Newton's Apple: 15Th Season. Free Educational Materials. INSTITUTION Twin Cities Public Television, St

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TITLE Newton's Apple: 15th Season. Free Educational Materials. INSTITUTION Twin Cities Public Television, St. Paul, MN.; National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA. SPONS AGENCY 3M, St. Paul, MN. PUB DATE 1997-00-00 NOTE 73p.; Contains large color poster. AVAILABLE FROM Twin Cities Public Television, Inc., 172 E. 4th Street, St. Paul, MN 55101; Web site: http://www.ktca.org/newtons PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Animal Behavior; Animals; *Biological Sciences; Chemistry; Earth Science; Elementary Secondary Education; Hands on Science; Instructional Materials; Physical Sciences; Robotics; *Science Activities; *Science and Society; *Science Education; Scientific Concepts; *Space Sciences; *Technology IDENTIFIERS *Newtons Apple

ABSTRACT This guide helps teachers use the 15th season of the television program "Newton's Apple" in the classroom and lists show segments on asthma, car engines, glacier climbing, glass blowing, glaucoma, gliders, gold mine, greenhouse effect, kids on Mars, lightning, "Lost World" dinosaurs, mammoth dig, NASA robots, Novocain (TM), pack behavior, pet food, phases of the moon, proteins, robots, scuba diving, smiles, sunken slave ship, white-water rafting, wilderness training, wind blow, and zoo vet. Each topic features one main activity and several mini-activities related to the scientific concept it covers. Background information and additional resources are also listed. (WRM)

******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** -Grammer US DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS CENTER (ERIC) BEEN GRANTED BY This document has been reproduced as A ved from the person or organization grkwo_-%(-A originating it FREE 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality .!*

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BEST COPY AVAILABLE NEWTON'S APPLE isa production of HTCA Twin Cities Public Television Saint Paul/Minneapolis and is made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation -10

1 2 GREETINGS FROM 3M AND NEWTON'S APPLE

Science and technology can be fascinating and funespecially when presented with excitement, insight, anda strong understanding of the needs of today's students and teachers. That's why 3M is proud to continue as national sponsor of NEWTON'S APPLE, the television series that revolutionized science and technologypro- gramming. Now in its 15th season, NEWTON'S APPLE has successfully shown thousands of students how science can help enhance life, protect people, and preserve our resources.

We're also proud to work with KTCA-TV and the National Science Teachers Association to produce these special classroom materials. We hope these supplements will be a valuable addition to your curriculum. Our goal is to help your students approach the world with curiosity and a desire to understand what theycan do to create their own future.

Ten years ago, in his debut segment on NEWTON'S APPLE, David Heil plum- L.D. DeSimone meted through the air in a tandem skydiving maneuver. Since then, David Chairman and Chief Executive Officer has shared hundreds of science experiences with viewers. This season, he 3M continues his intrepid reporting with a white-water rafting trip down the Pecuare River in Costa Rica, a trip to the dentist's chair for a touch of painless dentistry, and a look at robots on Earth and in space.

A graduate from the University of California at Berkeley in political science The NEWTON'S APPLE team shoots and ethnic studies, SuChin Pak proves that you don't have to have a degree in science to be interested in how and why the world works. SuChin's science exploration continues in season 15 as she travels to South Dakota to the rapids in Costa Rica, rubs find out what's so bad about the Badlands, how gold miners find the loot, and how wild mustangs are tamed. elbows with the dinosaur celebrities Award-winning television journalist Dave Huddleston really knows how to find the answers to viewers' science questions. On NEWTON'S APPLE, he has from The Lost World: Jurassic Park, traveled the world to learn about sharks, tattoos, the postal service, and more. During Dave's third season, the adventures continue as he dives the wreck of a sunken slave ship, takes off in an engineless glider plane, digs mines for gold in South Dakota, for massive mammoth bones in Hot Springs, S.D., and more.

With a background in musical theater, Eileen Galindo is not what people unravels the mysteries of fog in think of as the typical science scholar. But the newest member of the NEWTON'S APPLE team has learned that science is fun and interesting. In her second season with the show, Eileen gets up close and personal with London, dives the wreck of a slave the ferocious dinosaurs from The Lost World: Jurassic Park ride at Universal Studios. She also finds the answers to questions about 1 glassblowing, virtual reality,ty,and chocolate. ship off the Florida Keys, and more.

Brian Hackney became interested in science as a child while playing with a telescope in his back yard. After receiving degrees in electrical engineering and physics, he became an on-air meteorologist and science reporter. In his third NEWTON'S APPLE season, Brian ("Sherlock") travels to England to unravel the mysteries of London fog. Then he visits the Waltham Pet Center where dog and 1 cat foods are developed and tested in a completely humane way.

We ,encourage duplication for educational non-commercialuse.

Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant Iron 3M. 3 Innovation IBESTCYVVAVAII A F How to use the NEWTON'S APPLE Yozchor's aiz

This guide was developed to help you use the 115.2h season of HIEWTOKS

APPLE in your classroom. Follow these steps to get the most from the show and the guide in the classroom.

1. Check the season 15 index or the alphabetical Science Subject Index to find the show in which your desired segment appears.

2. The guide is organized in show number order. Flip to the show number to find your segment. Finding NEWTON'S APPLE

3. Use the Getting Started activity and questions to NEWTON'S APPLE allows three-year, off -air recording rights for educational pur- engage your students before you watch the segment. poses. Tape the show, or have your resource center tape it directly off the air and use it in the classroom as often as you like for three years. 4. Watch the segment. Look for opportunities to incorporate the Main Activity or the Try This activities into The 15th season of NEWTON'S APPLE will air on most PBS stations beginning in the viewing of the segment. Tailor the use of video, October 1997 (check your local PBS listings for exact air dates and time). If you lecture, and activities according to your teaching and don't find NEWTON'S APPLE listed in your local TV or PBS viewer's guide, con- your students' learning styles. tact your PBS station to find out when the 15th season will air in your area. If you cannot tape it off the air, call 1-800-588-NEWTON to purchase a tape. 5. Use the Overview section as background for your lecture. Public television stations depend on what they hear from viewers to help make their programming decisions, and as an educator, you are one of public television's most 6. Use the Resources section to find further information. important constituents. If your public television station is not running NEWTON'S We've listed books, magazine and newspaper articles, APPLE, you must let them know that it is important to you and your students. If software, and Web sites that are not only helpful for your station is running the show, call them and let them know how much you you but also provide your students good sources for depend on it in the classroom. additional information. If you have any comments or questions, please write to: Director of Outreach & Promotion 7. Pose the Connections questions to your students to NEWTON'S APPLE prompt discussion of extension subjects and to pro- 172 4th St. E mote independent learning. St. Paul, MN 55101 e-mail: [email protected] 8. Use the Main Activity and Try This sections within NEWTON'S APPLE Teacher's Guides also are available on the Web at the lesson in the classroom or as take-home activities. http://www.ktca.orginewtons

We encourage duplication ..f.o.r educational non-commercial use.

Educational materials 'developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by alrant frore3M. 4 a'J' v Innovation INDEX TO THE 15TH SEASON LESSON PAGES

There are two ways to locate any of the 26 lessons in this guide: Checkthe alphabetically arranged subject index foundon the inside back cover or look through the numerically arranged showindex on this page.

Either way, once you've identifieda topic you'd like to explore, look in the upper right corner of each lessonpage for the NEWTON'S APPLE show number (e.g., 1501, 1502) that correspondsto that topic. We've also included the segment's approximate running time in the samecorner.

In the center of this book, you will finda guide to the past four seasons of NEWTON'S APPLE. These episodesmay be rebroadcast on your local PBS station throughout theyear, or you may purchase them by calling 1-800-588-NEWTON. We hope you will continue to use them inyour classroom.

1501 1506 115111 Glaucoma Gliders Car Engines Lost World Dinosaurs NovocainTM Zoo Vet

11502 1507 1512 Scuba Diving Adventure Special Robots Special Sunken Slave Ship Glacier Climbing NASA Robots Wilderness Training Robots

1503

Gold Mine 11508 1513 Phases of the Moon Glass Blowing Lightning Smiles Proteins

1504 Pet Special 1509 Pack Behavior Greenhouse Effect Pet Food Mammoth Dig

1505 1510 Asthma Kids on Mars White-water Rafting Wind Blow

We encourage duplication for educationalnon-commercial use.

Here is an at-a-glance index of the science disciplines dealt with in the NEWTON'S APPLE lesson pages, incorporating the National Science Teachers Association's Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary School Science model.

We'vealso listed some extended concepts.

0 2. 0 0. 0 60 0 E 0 1.. 0 0 180 C

Medical Science Asthma 1505 6 Health Engineering Car Engines 1511 0 Geology Glacier Climbing 1507 0....000 Engineering Glass Blowing 1508 C) t10 16 Medical Science Glaucoma 1501 6 to 000 Engineering Gliders 1506

Engineering Gold Mine 1503 0 6 Geology Environment Greenhouse Effect 1509 10 6 Meteorology Geology Computer Science Kids on Mars 1510 0 6 Topography Meteorology Lightning 1513 6 60 to PaleontologyEngineering Lost World Dinosaurs 1501 ID 00 Computer Science

Paleontology Mammoth Dig 1509 6 I)0 u: Computer Science NASA Robots1512 , , Engineering

We encourage duplication for educational non-commercial use.

Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a productiontf sTCAIL Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grarom6 3M. *YiL Innovation SCIENCE SUBJECTINDEX

Here is an at-a-glance index of the science disciplinesdealt with in the NEWTON'S APPLE lesson pages, incorporating the NationalScience Teachers Association's Scope, Sequence, and Coordination of Secondary SchoolScience model.

We'vealso listed some extendedconcepts.

16 0. 0 COB 0 .0 0 150 0

Novocain 1506 Medical Science 15 0 11? Pack Behavior 1504 ZoologyAnimal Psychology Genetics

Pet Food 1504 a- ZoologyFood Nutrition 1 to0 Veterinary Science Phases of the Moon 1503 06 Astronomy

Microbiology Proteins 1513 7 "1 00 Robots 1512 Engineering 6 100 Computer Science Scuba Diving 1502 Oceanography 11) 75 to Smiles 1508 6 Psychology Sunken Slave Ship 1502 0 tip Archaeology White-water Rafting 1505 Fluid Dynamics , Engineering

Wilderness Training 1507 10 Ecology Environment VP a'i Food/Nutrition

Wind Blow 1510 `' EcologyEnvironment , 6 ti? Zoo Vet 1511 6 Veterinary Science

We encourage duplication foreducational non-commercialuse.

Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.

NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible bya grant trom 3M. Innovation 'GLAUCOMA What is glaucoma and how do people g,et it?

Brian takes a closer look into the eye of glaucoma. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

":=7,-, ceiling OM /Mk* Begin the lesson by asking students, "Do you know slowly become blocked over many years. Since there that everyone is a little bit blind?" Then instruct are no pain-sensing nerves in the region, the them to conduct the following experiment to find increasing pressure of the fluid is painless. their normal blind spot. Books Even when the drainage openings are almost corn- Bantam medical dictionary. (1996) New York: Bantam Books. On a piece of paper, draw two small stars about pletely blocked, the ciliary tissues keep producing four inches apart. Cover your left eye and hold the fluid. As a result, pressure from the backed-up fluid Barnes & Noble concise medical dictionary. (1995) New York: paper at arm's length. With your right eye focused starts building inside the eye. This increased pres- Barnes & Noble Books. on the left star, move the paper slowly toward sure pushes on the optic nerve at the back of the you. What happens? Switch eyes and do it again. eye, distorting, compressing and, over time, Computer software: destroying it, one nerve cell at a time, until blind The Learning Company: Mosby's Where did the star go? Why do you think this Medical Encyclopedia. CD-ROM for is happening? spots form. Macintosh or Windows.

The loss is usually slow, with ever-increasing dim- Interactive Ventures Inc.: Mayo Clinic Family Health. CD-ROM for Macintosh Overdetv ming of vision creeping in from the side, as if you or Windows. were looking through a narrowing tunnel orthe room lights were dimming. Many people don't Dorling Kindersley Multimedia: The Most of us have thought about how difficult daily American Medical Association Family life would be if we were blind, so we're careful to notice this loss in their peripheral vision, even Medical Guide. CD-ROM for Macintosh protect our eyes. Yet for a million Americans, there when 50 percent of the nerves are destroyed. When or Windows. they go to an eye doctor and discover they have is a sneak thief at work, slowly and silently stealing Organizations their vision. The thief is so clever that the victims glaucoma, further loss of vision can be prevented, The Glaucoma Research Foundation don't even know their eyesight is in danger. but nothing can be done to restore the eyesight 490 Post Street, Suite 830 already lost. San Francisco, CA 94102 (800) 826-6693 The thief is a disease called glaucoma, a painless http://www.glaucoma.org/grf/booklet.html affliction that is the second leading cause of blind- Glaucoma can't be cured, but doctors can prevent Prevent Blindness America ness in the United States. Glaucoma is a disease of further damage by using drugs in the form of eye- 500 E. Remington Road the plumbing system of the eye, a system that most drops or pills to lower the pressure in the eye. If Schaumburg, IL 60173 people don't even know they have. A normal eye is drugs don't work, doctors can use laser surgery to (800) 331-2020 filled with a fluid, called aqueous humor, that con- open the drainage system and allow the fluid to http://www.prevent-blindness.org stantly flows through the pupil (the dark, central pass out of the eye. If that fails, microsurgery is Web sites part of the eye that lets in light) and over the iris used to create new tubes to allow the fluid to drain American Academy of Ophthalmology (the colored ring of tissue around the pupil that out. The best way to deal with the disease of glau- http://www.eyenet.org gives our eyes their color). The fluid, produced coma, however, is to detect it early, before much Glaucoma Foundation inside the eye by the skin of the ciliary body (focus- vision is lost. http://www.glaucoma-foundation.org ing muscle), nourishes the cornea (the clear front Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston lens of the eye) as it flows out of the eye through a http://www.eyeboston.com/glaucoma.html meshwork of tiny drainage openings at the base of the iris (where it joins the outside edge of the cornea). 1. If you were blind, how do you think your life NEWTON'S APPLE video would be different? How would it be the same? cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this There are several types of glaucoma, but the most 2. Do you get a glaucoma test when you visit the and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: common kind occurs when the drainage openings eye doctor? How do you think the test works? http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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Educational materials developed wit 'tie National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of ATCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation SHOW NUMBER

1501 Conduct interviews to determine which older friends andfamily are at risk for glaucoma. Glaucoma

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Glaucoma first steals Between two and three million Americans have glau- Between 20 and 25 percent of people with sight by taking away a coma, and worldwide it is the second leading cause peripheral vision. To get close relative who has glaucoma willget the dis- an idea of what that is of blindness. Glaucoma also is the leadingcause of ease themselves, especially if both are female. like, take a black piece blindness in African Americans. Some people havea Some people with normal pressure in theireyes of construction paper much higher risk of getting glaucoma than others. can have glaucoma, and some people with high about the size of regular While glaucoma is rare in young people,some of the pressure in their eyes don't get glaucoma. notebook paper and roll adults you know may be suffering from the "silent it into a tube. When you The risk of developing glaucoma ifyou have a hold it in your left hand sneak-thief of sight." family history of the disease is nearly 10 times and look through it with greater than someone without a family history your left eye, it's like In this activity, you will develop a "glaucoma risk" of glaucoma. looking down a dark tun- questionnaire, then interview at least three adultsto nel. That's how many About 80 percent of people with glaucomaare determine if they should be extra vigilant about people with advanced get- over age 60; 31 percent are between 45 and 60 glaucoma see. Now hold ting their eyes checked for the disease. years old; less than one percent are under 45 years your right palm midway of age. along the tube in front of People who suffer from diabetesor who your right eye. What do Materials you see in your palm? wear thick glasses for myopia are more likely to get glaucoma. pen or pencil People who have had an eye injuryare notebook or other paper on which more likely to get glaucoma in that eye, even you can take notes many years later. list of questions (you will develop the 2. Interview at least three adults, makingsure to On a dark evening, go questions) to ask the people you outside and try to look record their age, family history of disease, interview at familiar objects. Can ethnic background, when they last you see them better if had their eyes checked, and anything you look straight at them Based on the facts listed below else that might put them ata higher or if you look just to the and other information you gather risk for glaucoma. side of them? Why do from the resource material on glaucoma, you think that is? 3. Figure out a system to write down and keep develop a list of questions designedto determine a track of each adult's risk factors. Determine which person's risk of getting glaucoma. of them is most likely to develop the disease. A normal, healthy 65-year-old eye onlysees 20 Vt717 percent of the light that a teenager sees. Any loss in light sensitivity will further diminish Questions Look at one word on night vision. the page of a book. Glaucoma is seven times more likelyto occur in Without moving 1. Is a person who wears glasses or contact lenses your eyes from that blacks than in whites. People of Asian descentare more or less likely to have an undetected case of word, how much also at a higher risk than those of European glaucoma? Why? descent. can you read? 2. Are there other eye diseases thatare hard to People over the age of 65 are seven timesmore detect, yet also damage vision? likely to get glaucoma than those under 65. Only 15 percent of people with glaucoma go blind.

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.

NEWTONS APPLE is a production or KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant tram 3M. Innovation LOST WORLD DINOSAURS

How. were realistic dinosaur& created for Jurassic Park: The Ride?

Eileen goes to Universal Studios to get a behind-the-scenes look at the famous ride. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

essign REIFgOd kesouvim Begin the lesson by asking these questions: Have to accurately depict dinosaur behavior, too. you seen the movies Jurassic Park or Lost World? Scientists now think that dinosaurs were at least How real did the dinosaurs appear to you? What somewhat warm-blooded, that some of them (like makes them seem real? Have you ever seen model the Velociraptor) hunted in groups, and that some Books and articles Allman, W.F. (1993, June 7) The dinosaur creatures that didn't seem real? What was the dif- tended their hatchlings the way birds do today. hunter. U.S. News & World Report, ference? What were the moments in the movies Evidence for these ideas comes from a large fossil pp. 62-72. that were most striking? Why? deposit in Montana, in which dinosaur eggs and babies were found in nestlike formations, and a Homer, J. & Dobb, E. (1996) Dinosaur lives: Unearthing an evolutionary saga. How would you like to come face to face with a group of Velociraptors was found entangled with New York: Harper Collins. T rex or Ultrasaurus?Of course, the dinosaurs in the fossil of an enormous plant-eating dinosaur. Jurassic Park aren't real. Despite Jurassic Park's sci- Thro, E. (1993) Robotics: The marriage of ence fiction about recreating dinosaurs through Scientists extrapolated dinosaur movements and computers and machines. New York: modern science, we are still left to imagine how posture by studying the size and shape of bones Facts on File. dinosaurs really looked, sounded, and felt. So how and connective tissue, and by observing the layout Catalo did they build Jurassic Park: The Ride? How did of fossils that had apparently died in action (run- The Everything Dinosaur Catalogue they get the dinosaurs to move so realistically? ning or fighting). Robotics experts at a defense (800) 346-6366. How did they make an environment that repli- contractor then modeled these movements with Web sites cates the one scientists believe the dinosaurs lived an advanced hydraulic technology first developed Dinosaur Society in? How do paleontologists know what environ- for the space program. http://www.dinosociety.org ment would be the most realistic? The hydraulics were particularly important Universal Studios' Jurassic Park: The Ride because most of the moving models of living crea- 41, http://jurassic.unicity.com/jurassic.html vernevy tures (animatronics) up until then had been rather jerky. This new hydraulic system, however, used a The Jurassic Park ride at Universal Studios fluid under pressure to allow very smooth and Hollywood was in development even before the detailed movement called compliant reactivity. first frame of film was shot for the first movie, Combined with computerized instructions for Jurassic Park. The creators spared no expense to even the smallest movement detail, such as shift- make the park as lifelike and realistic as possible, ing the shoulder slightly when moving an arm or right down to the scripted "disaster" that happens moving the tail for balance when shifting weight in the middle of the ride. The designers of the ride from foot to foot, this compliant reactivity is star- (who came from every area of the science and tlingly realistic. technology community) based the ride's environment on the most current knowledge about what the dinosaurs looked like and how they behaved. 4%*CCEfiedINIS For example, chemists made materials for the 1. Why is realism so important to people in a ride dinosaurs' skin that accurately duplicates skin like the Jurassic Park ride? 2. How do you think the ride designers are going imprints found with fossils. Botanists selected over NEWTON'S APPLE video 100 species of plants to be viewed from the ride. to top themselves? How could the next ride be cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this They based their choices in part on fossilized even better? and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web sire at: plants found in Wyoming. An attempt was made http://www.ktca.org/newtons

We encourage duplication for educational non-commercial use.

Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Associlion.

NEWTON'S APPLE isaproduction ofMCA Saint Paul /Minneapolis. Madedossii??by a grant from 3M. 10 Innovation DINO-MITE: HOW DIDTHEY DO?

110.zatiCIA4DINOliti u,en imt

Determine how accurate the dinosaur-makerswere in creating realistic dinos. http://www.ktca.org/newtons reee,, Lin& Milvilv VI?

Write a story line for an The best models show that close attentionwas paid Questions amusement park ride. to small details. See if you can notice these details What kind of action and suggest materials for models. would you have? How 1. What areas of study are necessaryto get a job would you draw the audi- modeling animals and natural elements for the ence into your story? Materials movies or for museums? 2. A science has recently been created that involves video of a dinosaur movie (Jurassic Parkor Lost creating faces on human (or human ancestor) Work for example, but also Godzilkor another skulls. What do scientists have to consider when science fiction movie) and the equipmentto play reconstructing a face on a skull? it on, preferably with a stop-motion feature artists' depiction of reconstructed dinosaurs (in library books, magazine articles,or on the Web) natural objects (rocks, flowers)or a small animal An online Jurassic Park such as a frog or fish game is available on the Internet at the address below. Try this game 1. Choose a short portion of the video witha out. What do you think of dinosaur exhibiting some close-up behavior. it? How would 2. Watch the video clip a couple you improve it? of times, stopping it to study http://jurassic.unicity. individual movements and com/jurassic.html materials. Can you identify any clay animation, models, humans in costumes, or computer-generated elements? Is WIT Vrldo there anything that isn'tcom- pletely realistic? Raise your arm or leg and 3. Compare the video to the notice what other parts of reconstruction of dinosaur fos- your body shift or move sils. Can you find mistakesor also. Is this movement inaccuracies in your video clip? consistent? Can you move a limb without 4. Take a simple natural object moving any other part of such as a rock or a single your body? flower, and think about how you would design a model for it. What materials wouldyou use? What details would be particularly important to reproduce? If you wanted to design a model for a small animal suchas a frog or fish, what additional details would you need? Why are moving modelsmore difficult to make?

e'ncourage duplication for edlucationalnon-commercial use. Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.

NEWTON'S APPLE Is a production.ot KTCA SaMtPaul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation SCUBA DIVING

NEWTON'S APPLE takes the plunge to explore scuba diving. http://www.ktca.org/newtons StttingSt flied .-1414d1*

Scuba diving is more than a sport. It's a science times the standard atmospheric pressure! As a Resources that operationally integrates physics, chemistry, diver breathes, flow-adjusting devices called stages physiology, and oceanography. It's also pretty cool. drop the flow pressure. Air that is exhaled does not return to the scuba tank. Instead, it is released Books and articles Begin the lesson by showing students a can of and observed as the rush of rising bubbles. Sport Berg, C. (1993, Dec) Another look at the compressed air. "Air blasters" are often available as divers can safely dive to a depth of about 39 mysterious closed system. Science commercial dusting sprays at photographic supply meters (130 feet) or five atmospheres of pressure. Teacher, pp. 44-48. stores. Explain that the can contains a large volume of air that has been compressed into a small Although the first crude scuba apparatus was Frazier, R. (1995) A philosophical toy. Available at: space. Within this space, the gas is stored under invented over 150 years ago, it was Jacques- http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/courses/ considerable pressure. When the nozzle is pressed, Yves Cousteau and Emile Gagnan who perfected C1241- scienceSp95/ some of the pressurized gas escapes from the can. the modern day Aqua-Lung. Unlike the "hard- resources/philoToy/philoToy.html hat" divers that relied on a surface air hose, Mang R. (1990) The history of under- Attach a length of plastic tubing or a nozzle Cousteau (in the early 1940s) had attained ground exploration. New York: Dover extension to the can. Press the nozzle to demon- untethered freedom. Publications, Inc. strate the directional flow of air. Fill a fish bowl with water. Position the free end of the tubing Computer software Chariot: Eco-Adventures in the Oceans. beneath the water's surface. Press the nozzle Jtunections 3.5 disks for DOS or Macintosh. and have students observe the rush of rising (619) 298-0202 or air bubbles. 1. Suppose a balloon filled with air was released http://www.chariotcom from the sea bottom. How does the surround- Edmark: Destination: Ocean. CD-ROM for Challenge the class to critically analyze their ing pressure change as the balloon rises? What Macintosh/Windows. (800) 320-8379 or observations. What causes the rush of bubbles? is likely to happen to the balloon before it http://www.ed ma rk.com What do the bubbles contain? Predict how much reaches the surface? Explain. air is stored in the can. Can compressed air sup- 2. The bends is a life-threatening illness that The Learning Company: Operation Neptune. CD-ROM for Macintosh or results from too rapid a return to surface air port living things that require oxygen? Windows. (800) 852-2255 pressure. During ascent, nitrogen dissolved in the blood stream comes out of solution as lung Web sites bubbles that can block the flow of blood to Divers Alert Network (DAN) (800) 446-2671 critical body organs. When construction of http://www.dan.ycg.org/ Scubafrom the phrase "self-contained underwa- underwater foundations for the Brooklyn ter breathing apparatus"refers to a type of div- Bridge was underway, laborers worked in pres- Scuba! On-Line Interactive Magazine ing in which an individual carries his or her own surized chambers. Upon a rapid return to the http://www.scubaon-line.com supply of air. This air supply is stored within a surface, many suffered from the bends. If you steel or aluminum cylinder called a scuba tank. A were in charge of this construction project, device called a regulator "taps" the pressurized air how might you protect these workers from and adjusts its flow for breathing. decompression sickness?

Prior to the dive, a mechanical compressor fills NEWTON'S APPLE video the tank with a large volume of air. The pressure cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this produced by this compressed air can exceed 200 and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www.ktca.orginewtons

Our featured contributor is the National Association of Black Scuba Divers (NABS) (800) 521-NABS http://www.nabsdivers.org/ We encourage duplication for educational non-commercial use. Educational materials developed with (hp NlItional Science Teachers Association. 12 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of MICA-hint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation UPS AND DOWNSOF DIVING

SHOW NUMBER 1!A e n.

1502 Create a Cartesian diver and watch what happens whenyou put it under pressure. Scuba Diving http://www.ktca.orginewtons

NNOIRot iimillAmy Contact a local dive Imagine entering a freshwater pondor lake. Take a Can you explain the connection between this shop and invite one deep breath and you're likely to float. Exhale, and of the divers to visit change in volume and the behavior of the medi- the class. Ask the you'll probably find yourself sinking. These "ups cine dropper? What happens to the bubble's vol- diver to bring and and downs" depend upon the amount of air inyour ume when you release your grip? How does a demonstrate the lungs. As the volume of thisgas increases, you change in volume relate to proper and safe use become more buoyant. As the gas volume drops, of scuba equipment. 0the movement of the you lose buoyancy and begin to sink. medicine dropper? 0 M In this main activity, you'll constructa device called Extend the activity a Cartesian diver. Like a floating person, this diver Can you modify Put on a pair of safety has a buoyancy that dependsupon its volume of the design of your goggles. Then, pour a trapped air. As you explore its medicine dropper small amount of vinegar behavior, you'll uncover into a small beverage so that it can recov- the relationship between container. Place about a er items that are scat- teaspoon of baking soda pressure and tered at the bottom of the volume. into a balloon. Slip the container? First, design a diver neck of the balloon over that can retrieve paper clips and the neck of the bottle. Materials Pick up the balloon so other objects attracted to magnets. that the baking soda Then, redesign your diver to "recover"tar- falls into the vinegar. plastic 1- or gets that have eyelet-like handles. Observe what happens to 2-liter soda container with a the balloon as the pres- screw-on lid Is it possible to make a Cartesian diverout of other sure within the container glass medicine dropper increases. Can this materials, such as the plastic cap toa pen, weighted observation be applied to with a bit of clay? See what objects will work. diving? If so, how? 1. Fill the container with tap water. 2. Lower the medicine dropper into the container. Questions Squeeze the bulb slightly so that the glass tube becomes partially filled with water. 1. Does squeezing the bottle forcemore water into Research the depth 3. Set the dropper floating within the container. the air or compress the air, making the diver limits associated with Add more water to the containerso that the heavier and causing it to sink? scuba diving. Why level of water rises to the brim. 2. How do these demonstrations relate to scuba can't divers descend 4. Screw on the container lid. The seal should be past a certain depth? diving equipment? How do they explain free tight enough to prevent the leakage of How can dolphins and water. divers' use of stones for weight as they dive? whales dive to incred- 5. Squeeze the center of the plastic container. What ible depths while happens to the medicine dropper? Releaseyour scuba divers are pressure. What happens now? Note: If the drop- restricted to the near per remains afloat, you'll need to open the con- surface waters? tainer and fill the dropper tube withmore water. 6. Take a close look at the air bubble trapped within the medicine dropper. What happensto the bubble's volume as you squeeze the container?

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NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possibleby a grant from 3M. 13 3N1Innovation How and what can Iwe learn from ashipwreck?

Dave dives a wreck and learns how scientists investigate it. Ihttp://www.ktca.orginewtons

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Divide the class into teams. Give each team a pho- Then they began mapping out where artifacts esources tograph of an ocean floor or desert scene and a were discovered. piece of graph paper. Ask them to imagine they are archaeologists who are looking for treasure under Some of the 7,500 artifacts were covered with lay- Books and articles the sand or sea. Have them decide what the trea- ers of encrustation made up of the tinyskeletons Marx, R. (1990) The history of under- of microorganisms. As one group of the organisms sure is and how it ended up there. Thenhave ground exploration. New York: Dover them plot a map of exactly where they think the died, another would attach itself on top of the Publications, Inc. treasure might be located. Be sure to draw any original layer. Other ship artifacts were preserved Sullivan, G. (1994) Slave ship: The story landmarks that will serve as reference points. Ask by layers of sand, creating an absence of oxygen of the Henrietta Marie. New York: that protected them from microorganisms that one student from each group to explaintheir Cobblehill Books. graph and what they hope to find. feed off organic matter, waves, and other forces of nature. Conditions such as the depth atwhich the Computer software African-American History: Ask these questions: How is the work of marine wreck was found and the cold temperature of the Clearvue: Heroism, Struggle, and Hope. ocean also helped to preserve the artifacts. archaeologists different from the work of dry land CD-ROM for Macintosh/Windows. archaeologists? How do you think marine archae- Available through catalogs. ologists preserve the integrity of a site and its con- After carefully gridding, tagging, and excavating Scholastic: Exploring the titanic. CD- tents during and after the initial discovery? artifacts from the site, conservationists removed sand and small shell encrustations. Then, in a lab, ROM for Macintosh. (800) SCHOLASTIC or http://scholastic.com they removed any rust from metal artifacts through a process of electrolytic reduction, where Organizations the oxidation (or rust) process is reversed. Some Mel Fisher Maritime Heritage Society P.O. Box 511 artifacts are beyond help for this method to work, The Henrietta Marie's trip began in 1700 in Key West, FL 33041 London. The ship stopped in Africa to trade glass but if the layers of encrustation are thick enough, (305) 294-2633 beads, guns, and pewter to tribal chiefs in they can be filled like a mold with an epoxy resin exchange for a human cargo of 190 African slaves to create casts or replicas of the pieces. Web sites Connections: A Culturally Historical and continued on to Jamaica and sold the slaves to Perspective of West African plantation owners, but never returned to London What is finally preserved provides us with a time to African American from there. It was overtaken by a violent storm capsule, a glimpse into the past, particularly the http://asu.alasu.edu/academic/ and went down off the Florida coast. conditions of the slave trade during that period. advstudies/home.html This glimpse may help us to understand our histo- Marine Archaeology Home Page We know the details of the Henrietta Marie's voyage ry and move more wisely into thefuture. http://www.marinearchaeology.com as a direct result of a painstakingsleuthing of marine The Mystery of the Pipe Wreck Home Page archaeologists and historians. Marine archaeologists C@INIed©HO http://copernicus.bbn.com/vq/ unearthed the ship's artifacts in 1982. Using items pipewreck/index.html such as the bell and shackles, historians pieced together the ship's saga, providing a rare look at how 1. Archaeological discoveries like the Henrietta slave ships operated. Marie change the way we view history. How do they affect our view of the present and future? 2. How do recent discoveries like those made by The first step for archaeologists was to establish a NEWTON'S APPLE video base line and grid on the ocean floor around astronomers about the surface of Mars or bybiolo- cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this the wreck to serve as reference points. gists working in Antarctica and the Amazon rain and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- forest change our understanding of life on Earth? NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www.ktca.orginewtons

Our featured contributor is the National Association of Black Scuba Divers (NABS), (800) 521-NABS, http: //www.nabsdivers.org/ We encourage duplication for educational non-commercial use. Educational materials developed with he National Science Teachers Association. 14 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTEA dint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation LOST AT SEA

SHOW NUMBER Kiatl HI Student Activity

1502 Become underwater detectivesas you investigate the site of a sunken ship. Sunken Slave Ship http://www.ktca.org/newtons

AdIvtv 11** Dr. Madeleine Work in teams to create the story and site ofa marine archaeologists. Burnside, executive shipwreck in a tub or aquarium filled with sand director of the Mel 4.Cover the bottom of your container witha layer Fisher Maritime and water. Explore another team's siteto grid, tag, of sand. Fill with water. Heritage Society, and excavate the artifacts. Record information 5.Arrange your artifacts in and under the sand. asserts, "I really feel about each item as you excavate and analyze it, 6.Move to another team's site to explore andexca- that (the discovery of then present your findings to the otherteams of vate their artifacts. (That team should keep the the Henrietta Marie) is an marine archaeologists. important event histori- story it wrote secret for nowthe new team cally. There's something examines only the artifacts.) about not just being Materials for eachteam 7.Use string tied to toothpicks to setup a grid in able to hear stories, but the sand around the site or main artifacts. to touch and feel the modeling clay Record the grid on graph paper, and then tangible objects, that a variety of small objects with different shapes, allows you to close the record the location where each artifact is book. It's over. You've including marbles, safety pins, hairpins, Popsicle discovered. brought it to conscious- sticks, coins, metal and rubbers washers,screws, 8.Use a data log to record a description of each ness and you can say, pencils stubs, wrapped hard candy, beads, cheap item as you find it. Think about what informa- 'We'll never let anyone jewelry, etc. tion is important to include. do this to anyone else 40 x 80 cm plastic tub, disposable aluminum again."' Debate why 9.Use plastic utensils and water to carefully you agree or disagree roasting pan, plastic shoe box, or aquarium remove any encrustation found on the artifact. with this statement. sand to make a 5- to 8-cm layeron bottom Record your findings. of container 0 10. Observe your artifacts and analyzeyour water to fill data log. Write a story that might becon- container 0 sistent with the artifacts you found. plastic knives, Present your findings and interpre- Gather several different spoons, forks tations to the other teams of metal items. Place each graph paper marine archaeologists. How item in a numbered and string covered glass or clear closely does your story com- toothpicks plastic container filled pare to the one devised by pencil/paper with saltwater. Record the team that created the site? how much water and how magnet much salt you placed in Questions each container and which 1. Work in teams to item is in each container. create a story of a ship- Check each container 1.How does the process of discovery byexcava- wreck: What kind of ship daily for a week and tion compare to the investigativeprocess used record your observations. was it? What was it carrying at by other scientists? Do you see signs of rust? the time it sank? How and when did it happen? 2.What "experts" could help marine archaeolo- On which metals? How 2. Gather a variety of objects that can you explain your represent what gists determine the nature and historical observations? might have been on the ship. Makea detailed context of their discoveries? list of your artifacts, including size, shape, 3.How might a metal detector aid in the and material. investigative process? 3. Cover each one with clay to represent the encrustations on artifacts encountered by

We encourage duplicationfor educational non-commercialuse. Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 15 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation GOLD MINE

How is gold found in the ground?

Su Chin digs deep to explore how gold is panned and mined. http://www.ktca.org/newtons ME=

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In a pie pan, mix a few small copper BBs (available Gold, a pure element identified with the chemical Resources in a sporting goods or discount store) with a handful symbol Au, exists in nature. (Fool's gold, a com- of glass beads of about the same diameter (approxi- pound of iron and sulfur called a pyrite, looks a little mately 5 mm, available in an art supply store). Add like gold.) Tiny gold particles are encased in tons of Books and articles two or three cups of water. Over a colander, swish rock, so the ore first goes to a mill where it is Butterworth IV, W. (1995, Sept) Panning for the mixture in a circle, sloshing some over the side crushed very fine. The larger particles separate from gold. Boy's Life, p. 26. each time. Ask students: Do the glass beads or the the ground rock on a vibrating table that works on copper BBs rinse out more easily with the water? the same principle as panning, in which substances Moffat, A. (1994, May 6) Microbial mining boosts the environment, bottom line. Why is this happening? of different densities separate from each other. Science, p. 778.

Ask the following questions to prompt discussion The smallest particles of gold then are dissolved Parker, W. (1966) Gold in the Black Hills. before watching the segment: How do prospectors (leached) out of the ground rock with a weak Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. and geologists find gold? How is it mined? What are cyanide solution. This still doesn't get all the gold, Sawa, T. (1996, Dec 30) Yukon alchemy: A those small bits of yellow metal you sometimes see and it leaves some very toxic wastewater behind, but mine raises environmental concerns. in rocks? Why are people so crazy about gold? miners have some valuable new helpers for both of Maclean's, p. 92. these problems: bacteria. Some bacteria chew up the cyanide in wastewater. Others chemically alter stub- Computer software MECC: The Yukon Trail. CD-ROM. ©verde born rocks so that the cyanide treatment can be (800) 685-6322 or (612) 569-1500 more effective. This is called bioleaching. A side ben- When you think of the gold rush days in the Old efit of bioleaching is the fast production (and conse- Nissen Ventures: StripMiner for Windows. (604) 436-5501 West, you probably picture the miner as a grizzled quent treatment) of acids that would otherwise leak prospector with his mule and pickax. Gold mining slowly from the sludge into the environment. Web sites today, however, is a scientific process that uses com- Homestake Mining Company puters, geologic data, chemistry, microbiology, and http://199.170.0.164/ sophisticated refining equipment to extract trace 44Connecti us Info-Mine amounts of gold from rock blasted out from deep http://www.info-mine.com/ underground. If you look at a map of an under- 1. Mining can have significant environmental Videos (tree) on acid mine drainage are ground mine, such as the one that the Homestake effects, particularly in developing countries with- available on request from: Mining Company operates in South Dakota, it out strict environmental monitoring. For exam- http://www.info-mine.com/technomine/ enviromine/videos/vmain.html looks like a very orderly ant farm, with rooms carved ple, cyanide and acid wastes from mines contami- out of the solid rock for machine shops, laboratories, nate streams. How do you think we can help O&K Gold Mining Game and other facilities. these developing countries, who may be rich in http://www.oandk.com/ga mel .htm I raw materials but poor in cash and education, Requires Netscape 3.0 plug-in for Shockwave.

Data from geological core samples goes into a com- protect their environment from being degraded Recreational Gold Prospecting puter that makes a drawing of an area (like a con- by mining operations? and Mining Page nect-the-dot map in three dimensions) and tells the 2. We use gold not only for jewelry, money, and http://www.dnai.com/wfw One link goes to a list of organizations miners where to find gold-bearing rock. The miners high-tech products but also as a part of our lan- (categorized by state) devoted to then drill a series of precision holes into the rock guage. How many ways do you use the word recreational gold prospecting. face, pack in explosives, clear everyone out, and blast. "gold"? How is this word used in the books you NEWTON'S APPLE video After checking for gas leaks, workers reinforce the read and in products you buy? cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this walls and ceiling to prevent cave-ins and then hoist and other topics. Call 1- 000 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: the ore out of the mine through the vertical shafts. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons BESTCOPYAVAILAB E We encourage duplication for educational non-commercial use.

Educational materials developed with the NetioriAl Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of if-1'CA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 16 Innovation UNDER PRESSURE

Design a reinforcement that will help your tunnel withstand collapse. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons Add/ VET INg2

Find out what proper- Cave-ins have always been a serious danger in or so protruding from each side.) ties gold has that mines. As the depth increases, the pressureon the 4. make it essential in Pour wet sand into the small box in measured some industries and walls and ceiling or the mine tunnel becomes quantities (scoops or cups), covering the tun- medical procedures. enormous. Engineers have worked to design new nel. Record how much sand is required to Find five uses of gold methods of reinforcing tunnels so they willnot make the tunnel collapse. (You will have to in the world of high collapse. Using just paper as a reinforcement look through the tunnel from one end to technology, two uses material, can you design a good, safe tunnel? Try in art or architecture, determine when it collapses.) and three uses in this as a contest among several groups of students. 5.Design some reinforcements or cross braces health care. Gold is for your tunnel, still using just paper. You sometimes used in might try folding, twisting, tightly rolling,or fooddo you Materials braiding pieces of paper to obtain supports know why? with different strength characteristics. two cardboard boxes, one small enough to fit 6.Repeat steps 3 and 4 to test your design again. inside the other with considerable roomto spare, but deep enough to hold several inches The weight of an of sand. The small box should havea hole cut Questions object divided by its at the base in two opposite sides, large enough volume will give you its density. How can for the experimental tunnels to slide through 1. Which design best resisted collapse? Was any you measure weight (see diagram). particular cross sectiontriangular, circular, and volume? Find out several pounds of wet sand rectangularunusually good at withstanding if different metals a big spoon, scoop, or measuring cup pressure from all sides? Was any design better have different densi- several sheets of regular white paperor ties and how metal at withstanding pressure from the side densities differ from construction paper than from the top or vice versa? tape nonmetals such What kind of cross braces were as glass. most effective? 1. Place the smaller box, with the open top fac- 2. Miners usually don't build tunnels ing up, inside the larger box. (The larger and then bury themthey dig tunnels box is just there to catch underground. Which tunnel reinforce- Gold has been trea- spilled sand.) ment design would be easiest sured by human 2. Design a tunnel, to install if you packed the beings since long using only paper before the Pharaohs small box firmly with sand and not just as with enough tape and then dug a tunnel? money. Visit a muse- to hold it together. Can you think of a way to um and look for his- Start with some- dig and reinforce at torical items made of thing simple like a the same time? gold. What did long, narrow box ancient people do with gold? How did or tube. they use it? How 3. Place the tunnel through was it a part of the holes in the small box. their culture? (The tunnel must be long enough to fit through both holes with an inch

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTONS APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation PHASES OF THE MOON

Why doesihe moon look different at different-times of the.month?

David examines how the moon looks from Earth. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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Darken the classroom but turn on a single, incan- About two weeks later, when the moon and sun are Resources descent light bulb in a corner. Choose someone to on opposite sides of Earth and all are in a line,the hold a ball in the center of the room. Students sun shines past Earth directly onto the full faceof should then sketch what they see of the ball from the moon and we see a "full moon." What happens Books and articles in between? wherever they are sitting. Include the light and Koppeschaar, C. (1995) Moon handbook: shadow on the ball, and the location of their seat A 21st- century travel guide. Chico, CA: relative to the light and the ball. Turn the lights on, As the new moon phase ends, the moon waxes, or Moon Publications. and compare the sketches. What differences are appears to grow larger, and we see more of the moon's face. The lighted area increases over time Taylor, I.J. (1996, Nov) Illuminating lunar there? 'What caused the differences? phases. The Science Teacher, from right to left from our perspective on Earth. pp. 39-41. Why do most newspapers publish the upcoming When the sun-earth-moon angle is very small, we dates for the phases of the moon and the times of see only a thin bright curve, called the waxing cres- Computer software cent. Over the next seven days the angle between Sunburst: Field Trip to the Sky. CD-ROM each moonrise and moonset? What professions for Macintosh and Windows. 800 -321- depend on knowing this information? Why? Can the sun, Earth, and the moon grows to 90 degrees. 7511 or http://nysunburst.com you think of any ways the moon's phases affect We see the sunlight spread to cover the right half your life? of the moon. This is called the first quarter. The Organizations visible part of the moon continues to wax through NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Teacher Resource Outreach the gibbous phase over the next seven days until we 4800 Oak Grove Drive wend= see the full moon. Mail Code CS-530 1%* Pasadena, CA 91109 (818) 354-6916 (phone) What you see when you look at the moon depends As the cycle continues, we say the moon is waning, http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/ on its location in relationship to the sun and Earth. or growing smaller. The amount of lighted area we The moon never goes away or changes shapewe see decreases, and the darkened area increasesfrom Web sites just see a different fraction of sunlight being right to left. You can tell if the moon is waxing or NASA Lunar & Planetary Institute Home Page reflected from the moon to Earth. waning by whether the right side of the moon is http://cass.jsc.nasa.gov/Ipi.html dark or light. So how do you explain why this happens? Start National Space Science Data Center with the facts: The moon is our planet's only nat- Another 14 days pass as the moon moves through http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/ planets /moonpage.html ural satellite. Its diameter is about a quarter that of the waning gibbous phase, then the third quarter, Earth's. The moon takes about 27.3 days (about a then the waning crescent phase, and seems to final- Students for the Exploration and month) to revolve around Earth, traveling at an ly disappear in the new moon phase. Now we're Development of Space (SEDS) presents average distance of about 384,000 kilometers. back to where we started about a month ago! The Nine Planets: A Multimedia Tour of the Solar System http://www.seds.org We divide the moon's orbital cycle into several seg- (click on Nine Planets) ments, or phases. When the sun and the moon are uons on the same side of Earth, the sun illuminates the Moon Phases 1. The full moon always rises about the same time http://www.astro.wisc.edu/dolan/java/ side of the moon that faces away from Earth. We MoonPhase.html don't see any reflected sunlight on its front face, so as the sun sets. Why? it looks like there is no moon. We call this the new 2 If the new moon is on the same side of the sun NEWTON'S APPLE video moon phase. When the crescent moon begins to as Earth, why doesn't it block out the sun and cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this appear, if you look carefully you may see some create an eclipse? and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- faint illumination of the moon from earthshine NEWTON or check out our Web sire at: h up:// www.ktca .0 n ewt o ns

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Educational materials developed with thefflatigoal Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation SHOW NUMBER

1503 Create models that show how and why themoon looks different as it revolves around Earth. Phases of the Moon

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Keep a journal of lunar Work in teams to create 2D and 3D models of and Earth during your assigned phase of the observations for two each phase of the moon. After creating, testing, months. To create your moon. Be sure to label the diagram to indicate journal pages, draw a and refining your models, you'll be ableto demon- the names of each of the bodiesas well as the 10-cm circle on a page strate to your classmates what you've learned. name of the phase. to sketch what you see, 4. Create a 3D model of your diagram. Use tooth- then add a table to Materials picks to attach the Styrofoam earth and record the date, time, moon local weather condi- balls to the flat sheet of foam core. tions, your location, and one 5- to 10-cm Styrofoam ball 5. Use a flashlight to provide the sunlight. general observations. (the moon) Darken the room when everyone is readyto Make 60 photocopies a light source (the sun), such test their model. Move the balls as necessary and bind them with a as an overhead projector or to get the correct phase. Mark and label the report cover. At the end lamp with a 400 - of the observation peri- positions of the flashlight, moon, od, read your notes. watt bulb and Earth on the foam Can you create a calen- room that base when the correct dar based on your can be phase is attained. observations? darkened 6. Now for the real test: Explain to the class For each why we see your phase Most newspapers and group of of the moon. Use your many Web sites post students, provide: diagram and 3D model. monthly lunar tables. chart paper Darken the room and role-play Study a lunar table to markers the parts of sun (overhead projector/light become familiar with the rulers vocabulary. Invite an bulb), Earth (volunteer from class), and astronomer to explain why one 2-cm Styrofoam ball moon (the large Styrofoam ball). Do not lunar tables are impor- one 4-cm Styrofoam ball state which phase you are demonstrating. tantand why they are toothpicks Ask a volunteer to guess, based on what he published in newspapers. large flat sheet of foam core or Styrofoam or she sees on the "moon." packing material flashlight Questions Iff?y Wi lag 1. As an introduction to this activity, view the 1. What do you think it would be like to have A light year is the dis- NEWTON'S APPLE video about the phases of tance light travels in several moons revolving around Earth? Would one Earth year, ten tril- the moon. Emphasize and review the direction it change your calendar? Poetry? Tides? lion kilometers. Light of Earth's rotation and the moon's revolution. 2. What views do you think astronauts have of travels at a speed of 2. Work in groups of three or four. Assigna phase Earth and moon as they orbit Earth? 300,000 kilometers per of the moon to each group: 3. Would the moon phases change if themoon second. When you see A. New E. Full the moon, it's really a revolved around Earth in the opposite B. Waxing crescent snapshot of something E Waning gibbous direction? How? that happened how C. First quarter G. Third quarter long ago? D. Waxing gibbous H. Waning crescent 3. Use markers to draw a diagramon a piece of paper that shows the position of the moon, sun,

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from3M. Innovation PACK BEHAVIOR 0 Dave talks to the animals to learn more about dogs and wolves, http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons OTt,) ;Betting Started

Begin the lesson by asking these questions: Do establish a rank within that family. (Not all dogs Resources you or does someone you know have a dog? Have will compete for a higher rank.) The problems you ever observed how it reacts to you and treats start if a dog tries to establish dominance over you? What does it do when it is hungry? Angry? some or all of the human pack members, resulting Frightened? Glad to see you? Do you know of a in aggressive behaviors such as biting or growling. Books and articles American Kennel Club. (1991) American dog that has problem behaviors such as biting? Kennel Club dog care and training. New Why does an animal behave that way? How do Trainers and animal behaviorists concentrate on York: Howell Book House. dogs fit into a family? Do dogs think of human communicating to the dog that it is lower in the family members as other dogs? hierarchy than the people. Some ways of doing Coren, S. (1995) The intelligence of this include making the dog eat last, restricting its dogs. New York: Bantam Books.

movements and sleep areas, refraining from show- The call of the wild: After 70 years, gray ing fear, and encouraging everyone in the house to wolves return to Yellowstone. (1997, give the dog commands. This can't remedy all bad Feb 7) TIME For Kids, pp. 4+. behavior, of coursesome dogs have been abused Genetic evidence confirms that dogs descended Woodhouse, B. (1982) No bad dogs the from wolvesthey are still so close genetically that or bred for aggressiveness and no amount of train- Woodhouse way. New York: they can interbreed. Even though dogs were ing can make them reliable pets. Often, however, Summit Books. domesticated 12,000 to 14,000 years ago, they still the trainer can use instinctive pack behavior to Web sites send the dog the message that other family mem- retain many of the original behaviors of their wolf American Dog Trainer's Network ancestors. Many new pet owners are astonished to bers outrank it. If this idea is established, the dog http://www.inch.com/dogs/ find, for example, that puppies feel safer and more usually will accept it. articles.html secureand are easier to housebreakif kept fOciYI=i 5TOP Dog Behavior and Training site inside a cage part of the time rather than being http://www.suite101.com/topics/cfm/156 allowed to run free. Dogs, like wolves, are den ani- Cmations mals; in the wild they sequester their puppies safe- International Wolf Center ly in close, dark quarters. 1 What value can you see to a hierarchical social http://www.wolf.com structure? What are some difficulties with it? SeaThunder's Scratchpad of Wolves and Dogs also conform to a specific social structure, Do people exhibit similar traits? Wolf-Dog Hybrids the pack, in which they cooperate to hunt, feed 2. The famed dog trainer Barbara Woodhouse fre- http://home.mem.net/%7Ewhisper/ young, and defend themselves. There is a chain of quently said that the problem was usually not wolves.html command, with each dog dominant or submissive the dog, but an inexperienced owner. Do you to other pack members. The most dominant or agree?Why? alpha male leads the pack and keeps everybody else in line with nips and other aggressive behavior. The alpha male is sometimes successfully chal- lenged by another pack member, and then drops down in the hierarchy, but one dog is always in charge.

When dogs began to live with people, they simply NEWTON'S APPLE video cassettes and educational materials transferred this structuredominance behavior provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- and allto their human "pack." A dog instinctive- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: ly defends its human family, but many also try to http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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1504 Create a pack and see if you can live likea social canine. Pack Behavior

Acfuhy 4,

Observe other stu- A good pack structure both benefits and restricts food or protection), he or she may wish dents in the cafete- to chal- the individualeven the leader, whomay have ria. Can you see any lenge the leader. pack structure at more rights, but also more responsibilities. Design 4. After playing for a while, stop and discuss how work among other a role-playing game based on a pack. well the pack worked. How effectivewas your students? Can you pack at carrying out its responsibilities? Did see behaviors that 1. Divide the class up into "packs" of four or everyone get enough food? Was everyone ade- are aggressive or five people. submissive? Are quately protected? How effective was the leader? there natural lead- 2. Write up a list of pack rules for each group. Be How many times did leadership change hands? ers? Followers? sure to include all the necessary elements: packs If you played both leader and follower, which Methods that the must find food, distribute it, and keep them- position did you like best? Why? leaders use to keep selves warm and safe. Examples of specific the followers in line? behaviors might include how to successfully Challenges to Questions the leaders? challenge the leader, special tasks only the leader can perform, how to warn of intruders from 1. Do you think humans exhibit pack behavior? other packs, who gets first access to privileges, What situation can you think of whereone per- what tasks should be cooperative, what consti- Wwv 'Vigo son becomes the dominant member of a group tutes "food," who feeds the pups, and so on. and others follow his or her lead? How and Visit a dog training 3. Establish an initial hierarchy in each pack by when does leadership in this kind of facility and watch drawing numbers out of a hat, and then begin pack change? how the trainers acting out the pack roles. If a pack member 2. What kinds of behavior have work. If you have a becomes dissatisfied (per- dog at home, try you seen in pet dogs that might haps because the training it to sit up be explained by their pack ten- or exhibit a specific pack is not pro- dencies? Have you ever had a behavior. Is it easy viding ade- dog consider you the "alpha" or difficult? Why? quate member of a pack? How did it treat you?

Find out more about the domestication of animals. How many kinds of domesticated animals are there? How do their relationships with people differ?

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 21 Innovation PET FOOD

w do scientists createthe perfect dining delights, for my pet.

Brian investigates how researchers develop yummy, nutritious pet foods. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons Olyp. tnEti g %reed fii44\\* Begin the lesson by asking students the following To devise the perfect pet food, a great deal of scientific Resources question: How do you choose the right product for research takes place at facilities such as the Waltham your pet from such a wide selection? Gather as many Centre for Pet Nutrition (WCPN) in England. Over a different print ads (newspapers, magazines, promo- thousand scientists in the Waltham network around Books and articles the world conduct pet-friendly research in the areas of tional advertising) for pet food as possible. Collect a Anderson, N. & Peiper, H. (1995) Are you variety of sample packages of pet food from your feeding behavior, dietary management, palatability, poisoning your pets: A guidebook to pet local pet superstore. Ask students: Which product is raw materials, product performances, andowner/ani- health and safety. East Canaan, CT: Safe better for your pet? What would you want to know if mal expectations. The WCPNhome to 250 dogs, Goods. (800) 903-3837 you went to a place where scientists design thefoods? 450 cats, and 400 birdsgenerates more than 15,000 Hanna,J. &Mundis, H. (1996) Jack Hanna's pieces of research daily. Many findings are shared with Show the video to the class. ultimate pet guide. New York: Putnam veterinarians and animal nutritionists worldwide. Publishing Group.

Ucreng In the United States, minimum standards for ani- Roach, P. (1995) The complete book of pet q4k mals' nutritional requirements are established by the care: Birds, cats, fish, dogs, guinea pigs, hamsters, horses, mice, rabbits, reptiles. National Research Council, a federal agency. Based They're cute, most of them are smart, and they Indianapolis: MacMillan General Reference. make great friends. No, not the kids in your class. on research from organizations like the WCPN,the Pets! An estimated 36 million homes in the United agency mandates, for example, that dog food Computer software States have at least one canine. About 31.4 million include a balance of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, Dorling Kindersley: Eyewitness Virtual U.S. homes have at least one feline. That's a lot of minerals, and vitamins. Even after 5,000 years as Reality: Cat. CD for Macintosh or Windows. Available at retail stores and in catalogs. hungry pets to feed. And many pets (except for domestic pets, cats are still carnivores, so cat food those finicky kitties) will eat pretty much anything must contain certain amounts of amino acids, tau- Dorling Kindersley: Eyewitness Virtual we put in front of them. So how do the pet food rine, arachidonic acids from animal fats, arginine, Reality: Bird. CD for Macintosh or Windows. companies determine what goes into their products vitamin A, and niacin. Available at retail stores and catalogs. to make sure your pet can and will eat it? Web sites Next time you shop for food for Fluffy or Fido, American Pet Products There are three basic ways to provide food for your compare the contents listed on the labels, andthink Manufacturers Association pet: improvise food at home from table scraps, pre- about the research that went into putting together http://www.appma.org pare pet food from regular food, or purchase com- your pet's perfect meal. Bon appetit! American Veterinary Medical Association mercial pet food. But different pets have different AVMA Care for Pets Home Page dietary needstheir food must provide the same http://www.avma.org/care4pets/ nutrients found in foods their wild ancestors ate. tZ@HRSCIA@HZ Commercial pet foods deliver the nutrients and are Nik NetVetThe Electronic Zoo convenient. 1. Many product labels now carry a statement indi- http://netvet.wustl.edu/e-zoo.htm cating whether they use animals to test the prod- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition uct. Do you think animal testing is appropriate? From a scientific perspective, pet food must contain http://petsource.com/WALTHAM the correct balance of ingredients for the pet's breed, Why? How could animals be protected against age, size, physical condition, and lifestyle. It must improper testing? be digestible to ensure that all the nutrition from 2. Pet ownership is a big responsibility. What are the food is absorbed by the body rather than passed the advantages of owning a pet? Challenges? NEWTON'S APPLE video out as waste. Last but not least, it must be appealing cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this and palatable enough to entice the pet to eat it. and ocher topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www.kcca.orginewtons

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTaA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 22 Innovation WHAT'S FORDINNER? SHOW NUMBER

1504 Analyze packaged pet food to find the best choicefor your hungry animal friends. Pet Food http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

NA*Adhav Test your cat or dog (or Try being a product analyst, pet nutritionist, 6. Each work group should choose the food a friend's pet) to deter- and package designer. Create mine whether it is over- a data log to com- they think is the healthiest. Does itcost weight. Stand above the pare the content analysis for several brands of more than the others? animal to find its waist. dog or cat food. Include columns for serving 7. Relate the observations to what students in If it is overweight, you size, target age, crude protein, etc. Examine the the class actually serve theirpets. won't see the waist products themselves and record andcompare behind its ribs. Next, 8. Invite a veterinarian to commenton the your observations. Decide which one is actually use your hands to try to work groups' choices. feel the pet's ribs. If you best for your pet and whichone your pet will can see the ribs, the pet most likely eat. is underweight. If you Questions can't feel the ribs, it's overweight. Check with a Materials vet to confirm your If you owned a pet foodcompany, how much observations. would you budget for scientific research and variety of pet foods (at least three development of new products? Raw materials? different types per group) of food for the Would you use "only the best?" How much pet chosen would go into marketing research and container paper plates costs? Explain your budget choices. All pets need plenty of plastic forks, knives, spoons fresh water. A dog, for paper, cardboard, rulers, tape, glue, markers example, who weighs about 30 kg and eats pens, pencils moist dog food needs about four cups of water 1. Create work groups and select which kind of a day. The same dog pet will be the focus of your product would need eight cups if research and development. he eats dry food. Select a breed of dog and cal- 2. Create a data log to compare thecontent culate how much water it analysis for several brands of dog andcat would drink. Next figure food. Include columns for priceper out how much you would gram/ounce, serving size, targetage, crude spend on food for this protein, crude fat, crude fiber, moisture, dog for one year. Hint: Check package labels calcium, phosphorus, main (first five) and pet care books to get ingredients, as well as texture, the basic information for smell, and appearance. your calculations. 3. Record the data printed on the packages. 4. Open the packages andexam- ine the products. 5. What differences and similarities do you observe? Compare volume and weight. Are the contents moistor dry? Do they seem greasy? What do they smell like?

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possibleby a grant from 3M. 23 Innovation ASTHMA

hat makesit hardbfor v'rf a to breathe?

Brian explores what it's like to have asthma. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons I I ening St /444*

To begin the lesson, find out if any students in the become inflamed and swollen, making breathing Resources class have asthma. Ask them what it feels like to have much more difficult. Finally, the lungs increase pro- an asthma attack. To give students an idea, tell them duction of mucus that clogs the airways even more. to do the following: Pinch your nose closed, then Asthma victims often make wheezing sounds and breathe in and out through a straw. How hard is it to cough as they struggle to breathe and clear out the Books Harrington, G. (1992) The asthma sell- excess mucus. For someone with asthma, breathing get fresh air into your lungs? How about getting the care book. New York: stale air out? Try to breathe Fast, like you do when you out, or exhaling, is as hard as breathing in. Harper Perennial. are exercising. What does it feel like to have your Scientists don't think asthma is inherited, but they Rooklin, A. (1995) Living with asthma. body struKling for fresh air? How do you think your New York: Plume. life would be different if you always had to worry that suspect genes that make it easier for allergies and an asthma attack could happen, sometimes with other environmental irritations to develop into asth- Sander, N. (1994) A parent's guide to ma are passed on from parents to children. If neither asthma: How you can help your child little warning? control asthma at home, school, and parent has asthma, you have a 10 percent chance of play. New York: Plume. 409N, developing it. If one parent has asthma, your odds increase to 25 percent. If they both have it, you have Organizations -=-1 Oileniew American Lung Association N4k** a 50 percent chance of developing the disease. 1740 Broadway About 12 million Americans have asthma, which New York, NY 10019 Many things bring on asthma attacks and these trig- (212) 315-8700 means someone you know probably has the disease. Free educational material Even though it is so common, doctors don't know gers vary from person to person. Cold winter air, about asthma. what causes asthma. They do know it isn't conta- cleaning solvents, dust, spicy food, aspirin, and ciga- rette smoke can all be triggers. Exercise and strong Asthma Allergy Foundation of America gious. Asthma usually strikes during childhood. Half 1125 15th Street NW the children who get asthma outgrow it by adoles- emotions also can cause attacks. So can viral and Washington, DC 20005 cence. The other half spend their lives using medica- bacterial infections. With so many triggers, how can (800) 727-8462 people with asthma live normal, active lives? Most tions and avoiding things that trigger attacks. Mothers of Asthmatics do by inhaling medications that dilate, or open, con- 10875 Main Street, # 210 An attack happens when something irritates an asth- stricted airways and stop inflammation. They also Fairfax, VA 22030 (703) 385-4403 ma sufferer's respiratory system, triggering a series of learn what their specific triggers are and try to avoid events that make it difficult for the sophisticated them. A cure isn't on the horizon, but people with National Asthma Education and structures within the lungs to get oxygen into the asthma can control the disease and turn it into an Prevention Program Information Center inconvenience, not a barrier to a full life. 4733 Bethesda Avenue bloodstream. An asthma attack begins by striking Bethesda, MD 20814 the bronchi, the two large tubes that connect the windpipe to the lungs, and the bronchioles, the Web sites Asthma support group many little tubes that carry air from the bronchi COMSCHMS http://www.radix.net/mwg/ deep into the lungs. In normal lungs, air from the 114%* asthma-gen.html bronchi moves into tiny air sacs called alveoli. 1. What other diseases affect the lungs and make National Jewish Center for Immunology Oxygen moves from these sacs into the bloodstream and Respiratory Medicine through tiny blood vessels called capillaries. At the it hard to breathe? http://www.njc.org/MFhtml/ same time, carbon dioxide is removed from the 2. Would you tell your friends if you had asthma RAS_MF.html blood and exhaled from the body. or some other disease that occasionally affected NEWTON'S APPLE video your ability to do things with them? Why? cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this An asthma attack causes the muscles surrounding and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- the lungs' airways to tighten. The airways can also NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www.ktca.orginewtons

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Educational materials developed with the Natignal Science Teachers Association.

NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 24 `rd Innovation BREATH TEST

. . SHOW NUMBER n.

1505 Experience what it might feel like to strain for air. Asthma htcp: / /www.kcca.org /newtons **of. din Aday

Ask a local doctor or In this activity you will create a simple model fourth team member records the data. When school nurse to explain to of the respiratory system. Not only will your class what asthma is you inflation is complete, pinch the balloon shut. and demonstrate the measure the effect of narrowed airway channels, Reset the watch, then release the air from the inhalers asthma sufferers you will experience it as well. balloon. Record the time it takes for the bal- use to take their medicine. loon to deflate completely. The doctor might also be Materials 3. When each team member has performed the able to let you try a peak- flow meter, a simple trial with a plain balloon, repeat the entire device asthmatics use to notebook, pen, and ruler process with one of the modified balloons. measure how well their construction paper, scissors, Record the times needed to inflate the bal- lungs are working. If any and tape loon to 25 cm and to deflate it completely. students in your class balloonslarge and round, 4. When this trial is finished, eachteam have asthma, they can, if that blow up to about 25 cm they want to, work with member takes the remaining modified bal- the doctor in the (10") in diameter loon and squirts about 2 teaspoons of demonstration. plastic drinking straws honey into the balloon through the .6 cm (1/4") in diam- straw. Gently squeeze the balloon eter, cut to 15 cm so that the entire length of the (6") lengths straw is filled with honey. Inflate the bal- rubber bands 2.5-5 cm loon to 25 cm as before. Record the (1"-2") in length inflation and deflation times. stopwatch or watch with 5. Calculate the average inflation Do you suffer from aller- sweep second hand and deflation times for the three gies? Many people who honey dispensed from a plastic trials performed by your team. don't have asthma are squeeze bottle with funneled spout allergic to grass, differ- Compare the results with those ent types of pollen, and from the other teams. even cat or dog hair. Go 1. Divide into teams of four. Each team should through magazines and use an inch-wide strip of construction paper cut out pictures of all of and tape to make a ring 25 cm (10") in Questions the things that cause diameter. Each team member will need three you to sneeze, itch, or 1. In our model, the three balloons represent dif- break out in a rash or balloons. Two of the balloons will be modi- ferent conditions in the human respiratory that make it harder for fied by inserting a 15 cm (6") length of system. What are they? you to breathe. Paste drinking straw about 2.5 cm (1") into the 2. How did narrowing the passageway and them in a notebook and opening and securing it with a small rubber adding a thick, sticky substance affectyour compare your allergy band. (About eight twists will make the triggers with those of ability to blow up the balloon? connection airtight and still not crimp your classmates. If these 3. How do medicines treat an asthma attack? things caused more seri- the plastic straw.) ous problems, like a full- 2. Each team member takes a turn at blowing blown asthma attack, up a plain balloon. Inflate the balloon until how would you avoid it just fills the paper ring, which is held by them? Would you need another team member. The third to change your team mem- daily routine? ber measures the time needed to inflate the balloon to the nearest second, while the

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wo white-water rafters navigatethe raids?

David shoots the rapids to learn the physics behind river rafting. http://www.ktca.orginewtons OPp etthlg Stilted -4,4* Begin the lesson by showing students how compli- smooth-flowing currents in an unobstructed river. Resources cated currents can be. Mix one quart of white Even these currents can be complicated, for their Ivory dishwashing liquid with five drops of food speeds vary. Surface water is slowed by wind, while coloring. Place several small rocks in a shallow deep currents are slowed by friction with the baking pan, then tilt the pan up at one end. Pour riverbed. Water in the middle, a few feet below the Rooks the liquid in and watch the pattern of currents surface, usually runs the fastest. Bangs, R. (1989) Riding the dragon's back: The race to raft the Upper Yangtze. New flowing around the rocks. The more swirls, the York: Laurel Expedition. more turbulent the water. Turbulence occurs when obstacles, such as rocks or a sudden narrowing of the river channel, obstruct Bennett, J. (1992) Class five chronicles: Things Mother never told you 'bout whitewa- Which currents would push your raft back the current's flow. Obstacles force too much water ter. Portland, OR: Swiftwater Publishing Co. upstream? Where are the calm areas? How hard into too little space, so the water runs faster and would it be to paddle a raft through the currents laminar sheets break into individual ribbons of Bennett, J. (1996) The complete whitewater rafter. Camden, ME: Ragged Mountain Press. without hitting any rocks? current. Then things get really complicated. If water runs into a boulder, a turbulent zone is cre- Oraaniratlons ated where the water and rock collide. The current American Whitewater Affiliation P.O. Box 85 Verne runs faster around the boulder's edges, but behind Phoenicia, NY 12464 the rock, it forms an area of backward-flowing http://www.awa.org/ Few sights reveal nature's power as clearly as rapids water called an eddy. Shear zones between the Periodicals in a fast-flowing river. Water pounds against rocks, eddy and the fast water can be strong enough to Canoe & Kayak sprays into the sky, and boils into white froth. keep a raft from reaching the calm water. 10526 NE 68th, Suite 3 The thought of rafting through such turbulence is Kirkland, WA 98033 scaryunless you are an experienced river runner. Water crashing over a submerged ledge or rock. Currents becomes chaotic and creates a hole. A hole creates P.O. Box 6847 Rapids look chaotic, but they are predictable. The a horizontal vortex underwater that actually rotates Colorado Springs, CO 80934 Publication of the National Organization for volume of water, the steepness (or gradient) of the in an upstream direction. A rafter who falls into a River Sports river, the width of the channel, and the obstacles hole is pushed back upstream against the ledge in the water all have understandable effects on the that created the hole, then driven down underwa- Web sites Cyberwest Magazine rapids. Experts can read a stretch of rapids, spot- ter. Often the only way out of a vortex is to dive http://www.cyberwest.com ting the hazards and seeing the safest way through. to the bottom of the river, where some of the water crashing into the hole flows under the vor- Knowing the amount of water flowing in a river is tex. A rafter who gets into that deep current can important because the river's speed increases as follow it out of the hole and then resurface. more water flows through it. Double the water means double the speed, so a mild rapid becomes a dangerous one during the rainy season. Rafters ItAimeEtho also must know the flow because water is heavy, weighing 1,000 kilograms per cubic meter (62 White-water rafters must understand fluid dynam- pounds per cubic foot), and in rapids it exerts ics and physics to accurately "read" a rapids. How tremendous pressure on a raft. much and what kind of science must race car dri- NEWTON'S APPLE video cassettes and educational materials vers know? What about other sports? provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- Three basic states of flowing water exist: laminar, NEWTON or check out our Web site at: turbulent, and chaotic. Laminar describes the http://www.ktca.orginewtons

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Plan an imaginary Materials (For each station) the pan and position the drain hole over a white-water trip on a river you'd like to chal- bucket or other container to catch the water. lenge. How would you large aluminum baking pans or plastic storage 3. In the bottom of the pan, mold a river bed that find out the water level boxes, approximately 2' long and 1' wide is about 10 cm (4'') wide at the higher end and of the river? What kind or larger then narrows to approximately 2 cm (1") at the of equipment would diatomaceous earth (can be found in a bottom. You can also explore a curving river bed you need? Where swimming pool supply store) would you go for train- or a river that is deeper in some places than oth- fine sand ing? How much ers, or place a pebble in the river bed so you can would it cost? food-service gloves observe eddies forming around it. Draw a sketch dust mask of your riverbed in your journal. tiny scraps of notebook paper or cardboard 4. Then, shoot the rapids! Begin with a small (enough to fill pan to a amount of water. Pour it carefully into the high- Call a local outfitting depth of approxi- er end of your river and watch it flow to the store that equips peo- mately 3") ple for outdoor adven- bottom. Make sure all of the water flows tures. Ask if they can pitcher into your catch bucket. Then gradually bring a small white- bucket or other add more water. water raft to your container to mix sand 5. To see the effect on a raft, class and demonstrate bucket or other contain- sprinkle some fine bits of paper or how it works. Ask if er to catch water they can provide a confetti on the water. Increase the white-water rafter or paper towels or sponges for amount of water to make your river kayaker who could cleanup run even Easter. To see more detail of talk to your class blocks of wood to set pans on the turbulence in the water, add a few about the joys and (Note that these supplies may be drops of food coloring into the water as dangers of the sport. available as part of earth-science activities that you pour it. Try other materials as well, such as explore river erosion, or you can use a stream sawdust, and see how they travel. table apparatus.) 6. Observe and note in your journal how fast f you live near a lake, your model "rafts" move at different points in organize a field trip your river. with an expert canoeist 1. (May be done ahead of time) In a large bucket, who can show you the mix approximately 3 parts diatomaceous earth Questions different techniques in with 1 part fine sand and enough water to paddling that are needed to control a canoe. make a firm mixture. It will take a few minutes 1. What's the relationship between speed and the How much teamwork is of mixing for the material to absorb the water. features of your river? needed to quickly turn, If you have sensitive skin, wear disposable food- 2. How much does the speed change when you back and otherwise service gloves as you make this mixture. Also, pour more water? How do different kinds of maneuver a canoe? pour the diatomacieous earth carefully, to avoid How much harder model rafts behave in the water? What would it be if it raising clouds of dust, as it may irritate your happens when the channel gets deeper? When was a bulky raft run- eyes and throat. it gets shallower? ning in rapids? 2. In one end of the plastic or aluminum pan, carefully cut a hole so water can drain out. Tilt

[Adapted from activities from "Lana'firnu and River Cutters, developed by the Lawrence Hall of Science, University of California,Berkeley]

We encourage duplication for educationalnon-commercialuse. Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 27 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTSA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation o .engmeless.planes sta

Dave takes a flight in a glider to see how it stays aloft. ILA

01fib, Gefttong Started

Begin the lesson by asking students how they The shape of the wing works because of some- Resources think wings help birds fly. Then instruct each of thing called Bernoulli's principle. Most wings are them to take a piece of paper and roll it into a curved on the top and flat on the bottom. As the ball. Let it go and watch how it falls. Then take wing pushes through the air, the air on top of the the same paper and smooth it out. Let it go and wing must move a little faster than the air on the Books watch how it falls. bottom. This creates slightly lower pressure on the Hixson, B. (1991) Bernoulli's book. Salt top, which allows the greater air pressure beneath Lake City: The Wild Goose Company. Ask the following questions: Based on your obser- the wing to push the plane up. Hosking, W. (1990) Flights of imagina- vations, does the weight of the paper have any tion: An introduction to aerodynamics. effect on whether the paper falls or floats? How The angle of attack is the orientation of the wing Washington, DC: National Science about surface area? Explain that the greater the as it faces into the wind. Increasing the angle of Teachers Association. amount of air hitting the bottom of the paper, the attack means increasing the amount of air hitting Vogt, G. (1996) The space shuttle more "lift" the air can give it. The wings of birds directly on the bottom, which gives the wing glider kit. NASA Johnson Space Flight are similar to those of gliders. Not only do they more lift. Of course, if you make the angle of CenterEducational Publication have a large surface area, but they also have a spe- attack too big, the wing will blow backwards, 349 8-96. cial shape that helps keep them afloat. and the plane will come crashing down! Computer software Casady and Greene (1991): Glider4.0 for In a sense, a sailplane is very similar to a roller Macintosh. (408) 484-9228 wenn= coaster. Both are towed up high and released. They begin to fall and the force of gravity gets Organizations Virginia Air and Space Center Flying a sailplane is probably the closest thing any them going. Unlike a roller coaster, which contin- NASA Langley Research Center human will come to feeling like a bird. Powered uously loses height, a sailplane can also gain eleva- 600 Settlers Landing Road only by gravity and air currents, these gliders tion by riding rising currents of air. Known as Hampton, VA 23669-4033 move silently through the sky, often for hours at thermals, these localized updrafts are caused by air (804) 727-0900, ext. 757

a time. Because they have no engines, gliders or being heated by the warm ground below. When Web sites sailplanes can be thought of as pure flying vehi- the sun shines down on a sandy beach, for exam- Sailplane Construction and Cost cles, staying aloft by balancing the forces of gravi- ple, the sand heats up faster than the water. As http://www.wiltonct.com/soaringady/ ty, lift, drag, and thrust. the air in contact with the sand begins to heat up, gliderbook5.html/

it expands and rises. This differential heating is Learning to Fly Sailplanes As you might suspect, if you want to stay air- what causes thermals and when a glider hits one, http://www.wi Itonct.com/soa ri nga borne for a long time, the most important force it can fly for hours at a time. gliderbook3.html to conquer is gravity. Lift, the force that directly Sky Sailing: Frequently Asked Questions opposes gravity, comes from the force of the air (014e.6,- http://www.skysailing.com on the underside of the wing. In wings, lift is nnecHms controlled by three factors: surface area, shape, Soaring Information http://groupgenesis.com/soachtml and angle of attack 1. How is the flight of a bird similar to the flight of a sailplane? To see how surface area works, roll a piece of 2. How do birds get their thrust and how do they paper into a ball. Drop it and the paper falls. control their direction of flight? NEWTON'S APPLE video Spread the paper out and drop it, and it will cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this float. The greater the surface area, the greater and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: the amount of air pushing up on the wing. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation THE RIGHT FLIGHT SHOW NUMBER tutteolittikity 1506 Design a glider to achieve maximum glider efficiency. Gliders http://www.ktca.orginewtons

n '04*@on migilovo'Ry

Research how engin- If you could build your own sailplane, what those of the other groups and discuss how the eers use wind tunnels to would it look like? Since sailplanes arepure fly- size and the shape of the wings may have test the design of a ing vehicles, they have no wing, and then try affected the flight. building and testing one engines to power them. 3. After you have evaluated the performance yourself. Start by build- Instead, they depend of your plane, try modifying the design to ing an experimental on their wing struc- maximize your time aloft. Test your plane wind tunnel, using an ture and stability to again to see if you improved on your ordinary house fan blow- maintain lift. See ing through an empty flight time. cardboard box to focus what kind of aero- the airflow. Try putting nautical engineer you Extend the activity different-sized card- are by designing and How does your plane behave under dif- board inserts in the box building your own glid- ferent atmospheric conditions? Once to deflect and focus the er. Try to set your own flow and see how it you have perfected your glider, see how affects the lift on a personal best for it will work when the air is in motion. standard paper glider. maximum flight Try flying it over a fan or maybe even a time with your plane. hot plate. Can your plane take advantage of thermal updrafts? Test it out and see. VG' Materials Build a kite from a kit Questions or from plans in a refer- standard 8 1/2" x 11" sheet ence book. Try flying the kite on days with of copy paper 1. What were some of the common features of different weather condi- paper airplane book (can the planes with the longest flight times? tions. (Watch out for be found in most hobby 2. How did the size and shape of the wings thunderstorms!) You'll or bookstores) affect the way the planes flew? discover how wind, ther- stopwatch mals, and changing 3. What other materials besides paper might barometric pressure you use in constructing your plane to get an have an effect on how 1. Discuss how the forces of lift, drag, gravity, even longer flight time? gliders fly. and thrust all work together to keepa glider 4. Gliders are often towed by airplanes and in flight. Look at one of the basic glider released at a relatively high horizontal speed. designs pictured above (or get a paper air- How could you perform this experiment plane book with other designs) andconstruct to measure the effects of thrust on the Ultra lights are planes the one you think will have the longest timed glider's flight? that combine many of flight, based on wing shape and structure. the design features of a 2. Have each team member take a turn flying glider with a small motor to provide contin- the plane and record all the flight times. uous thrust. Research Gently throw each plane from thesame these ultracool flying place. (It's essential to launch each trial the machines and see how same way.) Compare your flight times with they compare to both sailplanes and conventional aircraft.

We encourage duplication for educationalnon-commercial use. Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 29 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation David explores painless dentistry from the dentist's chair.

SI ettung gied 44.40, Begin the lesson by bringing in a few samples of This is a little alarming in itself when the cavity is Resources nonprescription products for mouth pain. Make in a lower jaw tooth; the only available nerve to sure the students are not allergic to local anesthetics numb is way in the back of the mouth, so the nee- such as procaine, benzocaine, or any of the other "- dle is several inches long. The numbing effects of caine" drugs. Let the students use a cotton swab to lidocaine last a while, too, which can be embarrass- Books apply a small amount of the preparation to a quar- ing. Ever try to talk when your mouth is numb? Clayman, C. (Ed.) (1994) American Medical Association family medical ter-sized area of the inner wrist. Ask how it feels. In guide (3rd ed.), "Teeth and gums," groups, have the students read the labels on differ- One nonchemical procedure, which dates back to pp. 469-482. New York: Random House. ent preparations, write down the active ingredients, the 18th century, avoids needles altogether by stim- and try to find descriptions of those chemicals in ulating the tooth's nerve with electricity to numb it. Computer software Softkey: Bodyworks, Classic Edition, CD Although it can't be used for everything, this elec- reference books. ROM for Windows. To order: tronic anesthesia has proven useful for some simple http://cdrom.softkey.com/products/ Ask students the following questions: What does dental procedures. There are generally two elec- bdc3344ae-front.html your dentist use to numb your mouth when you trodes, placed inside or outside the mouth (some- Web sites times one in and one out). The patient controls the have a cavity filled? What is the benefit of these American Dental Association, Consumer preparations? What are some potential problems degree of stimulation by turning a knob on a small Information Page ) with them? Why do teeth need so many nerves and switch box. When the stimulation is turned off, the http://www.ada.org/co-menu.html blood vessels? How does anesthesia work? Why do numbness goes away immediately. Dental Breakthroughs and You we need to feel pain anyway? http://www.soluna.com/dds/cedata.html Anesthesia works in a number of ways. Some anesthetic drugs block certain receptors. Others inhibit Electronic Dental Anesthesia vertyfiev? biochemicals that increase the nerve's likelihood of http://weber.u.washington.edu/ quarn/eda.html 1.144* firing. Scientists disagree on how electrical stimula-

Pain is an important safety feature of the human tion works, although some think it somehow results Pain Lecture Slide Show body because without it, no one would have any in the release of natural painkilling substances in the http://pain.roxane.com/ warning of injury. Nerves transmit pain messages by brain called "endorphins." index2.html a combination of chemistry and electricity. When a nerve receives a pain stimulus over a certain intensity, it "fires" by changing the arrangement of positive and Connections negative charges across its cell membrane. When the message reaches the end of the nerve cell, chemicals 1. Are you a little nervous about going to the den- known as neurotransmitters spill out into a space tist? Do you think nervousness makes pain (synapse) and stimulate the receiving areas (receptors) worse? How can you calm yourself? on the next nerve cell. The signal passes from nerve 2. Some anesthetics have side effects. How should to nerve very quickly until it reaches the brain, where these drugs be regulated? the message registers as pain (and you say "Ouch!").

Because nerves send messages by a combination of chemistry and electricity, interference in either area NEWTON'S APPLE video cassettes and educational materials can relieve pain. Traditionally, dentists have used a provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- shot of lidocaine (a substitute for Novocain) to NEWTON or check out our Web site at: -\ numb the tooth so the patient can't feel the drill. Is trp://www.ktca.org/newtons

We encourage duplication for educational non-commercial use.

Educational materials developed with the Natio41 Science Teachers Association. 3 a NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. oritInnovation THE PAINLESS GAME

Test different methods to numb yoursense of touch. http://www.ktca.orginewtons

44111'"13HbkiguNv

The next time you Because pain and touch receptors on nerves are 3. brush your teeth, Touch with toothpicks that are different dis- closely related, an area of skin more sensitive look carefully inside to tances apart until you can conclude the mini- your mouth. What do touch will often be more sensitive to pain. Youcan mum distance for distinguishing one toothpick you see? Are there investigate some phenomena that cause changes to from two. parts that are more the sense of touch; whatever numbs thesense of 4.Try to alter the sense of touch by applying ice sensitive than others? touch may also be a potential anesthetic. What does brushing or vibration to the same skin area. What do have to do with you notice? What is the shortest distance gum sensitivity? A classic experiment on the sense of touch is between toothpicks that can be distinguished? called the "two-point discrimination test," which Does the ice make the skin more or less sensi- means noticing whether one or two objects are tive? Does the vibration make the skin more pressed against your skin. More sensitiveareas of or less sensitive? skin will be able to tell one from two, even when 5.Design a similar test for the first finger. Is the the two are very close together. Less sensitiveareas first finger more or less sensitive than the fore- Interview a doctor at will require that the objects be widely spaced. A a pain management arm? Does the ice or vibration have more or clinic. Are there numbed area should become less sensitive. less of an effect on the finger than on the fore- different kinds of arm? Repeat the test with loud music or static pain? How are they sounds. Does this alter the sense of touch classified? How are Materials in any way? they managed? several toothpicks blindfolds (one for Questions each personbe LX, careful not to share 1. Why do you think the ice or blindfolds) vibration works to numb your rulers sense of touch? Write a story about tape an alien visiting 2. Why are some areas of Earth. This alien ice or ice water your body more sensitive to has no understand- a source of fairly strong pain than others? ing of "pain" and vibration (personal mas- wonders what it is sager works well) for. How will you pen and paper for explain what it feels like? keeping records

1. Tape two toothpicks to a ruler (in the same direction as the markings). Measure the distance between them. 2. Touch either a single toothpick or the two side-by-side toothpicks to a blindfolded subject's inside forearm. Record whether the subject can distinguish between the two.

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.

NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul /Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 31 Innovation GLACIER CLIMBING

Four Oregon teenagers climb to the summit of a glacier. 1117101* 1E111117 1 111\1 http://www.ktca.org/newtons

_Op o ening SNraed

Begin the lesson with the following question: point of dynamic equilibrium. Here, the rate of Resources Where is most of the freshwater on Earth current- melting at the front of the glacier is exactly bal- ly foundin rivers, lakes, or glacial ice? anced by the flow rate of the glacier from the back. While it may look like the glacier has Explain that glaciers not only are found in polar stopped, the flow of ice is continuous, so large Books and articles: Hambrey, M. (1992) Glaciers. New York: regions like Antarctica and Greenland, but moun- piles of glacially derived sediment begin to build Cambridge University Press. tain glaciers exist even at the equator. Glaciers can up at the foot of the glacier. When the glacier retreats, the deposits become terminal moraines Hostetler, S. (1997, Jan) Near to the edge of have an enormous effect on sea level around the an ice sheet. Nature, p. 393-394. world. Toward the end of the last ice age, 12,000 These telltale signs of past glacial action often years ago, sea level was almost 300 feet lower than reach several hundred meters in thickness. Kimber, R. (1993, May) The glacier's gift. Audubon, pp. 52-53. it is today. If global warming occurs, some scientists theorize that melting glaciers in the next cen- In polar regions like Antarctica and Greenland, Lee, L (1994, June) Summer's here: Chill out! National Geographic World, pp. 10-14. tury could cause a rise in the sea level worldwide. so much snow accumulates that individualglaciers flowing down valleys begin to merge together, Pfeifienberger, J. (1997, April) Ice age Oo forming large-scale continental ice sheets. In some journey. Earth, pp. 76-79.

vevvtle cases, these massive glaciers are more than 1,000 Walker, S. (1990) Glaciers: Ice on the move. meters (3,300 feet) thick and, while they may look Minneapolis: Carolrhoda Books.

Over the last 25,000 years glaciers have had an static, they too are in continuous motion. Orifanizations even greater effect on our global landscape than The World Glacier Monitoring Service Data seems to suggest that over the course of the Wilfried Haeberli and Martin Hoelzle earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, or floods. But Department of Geography because they flow so slowly, they are often over- last two decades, global warming may be causing University of Zurich looked as a significant agent of change. glaciers all over the world to retreat. The fear is Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland that large-scale melting of glaciers will create a http://www.nercbas.ac.uk/public/icd/icsi/ A glacier is a large mass of ice that acts like a river, devastating rise in sea level. Only time will tell if WGMS.html this is a long-term trend or simply a natural "blip" flowing downhill under the influence of gravity. Web sites Glaciers are "born" at high elevations where snow in the worldwide glacial cycle. Alaska SAR FacilityGreat Glacial Images builds up over many years without significant http://www.a sf. a laska.edu/

melting. In these "accumulation zones," snow at Glacier Page the bottom of the pile gets compacted by the itadfl@HZ http://168.99.215.253/earth/glacier.html

weight of new snow above, causing it to turn into USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory dense glacial ice. Once the depth of the ice reaches 1. What is the current distribution of glaciers http://vulcan.wrusgs.gov/Glossary/Glaciers/ 20 to 30 meters (66 to 98 feet), there is enough around the Earth? Are there any major trends framework.html pressure from above to cause the ice pack to slowly where glaciers appear to be either growing or Whistler NetworksHow to Make a Glacier "creep" or flow downhill. As long as new snow is shrinking at abnormally high rates? What can httpJ /www.whistler.net /glacier /howgl.html added at the top, a glacier will continue to move changes in glacial distribution tell us about Whistler NetworksWhat Is a Glacier? forward. changes in climate? http://www.whistler.net/glacier/whatgl.html 2. A retreating glacier can leave rich soil behind. As the front of a flowing glacier moves downhill, What areas of the world benefited from this glacial activity? it scours the land surface, picking up rock and soil NEWTON'S APPLEvideo and trapping it in the ice. If snow keeps falling cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this and temperatures stay cold enough, glaciers will and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: continue to move downhill, eventually reaching a http://www.ktca.orginewtons

We encourage duplication for educationalnon-commercialuse.

Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KitAtaint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. avN Innovation SHOW NUMBER

1507 Discover how a valley glacier flows by usinga superthick, viscous fluid as your model glacier. Glacier Climbing oirft AdiAV i tint

Although scientists Because it takes an enormous amount of mass to tom of the shoe box to make obstructions in have been monitoring make a real glacier creep downhill, scientists often the valley. Allow the glacier to flow again and the movement of glac- rely on substitute materials to make a model of iers for over 100 observe what happens when it interacts with years, there is a fluid flow in glaciers. In this activity, you'll makea the obstructions. renewed interest highly viscous suspension of cornstarch andwater because of the fear to simulate a glacier, and track the way that it Questions that global warming flows down a "valley." may be causing a widespread melt-back. 1. When the cornstarch mixture initially flowed Does the data fit this Materialsper group of four students through the box, what shape did the front take? model? Collect data How does this relate to valley glaciers? on several different plastic shoe box 2. When you released the mixture from behind glaciers and chart one 16-oz box of cornstarch the index card "dam," what pattern did the their progress over the one to two cups of water last 50 years. A good toothpick markers make? What do you think place to start is with one 2-qt mixing bowl caused this? the glaciers in Alaska 5 wooden toothpicks 3. What happens to the flow of the glacier when it or on Mt. Rainier in 5-6 large pebbles hits the obstructions in the valley? Doyou Washington State. one 5" x 7" inch index card Data can be obtained notice anything different in the top of the pencil from the Internet glacier as it flows over the rocks? (see resources) or from a regional 1. Mix the cornstarch and water together in the U.S. Geological bowl to form a suspension with the consis- Survey Office. tency of toothpaste. (It should not be runny or wet.) 2. Lay the pencil flat on the table and place one end of the shoe box on Make dirty ice cubes top of it to give the box a slight tilt. by mixing different Begin pouring the cornstarch mix- amounts of dirt and debris in the water ture into the box at the raised end before freezing it. and observe what happens. Identify which ice 3. After the mixture has flowed through cube has the least the entire box, scrape it up withyour hand mass and which has the greatest. and pile it in the raised end of the box. Use Place these two ice the index cards to make a "dam"across the cubes, plus a third shoe box valley to hold the mixture back. Lay whose mass is some the five toothpicks across the front of the mix- where in between, on ture so that they are one inch apart and parallel an inclined ramp and allow them to melt. to each other. Remove the dam and observe the What do you observe? way the toothpicks move as the glacier flows. How is this similar to 4. After you have tracked the flow of the glacier what happens when a with the toothpicks, repeat the experiment, but glacier melts? this time place a few large pebbles on the bot-

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Four Oregon teenagers explore what you need to climb a glacier. 011 ID 19111111111GIIIIT http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

S etfing Started

Begin the lesson by asking these questions: Do right choice of fabrics and the right layering tech- Resources you like hiking in the woods? What equipment do niques allow them to stay warm and dry through- you take on a camping trip? Most camping areas out the journey. have at least some comforts, such as trash removal, trails, and rest rooms, but real wilderness has none Finally, the adventurers need to be skilled at antic- Books and articles: of those things. How would you plan for wilder- ipating, preventing, and stopping falls before any- Angier, B. (1973) Wilderness gear you can make yourself. Harrisburg, PA: ness travel, such as climbing a mountain? How one is hurt. Even on a flat glacier, falls are adan- Stackpole Books. much and what kinds of food would you take? ger because of the deep trenches called crevasses Boga, S. (1997) Orienteering: The sport of How would you find shelter, build a fire, and stay (sometimes hidden by snow) in the glacial ice. navigating with map and compass. warm? How would you navigate with no trails or Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. How do climbers manage to stay on steep slopes? constructed landmarks? How would you avoid Dash, 1. (1995, Mar 19) The active traveler: falling on a steep slope? What specialized equip- The idea is to keep three of the four limbs solidly The adventure guide's hard reality. ment would you need? fixed to the surface at all times. Spiked boot Newsday, p. 8.

clamps called crampons allow solid footholds, McManners, H. (1996) The backpacker's f even on vertical surfaces. In addition,climbers handbook. New York: Dorling Kindersley verelle can secure their handholds with special ice axes. Publishing, Inc.

Tilton, B. (1995, April 14) Wilderness U. Backpacker, p. 70. In 1997, four teenagers from Oregon won the Mountain climbing safety depends on climbers Outside Adventure Grant for their proposal to belaying (securing) each other with ropes. The Web sites climb Mt. Sir Sanford, a remote peak in the National Outdoor Leadership School identifies Outside Online four elements of a belay: friction, anchors, each Outside Adventure Grants Canadian Rockies. To get there, these wilderness http://www.starwave.com enthusiasts had to kayak and hike to the base of climber's position relative to the others, and corn- munication among climbers. The terrain to be Princeton University Outdoor Action Program the mountain and then climb up a glacier to the http://www.princeton.eddoa/oa.html peak. The group's winning proposal included climbed is often rated according to its difficulty tracking and documenting the habits of an endan- (rather like the degree of difficulty rank in the National Outdoor Leadership School http://www.nols.edu gered species of caribou along the way. The grant sport of diving), so each belay will be adifferent outfitted them for their expedition. combination of the four elements.

As these outdoor adventurers could tell you, alpine climbing and snow travel require particular skills Ca radii us and knowledge. Climbers must have good strength and endurance. They must work effec- 1. There are many different kinds of wilderness. tively in the thin air at high altitude. How many can you name? How would you expect exploration equipment and supplies to Because climbing in the cold uses up calories differ for various kinds of wilderness? rapidly, these mountaineers need to consume 2. When a wilderness area is opened to people, foods that provide them with the right ratios of the environment often degrades because people protein to fat to carbohydrate, but they mustn't leave behind trash, pick endangered plants, or trample sensitive ecosystems. What is the best carry food that's too heavy or perishable. NEWTON'S APPLEvideo way to allow access to wild places without cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this Successful climbers also must know how to avoid damaging them? and other topics. Call1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: frostbite and other cold-related problems. The http://www.ktca.orginewtons

We encourage duplication for educationalnon-commercial use. Educational materials developed with the Natiorral Science Teachers Association. 24 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation NEEDLE POINT MANN 46.-NNW

Construct your own navigational tool withsome common household items. http://www.ktca.orginewtons .0iiff Alethlt7

Design a wilderness Almost a thousand years ago, the Chinese writer Questions training ground on the Shen Kua first described the use ofa magnetic playground of your compass in navigation. At the time, this "orient- school. What would be 1. What causes the chip to move? a good training exer- ing" technique was practiced almost exclusively by 2. Can you tell which is the north-seeking end of cise for hiking? seafarers. It wasn't until the 1500s that thecompass the needle? Explain. Climbing? Endurance? became popular as a land-based navigational tool. 3. Suppose the needle had been stroked in the Its rapid and widespread acceptance among land- opposite direction. Would that affect its point- lubbers was probably due to its "double duty"as ing direction? Suppose the needle was stroked an inexpensive pocket sundial. back and forth. Would that affect its useas a navigational tool? Explain. The first compasses were most likely made ofa 4. In what locations is a compass naturally-occurring magnetic rock called lodestone. most reliable? If allowed to rotate freely, this magneticmate- rial comes to rest aligned with Earth's mag- Stage a mock-up netic field. Another valued characteristic camping or climbing of lodestone is its ability to transfermag- accident and practice netic properties to iron and other metals. first-aid procedures on pretend "victims." Materials What are good first- aid procedures? What are some dangerous permanent magnet first-aid proced- straight sewing needle ures to avoid? small bowl plastic foam chip or flattened noodle

1. Fill a small bowl with tap water. 2. Magnetize the needle by stroking it 50 Write your own adventure grant. It must be times with the permanent magnet. Stroke the "wild, original, and needle in only one direction. meaningful." It should 3. Position the needle lengthwise in thecenter of explain what you want the foam chip (or noodle). to do, what equipment 4. Carefully lower the chip and needle into the you need, your plans for training, and how center of the water-filled bowl. you will accomplish 5. Observe the movement of the chip. your goals. 6. Move the bowl-compass to different locations, near walls, large metal objects, etc. Note in your journal what happens in each location.

We encourage duplication foreducational non-commercialuse.

Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. .)05 Innovation Ilrop©vg @HU C]b()Igg veszehifing (evengimeIfFill you if in you'rewould m@goviic][15the postage-paid likealready to be onadded ourcard tomailing belowour mailing list),and list,mail we fillwill it in today. thenot information send If we you don't these below receive materials and returna card next the from cardyear. you today! Iro ghe §13HUVIe SchoolName AddressCity Any comments? State Zip STAMPPLACE gil fit E) it op s op g C] cm cg 2 0 V 1 Igg [11 S 1 11 C] 'D 4110 Ut qB b 11 2 10 V 0 19 2 V 0 C 0 1 17 1 11 g HERE FillIf(even inyou the wouldif postage-paid you're like alreadyto be addedcard on ourbelow to our mailing mailingand mail list), list, it wefill today. in will the If notinformation we send don't you receivebelow these and amaterials cardreturn from the next cardyou year. today! SchoolName SUITEOUTSIDE 440 ADVENTUREMAGAZINE GRANTS AddressCity Any comments? State Zip 420NEW LEXINGTON YORK, NY AVE 10170 ,_CI) G3,... Bring the world outside intoyour classroom and give your o. >C students the chance to go on the expedition of their dreams, like CU -00 -0 (73 the kids in NEWTON'S APPLE Show 1507. T.-- 0 4-1 = CZ) CU a) 0 a) gg. O PresentedaOg2C0® C3 Q) = by co --ww cn ..... cu v) .-, co = a.) =0- The Outside Adventure Grants give students between theages of "Coh: a. c=) 12 and 17 the opportunity to dream up, organize, and actually aa.^. -00) 0 lead an expedition of their dreams. This uniqueprogram invites --0 133 V) > 4- students to unleash their imaginations and, in the C13 "-I process, learn a.JY:.-' 0 CL. 4 invaluable lessons about teamwork, problem solving, English, 4-' c1C a) cn ...... ta _=e, =- cu CO history, geography, and the natural sciences. Fora free teacher's C3= ici) = .., . SC guide that helps you incorporate this program intoyour existing 41 C >,= cla E ccm curriculum, send in the attached reply card today. c a, CU CO v) 0 ..._. CI) -C C a) ccii .-, a) a a) VC C13 >. E2-8 cu -a Oa C.) 4" cv ca. Y- c:C -0 = = C/3 .0 i..7) CI-) F.7.1

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J '7 INDEX TO PAST SEASONS k ) How to Get Your Hands on NEWTON'S APPLE

As an educator, you may tape NEWTON'S APPLE off the air and use it as many times as you wishfor three years. Check with your local PBS station for their schedule. When they are finished airing the current season (Season 15), theyoften rerun shows from past seasons.

If you prefer, you can purchase tapes from any of the seasons listed on these two pages by calling 1-800-588-NEWTON.

10th Season Show 1007 Dweezil Zappa Show 1107 12th Season HIV/AIDS Ostrich Spotted Owls Show 1001 Glass Recycling Carpal Tunnel Show 1201 Behind-the-Scenes Special Cement 11th Season Foggy Mirrors Hang Gliding How TV Works Science Challenge Lizards Karate Studio Tour Wolverine Show 1101 Robin Leach Control Room/Editing Rock Climbing Show 1108 Elephant Satellite Technology Show 1008 Taste Test Archaeology Cockroaches Monty Hall Mazes Show 1202 Show 1002 Broken Bones Baby Bobcats Dolphins Arctic Expedition Special Hollywood Stunts Dentist Chair Sled Dogs Household Chemistry Rhinoceros Show 1102 Show 1109 Arctic Travel Cream in Coffee Emergency Rescue Firefighting Life in Camp Musk Ox Show 1009 Black Holes Dairy Farm Arctic Weather Omnimax Technology Pizza Inventor's Fair Show 1003 Archery Reindeer Otters Show 1203 Election Polls and Surveys Light Bulbs Aircraft Carrier Electric Car Condor Show 1103 Show 1110 Brain Ceramics Chat Memory Bison Roundup Carrier Life Cougar Show 1010 In vitro Fertilization Heart Attack Aurora Borealis Goose Bumps Dead Fingernails Show 1204 Show 1004 Air Pressure Hummingbird Chile Peppers Brain Mapping Monster Makeup Al Gore Garlic Ozone Piranha Show 1104 Show 1111 Sunscreens Car Mirror Newspaper The Bends Tasmanian Devil Artificial Sweeteners Show 1011 Bomb Squad Compact Discs Traffic Control Echoes Michael York Show 1205 Show 1005 Cryogenics Mosquitoes Wolves Movie Dinosaurs Oil Spills Static Electricity Bread Chemistry Diet and Nutrition Russian Kids Visit Show 1105 Show 1112 Scott Hamilton Crystal Gayle Jumbo Jets Garbage Wallaby Caribou Show 1012 Meteors Infrared Locks and Dams Knuckle Crack Shelley Duvall Show 1206 Show 1006 Blood Typing Paper Recycling Polar Bears Movie Sound Effects Antarctic Special Moles Sun .journey Penguin Show 1106 Show 1113 Globetrotters Penguins Windsurfing Mt. Rushmore Hedgehog Station Show 1013 Permafrost Virtual Reality Krill Diabetes Tumbleweeds Candles Seals Galaxy Mapping Zebras Chimpanzees

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Associate/I. em NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of HTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made pohible.4y a grant from 3M. 38 Innovation INDEX TO PASTSEASONS (

Show 1207 13th Season Show 1308 Show 1402 Show 1409 Dinosaur Extinction Hazardous Materials Tahiti Special Olympic Solar Energy Floods Show 1301 In-line Skating Sharks Soccer Blue Seas Waterskiing Skin Wrinkling Tattoos Trumpets Siberian Tiger Reflexes Compost Black Pearls Earthquake Scientists Escalator Coconuts Show 1208 Fat-free Food Show 1309 Show 1410 Internet Human Slingshot Ride Show 1403 Malaria Tracking Antibiotics Show 1302 Bone Marrow Riverboats Clocks Panning for Gold Circus High Wire King's Singers Body Fat Inventor's Fair Taxidermy Mummies Rotting Foods Motorcycle Scientists Deformed Frogs Bug Spray Parrots Show 1209 Armadillo Show 1310 Show 1411 Ethnobotany Wild Lion Vet Show 1404 Post Office Hubble Telescope Show 1303 Bicycles Hypercoaster Gems Inventor's Fair Maya Bike Trek Fish Breathing Nicotine Science Home Videos Komodo Dragon Hearing Insect Warfare Erasers Parachutes Dance Scientists Show 1412 Show 1210 Owls Show 1311 Ethanol Raptor Hospital Equator Special Show 1405 Bones Photography Show 1304 Equator Avalanche Rescue Coyotes Skipping Stones Africa Special Maasai Village Prosthetic Limbs Snakes Balloon Safari Coffee Football Scientists Show 1413 Grasslands Baby Elephants Popcorn H2O Special Show 1211 Maasai Mara Wetlands Redwoods Mara Animals Show 1312 Show 1406 Eco-Filtration Pond Electricity Bird Songs Andes Special Drinking Water Monuments Show 1305 Ergonomics Inca Engineering Water Towers Red Fox Ice Surfing Inventor's Fair Quipus DNA Fingerprinting Scorpions Potatoes Show 1212 Bubble Gum Alpacas Printing Money Cold Remedies Show 1313 Gravity Jungle Survival Show 1407 Nature Labs Show 1306 Liver Ski Jumping Aircraft Fire Rescue Emus Bee Stings Show 1213 Balloons Fear Bridges Knives 14th Season Ruminants Earthquakes Science Home Videos Chromakey Show 1401 Show 1408 Grizzly Bear Show 1307 Spelunking Rain Forest Special Disney World Special Human Eye Rain Forest Researchers Simulator Rides Betty White Snakes Dolphin Communication Elks Frogs Parade Technology Leaf Cutter Ants Laser Show

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.'

NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. aN_ Innovation GLASS BLOWING

How do theynmalke,glass into d shape

Eileen learns about the art and chemistry of glass blowing. http://www.ktca.org/newtons netting Stfed

Begin the lesson by having students dip a chop- Perhaps the most common type of glass is called kesources stick into a small cup of honey at room tempera- soda-lime glass. The basic ingredients include sand ture. Tell them to try to keep the largest gob possi- (a source of silica), soda (sodium oxide), and lime ble of honey on the tip of the stick as they pull it (calcium oxide). These materials are mixed together and then heated in furnaces. As the materials Books and articles out of the cup. They are simulating how a glass Carbery, E. (1993) Glassblowing: An introduc- blower works with gravity to keep a gob of molten melt, they combine to form a syrupy liquid. This tion to artistic and scientific flameworking. Marshall,MN: MGLS. glass on the end of the blowpipe. molten glass is then withdrawn from the furnace

and processed in different ways. Whitehouse, D.(1993) Apocket dictionary of terms commonly used to describe glass and Ask: Is all glass the same? Compare and contrast glassmaking. Corning, NY: The Corning different type of glass (based on properties such as Although it is brittle, hardened glass is not a solid. Museum of Glass. heat resistance, shatter resistance, and color). It exists in a slow-flowing state known as a supercooled liquid. When molten glass cools, there is organizations Corning Museum of Glass no "solidifying temperature" at which the batch One Museum Way suddenly transforms from liquid to solid. Instead, Corning, NY 14830-2253 verne (607) 974-8257 the molten material undergoes a gradual change Glass is an amazing substancehard, transparent, from a free-flowing to a more viscous material. National Glass Association 8200 Greensboro Drive capable of beautiful colors and sparkles, strong yet The more it cools, the less it flows. At room tem- McLean, VA 22102 brittle. Where does this material come from? perature, the minuscule flow goes unnoticed. (703) 442-4890 http://ourworld.compuserve.com/ homepages/nga A crude version of the material we know as glass There are several ways to shape glass. It can be pressed into a mold. This technique produces Print and AV materials. was most likely first produced about 4,500 years Video: Beginning Glass Sculpturing by Bill ago. Around 1500 B.C., artisans learned how to objects such as bowls and optical lenses. It can be Rasmussen (103 min.). Available from Arrow press glass in open molds, producing a varietyof drawn through rollers or holes to produce fibers, Springs, (916) 677-9482. http://www.innercite.com/flameon/ shapes and containers. The process, however, was tubes, and plates. It can also be blown, with or slow, labor intensive, and expensive. Pressed glass without a mold. Glass Line magazine 120 S. Kroeger Street was considered as valuable as precious metals. Anaheim, CA 92805-4011 (714) 520-0121 More than a thousand years passed before people MSklitrfAfied©NO http://www.hotglass.com/ discovered how to shape intricate and delicate 'Mk* Web sites objects through glass-blowing techniques. 1. Consider the differences you might find Kosta Boda http://www.kostaboda.se/en/2.html between glass created by hand and glass shaped Today there are a variety of glasses. These materi- by machine. When might a plastic product Scientific Glassblowing Lab Tour http://www.cem.msu.edu/--kenney/outreach/ als have ingredients and structures that produce be preferable? glasblow/tour/ distinct characteristics. Automobile glass (also 2. The use of fiber optics for telecommunications called safety glass) is actually two layers of glass has become a reality. How many different that "sandwich" a layer of plastic. If the glass layers objects can you think of that are made of glass? shatter, the pieces don't go flying off. Instead, they are held together by the plastic. Laboratory glass- ware contains a large amount of silica and boric NEWTON'S APPLEvideo cassettes and educational materials oxide. These components produce a material that provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- can withstand sudden temperature changes. NEWTON or check out our Web sire at: http://www.ktca.org/newtons

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SHOW NUMBER faitLf;.411Y4l0: Sfudent Acttit 1508 Change the temperature of butter and check out the properties ofa supercooled liquid. Glass Blowing http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons Ok- 1H 0 0 Nihi\\* Wi?7InAo

Observe variations in Like glass, butter is an example ofa supercooled 7. At the end of the period, examine the butter the viscosity of honey, liquid. Although it appears solid, butter's hardness syrup, liquid soap, sample in each of the test tubes. Note and depends on its temperature. As its temperature hand lotion, and milk. record any differences in shape andappearance Gather about half a increases, butter becomes less viscous. Eventually and relative hardness. cup of each. Dip a the butter flows like more traditional liquids. If liq- 8. Discard samples 3 and 4. Replace samples 1, 2, wooden stick into uid butter is cooled, it takes on the hardened char- and 5 in the freezer, refrigerator, and test tube each to pull out a acteristics we associate with solids. The colder rack, respectively. sample. Record your the temperature, the more solid the observations. Pour 9. Observe samples 1, 2, and 5 on the each liquid into butter becomes. following day. another cup; record observations, includ- Materials Questions ing temperature, flow rate, and color. butter Change the tempera- 1. Did you observe any relationship tures of each and two 250-m1 beakers between the physical properties of the observe changes. five small test tubes butter and the temperature at which it What happens to test tube rack was maintained? Explain. the viscosity of test tube holder 2. How is the viscosity each as the tempera- spatula ture changes? of butter and glass ice similar? How is it water different? 3. Predict how the 1. Use the spatula to place shape of a window- VET a marble-sized lump of pane might change refrigerated butter in the over many years. Make two batches of five test tubes. Label the Would this change be any candy requiring test tubes 1-5. more dramatic in a that the sugar reach a 2. Place test tube 1 in specific temperature hot climate or a cold a freezer. and candy stage in climate? cooking. For one 3. Place test tube 2 in Explain. batch, follow the the refrigerator. recipe exactly. For the 4. Fill a beaker second batch, heat halfway with the sugar to a different candy stage cold water. Add sever- cook either too little al ice cubes to form an ice- or too much. What water solution. Place test tube 3 in differences do you this solution. observe in the candy? 5. Fill the other beaker halfway with hotwater. (Be careful not to burn yourself.) Place test tube 4 in this solution. 6. Keep test tube 5 in the rack atroom temperature.

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Dave Huddleston learns how smiling helps us communicate.

http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons ettong Started ,\\* Resources Begin the lesson by having the class make six emo- look at the faces of suspects and witnesses to help tion charts labeled as follows: happiness, fear, dis- determine if they are telling the truth. Airport gust, sadness, surprise, and anger. On a pad of security people study faces of travelers to look for sticky notes, have pairs of students write down as clues about danger in the skies. Medical profes- Books and articles many other emotions as they can think of, one per sionals observe facial reactions during physical Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. (1984) sticky, in three minutes. Have the students put each exams. Interpreters closely watch the faces of Unmasking the face: A guide to recogniz- ing emotions from facial expressions. sticky note on the chart that most closely matches the speakers to determine accurately the message Palo Alto, CA: Consulting the emotion. As a group, discuss each chart. to translate. Reading faces is an important Psychologists Press. survival skill. Computer software Ask the following questions of the group: As Mindscape: How your body works. CD- you were thinking about different categories Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of ROM for Macintosh or MPC. (888) 808- of emotions, did your facial expressions change Technology's Media Lab are working on many 4311 or http://www.mindscape.com for each? Did you notice changes in your projects that involve computers learning to imi- Organizations partner's expressions? tate human movement, actions, and even emo- American Psychological Association 750 First Street NE tions. One project involves developing ways for Washington, DC 20002-4242 computer-generated models to interact with each (202) 336-5500 6erview other, using speech with appropriate intonations, http://www.a pa.org hand gestures, and facial movements. In another, 494W MIT Media Lab Have you ever been asked to "wipe that expres- scientists use algorithms to generate facial anima- MIT Building #E15, The Wiesner Building sion off your face" or to "smile for the camera"? tions from speech and are studying how the face, 20 Ames Street hands, and speech complement each other in our Cambridge, MA 02139 Were you able to? Our facial expressions tell oth- (617) 253-0338 ers what we're thinking and feelingand usually communication. The focus of another project http://www.mit.edu/Media it's easy to tell when someone is faking an expres- looks at how people might communicate with Lab/Research.html sion. In addition, our facial muscles send mes- computers using speech, gesture, and gazethe Print and AV materials sages to our brains so that when we make a facial same things humans use to communicate with Mandler, G. (1989) "Notes on emotion," written for the Rotating Faces Exhibit in each other. expression, our emotions grow stronger. the Traveling Psychology Exhibition of the American Psychological Association. You have 80 muscles that control what happens So next time you meet someone, take a few sec- on your face. Those muscles communicate at onds to think about what that person's face is The "Rotating Faces" and related activities are least 40 different groups of expressionsthe six communicating before either of you says a word. part of the exhibition entitled "Psychology: primary emotions and their blends. Using the Chances are you'll be able to tell what the person Understanding Ourselves, Understanding Each Other." The exhibition was developed and pro- Facial Action Coding System (FACS), scientists is feeling. But rememberhe or she might be duced by the American Psychology Association have observed and analyzed nearly 10,000 facial doing the same thing to you! and the Ontario Science Centre in cooperation expressions by determining which muscular with the Association of Science-Technology '4"i?it Centers, the Exploratorium, and The Children's actions produce each expression. By studying the Museum, Boston. Additional support for the mechanics of smiles, frowns, and the thousands kOnWows exhibition was provided by the National Science of other "faces" we make, scientists are beginning Foundation, the William T. Grant and Alfred P. Sloan Foundations, Harvard University, the to understand how people use facial expressions. 1. How do gestures differ from facial expressions National Institute of Mental Health, and the or emotions? Annenberg/CPB Project. NEWTON'S APPLE video Why is it important to study facial expressions 2. How do animals communicate with cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this and who cares about them? Actors study expres- each other? and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- sions to seem more realistic. Police detectives NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

Educational materials developed with the NationabiScience Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint-hie/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from itty.,r Innovation FACE TO FACE

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Find out how the parts of the face work together toexpress emotions. http://www.ktca.org/newtons

Oi!ft?-0 0 0 AdIVilqV VET Infi2 444*,

Walk for several minutes Does a smile only happen on one part of your composites. Be sure to note in your log which with your eyes looking face? Create a face book to find out. By combin- down, taking short, shuf- combination of parts was used for each face fling steps. Now walk for ing different faces, you can identify what emo- and each person's response to that face. Ask several minutes with your tions other people see on each face you create. your viewers how and why they came to eyes straight ahead, tak- You'll learn which parts or combination of parts their conclusions. ing long strides and of the face communicate most accurately. swinging your arms. Does your mood change? Materials

magazines you can cut up Human faces are asymmet- scissors rical, and usually the facial glue muscles on one side convey construction paper or other heavy paper more tension. Ask someone to take a picture of your markers and pens face looking straight into three 1" metal rings or spiral binding machine the camera. When you and binding material develop the film, ask for two copiesone from each 1. Working with two or three partners, side of the negative. Cut each picture in half verti- collect large (8.5" x 11") pictures of faces cally. Glue the left side of from magazines. one to the right side of the 2. Glue each face to a page of paper. You should other. Repeat with the have at least 10 pages of faces. Punch holes in remaining halves to make each page and use metal rings or a spiral bind- two pictures of yourself. What differences do you ing machine to make a booklet. notice? Which side of your 3. Make two horizontal cuts through each page, face is more expressive? dividing the faces into these parts: brow/fore- head/eyes; nose; and lower face (mouth, chin). Identify each part of each face on the back of each section. Example: Face la (eyes), Face lb Questions Communication via email (nose), Face lc (lower face). or in online chat areas 4. Create a table/log to record the face combina- requires creativity to 1. What do your findings demonstrate about how express not only your ideas tions and the emotions your classmates think we "read" faces? Share your ideas with the class. but how you feel. each face communicates. Remember that there 2 What features change the expression the most? Emoticons are symbols are many more emotions than sad, angry, and The eyes? The mouth? that express feelings. For happy. Encourage your viewers to think of example, :-( is a frown and 3. Does everyone tend to focus on the same fea- :-) is an embarrassed more complicated emotions, such as satisfied, tures? Where do you look first? smile. Look at the symbols disgusted, desperate, compassionate, scornful, on a keyboard and create excited, dull, egotistical, and fawning. Look in your own set of emoticons. a dictionary or thesaurus for some other If you have a keypal, share unusual or detailed emotions. your "faces" and have 5. Flip through the booklet to create facial fun communicating!

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David investigates why the greenhouse effect is bad for our environment. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons '-'6.,ettiatgi St rted

To begin the lesson, pose the following situation: Researchers have analyzed air that was trapped in Resources On a bright, sunny day, you park your car in the glacial ice 160,000 years ago. By comparing that air sun and lock it. When you come back later, what to the air in our current atmosphere, they have dis- has happened? Have you ever been inside a green- covered an increase in carbon dioxide as the use of house when the sun was out? How did it feel? This fossil fuels has increased. Books and articles phenomenon is called the greenhouse effect. Botkin, D. & Keller, E. (1995) Some scientists aren't convinced that excess green- Environmental science: Earth as a liv- Before showing the video, ask the following: Is Earth house gases will actually cause global warming. ing planet (chapter 21 on climate). New enclosed by something? In what ways is Earth like a They point out that cooling effects also are taking York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. greenhouse? What effects will changes in Earth's aver- place. For instance, the oceans absorb much of the Rawls, R. (1996, Nov 4) Ironing the age temperature have? How do human activities con- carbon dioxide that human activity contributes to ocean: Iron, a micronutrient for marine tribute to this change in temperature? Are we making the atmosphere. Higher temperatures cause more plants, may be critical to Earth too hot to live on? How can we cool off? water to evaporate into clouds, which shade Earth global carbon balance. Chemical and Engineering News, p. 40. from sunlight, cooling it. Particulate matter from

volcanic eruptions and other pollutants deflects Roleff, T. (Ed.) (1997) Global warming: sunlight and also contributes to cooling. Opposing viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press.

Climatethat is, the weather over a long period The greenhouse effect is a very complex issue. Sarmiento, J. & Le Quere, C. (1996, depends on Earth's average temperature. This tem- Much of the information we have about global Nov) Oceanic carbon dioxide uptake in perature stays relatively constant because Earth's sur- warming comes from computer models that esti- a model of century-scale global face absorbs energy from sunlight, changing it to mate climate change. These estimates may be inex- warming. Science, p. 1346. heat (infrared radiation). Greenhouse gases, particu- act because the atmosphere is so huge. In addition, Computer software larly water vapor, absorb the resulting heat energy an observed temperature increase may be caused by KIDWare: Weather Tracker.(ver. 3.0). and hold it in the atmosphere instead of allowing it something else. Some measurements suggest that Shareware, downloadable to radiate out into space. (In an actual greenhouse, variations in the sun's light output cause tempera- from http://www.hotfiles.com, $15 to register. the glass windows block the heat's exit.) This green- ture changes far more significant than those caused house effect keeps us warm, but scientists are con- by greenhouse gases. Web sites cerned that humans may be creating problems by CIESIN (Consortium for International adding certain greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, ,e004, Earth Science Information Network) 0 http://www.ciesin.org/ such as carbon dioxide (from carbon-based fuels), 1Z@HOTOdO@HS chlorofluorocarbons (from aerosol cans), and Environmental Defense Fund methane (from cow digestion). 1. Sometimes a waste product or pollutant can be http://www.edf.org/pubs/Brochures/ recycled for anotheruse.Can you think of some GlobalWarming/a_gwexhibition.html

The accumulation of greenhouse gases could result other uses for the greenhouse gases? Environmental Protection Agency in global warmingan increase in the average tem- 2. How can we determine if human activity is real- http://www.epa.gov perature that would probably lead to climate ly contributing to global warming? And if it is, change. If the worst predictions come true, we may what should we do about it? have to deal with melting polar ice caps; rising sea levels; uninhabitable coastal areas (where half the NEWTON'S APPLE video world's population now lives); and wild, unpre- cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this dictable storms. Agricultural areas might turn to and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- desert, while barren areas might become fertile. NEWTON or check out our Web sire at: http://www.luca.orginewtons

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1509 Use vinegar to identify carbonate-containing materials. Greenhouse Effect ow Adhivity

Fill a 1-liter beaker Carbon dioxide doesn't just take up space in the Questions with water. Add 7 atmosphere. It's part of the global "carbon drops of red food cycle," in which carbon travels through the liv- coloring. This makes 1. Which materials gave a positive test for car-. a solution approxi- ing environment to nonliving things and back bonate? How can you be certain that any mately 350 parts per again. You can also find carbon in some rocks bubbles you saw were carbon dioxide and not million (the same as and minerals, generally combined with oxygen some other gas? What percentage of the the carbon dioxide and a metal in a compound called a carbonate. material was carbonate? concentration in the You can identify carbonate-containing materials atmosphere). Can 2. How else could you measure the amount of you still see the red because they react with acid to give off bubbles gas given off? color? What of carbon dioxide. The chemical sentence 3. Does it seem likely that carbonate- if you double the (equation) that describes this process is: containing rock is a source of atmospheric concentration? Na2CO3 + 2HC21-1302 > CO2 + H2O + carbon dioxide? 2NaC2H3O2 Materials

Carbon dioxide is not white vinegar (a solution of a pollutant in the tra- acetic acid and water) ditional sense. All various materials, such as eggshells, green plants need it to grow. Make a list of chalk, rocks, sand, seashells, bones, baking other things that have soda, salt, baking powder, and sugar this good-in-small- (Caution: Do not test favorite objects, suchas amounts/bad-in-large- prized seashells or your mom's pearls, with amounts behavior. vinegar or any other acid. The acid reaction will damage them.) eyedropper shallow glass or ceramic dish for testing Record the temperature outside several times a day for a 1. Weigh the material to be week, at approxi- tested on a balance. mately the same 2. Put the material in the dish times each day. Note and place several drops of whether the sun is white vinegar on it. out. Plot temperature versus time on a 3. Observe whether bubbles graph. What's the re- form. If bubbles do form, keep lationship between adding vinegar until they stop. temperature and 4. When bubbles stop forming, dry sunlight? What's in- and weigh the material (if there is fluencing your tem- any left). perature readings?

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made pbssible by a grant from 3M. Innovation MAMMOTH DIG

Why are there mammoth "burial grounds"?

Dave checks out a huge mammoth dig. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons I oteWong Marled

Begin the lesson by getting students to make a list steppe. There were several species of the creatures, L esources of as many mammals as they can think of that live including the Columbian mammoth, Jefferson's in your area. Cats and dogs are easy, but what ani- mammoth, the imperial mammoth, and the woolly mals live in the woods, in an abandoned dwelling, mammoth. The Columbian, Jefferson's, and imperi- near wetlands, or on the prairies? Are there mice, al mammoths were similar to modern elephants in Books raccoons, or bears near you? Which are biggest? that they had two large, curved tusks; a long trunk; Bahn, P. (1996) The Cambridge illustrated history of archaeology. Have students research mammals that lived during and little hair. The adults stood about 9 to 15 feet Cambridge, England: Cambridge the most recent ice age. Ask: How were these ani- (2.7 to 4.6 meters) tall and had a life span of about University Press. 50 years. The woolly mammoth, which lived in the mals different from the ones today? What hap- Fagan, B. (1987) The great journey: The pened to them? Are any types of mammals still colder arctic tundra, was covered with thick curls of peopling of ancient America. New York: around that also lived during an ice age? How did wool overlaid with long, coarse protective hair. Thames and Hudson. they survive when so many others didn't? Organizations Mammoths differed from mastodons, another The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, *OP elephant-like creature that roamed North America South Dakota, Inc. V8VUOVR7 from about 4.5 million to 10,000 years ago. 1800 Highway 18 By-Pass P.O. Box 606 Mastodons were smaller, standing 8 to 10 feet Hot Springs, SD 57747-0606 On a windblown steppe some 11,000 years ago, a (2.4-3 meters) tall at the shoulder and weighing (605) 745-6017 herd of mammoths stampeded up a hill as a vast four to six tons. The key difference between Publishers of booklet entitled Mammoth graveyard: A treasure trove of clues to fire set by Paleo-Indians burned toward them mastodons and mammoths was their teeth. the past by R.A. Border (1994). across the grasslands. The panicked giants, Mammoths had flat teeth designed to grind grass- elephant-like creatures standing 11 to 13 feet (3.3 es, while mastodons had cones on their teeth that Web sites to 4 meters) high at the shoulder, reached the top enabled them to feed off shrubs and trees. As a Illinois State Museum of the rise, then fell 50 feet down into a ravine. result, mastodons lived in the tropical rain forest http://www.museum.state.il.us/ exhibits/larsonAce_age_animals.html Out of the drifting smoke appeared a dozen of the and spread into South America. Paleo-Indians, carrying spears tipped with sharp Swedish Museum of Natural History: Clovis points to finish off the mammoths that had Mammoths have ancestral roots going back about Mammoths in Europe http://www.nrm.se/virtexhi/ survived the fall. Starting fires to stampede large 35 million years to a swamp-dwelling creature that mammsaga/mammut.html.en animals over cliffs was one of the ways humans resembled a small hippopotamus: During eons of used to hunt. Mammoths, with large tusks and evolution, an assortment of strange-looking crea- abundant meat, were highly prized. tures came and wentanimals with two or four- tusks, curved up or down, some shaped like flat Mammoths were members of the genus shovels or corkscrews. Mammoths evolved from this Mammuthus,a group of several species of prehis- group about four million years ago, but elephants toric elephants that roamed the North American are the only modern survivors. continent from about two million years ago until becoming extinct here about 11,000 years ago. .0% Many scientists believe human hunting and cli- Ca nations mate change combined to kill off the mammoths. 1. How could changes in the climate at the end of NEWTON'S APPLE video Before human hunters arrived and the climate the last ice age push a species toward extinction? cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this changed, mammoths thrived on the plentiful 2. What is the biggest threat to modern ele- and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- grasses and other vegetation of the tundra and phantshunting or climate change? Why? NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www.ktca.org/newtons

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Educational materials developed with'oe higtional Science Teachers Association. m aNt NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible 4Y a from 3M. 46 Innovation SURVIVAL OR EXTINCTION?

Graph what might have happened when humans met mammoths. http://www.ktca.orginewtons

Invite a geologist, archae- Vast herds of mammoths roamed the North mammoth. For each 4 or 6, don't change ologist or paleontologist American continent for more than a million years, from a local college or the number. state geological survey surviving several ice ages. At the end of the last ice 3. Roll the dice for 20 turns, representing 20 office to talk to the class age, about 11,000 years ago, just after the arrival of years. Keep track of the births and deaths about what the ice ages human hunters, mammoths became extinct. While for each year, then graph the growth or were like, why they hap- the changing climate certainly made life more diffi- shrinkage of the herd over time. Did any pened, and if another cult for mammoths, the added threat of human one could happen. Read of the teams have a herd go extinct? Did the some books about the hunters may have been enough to cause number of mammoths go up, down, or stay last ice age and try to the extinction. about the same? find some geological evi- 4. Play the game again, but this time change the dence of an ice age in In this activity students divide into smallgroups meaning of number 4 on the die to "Killed your local landscape. and play two games of survival tosee how by Paleo-Indian hunter." extinction might have occurred when the human Compare your graphs hunters arrived. from both rounds of the Vuiv VPdo game with those of the Materials (for each group) other teams. Copy a picture of a mammoth onto a sheet of 2 sheets of graph paper Questions overhead transparency 20 dice for each plastic. Then project this image onto a wall so that group (Have stu- 1. Based on your results, the mammoth appears dents bring in a would mammoths have 3m (10') tall. Trace couple of regular become extinct if humans the image onto strips of dice from a game had not come to North butcher paper. When the at home.) drawing is complete, cut America? Explain. out the animal's outline 2. Suppose you and assemble the strips 1. Each team begins replaced the meaning into a complete life-size with a herd of 20 of both the "4" and representation. mammoths, each ani- the "1" with "Killed mal being represented by a single by Paleo-Indian hunter." die. The numbers on the dice represent How would that affect the herd? the following events: What other factors might affect the Use modeling clay to 1 = Death by starvation survival of the mammoths? construct an assortment 2 = Birth of a calf of tooth shapes. These 3. Are there any modern animals that are being shapes should include 3 = Falls into an ice crevasse of threatened by changes to their ecosystem? Is distinct teeth that are the permafrost the threat caused by nature, human hunting, adapted for grinding, 4 = Lives well for one year or some other human activity? cutting, and tearing. 5 = Killed by giant bears How can these teeth be 6 = Lives well for one year used to explain the spread of mastodons, 2. Each roll of all of the dice represents oneyear. but not mammoths, into For each 1, 3, or 5 rolled, subtract one mam- South America? moth from the herd. For each 2 rolled, adda

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Kids recreate the surface of Mars and design a planetary rover. http://www.ktca.orginewtons 4:14411Started li4k\**

Begin the lesson with the following comments: This Even though the atmosphere on Mars is only Resources past summer, NASA landed the Pathfinder space about one percent as dense as Earth's, it still pro- probe on the surface of Mars. What did scientists duces weather patterns. If all goes well, the Global do before they even attempted such a mission? Surveyor will provide us with detailed weather What are the difficulties they might have faced readings over the course of one Martian year Books and articles Burgess, E. (1990) Return to the red (which is actually two Earth years). designing and constructing a vehicle to navigate a planet. New York: Columbia foreign landscape by remote control? Watch the University Press. video to see how one group of science students In the coming years, NASA plans to send a num- undertook their own "mission to Mars," following ber of additional unmanned probes to Mars to Fortier, E. (1995, Dec) The Mars that never was. Astronomy, pp. 37-43. the same procedures as the NASA space scientists. collect data on the ice caps and soil chemistry. Sending a spacecraft to analyze a planet that's McKay, C. (1997, Aug) Looking for life on rap, 34 to 240 million miles away is a complex task, . Mars. Astronomy; pp. 39-43. "izrlyuew requiring an enormous amount of planning Naeye, R. (1996, Nov) Was there life on and teamwork. Mars? Astronomy, pp. 33-37. From that fateful day back in 1877 when Giovanni Schiaparelli trained his telescope on To get a taste of what it's like to be a Mars mission Drkanizations the surface of Mars and identified long, sinuous scientist, students from the Marcy Open School in Lunar and Planetary Institute Minneapolis created their own "mission to Mars." 3600 Bay Area Blvd. "canali," people have wanted to get a close-up look Houston, TX 71058 at the "red planet." It wasn't until July 1965 that The first step in the planning process was to create earthlings finally got that first look, with the help a model of the planet's surface. The next step was NASA Central Operation of Resources for of a remote probe called Mariner 4. Then in 1971, to design a vehicle that could successfully traverse Educators the landscape without getting stuck or, worse yet, NASA CORE Mariner 9 produced pictures confirming that there Lorain County 1VS were no signs of advanced life on the planet but falling over. The students tried rovers with differ- 15181 Route 58 South strongly suggesting that running water and volca- ent numbers of wheels, rovers of varying heights Oberlin, OH 44074 noes had significantly reworked the surface. and widths, and rovers with different kinds of trac- (216) 774-1051, ext. 249/293 tion. After each test, design changes were made Web sites In the summer of 1976, the Viking 1 and 2 space- until the final working model was built. The last Lunar and Planetary Institute craft actually landed on the planet, taking the first step was to create a computer program to actually http://cass.jsc.nasa.gov/Ipi.html color pictures and analyzing the soil for life. These make the system run. Once the program was "de- bugged," the class ran its model trip to Mars. Mars Global Surveyor: NASALIPL two probes set the stage for the present round of http://mgs-www.jpl.nasa.gov/ exploration that culminated in the Mars Pathfinder and Global Surveyor missions in 1997. 004., Mars Pathfinder: NASA/1PL CIONYBON@FAZ http://mpfwww.jpl.nasa.gov/ Mars is geologically similar to Earth. Large '44* amounts of water once flowed over its surface, 1. How are photos of Earth from space used to carving out deep channels and possibly forming determine changes in our global environment? seas in which primitive life existed. Mars also is 2. Recent advances in computer logic have made home to Olympus Mons, the largest known vol- it possible for certain robots to "think." How might this be used in a space probe exploring cano in the solar system (three times as tall as NEWTON'S APPLE video Mount Everest). Eruptions from this giant ended the surface of a distant planet? cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this millions of years ago, but the findings suggest that and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check our our Web sire at: Mars was once a warmer, tectonically active place. h ttp://www.ktca.o rg/ new tons

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1510 Discover how changing the scale of a map can either increaseor decrease the level of detail you see. Kids on Mars http://www.ktca.orginewtons

clan /AderRv 11/14*1.,

Using a topographic Maps are really models of a place in space. Atopo- size, your will have to "scale down" the map of the moon or space graphic map uses special lines called "contours" Mars, try building a 3D to between the lines to half the distance. To do model of that area's show how the ground-surface changes in elevation this, use your ruler to measure the distance landscape. First figure from one place to another. In mostcases, when between lines in millimeters and divide by two. out how big you want contour maps are made, the scale that is selected 3. Once you have completed drawing your half your model to be, then for the contour interval is proportionalto the scale scale map, draw a 5-cm squareon decide on the scale of used to show distance across the map. the contour interval. the second piece of paper. Follow Using either foam core In this activity, you'll dis- the same procedures as in step 2, board or corrugated cover what happens only this time, take the data off cardboard, build the when you change the the 10-cm square. Make sure you terrain and discover map scale but try to draw in every contour line. how a model landscape keep the contour can be constructed. interval the same. Questions

Vply V643 Materials (pergroup 1. Make a detailed contour of two students) In recent years, the map of your room or your Galileo probe of Jupiter classroom and do the activity and the Magellan any U.S. Geological again. Is it harder or easier probe of Venus have Survey topographic 7.5- to change the scale? sent back enormous minute quad map showing 2. What has happened to amounts of informa- at least 300 feet of relief tion. Conduct a little the spacing between the research on what these millimeter ruler contour lines as you probes discovered to pencil reduced the scale of the find out the latest sheets of blank 8 1/2" x 11" map? How did this scoop on our neighbors paper in the solar system. affect your ability to read changes in elevations? 1. Discuss how topographic maps 3. When the scale is reduced on a map, what are used to show land surface should be done to the contour interval? features and how the scale for the elevation So you want to drive a How does this affect the accuracy of the (contour interval) is usually proportional space probe but you to the elevation readings? don't have the budget map scale. Note the scale used to calculate dis- 4. If you wanted to make a detailedmap showing for it? Try your hand at tance (1: 24,000) and the contour interval 1-foot elevation change on the surface ofa building your own (usually either 10 or 20 feet). planet, what type of scale would you need? "Sojourner" using any 2. Use your ruler and pencil to mark offa 20-cm commercially available, square on the topographic map. Take the first motorized building kit (LEGO, Capsella, etc.). piece of paper and draw a 10-cmsquare. The Try testing your vehicle object is to recreate all of thesame contour lines on different landscapes that appear in the square on the topographic to see if it "makes the map by drawing them in the square on the grade" and if it has paper. Since the square on the paper is half the enough traction to stay in action!

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What causes wind? Where do air masses come fromand where do they g

Eileen gets blown away to investigate the wind. http://www.ktca.orginewtons

Sfivivted

Begin the lesson by asking: What is wind? What do and literally pushes the warmer air up, or, in Resougles you think makes it blow? Where doesthe energy common terms, the warm air rises. We sense come from to power the wind? the motion as wind.

Books and articles Explain that wind is moving air, and the energy to All of the energy to heat the air comes from the Demillo, R. (1994) How weather works. the air indirectly. drive it comes from the sun. To illustrate, conduct sun, but in general the sun heats Emeryville, CA: Ziff-David Press. the following experiment: Place an empty balloon Solar radiation in the form of visible light pene- over the top of an empty, clean, 2-litersoda bottle. trates our atmosphere and strikesEarth's surface, Gipe, P. (1995) Wind energy comes of age. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Ask the class: What do you think will happen to where it's converted into heat and, as described above, begins to rise. Since the surface of the Earth the balloon if we begin to heat the bottle with a Greeley, R. (1994, Jan 21) Wind streaks hair dryer? Heat the bottle until the balloon is quite variable in its makeup (rock, tree, water, on Venus: Clues to atmospheric circula- inflates. Explain that when air is heated, it expands and pavement), the air is not heated evenly. Instead, tion. Science, p. 358. separate pockets of rising warm airmassescalled and becomes less dense. As a result, hot air rises. In Onish, L (1995) Wind and weather. New the real world, the sun heats Earth's surface, which thermals are formed, ultimately driving the local York: Scholastic Voyages of Discovery. in turn heats the air. wind directions. Rennicke, J. (1995, Nov) Why the wind blows. Reader's Digest, p. 82. Rising air is only part of the story of what makes While small variations in Earth's surface help to differential heating the wind blow. Watch the NEWTON'S APPLE cause localized wind conditions, Schaefer, V. & Day, J. (1981) A field video so you can see the "big picture." and cooling of the atmosphere generates global- guide to the atmosphere (a Peterson scale winds as well. Hot air rising over the equator field guide). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pushes northward and southward. Upper atmos- '00? Organizations phere cooling causes the hot air masses to become Wilile National Oceanic and Atmospheric more dense and sink. Once near the warmEarth, Administration Anyone who has ever lived through the fury of a the air heats up and rises again. A vertically circling NOAA Environmental and Information Services hurricane or witnessed the destructive power of a flow of air, called convection cells, results. The 1315 East West Highway, ROOM 15400 massesis further modi- twister knows just how much punch the wind can cyclic motion of these air Silver Spring, MD 20910 pack! What many people don't realize is that when fied by Earth's own rotation, deflecting them to the (301) 713-0575 they see the wind blow, they're really watching the east and west. Known as the Corioliseffect, this rotation deflection is what gives rise to the global Web sites power of the sun! National Weather Service wind belts including the polar easterlies, mid-lati- http://www.nws.noaa.gov/ On Earth, our surface is surrounded by an ocean of tude westerlies, and tropical trade winds. air called the atmosphere, which, like water, is quite The Wind: Our Fierce Friend fluid. Just like there are currents in the ocean, our http://sInii.edu.tfi/units/energy/ wind.html atmosphere has wind currents controlled by many (©illne@iiillong of the same factors, including temperature differences, density differences, and the spin of theplan- How did the global wind belts control the routes of et. Most winds get started because of local changes early explorers and traders who depended on the in the density of air. As with most matter, when air wind to move them around? Besides sailboats, how elsewas the wind used to power civilizationsof is heated, it expands, causing it to become less NEWTON'S APPLE video dense. Just like in a hot-air balloon, warm air is the past? cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this buoyant. Cool air, which is more dense, moves in and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www. k tca.org/newtons

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. Saitil Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grantfr5D NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTa a°56_ Innovation THE HEAT IS ON SHOW NUMBER tgen 1510 See how heat from the sun creates wind andhow Earth's rotation changes its path. Wind Blow http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons .t,24 AiCAH adMV

How fast does the Convection cells are circular currents of air that pie plate into the pie plate containingwater wind blow in your result when hot air rises into the neighborhood? Try upper atmos- and spin it for about 30 seconds. Describe your hand at design- phere, cools and contracts, sinks downnear the the patterns that are formed. ing and building your Earth's surface, heats up and expands, and then own wind vane and rises again. The rotation of Earthcauses these air anemometer to mea- masses to move in the form of wind. In this sure the direction and Questions activity, you'll create small convection cells and speed of the wind. (You could use a watch their patterns as you put the spinon them. 1. How did the shape of the convection cells bicycle wheel for your change as you heated the plate? anemometer.) Set up 2. The patterns that formed whenyou spun the a mini-weather sta- Materials tion and record the plate can be compared to the windpatterns data for a month. in Earth's atmosphere. Do you think wind Are there any local 2 aluminum pie pans patterns flow the same around other planets? wind patterns? opaque, white dishwashing liquid Why or why not? red or green food coloring witha dropper candle in a holder and matches watch with second hand How does Earth's surface control the wind? 1. Fill one of the aluminum Set up an experiment pie plates with a half using two identical cups. inch of dishwashing Fill one with water and leave the second empty. liquid. Fill the other Place each under a light plate with a half inch bulb for 15 minutes. of water. Use a thermometer to 2. Using the plate with the see which heats faster dishwashing liquid, place and then turn off the light to see how fast several drops of food color- they cool. How does your ing about halfway between the experiment help explain center and the edge of the plate. offshore winds ? 3. Light the candle and place it in its holder. Hold the plate over the candle so that the drops of food coloring are directlyover the Long before there flame. Wait about 45 seconds and observe were fossil fuels to what happens to the drops of food coloring. power our vehicles, Describe how they look and how they people used the move. wind. Design and 4. When heated, your drops of food coloring build a tabletop wind act like convection cells that form near racer that goes with Earth's surface. To see how the Earth'srota- the flow. Using a tion might affect these cells, place the first fan, challenge your friends to see who wins the race.

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NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Madepossible by a'grant from 3M. 51 L Innovation N'S CAR ENGINES cipliiines work!

Su Chin looks under the hood to examine the workings of an engine. http://www.ktca.orginewtons ettuil Started I 14 Begin the lesson by having small groups of stu- explodes, it produces a great deal of hot gas, which Resources dents do the following activity: Place two tea- presses against the face of a piston, pushing it down spoons of baking soda in a gallon-size, zipper-type in the cylinder. The other end of the piston is con- storage bag. Put a cup containing three ounces of nected to a piston rod that turns a rotating crankshaft, which in turn is linked to the car wheels. The vinegar inside the bag, being careful not to spill Books any vinegar from the cup. Zip the bag closed. up-and-down motion of the piston makes the Heywood, 1. (1988) Internal combustion Hold the bag out away from you over a sink or crankshaft turn, just as the up-and-down pedaling engine fundamentals. New York: garbage container. Pour the vinegar onto the turns the crank of a bike. It is this rotary motion of McGraw-Hill. baking soda. the crankshaft that runs the car's engine. Macaulay, D. (1988) The way things work. Boston: Houghton Ask the students the following questions: What For all this motion to take place smoothly, four dis- Mifflin Company. happens to the bag? What happened inside the tinct actions or strokes occur in the engine. During Computer software bag to cause this reaction? How is this type of reac- the intake stroke, the piston moves down in the Microsoft Home Essentials: tion, where chemical energy is transformed into cylinder and a mixture of air and fuel enters the Microsoft Encarta 97 Encyclopedia. mechanical, energy, similar to what happens inside cylinder through a valve in the top. In the compres- (800) 454-9497 a car engine? How are they different? sion stroke, the valve closes and the piston begins to Organizations move back up the cylinder, compressing the mixture. Society of Automotive Engineers 400 Commonwealth Drive Once the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001 the spark plug ignites the fuel, which drives the (412) 776-4841 It's hard to imagine living in a world where there are piston back down. This is called the power stroke Web sites no cars, buses, or trucks. When it comes to impor- because it's where the power comes from. In the Society of Automotive Engineers tant inventions, the internal combustion engine has final exhaust stroke, the piston moves back up http://www.sae.org to be near the top of the list. Unlike most steam again and a second valve opens to allow the spent University of Michigan Automotive engines that preceded them, internal combustion gas to escape. Then the cycle starts all over again. Research Center engines are small enough to fit in personal vehicles, http://arc.engin.umich.edu such as cars. Unlike electric motors, these little Typical car engines have either four, six, or eight powerhouses can travel a long distance on a cylinders. It is important that all of the piston Woman Motorist Magazine On-Line http://www.womanmotorist.com compact fuel source. movements are timed to move in an orderly way. Otherwise, the engine won't run smoothly. As with most inventions, the internal combustion engine is really the product of many individuals working over a long period of time. Early experi- &muted @ ments with engines that burned liquid fuel started back in 1838, but it wasn't until 1876 that a 1.How did the development of the internal com- German engineer named Nikolaus Otto created bustion engine change the settlement pattern of one that actually worked. people over the last 100 years? 2.What are some of the disadvantages associated Little has changed in the Otto-cycle engine over with the internal combustion engine and how NEWTON'S APPLE video cassettes and educational materials the last 120 years. The key element behind its power might they be corrected? provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- involves igniting a small amount of gasoline inside a NEWTON or check out our Web site at: confined space called the cylinder. As the fuel http://www.ktca.orginewtons

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1511 Build a piston system to convert linear to rotary motion. Car Engines AdhaV

For an engine to run For a car to move, the wheels have to turn in a rotary 5.Determine the maximum number of complete efficiently, the motor motion. Internal combustion engines are powered by cycles the piston can make in 15 seconds. To do has to keep cool. pistons which move in a back-and-forth or linear Otherwise, the metal this, carefully slide the piston up and down as parts will begin to motion. By building and testing a model piston/crank- quickly as you can without bending the apparatus. expand and eventually shaft system, you'll discover how this energy transfer 6.Now connect the piston rod to the next hole lock up or "seize." See takes place and learn why there is an upper limit to how toward the center of the crankshaft and repeat if you can design a fast an engine can run. "radical radiator" that steps 4 and 5, recording your results. Repeat this dissipates the heat from for all the holes in the crankshaft. a cup of hot water. Try Materials using flexible plastic two 11" x 17" pieces of cardboard or chipboard Questions tubing for the core and strong pair of scissors and glue aluminum foil fins. three 2" brass paper fasteners 1. What happened when you attached the piston rod 2" roofing nail doser to the center of the crankshaft? metric ruler and stopwatch 2. Was it easier or harder to make the crankshaft turn quickly? Car transmissions use 1. Create a piston by copying and enlarging the illus- 3. Did the crankshaft get stuck in any part of its gears to speed up the tration below. Cut the parts (piston head, piston motion? In a real engine, would this happen, too? rate at which the wheels turn. You can see how rod, crankshaft, and cylinder sides) out of one of the Why or why not? they work by checking pieces of cardboard or chipboard. You will mount out the gear cluster on a the parts on the other piece. 10-speed bike. Turn the 2. Using the point of the nail, carefully punch out four PISTON HEAD bike upside down. As holes in the crankshaft, one hole at each end of the you turn the pedals, switch gears on the rear piston rod, and one hole midcenter at the bottom of wheel. See how the the piston head. Assemble the piston head, piston speed of the tire rod, and crankshaft using the brass fasteners. Glue changes relative to the the cylinder sides to your base board, allowing speed of the crank and enough room between them for the piston head to CYLINDER SIDES size of the gear. Come up with a mathematical move up and down without getting stuck. Finally, relationship to predict punch a hole in the base board so that you can these speed changes? attach the free end of the crankshaft to it. Makesure you've allowed enough room so that the piston rod can turn the crankshaft completely when the piston head moves up and down.

What role does oil play 3. Gently push the piston up and down in in an engine and the cylinder. how do different types 4. Using the ruler, measure the length of the stroke of oil behave? Check out that the piston makes during one complete turn of samples of a 30-weight, the crankshaft. The stroke distance (D) is the 50-weight, and multi- weight oil. How do their difference between the highest and lowest properties compare. point in the piston's head during one rotation of the crankshaft.

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NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. 3 aa Innovation N'S ZOO VET How is a zoo vet different from my puppy s vet?

NEWTON'S APPLE looks at a day in the life of a zoo vet. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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Begin the lesson by dividing the blackboard in Because the wild animals in zoos and aquariums Resources half, labeling one half 'Animals" and the other are so exotic, their diseases can be, too. Sometimes "Needs." Have the students come up with a list of an animal may suffer from a disease never before all the animals that might be found in a zoo. seen in its species. And sometimes one species of Instruct them to think of all the things that a zoo animal may transmit a "treatable" disease to anoth- Books and articles needs to do and provide for each animal. Next to er species in whom that disease is incurable. Irvine, G. (1991) The work of zoo doctors at the San Diego Zoo. New York: each "Needs," write students' suggestions of who Simon & Schuster. (out of print) could take care of each task you listed. Ask the A zoo is a collection of ecosystems and wild ani- students: What do you think the role of a zoo is mal species. To ensure healthy animals, all aspects Computer software or should be? of their living space must be just right. Zoo vets Scholastic: Operation Frog. CD-ROM for Macintosh, or 3.5 diskettes for DOS and are instrumental in exhibit design because they can Olb Macintosh. Available from Scholastic, detect health problems linked to the anxiety level (800) SCHOLASTIC or igVerde of an animal in a too-small or crowded space. http://scholastic.com

Organizations Zoos and aquariums throughout the world share One of the most important people at any zoo is American Association of Zoo the veterinarian. Though zoo vets and domestic information on breeding of captive animals. In an Veterinarians animal vets go to school for the same amount of effort to eliminate the capture of wild animals for 6 North Pennel Road time, zoo vets must be familiar with the anatomy zoos, these institutions plan their breeding pro- Media, PA 19063 (610) 892-4812 grams for the good of wild animals everywhere. and physiology of many more species of animals http://www.worldzoo.org/aazv/aazv.htm thousands in some cases. A zoo vet must know Family trees are kept to ensure that animals from how to take and read x-rays of a giraffe's neck or a different ancestry breed together (in-breeding can National Wildlife Federation crocodile's tail, whether a snake's vertebrae is devel- pass genetic diseases down through the genera- 1400 Sixteenth Street, NW tions). Vets determine when a female is ready to Washington, DC 20036 oping correctly, where the best place is to give a (800) 588-1650 shot to an elephant, and much more. breed, monitor the pregnancy, and, when neces- http://www.nwtorg/natlwild/ sary, help deliver the young. 1997 /tableas7.html Zoo vets make regular visits to every animal enclo- Web sites Often veterinarians specialize. Some specialty areas sure and discuss potential health concerns with The Electronic Zoo zookeepers, who are usually the first to notice if an include cardiology, epidemiology, neurology, http://netvet.wustl.edu/e-zoo.htm animal is sick or injured. Wild animals in captivity surgery, dentistry, ophthalmology, and radiology. need periodic checkups and vaccinations. The vet Specialists in these and other fields are helping ZooNetAll About Zoos http://mindspring.com/zoonet/ must carefully examine each animal's coat or skin, captive animals live healthier and longer lives. teeth, ears, eyes, heart, and lungs. Animal Omnibus http://www.birminghamzoo.com/ao/ Different animals need different preventive care. gl@EiN@HZ The University of Michigan Museum of For example, unlike humans, whose teeth stop Zoology's Animal Diversity Web growing when they reach a certain size, some ani- Zoos have a serious mission: animal conservation. http://www.oit.itd.umich.edu/ mals (like rabbits) have teeth that keep growing What relationship might zoo vets have with orga- projects/ADW/ but are naturally ground down in the wild by what nizations that seek to protect endangered species? the animal chews. Zoo vets must grind these ani- NEWTON'S APPLE video mals' teeth down or make certain that they have cassettes and educational materials provide further information about this appropriate items to chew. and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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1511 Design an environment that keeps wild animals safe and healthy in captivity. Zoo Vet

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Imagine yourself to Zoo vets work closely with zoo planners and other 1.Identify and assign the species that each group be your favorite zoo zoo staff to determine the healthiest environment animal. Write a story will study. (You may want to call a localzoo or about how you spend for each species. Study two animals to determine check the many zoos on the Web to determine 24 hours. What does how to provide the best ecosystem for them. which animals are found in each ecosystem.) your area look like? Design an area of the zoo for them to live in. Plan Alternately, assign an ecosystem to eachgroup, Who visits you? Do each ecosystem design to a common scaleso that and allow the group to select the animals they you like them? What the final product combines the work of each do you eat and do? will include. What would life be group to create a classroom zoo. 2. Research how to provide the best like if you were liv- ecosystem, including the optimum ing in your natural Use any resources available number of animals of each species; environment rather (text, software, Web sites, the space required for each than the zoo? zoo staff etc.) as you species; and temperature, light, gather information for water, plant, food, and data logs. medical requirement for each species. If time allows, each 3. On chart paper, design Visit your local zoo. group will use recy- the section of your class- Record your observa- cling supplies (card- room zoo that will house tions of how the ani- board, cans, etc.) and mals are presented to your animals. Be sure to other supplies (clay, the public. What do use rulers to make your they eat? What feathers, sticks) to cre- design to scale. (Note: ecosystems are ate the animals and Before you start, make a displayed? What do habitats for the zoo. class decision regarding the you learn from the exhibit signage? scale to use.) Materials 4. Connect the ecosystems designed by all the groups to cre- paper and pencils to create ate the classroom zoo. Present your data logs and record data group's zoo ecosystem and its inhabitants variety of information resources (books, to the larger group, and answer any questions Many animal conserva- magazines, local zoo, Web sites, software) others have about your animals or your design. tion and protection orga- chart paper nizations encourage stu- ruler Questions dents to adopt an ani- markers mal and learn more recycling and other art supplies about its situation. 1. What fields of science do zoo staff members, Explore possibilities including zoo vets, need to understand? for your class to adopt 2 'What other areas of expertise are required to an animal. Some of the manage a successful zoo? organizations are listed in the Resource section on the reverse side.

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N'S NASA ROBOTS

David takes a journey to space with exploration robots. http://www.ktca.org/newtons

N444tetting Started

Begin the lesson by asking students to imagine they Much robot development is spurred by NASA. The liesouroes are robots in Earth's orbit with a simple task to per- space agency plans to use robots in three basic ways: form: Tie the safety tether of an astronaut to a on-orbit assembly, science payload tending, and metal ring in the open cargo bay of the space shut- planetary surface exploration. Assembly robots will tle. Easy for a high-tech robot, right? help build Space Station Alpha during the next few Books and articles years. The robots will be the eyes and hands of Brown, L. (1996) Robotix Mars mission Have students put on blindfolds and tie their human controllers who will use something called activity guide (for grades 3-12). Chicago: Carnegie Science Center shoes. Ask them to try it again, this time wearing virtual reality telepresence toseewhat the robotsees. and Learning Curve Toys the blindfolds and heavy gloves. Repeat the task a Educational Division. third time, but this time tape Popsicle sticks or Science payload robots will help astronauts inside To obtain, call (800) 704-8697 or tongue depressors to the fingers of the gloves. the space station and will run science experiments e-mail: [email protected] when people aren't around. Exploration robots will Haddrill, M. (1997, June) The incredible Ask students the following questions: Why is it so land on and survey distant planets, moons, and shrinking robot. Final Frontier, p. 26. hard to tie your shoes? What are the many different asteroids. These robots must be able to "think" for kinds of signals your brain receives from your body themselves. If a robot comes to a cliff on Mars, for Web sites learning Curve Toys (Robotix to do this seemingly simple task? What would be example, it has to stop without a controller back on Construction System) fact sheet involved in building a machine to tie your shoes? Earth telling it to do so. Thinking robots are http://learningtoys.com/WORKSHOP/ important because it takes many minutes to com- quickfaq.html municate between Earth and other planets, so OVerVieW human controllers can't respond fast enough to Long Range Science Rover Task (NASA robots for planetary exploration) help a robot avoid a dangerous situation. http://robotics.iptnasa.gov/tasks/ Sometime during your life, maybe about 20 years scirover/homepage.html from now, you will see the first images of a human Earth-bound industries are adapting much of walking on Mars. Long before a human undertakes NASA's robotic technology for everything from NASA Space Telerobotics Program http://ra nier.oact.hq.nasa.gov/ the dangerous task of going to Mars, however, the tiny microsurgery tools to giant steam shovels. telerobotics_page/programdesc.html planet will be explored by an army of large and While a robot may never actually tie your shoes, small robots. the machines are increasingly becoming creatures Robotics Engineering Consortium not just of science fiction, but of the real world. (NASA-inspired robots at work on Earth) http://rec.ri.cmu.edu/REC/ A robot is an electronically controlled device pro- brochure/broch2.html grammed to conduct tasks that could normally be done by human workers. In hostile environments IZennections Robotics Related Periodicals and Publications everywhere, particularly in space, modern explorers '1/4* http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/robotics- are turning to robots to undertake dangerous mis- I. Robots have been used in manufacturing for faq/4.html#4.2.1 sionsmissions that cannot yet be undertaken by more than a decade. What products do you use humans. In July 1997, a small robotic rover called that were made with the help of a robot? How Updates on NASA's Mars Missions Sojourner drove around on the cold surface of and why was a robot used? http://quest.arc.nasa.gov/mars Mars, the first of many robots being designed by 2. Do you think a smart robot could be your NASA to explore other planets. On Earth, smart friend? How would that be different from hav- robots are being developed to venture into active ing a human friend or even a pet? What respon- NEWTON'S APPLE video sibilities would you have toward the robot? cassettes and educational materials volcanoes, dive deep into the oceans, search for provide further information about this land mines left from wars, and help police disarm 3. What activities or problems can you think of and other topics. Call 1-800-588- NEWTON or check our our Web site at: terrorist bombs. that a robot could solve or at least help with? http://www.ktca.orenewtons

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SHOW NUMBER NSAR T tudtp teeth'

1512 Try your hand at guiding a robot to doa simple task. NASA Robots http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

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Before there were Until robots become true "thinking" machines, vering easier. Define a specific length fora step robots, craftsmen able to understand their environ- built "automated (the length of a piece of notebookpaper, for men" using gears, ment and make decisions example) and instead of saying "turn motors, pulleys, and about what to do to accom- right" or "turn left," work out levers. These devices, plish their mission, they specific angles for the size of which range from will depend on con- turns ("turn 20 degrees to the piano-playing people trollers to guide them. In to bell ringers, are not right," for example). true robots because this activity you will work 4. Repeat the mission again they are not program- with a partner to find out how using a different route, tak- mable. Research the hard it is to accurately guide ing a turn in each role. Did history of automated a robot through the glossary make things eas- systems. Do they use even simple tasks. feedback? ier for both the robot and the controller? Was there less Materials misunderstanding? 0 5. Try it again, but this time draw amap Robots have long been blindfold of the route the robot is supposedto take. associated with outer notebook 0 The controller must sit facing away from space. From Voyager 2 shoe box (or some the course the robot must follow, but this to Viking to Sojourner, other container that size) 0 time the controller will use the robot's robot probes have col- baseball or tennis ball lected an enormous eyes (which in a real robot would amount of information be a TV camera). The controller from areas where "no 1. Working with a partner, one ofyou must use the map to keep track of one has gone before." will take on the role of a robot, the the robot's location and is allowed Where are robots going other the controller. The person play- to ask "yes" and "no" questions so in the 21st century? ing the robot should be securely blind- the robot can give feedback about folded and given the ball. its surroundings. The robot must 2. The robot, following verbal instruc- still await the controller's instructions tions from the controller, mustmove before moving. Craters form on planets along a prescribed course (downan aisle and and moons when mete- around a desk, for example) and then deposit ors hit. The shape of a Questions crater reveals a lot about the ball in the container. The robot can't talk the power of the impact. during the first attempt and must follow the 1. What problems might you face if the robot Drop a metal ball bear- directions given to it exactly ("turn right" does- wasn't as smart as you or your partner? ing into a dishpan filled n't necessarily mean all parts of the bodyor 90° 2. The minimum round-time for a signal with flour. Remove the right). After the robot has successfully ball with a magnet and put the between Earth and Mars is 8.8 minutes; the measure the width and ball in the container, the robot and controller maximum time is 41.9 minutes. How would depth of the crater. Try should switch roles and try it again. you change your commands if they took 20 or different-sized balls 3. When you have both completed the task, fig- 30 minutes to reach your robot? What dangers dropped from different ure out what the most difficult part in com- would that delay cause? heights. Why are the municating instructions was, then developa craters different? 3. What sensory devices could you addto the written glossary of commands to makemaneu- robot to make controlling itmore precise?

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What re robotz.und how do they differ from other machines.

David and Eileen examine what makes a robot what it is. http://www.ktca.orginewtons 01'4- enttg Roged

Begin the lesson by asking students: What does the the human eye or as simple as a photo cell, collect Resotonez word "robot" mean to you? How do real robots information and send it to a comparer, which ana- compare with the humanlike creatures found in sci- lyzes the data by comparing it to some set standard ence fiction movies and books? In living things, the comparer is usually the brain, while in robots, it's a microprocessor. Books and articles Robots are often used to work in environments that Brooks, R. (1991, Sept) New approaches are either inaccessible or too dangerous for humans. If the sensory data shows that the system is not to robotics. Science, pp. 1227-1232. Have students think of some places where robots working according to the standard, the comparer Rosheim, M. (1994) Robot evolution: The are used today. Ask them what guidelines they can sends a message to an adjuster that changes the way development of anthropomorphics. use to determine if something is truly a robot. the system is operating. In a human eye, the adjuster New York: John Wiley & Sons. Then have them watch the video segment and may be the iris, which controls how much light strikes the eye sensor, the retina. In the case of a Suplee, C. (1997, July) Robot revolution. play "Bot or Not?"! National Geographic, pp. 76-95. robot, the adjuster might be a set of gears, hydraulic valves, or pulleys that control how much pressure is Computer software exerted or in which direction the robot moves. Microsoft: Isaac Asimov's The Ultimate Robot Available in catalogs.

When people hear the word "robot," the first thing As computers get more powerful and programs get Organizations that usually comes to mind are the shiny metal more sophisticated, simple feedback systems in Robotics Society of America androids featured in classic science fiction movies. robots are being replaced by artificial intelligence. As P.O. Box 1205 Danville, CA 94526-1205 While machines resembling C-3P0 and R2-D2 the name suggests, artificial intelligence (AI) is an (415) 550-0588 have been built, they are more the exception than attempt at mimicking true thought processes used by the rule in today's robot community. More often humans and other sophisticated creatures. While Web sites than not, modern robots look nothing like humans. full-fledged reasoning is still many miles down the Mobile Robot Laboratory Research Projects Their forms are usually the result of the functions technological highway, new advances in AI have http://www.cc.gatech.edu/a imosaic/ they have been created to perform. given robots the ability to learn from their mistakes, robot-lab/research/aaai94.html recognize patterns, make simple decisions, and even words.With continued The Robot Group By definition, a robot is an electronically controlled comprehend spoken advances in AI, it's only a matter of time before we http://www.robotgroup.org/ device programmed to conduct a series of tasks that all have our own robots to take care of the house- would normally be carried out by humans. Like Robotics Internet Resource Page work, walk the dog, and do the shopping! computers, robots follow only those commands that http://piglet.cs.umass.edu:4321/ robotics.html have been placed in their microprocessor brains.

Without proper programming, robots would not be Learning Curve Toys ©Gti ter $J ©leg able to carry out even the simplest function. While (Robotix Construction System) robots are not capable of thought in the traditional fact sheet How is the feedback system in a human eye compa- http://learningtoys.com/WORKSHOP/ sense, their programming often allows them to make rable to the one found in an auto-focus camera? quickfax.html decisions through a process known as feedback. How might this technique be used in a robotic space probe designed to take pictures of a distant planet? Simply stated, feedback is the process where information is taken in, analyzed, and then used to make NEWTON'S APPLE video cassettes and educational materials an adjustment in a system. All feedback systems, provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- whether living or mechanical, have three main com- NEWTON or check out our Web site at: ponents. Sensors, which can be as sophisticated as http://www.ktca.org/newtons

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n EtiN itt.

Discover the limitations of mechanicalsensors used by robots. http://www.ktca.orginewtons

NO* @ 17 NV

Even the simplest task How difficult is it for mechanical sensors to each member of the group try to collect as must be programmed into collect information in robotic systems? Because the robot's memory in a much information as possible on the size and sequence that the machine the human sense of touch is so well developed, shape of the object by slipping the wooden can follow. Write a simple it's hard to imagine what type of informationa dowel under the drape and using it to flow chart/program that mechanical hand might obtain. See how "sense- "probe" the object. After all team members commands someone else ible" you can be when you try to gather infor- have collected their data using the stick, they to perform a specific func- mation about the size and shape of an object tionshoot a basketball, should draw a picture of what they think the move a desk, etc. Account using nothing but a mechanical sensor. object looks like. Repeat the procedure with for every action in the the other mystery objects. After all the indi- proper sequence and leave Materials viduals have finished, compare the drawings nothing open-ended. Have to the actual objects. someone follow your large, open cardboard box approximately 40 programming to get the job done. by 30 by 20 cm (16" by 12" by 8") (The Extend the activity: kind that copier paper comes in How does your sense of touch improve when works great.) you use your own hand? Once you WIT Vild2 wooden dowel approximately have completed the 30 cm long While many science fic- activity using the tion movies have been piece of opaque fabric large wooden sensory probe, based on robots resem- enough to cover the try repeating it with a bling humans, building box opening different set of a robot that can walk masking tape like a person has proven objectsonly this to be an exceptionally time, use your hand to difficult task. Research 1. Discuss how the collect the data. How the Pathfinder's rover sense of touch might you design a Sojourner to find out allows you to probe or set of probes that how scientists built it to determine the more closely resembles the move across the surface size and shape of Mars. How might you human hand? For example, how would apply- design a robot? of an object, and ing wax or soft clay to the end of the dowel then imagine what affect how the object feels? it would be like if the only way you could "feel" something would Questions Feedback systems in be through the use of a mechanical probe. robots closely resemble 1. How did using a probe limit the amount of those that keep our own 2. Set up the sensory box by using the masking information you could gather? bodies in balance. To see tape to drape the fabric over the opening of a simple feedback system 2. How might changing the diameter of the at work, get a small the box. Turn the box on its side andset it dowel help change the "resolution" of the flashlight and stare into a up in the middle of the table. Each person in data collected? mirror. Shine the light the group should select one mystery object 3. Would changing the material that the into your eye and see for placement in the box, making sure the probe is made from help you collect more what happens. How fast other members of the group do not see it. does this reaction occur? useful data? What controls it? 3. Place the first object in the box and have

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How is lig form

Brian becomes well-grounded in the physics of lightning. http: / /www.ktca.org /newtons

44i*ogling &toted Begin the lesson by explaining that lightning is an In a thunderstorm, that spark is a lightning bolt. Resources extreme example of the same static electricity that It's only a couple of inches wide, but it leaps shocks your fingers when you touch a metal door between the clouds and the earth at a remarkable knob after rubbing your feet on a thick carpet. 90,000 miles per second. The power in the stroke is three million megawatts, comparable to Books and articles Burroughs, W. (1996) The Nature all the power generated in the United States at The powerful bolts from the sky are proof of the Company guides to weather. New York: old saying, "Opposites attract." To demonstrate, any one instant. Time-Life Books. blow up a balloon, draw a face on it with a permanent marker, and then hang it on a string about The separation of positive and negative charges Day, J. (1991) Peterson first guides, clouds and weather: A simplified field necessary for lightning begins during a thunder- head high for the students in your class. Have vol- guide to the atmosphere. Boston: unteers rub the face vigorously with a piece of storm, when rising water droplets collide with Houghton Mifflin Company. wool. Does the face turn toward that person? Why? falling hailstones in the middle of the cloud. The Ask the volunteer to step away from the balloon, hail strips electrons from the droplets and the top Newcott, W. R. (1993, July) Lightning: Nature's high-voltage spectacle. then move toward it. Have other students try this of the cloud becomes positively charged, while the National Geographic, p. 80. same exercise. Ask: How close to the balloon do bottom becomes negatively charged. What we see you have to be before it reacts to you? What do as lightning happens in a two-step process. Static Web sites you think is happening? electricity builds up between the earth and the Automated Weather Source Online http://aws.com/index.html cloud and a spark in the form of an invisible light-

ning bolt comes down from the cloud. Boston Museum of Science http://www.mos.org Just before this bolt reaches the ground, it is met (Click on the electricity exhibit) with an upward moving, positively charged spark. Scientists know that lightning results from a com- Lightning Retardant Cable plicated interplay of positive and negative electrical When the two collide, an explosion occurs as the http://207.158.219.249/1inks.htm#11 charges occurring in the 2,000 or so thunderstorms return stroke travels up the boltthe result: a visi- taking place on Earth at any given moment. ble flash called lightning. National Weather Service, Newport, NC, Home Page http://www.eastnc.coastalnet.com/ To learn about what causes lightning, scientists had 4° weather/nwsmhx/lightng.htm to learn about the interaction of electrons and posi- Conriectierts tive ions. Electrons, tiny particles orbiting the out- NOVA Online: Lightning! http://vvww.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/nova/ 1 Why do most people hit by lightning survive? side of atoms, carry a negative charge. Positive ions teachersguide/lightning/ are atoms or molecules that have lost an electron. How do airliners, which are each hit by light- The first of a series of linked pages Atoms and molecules normally have equal positive ning about once a year, manage to keep flying? that explore lightning and include sev- and negative charges, making them neutral. 2.Florida has some of the strongest lightning eral activities for the classroom. activity in the country, while there is very little When different materials come in contact, elec- in Oregon and Washington state. Why? trons are transferred and one of the materials gains 3.While the initial charge of most bolts of light- an excess of electrons and becomes negatively ning travels from the cloud down to the charged. When an object with a lot of positive or ground, the flash we see actually travels from negative charges gets close to an object carrying the the ground up to the cloud. Why does the flash NEWTON'S APPLE video cassettes and educational materials opposite charge, a spark jumps across the space look like it is traveling down? provide further information about this and other topics. Call 1- 800 -588- between them to neutralize the charges. NEWTON or check out our Web site at: h tt p :/ /www.ktca.org/ newto ns

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Educational materials developed withre PhlAional Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of ITCA"Aint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant)m3M. aid Innovation Charge up a balloon and watch the reactions. hrtp://www.ktca.orginewtons

blaufigy

Ask a meteorologist Only scientists with sophisticated equipmentcan the balloon very close to the salt andpepper. from a local TV sta- actually study lightning, but the same forces ofsta- tion, your regional What happens? Is it what you expected? National Weather tic electricity that drive lightning can be studiedon 6. Go back through the experiments and chart, in Service office, or a a much smaller and safer scale. writing, the positive and negative forces local college or uni- involved in each step and how they caused the versity to come to In this activity you'll play with elec- motions you observe. your class and talk trons, creating negative and posi- about lightning. How tive charges like those that do weather forecast- ers predict lightning? form in thunderstorms. Questions Are there different Instead of creating bolts types of lightning? of lightning that can 1. Based on what you've seen, fry trees, you'll use the can you explain why rubbing charges to attract and your feet on a carpet and repel objects. then touching another person Research the dangers or something metal causes a of lightning and devel- Materials shock? Why does static elec- op a safety quiz for tricity seem to build up more your school. Find the balloons in dry air than in moist air? safest place to be in a Styrofoam packing 2. Some materials, such as lightning storm. What pellets or puffed rice do you do if you're wool and human hair, give up caught outdoors? Is it cereal electrons very easily and produce a really safe to be in a strips of wool cloth negative charge in an otherwise car? Is it dangerous to salt and pepper (The little neutral object. Other materials, such take a shower or talk packets from fast food restaurants as rubber, don't. Why? on the phone in a work well.) lightning storm? Why? 3. After you've explored the charges on the balloon, 1. Inflate a balloon experiment with other and rub it with a lio objects available in your wool cloth. school, such as a rubber rod, a glass rod, Cut out small squares 2. Bring your balloon close to a handful or a piece of PVC plumbing pipe. Rub these of paper and put them of the Styrofoam pellets and watch objects with silk, fur, or wool, and see what on a table. Put the top what happens. of a clear plastic, happens when you bring themnear your take-out container over 3. Many of the pellets will cling to the balloon. balloon. Do the objects attract or repel the the pieces of paper Wait for several minutes and observe what balloon? Why? and rub the top vigor- happens to the pellets. ously with a wool cloth 4. Try to explain what forceswere involved in for 2 or 3 minutes. the pellets being attracted to the balloon, What happens if you stop rubbing and wait then explain the odd behavior of the pellets 15 minutes? What that followed. happens if you rub the 5 Mix together a small pile of salt andpepper, plastic again? recharge the balloon with the cloth, then hold

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.Wh a tL a re,:ro .why thq importane M n= Dave takes a spin with proteins to see how they move. http: //www.ktca.org /newtons etfing St vied '14*. To begin the lesson, set a Koosh ball (available at a What job a protein does in the body is determined toy store) on a table. Blow on it lightly and ask the by its structure (its conformation) and the way it class to describe the effect of the moving air on the moves (its dynamics). Hemoglobin, for example, is Koosh ball's strands. Then give it a quick, hard an important red blood cell protein that delivers puff and ask, "How did the strands behave differ- oxygen to tissues and hauls carbon dioxide to the Books and articles ently when hit by the stronger current of air? How lungs for removal. In the lungs, oxygen binds to Borman, S. (1996, May 27) Scientists was the overall shape of the Koosh ball affected?" the iron atoms inside a hemoglobin molecule and refine understanding of protein folding and design. Chemical and Engineering Stick a small bit of clay on one of the strands. Ask any attached carbon dioxide is released. News, p. 29. students to describe how changes in the form of one of the strands affects the arrangement of In the tissues, the molecules of oxygen are released Clore, G. & Gronenborn, A. (1993) NMR the others. and more carbon dioxide is picked up. As illustrat- of proteins. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ed in the video segment, it is the motions of parts McCammon, J. & Harvey, S. (1987) Explain that the Koosh ball's movements resemble of the hemoglobin molecule that makes this bind- Dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids. those of a protein molecule, though the two don't ing and release action work. England: Cambridge University Press. look like each other. In the case of proteins, exter- Schulz, G. & Schirmer, R. (1985) nal factors like water molecules, not air, can affect Scientists can investigate these motions or dynam- Principles of protein structure. New surface projections of the protein and change its ics as well as the protein's structure using a tech- York: Springer-Verlag. overall shape. nique called NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy. The nuclei of some atoms are like lit- Web sites Hemoglobin Allostery Ask the following questions: What are proteins? tle magnets; they align within a magnetic field. If http://cherubino.med.jhu.edu/raj/ Why are they important to us? Why would alteringdisturbed by a very quick blast of radio waves, this Research/Hemo/hemo.html a protein's shape be important? alignment is disrupted and these little magnets . gradually relax back into alignment with the field. Hemoglobin and Cooperativity Researchers can interpret this NMR relaxation to http://www.psc.edu/MetaCenteri MetaScience/Articles/Ho/ venifien get very detailed information about molecular Ho-hemoglobin.html 440A, motion and how proteins do their many different Proteins run our show. Muscles, organs, hair, bone, tasks in the body. Protein Structure: A Beginner's Guide to and skin either contain or are made of proteins. Molecular Biology **\* http://www.res.bbsrc.ac.uk/molbio/ They are a major component in all of our cells. guide/prot.html Enzymes that run the chemical reactions in our C)EDEMe¢9110n0 bodies are proteins. Proteins help us move, send messages (hormones and nerve receptors), fight off 1. A protein's structure and activity allow it to disease (antibodies), and transport other molecules accomplish its function. How do you use your and atoms around our bodies. own shape and movement to accomplish tasks? 2. You need to eat protein to survive. What foods A protein is a molecule that consists of a chain of contain protein? Do you think you get enough amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids to protein in what you eat? How can you find out? choose from, and the genetic information in our NEWTON'S APPLE video DNA determines how they're put together. A sin- cassettes and educational materials gle protein consists of hundreds of amino acids, all provide further information about this and other topic's. Call I- 800 -588- folding into a structure with a specific shape. NEWTON or check out our Web site at: http://www.ktca.orenewtons

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Design your own pro- Scientists describe the structure of proteins several What happens if you combine yours with tein out of a building different ways, from the sequence of amino another group's? set, gumdrops and acidsthe basic building blocks of proteinto toothpicks, or a rope 3. Now take the Ping-Pong or golf ball andtry to or thick string. What how proteins interact. Some of the basicstructures get it into the middle of your four helices. do you want your proof proteins are recognizable; one is the alpha-helix, What do you have to do to get it to fit inside? tein to do? How will its which looks like an open spiral staircase. Another How is this similar to what a protein doesto shape have to be is the beta-sheet, which resemblesa picket fence. altered to perform that accommodate a smaller molecule? What kinds In this activity, you'll build a model of function? a protein of molecules change their conformation like with four helix units. this to do their job?

Materials (pergroup of four) Questions

four 10"-12" cardboard tubes (from plastic Why is it important for researchers to know the Demonstrate NMR wrap or aluminum foil) shapes of different proteins? How doyou think relaxation with a gyro- four 30"-long pieces of Velcro (with peel-off they are able to alter a protein's shape? scope. Set a gyro- sticky back) scope in motion. How cotton balls does the motion resemble the motion Ping-Pong or golf ball of a protein nucleus inside an NMR? What 1. Each member of the group happens to the gyro- will make one helix: Hold scope after its been one of the tubes verti- spinning for a while? cally and wrap the Velcro strip around the tube in a 41717Vido spiral pattern. Attach the cot- Vegetarian diets are ton balls to the often protein deficient. Velcro an inch Why is that? Research apart from each vegetarian diets and other. Can you see find out which vegetarian foods can supply how this resembles a humans with an ade- helix structure of a pro- quate amount of protein? What do the cotton tein. Create a vegetari- balls represent? an menu for one day 2. Position four tubes together that would provide you with your daily protein so that the cotton balls of one requirements. tube touch the Velcro strip of another. They should be able to hold together this way.

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[2] TRY nil Go Spool amen!

Materials you'll need: empty thread spool, rubber band, two round toothpicks, masking tape, metal washer (diameter must Ell THY IT! Cuddle up .Ro u baby pluntl be smaller than that of the spool). Insert the rubber Fill a glass half full with water. Put six hard-shell dry beans (pinto, band through the hole in the kidney, or lima) in the glass of water to soften their outer casings. empty thread spool. Put one Set the glass of beans in a refrigerator overnight. (Keeping the beans toothpick through the loop cool prevents bacteria from growing and making the beans sour.) formed by the rubber band at one end of the spool. Center the Remove the beans from the water and place them on a paper towel toothpick on the end of the spool and attach with the tape. At the to dry. With your fingernail, scratch off the outer covering of one of other end of the spool, thread the rubber band through the hole in the beans. Holding the bean in your hands, pry the two parts of the the washer. Put the second toothpick through the loop in the rubber bean apart with your fingers. Using a flashlight, shine a beam on the band. Do not attach it to the spool. Hold the spool steady with one split bean as you observe the inside with a magnifying lens. Do you hand, and with the index finger of your other hand turn the unat- see a small plant in one side of the split bean? What is that tiny tached toothpick around and around in a clockwise direction to structure? What does it look like? To find out, you'll have to try it! wind the rubber band tightly. Place the spool on a flat, smooth surface, such as a counter or the floor, and let go. Observe that as the rubber band unwinds, the spool turns, turning the toothpick taped to the spool. How does the spool move? You'll have to try it!

Cut a paper towel into six-inch-wide strips. Using a black or blue (not permanent) felt-tip pen, make a large solid dot about two inch- 161 Eilf Vislon es from the short edge of one of the strips. Put water, about one inch deep, into a glass and put the edge of the towel nearest the dot In a dark room (not totally dark, but the light should be extremely into the waterbe sure the dot is not submerged. What happens? low), let your eyes adjust for 10 minutes. Cover your right eye tight- You'll have to try it! ly with your hand so that no light can get through. Have a friend turn on a small flashlight and point it at your stomach. (Don'tlet them point it directly into your eyes!) Stare at the flashlight for 30 seconds with your left eye. Turn off the light and look around the room. Now cover your left eye and look around with yourright. Is there a difference? You'll have to try it!

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Educational materials developed with Urn National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possibly by a grant from 3M. 64 aa Innovation SCIENCE TRYITS

[5] TRY 1179 Nngewpdat. Fun [6] TRY I11 Blayouil

Rub the sharpened end of a pencilacross a sheet of paper 15 to 20 Take an empty salt container and cut out the bottom. Place plastic times to collect a layer of graphiteon the paper. Rub your left wrap around the bottom of the container and secure with a rubber index finger across the graphiteon the paper. Tear off about one band. Have an adult light a candle and hold the container side- inch (2.5 cm) of tape and stick itacross the darkened tip of your ways about six to eight inches from the candle, the spout facing finger. Remove the tape and stick inon a sheet of white paper. towards the candle's flame. Gently tap the plastic bottom of the Repeat the process using the tips of other fingers. Observe thepat- container with your finger. What happens to the candle? You'll terns produced by each finger with a magnifying lens. Are thepat- have to try it! terns different or the same? Why? To find out, you'll have totry it!

MI SC11NCI 311INID SCENCE -05

[1] Baby Plant [3] Ink As you can see from this Try It, you can't see very Beans are a smooth, hard seed. When split open, each Black and blue inks are actually made up ofmany well in the dark without your rhodopsin! seed has a tiny, colorless, plandike structure withtwo colors, not just black and blue. The different colors leaves stuck to one of the bean parts. When observed you see on the paper towel are the colors that make 151 Fingerprints under the magnifying glass, this structure looks like a up the ink in the peneach is a different substance, The inner layer of skin called the dermis has projec- "baby" plant. This tiny baby plant is called the which means each color of ink has different-sized tions. The outer skin layer, the epidermis, fits over embryo, and is the part that ultimately develops into a molecules. When the water is absorbed by thepaper these projections, thus taking the same pattern. Each plant. The two parts of the bean that are pried apart towel, it carries the different inks along with it. The person has a fingerprint unique to that individual. are the seed leaves or cotyledons, and they contain the water carries the lighter ink molecules farther than These personal signatures form five months before food for growing the embryo. Plants with two seed the heavier ones, separating the various colors in the birth and never change. leaves, such as beans, are called dicots, short for ink. So the heavier ink molecules stop moving first, dicotyledons. Plants with only one seed leaf, suchas then the lighter onesthat's why different colors [6] Blowout corn, are called monocots, short for monocotyledons. end up in different places. Inside the salt container, waves of air pile on top of each other and create a tremendous force thatcan RI Spool Racers [4] Night Vision only escape one waythrough the spout. This There are two basic forms of energy: kinetic (energy No one can see in total darkness, but when there is focused rush of air is much stronger that the diffused of motion) and potential (stored energy). It took ener- low light, your eyes produce a chemical called rush of air that would come out of the container if gy stored in the muscles of your body to wind the rhodopsin, which helps you see better in low light. It the whole top were missing. When the salt container rubber band. As long as you prevented the rubber takes about 10 minutes in the dark for the is tapped, air rushes out, forming a whirlingmass of band from turning by holding the toothpick, the rhodopsin to form. When your eyes are then again air shaped like a ring. The flow of air in thecenter of energy was stored (potential). Releasing the toothpick exposed to light, the rhodopsin is "burned off" of the ring is quite strongstrong enough to blowout allowed the rubber band to unwind and thus the your eyes. When you wake up to someone turning the candle several inches away. stored energy in the twisted rubber bandwas trans- on a bright light in your room, it makes your eyes formed into kinetic energy. hurt because the rhodopsin is burning offyour eyes.

We encourage duplication foreducational non-commercialuse. Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. 65 NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant from 3M. Innovation [1]What is house dust made of? [5] What happens to cats if they don't eat meat? A. Pet dander A. They shed hair continually. B. Spent exhaust fumes B. They lose their sight. C. Dirt particles C. They sleep 18-20 hours per day. D. Human skin particles D. They become vegetarians.

[6] Which reptile is the fastest swimmer? 121 What animal is the most poisonous? A. Sting ray A. Australian hedgehog B. Cobra B. Eel C. Water snake C. Poison dart frog D. Leatherback turtle D. Scorpion

[7]What's the strongest animal? a mosquito bite itch? [3] What makes A. Elephant A. A portion of the mosquito's stinger left B. Gorilla behind in the skin C. Beetle B. Secretions from the mosquito's wings D. Camel C. A chemical reaction to certain types of skin oils and odors D. The mosquito's saliva [81 What makesyour stomach growl? A. Acid reacting with stomach gases B. Shifts and stretches in the stomach lining 141 How long does it take light from thesun C. Signals from the brain telling the stomach it's empty to reach Earth? D. Air moving through tissues A. 12 hours, 17 minutes B. 1.5 light years C. 8 minutes, 20 seconds D.13 minutes, 30 seconds

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Educational materials developed with the flaponal Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible tjy a grant from 3M. 66 Innovation [11 A POUND OF FLESH 151 CATS NEED MEAT!

Your pets aren't the only ones that shed! Human skin particles makeup 80 to Unlike humans and dogs, cats will go blind if they don'teat meat. Cats 90 percent of all house dust, with each of us shedding abouta billion skin need taurine, an amino acid found in meat, to keep theireyes in good scales every day. That's about a pound of skinper year! The average house shape. Many animals can synthesize taurine from vegetable proteins. has about 40 pounds of dust. Dust particles help form rain clouds andCats can't. Cats need their vision for hunting and have excellent night rainbowssomething to remember the next timeyou dust! vision and extensive peripheral vision.

[21 ONE DANGEROUS FROG 161 THIS TURTLE CAN REALLY MOVE!

No it doesn't slither, it hops! The poison dart frog of South and Central They may not move very quickly on land, but lookout in the water! America has powerful toxins in its skin and secretes some of the most The leatherback sea turtle has been clocked at an amazing 22 milesper deadly biological toxins ever discovered. This deadly poison can cause hour, swimming with speed and grace. The leatherbackgets its name paralysis and even death to predators that eat the frog. The poison dart from its shell, which is like a thick, leathery skin, with thetexture of frog got its name from certain tribes in South America that use the hard rubber. These turtles live in almost all of the world'soceans, but frog's poison for hunting animals by wiping their arrow heads across the require warm tropical beaches to nest. The leatherbacksea turtle is an skin of the frog. endangered species, with an estimated 100,000 leatherbacks remaining in the world today.

[3] THAT PESKY MOSQUITO SPIT [71 THE MIGHTY BEETLE The mosquito's saliva acts as a lubricant andan anesthetic. It's also the saliva, not the bite itself, that causes an allergic reactionor the itchy Heave! They may be small, but they certainly can pull their weight. bump. The female mosquito feeds off the blood of warm-blooded ani- Beetles are the strongest animal in proportionto their size. A rhinoceros mals, including humans. When she bites, she injects some of her sali- beetle can support up to 850 times itsown weight on its back. This feat vary fluid into the wound, causing swelling and irritation. Many mos- is comparable to a 150-pound man walking witha Cadillac on his head quitoes inject infectious microorganisms and can transmit diseases such without tiring. Rhinoceros beetles don't actuallycarry heavy loads on as encephalitis, malaria, and yellow fever. their backs in nature, but they do engage in suchstrenuous tasks as plowing through forest litter for food and locking horns with rivals. Scientists have proposed that the beetles' tough exoskeleton and efficient [41 NOW THAT'S FAST! muscles make them so strong.

Sunlight takes about 8 minutes and 20 seconds to reach Earth, travelingat 186,282 miles per second. Light can be visibleor invisible, depending [81 YOUR NOISY, AIRY STOMACH on its wavelength, and is really an interplay between electric and magnetic fields. Light is just one portion of the electromagneticspectrum, While your stomach may sound like a monster witha mind of its own- which also includes radio waves, x-rays, infraredwaves, ultraviolet rays, sometimes, those growling sounds coming from it are actually just air and gamma rays. resonating through your tissues. Muscle contractions increase the growling when you're hungry. Your body actually begins the digestiveprocess by producing gastric juices before you eat, trite ered by the sight, smell,or taste of food. If the stomach isn't filled, these gastric juices begin eroding the stomach lining itself, so fill 'er up!

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association.. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTGA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by a grant flord 3M. 6 UEL Innovation 3M SCIENCE ENCOURAGEMENT Discovery is a way of life at 3M.

world opportunities in science and engineering, Teacher Workshops as well as how they apply their technical back- Teaching science concepts can be challenging and grounds to their current professions. The volun- intimidating for some school teachers, especially in Questioning, probing, and problem solving happen teer 3M scientists encourage students to maximize the elementary grades. 3M spores-ors several every day in 3M laboratories and result in innova- their career options by staying in challenging math resource fairs for teachers, which provide non- tive solutions like Post-it® Notes. However, 3M and science classes. threatening opportunities to exiGre exciting ways recognizes that innovation doesn't happen by acci- Richard Drew Creativity Award Program to teach science. Teachers acquire "recipes" for dent. At 3M, the wonder of discovery is a The program, which honors students for their cre- hands-on science activities that complement their universal experience that makes science come ative instincts in science and math, captures the current teaching methods, thereby enhancing alive for students of all ages. spirit of 3M scientist Richard Drew, who is teachers' confidence and resources. remembered for his innovation and for encourag- Educational Outreach Over the past 40 years, this philosophy has evolved ing the wonder of discovery in others. High school 3M supports local and national organizations that into a series of Science Encouragement Programs juniors,from Minnesota and Wisconsin schools are promote science and technology education and that embody our endeavors to spread enthusiasm invited to interact with 3M scientists and engi- awareness. Commitment and support are demon- for science. 3M engages in a wide variety of activi- neers in a day of science and career activities at strated through grants, educational materials, and ties designed to raise the level of student learning. 3M Center. volunteerism. Currently, 3M supports events and Our efforts are maximized through employee and SSRD (Science Student Recognition Day) organizations including: National Science and retiree volunteers, who serve as tutors, mentors, and The first and longest-running 3M Science Technology Week, National Engineers Week, hosts. Our programs impact students from kinder- Encouragement program, SSRD invites Upper Industrial Research Institute (IRI) Pre-College garten through college and include special programs Midwest high school seniors' and their teachers Education, MATHCOUNTS, WIZKIDS, for teachers. to spend a day in our St. Paul laboratories with National Action Council for Minorities in 3M scientists and engineers. Students see the link Engineering (NACME), the National Science Many of our Science Encouragement Programs between academic training and real-world Teachers Association (NSTA), and the Minnesota have received regional and national awards over the science careers. Science Teachers Association (MSTA). years. In 1996, 3M was awarded the Industrial STEP (Science Training Encouragement Program) NEWTON'S APPLE Research Institute (IRI) Pre-College Education Minority and at-risk students in this academic 3M began full sponsorship of this Emmy Award- Award for our STEP and TWIST programs mentoring and technical experience program winning family science show in 1991. Currently, (detailed below). explore their interests in scientific careers. High 3M volunteers serve as consultants on program- school students attend dassroom training on-site ming and related educational materials. When it As NEWTON'S APPLE demonstrates in its week- at 3M's corporate headquarters to augment their comes to science education, 3M and NEWTON'S ly, award-winning programs, the power of regular high school curriculum. Students are given APPLE staff often find themselves working togeth- science is limited only by the imagination. As many the opportunity of being introduced to "modern- er at NSTA meetings or sharing ideas and hands- 3M Science Encouragement students will attest, the day heroes." STEP participants also develop work on activities with teachers. wonders of science can take the imagination by environment relationships with culturally diverse storm and create a lifelong passion for discovery. technical mentors, while holding full-time sum- If you would like additional information on any mer jobs in 3M laboratories. A continuation of 3M's Science Encouragement Programs, 3M Visiting Wizards of this program is currently underway with STEP please write to: 3M volunteer scientists become "wizards" to ele- II, providing summer employment for students mentary and middle school students as they present in college who successfully completed the 3M Center exciting science principles in hands-on dassroom STEP I program. Technical Liaison Department demonstrations. Since 1985, 3M Visiting Wizards TWIST (Teachers Working in Science & Technology) Science Encouragement Office have spread enthusiasm for learning science to Science and math teachers learn real-world Bldg. 225-3N-09 millions of children in communities where 3M research applications while working alongside 3M St. Paul, MN 55144-1000 is located. scientists. The six-week summer internship gives TECH (Technical Teams Encouraging Career Horizons) teachers a practical understanding of science and Teams of women and men scientists visit middle math concepts through first-hand technical and junior high school classrooms to discuss real- experience in an industrial laboratory.

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Educational materials developed with the National Science Teachers Association. NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint PaudMinneapolis.Made possible grant from 3M. 68 SA Innovation KEY WORDS

ASTHMA together GLIDERS metals and minerals produces rotation in a MAMMOTH DIG . capillaries smallest iceberg large block of ailerons flaps onthe ore the raw material gear or wheel Clovis pointa spear blood vessels in the floating ice wings of a plane that that contains the miner- point carefully hewn body; capillaries take kettle pond isolated help the pilot steer and al or metal of interest, .LIGHTNING from larger stones found oxygen into the blood- pond formed from bank often mixed with rock ampere (amp)the over much of North stream from the air sacs glacial deposits angle of attack angle and soil standard technical mea- , America starting about and get rid of carbon moraine unsorted at which the leading panning 'agitating a sure for electricity 12,000 years ago dioxide, which is glacially derived sedi- edge of a wing is tilted shallow tray of sediment current a measure of genus level or group exhaled from the lungs ment while facing into the and water to gradually how much electricity used in classifying dilateto expand or wind wash out unwanted soil passes a given point in a organisms that are open wide; many asth- GLASS BLOWING Bernoulli's principle and gravel, leaving any fixed amount of time; closely related ma drugs open con- annealingcooling a effect that a fast-moving gold behind measured in amps ice age interval of geo- stricted airways glass object at a fixed fluid has on' changing prospecting searching electron an elementary logic history when con- mucus the. thick, slip- temperature the pressure above and for metals and minerals particle that always car- siderable portions of pery secretion that blowing pipe iron or below the surface of an in nature ries a negative charge land were covered by comes from cells lining steel tube with a mouth- object refiningthe process and orbits around the glacial ice the nose, mouth, tra- piece at one end and a control surfaceone of used to remove impuri- nucleus of an atom Paleo-Indians first peo- chea, and lung airways metal ring to hold the the moving flaps on a ties from a metal microsecond one mil- ple to populate North peak-flow metera molten glass on the plane that allows the lionth of a second America tube asthmatics use to other pilot steer and change GREENHOUSE EFFECT static electricity elec- species a level or group monitor the rate at gathergob (mass) of altitude carbon dioxide CO2; tric charges that are not used in classifying which air enters and molten glass drag the force of air natural component of moving very much; the organisms that can leaves the lungs viscosity a liquid's resistance against a the atmosphere but also electricity is "static" reproduce to create fer- respiratory system resistance to flow plane as it flies a greenhouse gas capa- compared to the other tile offspring lungs and other organs elevator horizontal ble of absorbing infrared form of electrical steppe semiarid region that enable animals to GLAUCOMA flaps on the tail that radiation and warming phenomena called characterized by short breathe aqueous humor fluid cause the plane to rise the atmosphere "current" clumps of grass and a that fills the space and fall global warming the voltage measure of the lack of trees CAR ENGINES between the eye's cornea gravity force that observed increase in force of an electrical tundra a cold region exhaust valve opening and lens brings a plane back Earth's average charge; one volt is the with few, if any, trees; in the top of the cylin- ciliary body muscle down to Earth temperature force required to pro- gentle rolling plains cov- der that lets waste gas around the lens that lift force that causes a greenhouse gas any duce an electrical cur- ered mostly by mosses, out after combustion focuses the eye closer plane to rise component of the rent of one ampere lichens, and grasses has occurred than arm's length rudder vertical flap on atmosphere that can intake valve opening at cornea lens that forms the tail of a plane that absorb infrared radia- LOST WORLD DINOSAURS NASA ROBOTS the top of the cylinder the front of the eye and allows a pilot to steer tion and potentially animatronics art form on-orbit assembly that allows the air/fuel does most of the eye's right or left contribute to global that designs and builds building large structures mixture to enter the focusing thermal an updraft of warming moving models to like the space station in combustion chamber iris colored ring of air caused by the infrared radiation por- resemble actual crea- Earth's orbit muscular tissue lying unequal heating of the tion of the electromag- tures robotic payload tending GLACIER CLIMBING between the cornea and Earth below netic spectrum that we compliant reactivity using robots to handle crevasse large, deep the lens thrust force that push- can sense as heat and detailed, linked model day-to-day upkeep, cer- crack on the surface of a lens transparent struc- es a plane forward that is radiated by a movements possible tain scientific experi- glacier ture behind the iris that through the air warmed surface with new technology ment procedures, and drumlin an elongated, focuses light onto light- hydraulics using fluid other projects contained smooth hill made of sensitive cells in the reti- GOLD MINE KIDS ON MARS under pressure to oper- within a spacecraft or glacially derived sedi- na at the back of the eye density ratio of a mate- canalithe Italian word ate machines space station ment optic nerve bundle of rial's weight to its vol- for "channel"; used to paleobotany study of robotic rover any one erraticlarge, isolated nerve fibers that con- ume; gold has an describe surface features prehistoric plants of a series of small, boulder deposited by a nect each light-sensitive unusually high density onMars paleontology study wheeled vehicles NASA glacier cell to the brain gold metallic element contour line line of and reconstruction of is using to explore esker long, sinuous pupil the "hole" in the revered for its beauty equal elevation on a the prehistoric world objects in space ridge of glacially revived center of the iris and workability; like all topographic map through the excavation sediment through which light metals, gold is shiny quadrant section of a of fossils and other evi- glacier large flowing enters the eye and conducts electricity map or area photo dence from the geologic mass of ice retina the light-sensi- ingot a finished, topographic map a record ice sheet large ice field tive membrane that refined bar of gold map that shows lines of composed on several lines the interior of mining digging in the equal elevation glaciers that have flowed the eye ground to find usable torque force that

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sensors devices on a one neuron to another satellite a smaller a protein that looks that in liquid form con- lar motion that tends to robot that function like object, such as a planet like a number of picket ducts an electric current form a cavity a human's eyes, ears, PACK BEHAVIOR or moon, that revolves fences next to each encrustation a crust, and nose; some robots aggressive attempting around a larger object, other coating, or hard layer WILDERNESS TRAINING have sensors that are to establish dominance such as a star or planet side chains parts of an excavate to uncover or anchor any of a num- able to pick up traces of by growling, biting, and synchronous rotation animo acid that make dig out ber of tools to fix a rope chemicals or determine otherwise intimidating period of a satellite's each one unique integrity complete, to the climbing surface accurate distances to pack members rotation about its axis whole, not broken or friction the fundamen- objects domestication the and the period of its ROBOTS damaged tal physical principle smart robots robots process by which ani- orbit around the prima- automation automatic maritime having to do that climbers rely on capable of working mals are tamed and ry body are, the same so operation of equipment with the sea, such as to stop fallsany two autonomously begin to live and inter- that the satellite always or systems without shipping or navigation surfaces, rubbed togeth- virtual reality telepres- act with human beings presentS the same face human operator oxidation-reduction a er, will result in a ence by usiug special dominance the estab- to the primary body electromechanical chemical reaction in dragging force that goggles or television lishment of authority of terminator line operating by means of which one reactant is slows the movement screens connected to one animal over another between light and dark both mechanical ele- reduced, or gains one or sensors on a distant in a pack structure areas on the side of the ments (rods, gears, etc.) more electrons, and the WIND BLOW robot, a controller can submissive accepting of moon we see; divides and electrical elements other is oxidized, or air mass a large mass of see the robot's sur- dominance by other night and day on the (wiring, switches, etc.) loses an electron the atmosphere that has roundings as the robot pack members moon. microprocessor a com- rust a reddish-brown or similar temperature, sees them puter that controls a reddish-yellow coating pressure, and moisture PET FOOD PROTEINS robotic system on iron or steel caused characteristics

NOVOCAIN amino acids organic amino acid any one of photo cell a device by oxidation due to convection cells cir- , anesthesia loss of sen- compounds essential to 20 small molecules of whose electrical charac- exposure to air or cling fluid flow patterns sation or feeling; if the human and animal similar structure that teristics vary when light moisture density a measure of anesthetic is applied metabolisms can link togethe'r in hits it how much mass occu- only to an area of the animal husbandry care chains to form proteins WHITEWATER RAFTING pies how much space body, it is called a local and management of conformation the spe- SCUBA DIVING boils ascending cur- (density equals mass anesthetic; if the entire domesticated animals cific shape of a protein buoyancy the tendency rents that rise above the divided by volume) patient is anesthetized, carnivore flesh- (meat-) at any given time to float in water or air surface level radiation energy emit- it is called a general eating animal helix conformation of a oceanography the sci- eddy pocket of water ted from a "hot" object anesthetic palatability feature of protein that looks like a entific study of oceans, downstream of an that travels out in rays electrode the point of food that includes spiral staircase including waters, ani- obstacle that flows electrical contact for aroma, food tempera- heme molecule that mals, plants, and depths upstream or back ZOO VET electronic anesthesia ture, texture, and how holds an iron atom against the main current anesthesia a drug or electronic anesthesia a the food feels in the inside the hemoglobin SMILES gradient measurement gas given to block the form of anesthesia that mouth protein algorithm special of a river's descent in sense of pain uses electricity, rather taurine a sulfonic heMoglobin blood pro- method or series of feet per mile or meters diagnosis careful exami- than chemicals, to amino acid cats need to tein responsible for steps or calculations per kilometer nation and analysis of a numb an area maintain health transporting oxygen to for solving a specific hole vortex of water disease lidocaine a common the tissues and carbon problem where the river pours ecosystem the environ- local anesthetic in den- PHASES OF THE MOON dioxide to the lungs asymmetrical not the over an obstacle and ment that houses a tal offices, administered earthshine sunlight nuclear magnetic reso- same on the two sides drops toward the river community of animals, directly to the nerve that is reflected off nance(NMR)tech- of a dividing line or bottom, leaving a pock- plants, and bacteria through a needle Earth onto the moon, nique for determining plane et behind the obstacle euthanize to cause a nerve fibers (made and then reflected off of molecular structure and gesture culturally into which an upstream painless death in order from specialized cells the moon back towards movement using mag- learned movement of surface current flows to end suffering called neurons) in ani- Earth netic fields and the hand, arm, face, or rapid a fast-moving preventive medicine mals that transmit sen- gibbous somewhat oval radiowaves body that expresses an section of a river or procedures, such as sory information, in appearance; more peptide bond specific idea, opinion, or feeling stream physical and dental including pain, to the than half a circle, but type of chemical bond reading a river study- exams, that keep a dis- brain less than a full circle between the amino SUNKEN SLAVE SHIP ing the various ease from occurring pain the discomfort felt limb the edge of the acids in a protein chain archaeologist a scientist hydraulic features of a ultrasound medical when an injury or ill- disk of the moon protein fold the con- who studies the life of section of a river, usual- diagnosis that uses high- ness damages some part revolution the time it formation of the animo ancient peoples by exca- ly a rapids, to spot dan- frequency ultrasonic of the human body takes for one celestial acid sequence into vating artifacts, relics, gers and find a safe path waves receptor receiving area body to complete its secondary structured and even entire ships or through for neurotransmitter orbit around another elements cities vortex a mass of fluid chemicals that connect sheet conformation of electrolyte a substance with a whirling or circu-

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NEWTON'S APPLE Educational Materials Production Team Patti Brunjes Jennifer Caliandro, Director of Promotion & Outreach Yvonne Calwallader Sandra LeDuc, Promotions Specialist Tammy Chalmers Richard Hudson, Executive Editor Mary Chilinski Sue Wichmann, Editor Kerry Field John Huizinga Mary Hurlocker Writing Team Bob Pranis Jim Dawson, Minneapolis, MN Martyce Paulson Cheryl Lani Juarez, South Miami, FL Denise Rutherford Gail B.C. Marsella, Allentown, PA Richard Rossiter Steve Tomecek, Science Plus, Inc., New Hyde Park, NY Carol Smorch David Well National Science Teachers Association Janelle Wong Gerald Wheeler, Executive Director Patrick ZimMerman Karen Baker, Project Coordinator Brian Aldridge, Program Manager NEWTON'S APPLE Staff Jennifer Laughlin, Program Assistant Eileen Galindo, host Brian Hackney, host Content Review Panel David Heil, host Eliot Applestein, Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD Dave Huddleston, host Alan R. Baker, M.D., Physician, Rockville, MD SuChin Pak, host David Brammer, 0.D., Optometrist, Rockville, MD Gerald Richman, Vice President, National Productions Clinton H. Brown, Thomas S. Wootton High School, Rockville, MD Richard Hudson, Director of Science Programs Ginny Brown, Winston Churchill High School, Rockville, MD Lee Carey, Executive/Series Producer Richard Cambre, D.V.M., National Zoological Park, Washington, DC DJ. Hanson, Senior ProdUction Manager Al De Vito, Creative Ventures, Inc., West Lafayette, IN Karen Arnold, Production Manager Michael DiSpezio, Educational Consultant, North Falmouth, MA Norbert fen, Production Manager Robert S. Donaldson, Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD Ted Hinck, Production Manager George Freier, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN Ann Morris-Tucker, Production Manager Gregg M. Gochnour, Rockville High School, Rockville, MD Steve Flynn, Director of Videography and Post Production Scott Line, D.V.M., Animal Humane Society of Hennepin County, MN Albert Lee, Assistant Post Production Coordinator Sheila Marshall, National Science Teachers Association, Arlington, VA Meighan Maloney, Series Manager George McCarthy, D.D.S., National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD Kristian Berg, Producer Joan Braunagel McShane, Jefferson Elementary School, Davenport, IA Lisa Blackstone, Producer Melinda B. Mills, Space Center Intermediate School, Houston, 1X Jeff Nielsen, Producer Rod Nerdahl, Minneapolis Planetarium, Minneapolis, MN Erin Rasmussen, Producer Eddie Newquist, Attraction Development, Universal Studios, Los Angeles, CA Kevin Williams, Producer Kristine Petrini, D.V.M., Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN Tom Lieberman, Freelance Producer Jim Rasmussen, D.V.M., Minnesota Zoo, Apple Valley, MN Kim MacDonald, Freelance Producer Raymond Rye, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC Carrie Maloney, Freelance Producer Kismet E. Taint, Rockville High School, Rockville, MD Jeff Weihe, Director Amy Kenefick, Production Designer Linda tory, Production Assistant Advisory Panel Ericka Cotton, Production Assistant Ann Bedford, Montgomery County Public Schools Lesley Goldman, Production Assistant Jerry Bell, American Association for the Advancement of Science Danika Hanson, Production Assistant Augie Frattali, Franklin Middle School Cori Paulet, Production Assistant Raymond Hannapel, Education Consultant Bridget Anderson, Freelance Production Assistant Arva Jackson, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (retired) Rachel Baer, Freelance Production Assistant Phyllis Katz, Hands On Science Outreach Brian Bull, Freelance Production Assistant Patrice Legro, National Academy of Science Brian Oehler, Freelance Production Assistant Raymond Rye, Smithsonian Institution Leslie Luoto, Freelance Production Assistant Kate Santhuff, Public Broadcasting Service Carol Kusnierek, Office Coordinator Marilyn Sutter, American Geological Institute Sylvia Ware, American Chemical Society Shirley Watt Ireton, National Science Teachers Association Design Group Russell Wright, Montgomery County Public Schools Janet Raugust, Lead Designer Debbie Norton, Project Designer Derrick Brigham, Illustrator, Poster/Cover Art 3M/NEWTON'S APPLE Education Committee Marty Harris, Spectrum Studio, Inc., Illustrator, Lesson Pages Richard Hanson Larry Marcus, Photographer Barbara Kaufmann, Chair Additional photography provided by 3M Robert W. Barton

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NEWTON'S APPLE is a production of KTCA Saint Paul/Minneapolis. Made possible by 71. a grant from 3M. Innovation Asthma

Car Engines

Glacier Climbing

Glass Blowing 1:

Glaucoma

Gliders I

Gold Mine

Greenhouse Effect

Kids on Mars

Lightning

Lost World Dinosaurs

Mammoth Dig

NASA Robots

Novocain' i

Pack Behavior I

Pet Food I s Phases of the Moon

Proteins

Robots

Scuba Diving r Smiles Sunken Slave Ship

White-water Rafting

Wilderness Training

Wind Blow

Zoo Vet

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