Canada Cinquefoil Rosaceae Native Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Multiflora Rose Rosaceae Invasive Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. Pennsylvania Blackberry Rosaceae Native Galium aparine L. Cleavers Rubiaceae Native Galium pilosum Ait. Hairy Bedstraw Rubiaceae Native Liriope sp. Lilyturf Ruscaceae Introduced Polygonatum biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Solomon's‐seal Ruscaceae Native Populus deltoides Bartram ex Marshall ssp. deltoides Eastern Cottonwood Salicaceae Native Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow Salicaceae Native Acer negundo L. var. negundo Boxelder, Eastern Boxelder Sapindaceae Native Acer rubrum L. Red Maple Sapindaceae Native Saururus cernuus L. Lizard's‐tail, Water‐dragon Saururaceae Native Verbascum thapsus L. ssp. thapsus Common Mullein Scrophulariaceae Introduced Ailanthus altissima (P. Miller) Swingle Tree‐of‐heaven Simaroubaceae Invasive Smilax bona‐nox L. Catbrier, Fringed Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native Smilax hispida Raf. Bristly Greenbrier, Chinaroot Smilacaceae Native Smilax rotundifolia L. Common Greenbrier Smilacaceae Native Physalis heterophylla Nees Clammy Ground‐cherry Solanaceae Native Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Horse‐nettle, Carolina Horse‐nettle Solanaceae Native Solanum ptycanthum Dunal Eastern Black Nightshade Solanaceae Native Staphylea trifolia L. Bladdernut Staphyleaceae Native Ulmus alata Michx. Winged Elm Ulmaceae Native Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm, Red Elm Ulmaceae Native Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. False Nettle Urticaceae Native Verbena urticifolia L. White Vervain Verbenaceae Native Viola arvensis Murr. European Field Pansy Violaceae Introduced Viola sororia Willd. Common Blue Violet, Confererate Violet Violaceae Native Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Virginia‐creeper Vitaceae Native Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. rotundifolia Muscadine Grape, Scuppernong Vitaceae Native Vitis vulpina L. Winter Grape, Frost Grape Vitaceae Native Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) A.A. Eaton Southern Lady Fern Woodsiaceae Native BOLD: state rank of S2 or S3