DOCSLIB.ORG

Calculation of Methane Production from Enteric Fermentation in Dairy Cows

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CALCULATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION IN DAIRY COWS Authors: W. Smink K.W. van der Hoek A. Bannink J. Dijkstra October 2005 Project number SenterNovem: 0377 -05 -02 -02 -003 Methane production of dairy cows 2 CALCULATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION FROM E NTERIC FERMENTATION IN DAIRY COWS Octob er 2005 Authors: W. Smink a K.W. van der Hoek b A. Bannink c J. Dijkstra d a: Feed Innovation Services (FIS) Generaal Foulkesweg 72 6703 BW Wageningen b: RIVM PO Box 1 3720 BA Bilthoven c: WUR (Wageningen Univer sity and Research Centre) Animal Sciences Group, Animal Husbandry Edelhertweg 15, PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad d: WUR (Wageningen University and Research Centre) Wageningen University, Animal Nutrition Group Marijkeweg 40 6709 PG Wageningen Project numb er SenterNovem: 0377 -05 -02 -02 -003 Principal: SenterNovem, Utrecht The Netherlands Methane production of dairy cows 3 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 METHOD OF METHANE CALCULATION 5 2.1 Method used for calculation of methane from enteric fermentation 5 2.2 Scheme of c alculation 5 2.3 Energy requirement of dairy cows 6 2.4 Modelling enteric fermentation 8 3 ACTIVITY DATA 10 3.1 Numbers of animals 10 3.2 Milk production 11 3.3 Intake of raw m aterials and concentrates 12 3. 4 Nutrient composition of ra w materials and concentrates 13 4 RESULTS CALCULATION OF METHANE PRODUCTION 16 5 DISCUSSION 17 6 CONCLUSIONS 19 REFERENCES 20 Methane production of dairy cows 4 1 INTRODUCTION In a recent report (Smink et al., 2004) methane production in The Netherlands from 1990 to 2002 onwards via the IPCC -GPG Tier 2 was calculated . Methane production was calculated for different kinds of ruminants. About two third of the total methane production via enteric fermentation is produced by dai ry cows. Until 2004, the data used were those calculated by Van Amstel et al. (1993) which originate from the formulas of IPCC -OECD from a 1991 workshop . These formulas are now sometimes referred to as the precursors of the present IPCC -GPG Tier 2 method. The IPCC -GPG Tier 2 method provides no mechanistic approach for the calculation of methane. The only nutritional factor affecting methane production is the energy digestibility. The calculated dry matter intake by the IPCC -GPG Tier 2 method leads to simil ar results to calculations based on the Dutch Net Energy system. This is true for most ruminant species, except dairy cows. The aim of this study is to calculate methane production by dairy cows during the period 1990 till present. A dynamic mechanistic m odel of rumen fermentation and digestion will be used which represents the effect of detailed dietary characteristics on methane production. In order to achieve continuity calculation with inclusion of the dietary effect on methane production is included. First, the methodology used is motivated in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, the activity data are presented. In Chapter 4 the results of the calculations are presented and finally the results are discussed in Chapter 5. Methane production of dairy cows 5 2 METHOD OF METHANE CALCULATION 2.1 Me thod used for calculation of methane from enteric fermentation The IPCC -GPG Tier 2 method starts with calculation of the net energy required by the animal for maintenance, activity, growth, gestation and lactation. Subsequently, the gross energy intake an d methane production are calculated from calculated net energy intake. In this way, only the digestibility is included as a nutritional factor affecting methane production, and no further details are included. Because important details are missing in the a pproach of IPCC -GPG Tier 2, in the present study the choice was made to carry out calculations of methane production with a dynamic mechanistic model. More information about the model is presented in chapter 2.4. Principally, t he dry matter intake of dair y cows is the most important factor in the calculation of methane production. The dry matter intake can be estimated from the energy requirement system that is used in The Netherlands. The basic data for the calculation of the intake of roughages, wet bypr oducts and concentrates are collected by the Working Group on Uniform calculations of Manure and Mineral Figures [Werkgroep Uniformering berekening Mest - en Mineralencijfers; WUM] (1994) . Since 1990 mineral excretion will be calculated on basis of the feed intake of dairy cows. For this purpose, the intake of grass silage, maize silage, wet byproducts and concentrates will be estimated from national statistics. Based on the requirement of energy (i.e. VEM or feed unit of lactation), the other part of the ra tion is estimated to be meadow grass. This means that the calculated intake of feed is suitable to cover the need for VEM. More background information about the VEM meth od is presented in chapter 2.3. The advantages of the method used is that (1) a mechan istic dynamic approach is used and that (2) the basis of the ration intake is originated from Dutch databases. 2.2 Scheme of calculation Since 1990 mineral excretion is calculated by the WUM on basis of the feed intake of dairy cows. For this purpose, t he intake of grass silage, maize silage, wet byproducts and concentrates will be estimated from national statistics. Based on the requirement of energy (i.e. VEM or feed unit of lactation), the remaining part of the ration is estimated to be grass consumed in the meadow. This means that the calculated intake of feed is suitable to cover the total need for VEM. More background information about the VEM method is presented in Chapter 2.3. The proposed methodology of the methane calculation due to enteric fe rmentation by dairy cows is as follow: 1. The VEM requirement per cow is annually determined on basis of milk production and milk composition. Methane production of dairy cows 6 2. From statistical databases the average intake of roughage, byproducts and concentrates are determined (in DM per cow per year) and the corresponding VEM intake is calculated. 3. Calculated intake of meadow grass based on remaining VEM requirements of the cow (in DM per cow per year) 4. Calculated GE intake in MJ per cow per year by the dynamic simulation model 5. Calculation of the methane production in kg per cow per year by the dynamic simulation model 6. Calculation of the methane conversion factor (MCF) MCF = methane production (MJ) / GE intake (MJ) The annual average ration used for the calculation of t he methane production is based on the activity data presented in Chapter 3. 2.3 Energy requirement of dairy cows A brief description of the Dutch net energy and the Dutch intestinal digestible protein system is presented by Dijkstra (2000). The characte rization of the energy system below has been taken from the relevant part of the Dijkstra (2000) paper. In the Netherlands, feed evaluation for ruminants is based on net energy (VEM and VEVI system) and on metabolizable protein (DVE system). The VEM and V EVI system are based on the same principles, with the VEM system used for dairy cattle and the VEVI system for beef cattle. This introduction will not consider the VEVI system. A detailed description of the system is given by Van Es (1978). VEM system The VEM system (feed unit of lactation system) is a net energy system, based upon digestion and calorimetry studies with cattle and sheep. The system was introduced in 1977 and is used in the Netherlands and Belgium. Within the system, VEM values are attribut ed to each single feed, and dietary VEM requirements are calculated for an animal. VEM values are expressed in an arbitrary unit (feed unit of lactation); one feed unit of lactation corresponds to 6.9 kJ. This feeding value is close to the average net ener gy for lactation value of 1 g barley. The choice of an arbitrary feed unit, rather than net energy Joules, was considered appropriate for better understanding by the farmer. VEM feed values The VEM value of a feed is calculated from regression equations t hat represent the relationships between GE (gross energy), ME (metabolizable energy) and NE (net energy). The GE content of feeds is calculated using the equation: GE (kJ/kg) = 24.14 CP + 36.57 EE + 20.92 CF + 16.99 NFE - 0.63 SU * Methane production of dairy cows 7 where CP, EE, CF, NFE a nd SU denote the concentrations (g/kg) of crude protein, ether extract (fat), crude fibre, nitrogen -free extract and soluble sugars, respectively. The sugar correction (*) is to be applied only when sugar content exceeds 80 g/kg and its background is that mono - and disaccharides (‘sugars’) have a lower energy content than other components of NFE fraction. The ME content of feeds is calculated based on the digestible nutrients (DCP, DEE, DCF, DNFE and SU, assuming that all SU are digested) and depends on the actual feedstuff. For concentrate ingredients, it is: ME (kJ/kg) = 15.90 DCP + 37.66 DEE + 13.81 DCF + 14.64 DNFE - 0.63 SU * For maize and maize products, the equation simplifies to: ME (kJ/kg) = 15.48 DOM where DOM (g/kg) represents digestible organi c matter. For other roughages, the ME content depends on the ratio of DOM and DCP: ME (kJ/kg) = 14.23 DOM + 5.86 DCP DOM/DCP ≤ 7 ME (kJ/kg) = 15.06 DOM DOM/DCP > 7 For all feedstuffs, the metabolizability (q) is calculat ed as: q = 100 ME / GE The partial efficiency of ME to NE depends on the composition of the feed, the production form and the feed intake level.
Recommended publications
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Supply Chains – a Global

    Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ruminant Supply Chains – a Global

    5. Discussion This section discusses the key drivers of variation in emissions from major process- es in the ruminant supply chain that contribute significantly to the carbon footprint of ruminant species, highlighting differences among species and world regions. The section also discusses some of the parameters and assumptions that could strongly influence the results. 5.1 METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION Regardless of the species, the largest source of GHG emissions in ruminant produc- tion is CH4, with more than 90 percent originating from enteric fermentation and the rest from manure. Globally, enteric fermentation from cattle, buffalo, and small ruminants contributes 2 448 million tonnes CO2-eq, of which 76 percent is emitted by cattle and 14 percent and 10 percent by buffalo and small ruminants, respec- tively. The production of enteric CH4 from ruminants is mainly affected by feed intake and feed quality which, in turn, defines the total energy and nutrient intake and consequently animal performance. Many of these factors are interrelated, some of which affect net emissions and others emission intensity. At animal level, net emissions are influenced by feed intake and digestibility, while emission intensity is a function of net emissions, yield per animal, health and genetics. At herd level, factors affecting net emissions are similar to those cited above, while emission intensity is determined by issues such as reproductive and mortality rates, herd structure, management, etc. The following sections discuss some of the important factors that drive the variation in enteric CH4. Productivity. Productivity is an important factor in explaining the variation of emissions among different production typologies.
  • Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation

    Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation

    sustainability Review Towards Sustainable Livestock Production: Estimation of Methane Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation Pragna Prathap 1 , Surinder Singh Chauhan 1 , Brian Joseph Leury 1, Jeremy James Cottrell 1 and Frank Rowland Dunshea 1,2,* 1 Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; [email protected] (P.P.); [email protected] (S.S.C.); [email protected] (B.J.L.); [email protected] (J.J.C.) 2 Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The increasing need for sustainable livestock production demands more research in the field of greenhouse gas (GHG), particularly methane (CH4), measurement and mitigation. Dietary interventions, management, and biotechnological strategies to reduce the environmental impacts and economic implications of enteric CH4 emissions are needed. While the use of biotechnological interventions and management strategies can be challenging on a routine basis, feed additive supple- mentation appears to be the most researched, developed, and ready to use strategy to mitigate enteric CH4 emissions. This paper discusses various recently developed feeding strategies to reduce enteric CH4 emissions in livestock. Additionally, the manuscript reviews various technologies developed for CH4 estimation since the accurate and reliable estimation of CH4 emissions can be a limiting step Citation: Prathap, P.; Chauhan, S.S.; in the development and adoption of any mitigation strategy. Leury, B.J.; Cottrell, J.J.; Dunshea, F.R. Towards Sustainable Livestock Keywords: climate change; livestock production; methane estimation; nutritional strategies; in vitro Production: Estimation of Methane fermentation; gas chambers Emissions and Dietary Interventions for Mitigation.
  • Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Costs for Agricultural Land and Animal Production Within the United States

    Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Costs for Agricultural Land and Animal Production Within the United States

    Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Costs for Agricultural Land and Animal Production within the United States ICF International February 2013 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Costs for Agricultural Land and Animal Production within the United States Prepared by: ICF International 1725 I St NW, Suite 1000 Washington, DC 20006 For: U.S. Department of Agriculture Climate Change Program Office Washington, DC February 2013 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Costs for Agricultural Land and Animal Production within the United States Preparation of this report was done under USDA Contract No. AG-3142-P-10-0214 in support of the project: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options and Costs for Agricultural Land and Animal Production within the United States. This draft report was provided to USDA under contract by ICF International and is presented in the form in which it was received from the contractor. Any views presented are those of the authors and are not necessarily the views of or endorsed by USDA. For more information, contact the USDA Climate Change Program Office by email at [email protected], fax (202) 401-1176, or phone (202) 720-6699. Cover Photo Credit: (Middle Photo) California Bioenergy LLC, Dairy Biogas Project, Bakersfield, CA. How to Obtain Copies: You may electronically download this document from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Web site at: http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/mitigation_technologies/GHGMitigationProduction_Cost.htm For Further Information Contact: Jan Lewandrowski, USDA Project Manager ([email protected])
  • Sheep and Goat Production: Basic Differences, Impact on Climate and Molecular Tools for Rumen Microbiome Study

    Sheep and Goat Production: Basic Differences, Impact on Climate and Molecular Tools for Rumen Microbiome Study

    Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(1): 684-706 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 1 (2014) pp. 684-706 http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article Sheep and goat production: basic differences, impact on climate and molecular tools for rumen microbiome study A.R.Agrawal1, S. A. Karim2, Rajiv Kumar2, A.Sahoo2 and P. J. John1 1Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India 2Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, Rajasthan, India *Corresponding author e-mail: A B S T R A C T Small ruminants are able to utilize the lingo-cellulosic materials and convert them to animal products of high nutritional value viz. meat, milk, wool/fur, hide and manure. However ruminants are also contributing towards green house gas emission. Like large ruminants, these fore gut fermenters also harbor a dense and diverse microbial population belonging to different group of flora and fauna. The mammalian system is K e y w o r d s devoid of enzymes cellulase to degrade structural carbohydrate while ruminants are able to degrade them by the enzymes elaborated by symbiotic microbes inhabiting in Sheep; the rumen. Importance of small ruminants in Indian economy lies in their smaller size, Goats; Rumen which is easy to graze and manage. Sheep and goat production is an integral microbiome; component of rural economy of India and serves as major source of economic Green House sustenance for weaker segments of the society in the hot semiarid and arid region. gas; Sheep and goats are closely related since both belong to subfamily Caprinae whereas Differences they are separate species.
  • Enteric Methane and Nitrogen Emissions in Beef Cattle Grazing a Tannin-Containing Legume Relative to Feedlot and Traditional Pasture-Based Production Systems

    Enteric Methane and Nitrogen Emissions in Beef Cattle Grazing a Tannin-Containing Legume Relative to Feedlot and Traditional Pasture-Based Production Systems

    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 12-2019 Enteric Methane and Nitrogen Emissions in Beef Cattle Grazing a Tannin-Containing Legume Relative to Feedlot and Traditional Pasture-Based Production Systems Raúl David Guevara Ballesteros Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Agriculture Commons Recommended Citation Ballesteros, Raúl David Guevara, "Enteric Methane and Nitrogen Emissions in Beef Cattle Grazing a Tannin-Containing Legume Relative to Feedlot and Traditional Pasture-Based Production Systems" (2019). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7666. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7666 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ENTERIC METHANE AND NITROGEN EMISSIONS IN BEEF CATTLE GRAZING A TANNIN-CONTAINING LEGUME RELATIVE TO FEEDLOT AND TRADITIONAL PASTURE-BASED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS by Raúl David Guevara Ballesteros A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Range Science Approved: _________________________ _________________________ Juan J. Villalba, Ph.D. Jennifer W. MacAdam, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member _________________________ _________________________ Eric Thacker, Ph.D. Richard S. Inouye, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2019 ii Copyright © Raúl David Guevara Ballesteros 2019 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Enteric Methane and Nitrogen Emissions in Beef Cattle Grazing a Tannin-containing Legume Relative to Feedlot and Traditional Pasture-based Production Systems by Raúl David Guevara Ballesteros, Master of Science Utah State University, 2019 Major Professor: Dr.
  • Methane Production in Ruminant Animals: Implication for Their Impact on Climate Change

    Methane Production in Ruminant Animals: Implication for Their Impact on Climate Change

    Concepts of Dairy & Veterinary Sciences DOI: ISSN: 2637-4749 10.32474/CDVS.2019.02.000142Review Article Methane Production in Ruminant Animals: Implication for Their Impact on Climate Change Mebrate Getabalew1, Tewodros Alemneh2* and Dawit Akeberegn3 1College of Agricultural and Natural Resource Science, Department of Animal Science, Debre Berhan University, Ethiopia 2Woreta Town Office of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia 3Debre Berhan City Municipality Office, Meat Inspection and Hygiene, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia *Corresponding author: Tewodros Alemneh, Woreta Town Office of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia Received: Published: January 03, 2019 April 04, 2019 Abstract Agriculture accounts for about 47%-56% of the total anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission. It is known that from the agricultural sector, ruminant livestock (dairy, beef, goats, and sheep) substantially contributes to the increase in CH4 production through continuous natural rumen fermentation process. Methane emission is now the second contributor to global warming, which it has 23 times more influence than that of carbon dioxide (CO2). Many factors affect the amount of ruminant CH4 production, including level of feed intake, type and quality of feeds, energy consumption, animal size, growth rate, level of production, and environmental temperature. Methane also produced from manure of animals depending on the physical form of the faeces, the amount of digestible material, the climate, and the time they remained intact. The major part of methanogenesis in ruminants occurs in the large fermentative chamber, which is rumen. Ruminal digestion of feed by microorganisms, under anaerobic conditions, results in the production of acetate, propionate and butyrate (volatile fatty acids) which are used by the animal as energy source, and production of ruminal gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4, which eliminated through eructation.
  • Methodology for the Reduction of Enteric Methane Emissions from Ruminants Through the Use of 100% Natural Feed Supplement

    Methodology for the Reduction of Enteric Methane Emissions from Ruminants Through the Use of 100% Natural Feed Supplement

    VCS Methodology VM0041 METHODOLOGY FOR THE REDUCTION OF ENTERIC METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RUMINANTS THROUGH THE USE OF 100% NATURAL FEED SUPPLEMENT Version 1.0 22 November 2019 Sectoral Scope 15 VM0041, Version 1.0 Sectorial Scope 15 This methodology was developed by Document Prepared by MOOTRAL SA Author: Elsa Zoupanidou (Mootral SA) Mootral would like to acknowledge the many contributions by colleagues at Mootral SA: Maria Sünkel, Deepashree Kand, Hilde Vrancken, Matthias Miller, and Oliver Riede. Appreciation is extended to Isabelle Botticelli (Mootral SA) and Michael Mathres (Mootral SA) who provided useful suggestions and support over the entire period of the development of the Methodology. We are grateful to Silvana Claassen (Climate Neutral Group), Sergi Cuadrat (Allcot AG), and Mercedes Garcia Madero (Allcot AG) for their contribution and suggestions for improvements. Finally, we thank our reviewers, whose comments and suggestions contributed to greatly increase the clarity and effectiveness of this manuscript. 2 VM0041, Version 1.0 Sectorial Scope 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Sources ................................................................................................................ 4 2 Summary Description of the Methodology ....................................................... 4 3 Definitions ............................................................................................................ 5 4 Applicability Conditions ..................................................................................... 6 5 Project
  • Ch4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation

    Ch4 Emissions from Enteric Fermentation

    Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories CH4 EMISSIONS FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper was written by Michael J. Gibbs and David Conneely (ICF Incorporated), Don Johnson (Colorado State University), Keith R. Lasse (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, New Zealand), and M. J. Ulyatt (New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute). ABSTRACT Livestock are produced throughout the world, and are a significant source of global methane (CH4) emissions. The amount of methane emitted is driven primarily by the number of animals, the type of digestive system, and the type and amount of feed consumed. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) recommend that CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation be estimated by multiplying the number of animals for each animal type by an appropriate emissions factor. The IPCC Guidelines recommend two general methods to estimating emissions factors. The Tier 1 method involves using default emissions factors, while the Tier 2 method involves using country-specific information to calculate the emissions factors. The Tier 2 method is more accurate than the Tier 1 method because it incorporates country-specific information. The Tier 2 method is recommended to estimate methane emissions for countries with large cattle or sheep populations. The key challenge to using the Tier 2 method lies in data collection. Generally, collecting data for Tier 2 requires a high level of effort. Below is a description of the data needed for Tier 1 and Tier 2. Tier 1 To estimate emissions using Tier 1 method, data on the number of animals for each livestock group are needed.
  • Essays on Modeling the Economic Impacts of a Foreign Animal

    Essays on Modeling the Economic Impacts of a Foreign Animal

    ESSAYS ON MODELING THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF A FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE ON THE UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SECTOR A Dissertation by AMY DEANN HAGERMAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY December 2009 Major Subject: Agricultural Economics ESSAYS ON MODELING THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF A FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE ON THE UNITED STATES AGRICULTURAL SECTOR A Dissertation by AMY DEANN HAGERMAN Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Chair of Committee, Bruce A. McCarl Committee Members, David A. Bessler Yanhong Jin Bo Norby Head of Department, John P. Nichols December 2009 Major Subject: Agricultural Economics iii ABSTRACT Essays on Modeling the Economic Impacts of a Foreign Animal Disease on the United States Agricultural Sector. (December 2009) Amy DeAnn Hagerman, B.S., Oklahoma State University; M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Bruce A. McCarl Foreign animal disease can cause serious damage to the United States (US) agricultural sector and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), in particular, poses a serious threat. FMD causes death and reduced fecundity in infected animals, as well as significant economic consequences. FMD damages can likely be reduced through implementing pre-planned response strategies. Empirical studies have evaluated the economic consequences of alternative strategies, but typically employ simplified models. This dissertation seeks to improve US preparedness for avoiding and/or responding to an animal disease outbreak by addressing three issues related to strategy assessment in the context of FMD: integrated multi region economic and epidemic evaluation, inclusion of risk, and information uncertainty.
  • The Effect of Early Life Nutrition on Rumen Microbial Community Development and Impact on Lifetime Performance in Ruminants

    The Effect of Early Life Nutrition on Rumen Microbial Community Development and Impact on Lifetime Performance in Ruminants

    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. THE EFFECT OF EARLY LIFE NUTRITION ON RUMEN MICROBIAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPACT ON LIFETIME PERFORMANCE IN RUMINANTS A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Veterinary Sciences At Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand Omar Cristobal Carballo 2019 Abstract Manipulation of the rumen microbiota in adult ruminants has been intended to improve animal performance and decrease greenhouse gas emissions, but results have only shown a short- or non-lasting effect after intervention. Changes in the ruminal microbiota during rumen development have recently shown promising results in the short-term. Therefore, the purpose of the present body of work was to determine how dietary management and chemical interventions, during rumen development, modify the ruminal microbial community composition, and whether these changes affect rumen fermentation and development, and consequently, performance in the young ruminants. The objectives of this thesis were to: (i) evaluate the impact of early weaning on rumen development and function in artificially-reared lambs; (ii) characterize the impact of early weaning in lambs on the rumen microbiota in the first 16 weeks of life and examine the relationships between rumen microbiota composition and rumen fermentation profiles, rumen development and blood metabolites; (iii) assess whether contrasting feeding regimes in the first 7 months of life lead to an imprint in the rumen microbial community structure, fermentation profiles and methane emissions in the rumen of calves; (iv) and evaluate the effect of methane inhibitors on the rumen microbial community composition, fermentation pathways, and gas emissions in calves.
  • Methane Production by Ruminants: Its Contribution to Global Warming Angela Moss, Jean-Pierre Jouany, John Newbold

    Methane Production by Ruminants: Its Contribution to Global Warming Angela Moss, Jean-Pierre Jouany, John Newbold

    Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming Angela Moss, Jean-Pierre Jouany, John Newbold To cite this version: Angela Moss, Jean-Pierre Jouany, John Newbold. Methane production by ruminants: its contri- bution to global warming. Annales de zootechnie, INRA/EDP Sciences, 2000, 49 (3), pp.231-253. 10.1051/animres:2000119. hal-00889894 HAL Id: hal-00889894 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889894 Submitted on 1 Jan 2000 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. Zootech. 49 (2000) 231–253 231 © INRA, EDP Sciences Review article Methane production by ruminants: its contribution to global warming Angela R. MOSSa*, Jean-Pierre JOUANYb, John NEWBOLDc a ADAS Nutritional Sciences Research Unit, Alcester Road, Stratford Upon Avon, Warwickshire CV37 9RQ, UK b INRA, Centre de Recherches de Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122 Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France c Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB, UK (Received 15 November 1999; accepted 5 April 2000) Abstract —The aim of this paper is to review the role of methane in the global warming scenario and to examine the contribution to atmospheric methane made by enteric fermentation, mainly by rumi- nants.
  • Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock and Poultry

    Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock and Poultry

    www.afabjournal.com Copyright © 2013 Agriculture, Food and Analytical Bacteriology REVIEW Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Livestock and Poultry C. S. Dunkley1 and K. D. Dunkley2 1Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 2School of Science and Math, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, GA ABSTRACT In 2008 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that only 6.4% of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions originated from agriculture. Of this amount, 53.5% comes from animal agriculture. Agri- cultural activities are the largest source of N2O emissions in the U.S. accounting for 69% of the total N2O emissions for 2009. In animal agriculture, the greatest contributor to methane emissions is enteric fermen- tation and manure management. Enteric fermentation is the most important source of methane in beef and dairy production, while most of the methane from poultry and swine production originates from manure. The main cause of agricultural nitrous oxide emissions is from the application of nitrogen fertilizers and animal manures. Application of nitrogenous fertilizers and cropping practices are estimated to cause 78% of total nitrous oxide emissions. Based on the life cycle assessment of beef cattle, 86.15% of the GHGs are emitted during the production stage, while 68.51% of emissions take place during the production of pork and 47.82% of GHG emissions occur during the production stage of broiler chickens. The majority of the emissions from the beef cattle production comes from enteric fermentation while manure management is the major source during swine production and propane use during broiler poultry production. Keywords: greenhouse gas, LCA, poultry emissions, beef emissions Agric.