MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY
REPUBLIC OF KENYA NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN (NCCAP) 2018-2022 VOLUME I
Towards Low Carbon Climate Resilient Development
2018 Foreword
Climate change is a major threat to Kenya’s socio-economic wellbeing. Climate change, indeed, has the potential to roll back the development gains made over the years, and threatens the attainment of our Vision 2030 and my Government’s Big Four Agenda.
In line with our responsibility to mitigate the effects of climate change, and in keeping with the objective of the Paris Agreement, my Government promulgated the Climate Change Act, Number 11 of 2016. This Act provides the legal framework for enhanced response to climate change at both the National and County Government levels. Consequently, climate change is now recognised as a crosscutting H.E. Uhuru Kenyatta, C.G.H. thematic area in our planning process. Further, the Act recognises the Correct Citation: President and Commander in National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) as a five-year iterative Government of Kenya (2018). National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. Chief of the Defence Forces tool for the integration of low carbon climate resilient initiatives across Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Nairobi, Kenya. of the Republic of Kenya our different socio-economic sectors. This National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018-2022 builds on the strong foundation laid Copyright © 2018 Government of Kenya during the implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2013-2017, and the Climate Change Act. NCCAP 2018-2022 sets out bold measures to ensure that our development remains sustainable in the event of any adverse climate change impacts, including droughts, Reproduction of this publication for educational or non-commercial purposes is authorised floods, and other extreme climate events that have in the recent past occasioned far-reaching without written permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully negative implications on our economy. acknowledged. Reproduction of the publication for resale or other commercial purposes is however strictly prohibited, except with prior written permission from the copyright holder. A key action during the 2018-2022 medium-term planning period is increasing our forest cover to at least 10% of our land area, which is in line with our Constitution. This action will contribute to the protection of our water towers and the managing of flooding, which in them will translate to tangible benefits for our citizens across the different sectors. It will also contribute to the achievement of For further information, please contact: our Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement.
Principal Secretary The collective contributions of the National and County Governments, the private sector, the civil Ministry of Environment and Forestry society, faith-based organisations, other non-state actors, and individual citizens to this National Email: [email protected] Climate Change Action Plan will help deliver the expected transformational outcomes. The Plan Website: www.environment.go.ke will also require the support of our development partners and other well-wishers to ensure its effective implementation for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Please consider the environment before printing this publication. If you have to print it, I personally commit to be at the forefront of these efforts, as Chair of the National Climate Change please use recycled paper, and print on both sides of the paper. Council, so as to ensure that our aspiration of a low carbon climate resilient and, prosperous Kenya is realised.
Kazi iendelee!
May God bless the Republic of Kenya!
i NCCAP 2018-2022 was prepared through an extensive consultation Acknowledgements process. Over 1,000 stakeholders, including representatives from the National and County Governments, civil society, the academia, This National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018-2022 is a five- women’s groups, youth groups, marginalised and minority groups, year Plan to guide Kenya’s climate change actions, including the and the private sector, were consulted. These are gratefully reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The Plan is a requirement by the acknowledged for their candid views that form the basis of this Plan. Climate Change Act, 2016, which seeks to further Kenya’s development It is appreciated that effective implementation of NCCAP 2018-2022 goals by providing mechanisms and measures to achieve low carbon will require continued input from these stakeholders, and increased climate resilient development, in a manner that prioritises adaptation. partnerships and enhanced support from development partners. The Plan also sets out initiatives that foster movement towards the achievement of Kenya’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) The development of NCCAP 2018-2022 would not have been Mr. Keriako Tobiko, CBS, SC under the Paris Agreement. The country’s NDC include greenhouse possible without the support of development partners. These Cabinets Secretary for gas emission reductions of 30% by 2030 from the “business as usual” include the Government of Germany through the GIZ NDC Assist Environment and Forestry scenario, mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into the Project, and the Government of the United States of America Government’s planning processes, and implementation of adaptation through the Low-Emission, Climate-Resilient Development Project, actions. which is managed by the United Nations Development Programme. Other support was also received from the Government of the United The development of NCCAP 2018-2022 was guided by a Taskforce Kingdom through the Deepening Democracy Programme, NDC that was appointed and gazetted. It also involved the participation of Partnership, Transparency International, Pan-Africa Climate Justice State Departments and Agencies of the National Government, County Alliance, Friedrich-Ebert Stiftung, and Sustainable Environmental Governments, civil society, the private sector, and the academia. A wide Development Watch (SusWatch) Network. I thank all these range of individuals and institutions participated in the development institutions for their invaluable support. NCCAP 2018-2022. I take this early opportunity to recognise their efforts. NCCAP 2018-2022 will be distributed widely to National and County Technical inputs to NCCAP 2018-2022 were enriched through Government institutions, and amongst non-state actors so that it the Adaptation and Mitigation Thematic Working Groups, whose guides their envisaged roles in the implementation. Development membership was inclusive and drawn from the National and County partners will particularly find the information provided in the Plan Governments, civil society, the academia, and the private sector. very helpful in their alignment of funding preferences with Kenya’s Contributions from members of the Taskforce and the Thematic aspirations to attain a low carbon climate resilient economy. We Working Groups, both at individual and corporate levels, are greatly remain grateful to their commitment to walk alongside Kenya in this appreciated. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF) is also journey. grateful to the national and international climate change experts that provided valuable technical inputs to the process. The Ministry of Environment and Forestry is committed to the implementation of this Plan, and will lead efforts to increase our I wish to commend the Principal Secretary for Environment and Forestry forest cover to at least 10% of Kenya’s land. We will work with for ably chairing the Taskforce, and coordinating the entire process of the National Climate Change Council to ensure a coordinated developing NCCAP 2018-2022, including managing contributions from and effective approach that will involve the National and County contracted experts. I recognise the experts for their professionalism Governments, and other stakeholders across the Kenyan society in and diligence throughout the process of developing NCCAP 2018- this initiative, and on other planned actions. 2022.
ii iii National Climate Change Action Plan Taskforce Charles Sunkuli - Principal Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Chair) Clara Busolo - National Gender and Equality Commission Martin Eshiwani - Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development Lulu Hayanga - Office of the Attorney General and Department of Justice Frank Msafiri - Kenya Climate Change Working Group Lucy Ng’ang’a - Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries, and Irrigation Faith Ngige - Kenya Private Sector Alliance Joyce Njogu - Kenya Association of Manufacturers David Nyantika - Ministry of Water and Sanitation Philip Odhiambo - World Wide Fund for Nature Kenya (WWF-Kenya) Stephen Osingo - Council of Governors Erastus Wahome - The National Treasury and Planning Elizabeth Wamalwa - The National Treasury and Planning Esther Wang’ombe - Ministry of Energy Pacifica Achieng Ogola - Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Joint Secretary) Stephen M. King’uyu - Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Joint Secretary)
Secretariat/Climate Change Directorate Charles Mutai Moses Omedi Jura Thomas Lerenten Lelekoitien Environmental Conservation and Augustine Kenduiwo Peter Omeny protection is the foundation to sustainable Michael Okumu development and resilience. Samuel Muchiri David B. Adegu Veronica Kioko Steve Muhanji Innocent Muriithi Fiona Oweke
iv v CONTENTSCHAPTER 3: Foreword PRIORITY CLIMATE CHANGE i 44 ACTIONS FOR 2018-2022
Acknowledgements ii 3.1 Identification of Priority Climate Change Actions 45 National Climate Change Action Plan Taskforce iv 3.2 Priority Climate Change Actions 48 Secretariat/Climate Change Directorate iv 3.2.1 Climate Change Priority 1: Disaster (Drought and Flood) Risk Management 49 List of Figures viii 3.2.2 Climate Change Priority 2: Food and Nutrition Security 55 List of Tables viii 3.2.3 Climate Change Priority 3: Water and the Blue Economy 62 List of Boxes viii 3.2.4 Climate Change Priority 4: Forests, Wildlife and Tourism 67 Abbreviations and Acronyms ix 3.2.5 Climate Change Priority 5: Health, Sanitation and Human Settlements 74 Definition of Terms xii 3.2.6 Climate Change Priority 6: Manufacturing 80 Executive Summary xv 3.2.7 Climate Change Priority 7: Energy and Transport 84 3.3 Climate Change Priority Actions in the Counties 94 CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND CHAPTER 4: 02 AND CONTEXT 100 DELIVERING NCCAP 2018-2022 1.1 Introduction 5 4.1 Enablers 101 1.2 Goal of NCCAP 2018-2022 6 4.1.1 Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework 101 1.3 Approach Used in Developing NCCAP 2018-2022 8 4.1.2 Technology and Innovation 103 1.4 Underpinning Contexts 9 4.1.3 Capacity Development and Knowledge Management 105 1.4.1 Kenya’s Positioning 9 4.1.4 Climate Finance and Resource Mobilisation 110 1.4.2 Kenya’s Climate is Changing 10 4.1.5 Measurement, Reporting and Verification Plus (MRV+) 114 1.4.3 Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya 12 4.2 Delivery and Coordination Mechanisms 117 1.4.4 Kenya’s Contribution to Climate Change 21 4.2.1 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities 117 1.4.5 Summary of the Implementation of NCCAP 2013-2017 22 4.2.2 Coordination of NCCAP 2018-2022 121 1.4.6 Political, Economic, Social. Technological, Environmental, and Legal Situation 28 4.2.3 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of NCCAP 2018-2022 122 CHAPTER 2: 4.2.4 Financial Requirements 123 ENABLING POLICY AND 30 LEGAL FRAMEWORK NCCAP 2018-2022 IMPLEMENTATION MATRIX 2.1 The Global Perspective 31 124 2.2 The Regional Legal and Policy Framework 36 2.3 The National Legal and Policy Framework 37 132 ENDNOTES
vi vii List of Figures Abbreviations and Acronyms Figure 1: Distribution of annual rainfall in Kenya 9 Figure 2: Temperature changes in Kenya’s 21 arid and semi-arid Counties between 1960 and 2013 11 AF Adaptation Fund Figure 3: Growth rate in GDP in Kenya from 2007 to 2011, with and without drought 17 AFR100 African Forest Landscape Restoration Initiative Figure 4: Baseline projections of greenhouse gas emissions in Kenya (MtCO e) 21 2 ASAL Arid and Semi-Arid Land Figure 5: Composite abatement potential for all sectors in Kenya (technical potential) in MtCO2e 22 Figure 6: Flood-prone areas of Kenya 50 ATAR Adaptation Technical Analysis Report Figure 7: Historical timeline of major shocks in agricultural production in Kenya, 1980-2012 56 BRT Bus rapid transit Figure 8: Land use in Kenya 67 UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity Figure 9: Population at risk from malaria in Kenya (in millions) 74 CBIT Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency Figure 10: Kenya: County economic blocs 95 CBS Chief of Burning Spear Figure 11: Institutions established in the Climate Change Act, 2016 81 CCCF County Climate Change Fund CCD Climate Change Directorate CEC County Executive Committee List of Tables CDM Clean Development Mechanism CF Contingencies Fund Table 1: Climate risks and sources of vulnerability 12 CFA Community Forestry Association Table 2: Summary of likely impacts of climate change by sector in Kenya 18 CGs County Governments Table 3: Kenya’s legal and policy framework for national climate change action 39 Table 4: National climate change strategies, plans, and regulations for various sectors in Kenya 41 CGH Chief of Golden Heart Table 5: Climate plans and regulations at County Government level in Kenya 43 CIDP County Integrated Development Plan Table 6: Priority climate change actions 48 CIS Climate Information Services Table 7: Adaptation, mitigation, and enabling issues identified by County economic blocs 97 CO2 Carbon dioxide Table 8: Priority enabling actions: Enabling policy and regulatory framework 102 CoG Council of Governors Table 9: Priority enabling actions: Technology and innovation 103 COP Conference of the Parties Table 10: Priority enabling actions: Capacity development and knowledge management 106 CPEBR Climate Public Expenditure and Budget Review Table 11: Priority enabling actions: Climate finance and resource mobilisation 111 CS Cabinet Secretary Table 12: Priority enabling actions: MRV+ 115 CSA Climate Smart Agriculture CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network DPs Development Partners EAC East African Community List of Boxes EDE Ending Drought Emergencies Box 1: Kenya’s low carbon climate resilient development pathway 5 ERC Energy Regulatory Commission Box 2: Stakeholder consultations in the development of NCCAP 2018-2022 8 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Box 3: County Climate Change Funds 23 GCF Green Climate Fund Box 4: Highlight of progress on enabling actions under NCCAP 2013-2017 25 GDC Geothermal Development Corporation Box 5: Kenya’s Nationally Determined Contribution 33 GDP Gross Domestic Product Box 6: Sustainable Development Goals 36 GEF Global Environment Facility Box 7: The Climate Change Act (No. 11 of 2016) 38 GESIP Green Economy Strategy and Implementation Plan Box 8: The Big Four Agenda 45 GHG Greenhouse gas Box 9: Climate change-SDG impact assessment 46 GIS Geographic Information Service Box 10: Climate change impacts identified by Counties 95 GNI Gross National Income GoK Government of Kenya HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
viii ix ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation IC-FRA Improving Capacity in Forest Resources Assessment in Kenya MOTIHUD Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification ICT Information and communication technology MRV+ Measurement, Reporting and Verification Plus IDD International Disaster Database MSME Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise ILRI International Livestock Research Institute MTAR Mitigation Technical Analysis Report IMO International Maritime Organisation MTP Medium Term Plan IPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change MWS Ministry of Water and Sanitation KAA Kenya Airports Authority N2O Nitrogen Oxide KALRO Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action KAM Kenya Association of Manufacturers NAMATA Nairobi Metropolitan Area Transport Authority KCAA Kenya Civil Aviation Authority NAP National Adaptation Plan KCCWG Kenya Climate Change Working Group NARIG National Agricultural Rural Inclusive Growth Project KCEP Kenya Cereal Enhancement Programme NCA National Construction Authority KCSAIF Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Implementation Framework NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan KCSAS Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy NCCC National Climate Change Council KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards NCCRC National Climate Change Resource Centre KenGen Kenya Electricity Generating Company Ltd. NDA National Designated Authority KENHA Kenya National Highways Authority NDC Nationally Determined Contribution KEPSA Kenya Private Sector Alliance NDE National Designated Entity KeRRA Kenya Rural Roads Authority NDEF National Drought Emergency Fund KES Kenya Shilling NDMA National Drought Management Authority KETRACO Kenya Electricity Transmission Company NEMA National Environment Management Authority KFS Kenya Forest Service NF3 Nitrogen trifluoride KFSSG Kenya Food Security Steering Group NFRA National Forest Resources Assessment in Kenya KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute NHIF National Hospital Insurance Fund KMA Kenya Maritime Authority NIE National Implementing Entity KMD Kenya Meteorological Department NMT Non-Motorised Transport KMFRI Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute NPBM National Performance and Benefit Measurement KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics NSNP National Safety Net Programme KPA Kenya Ports Authority NTSA National Transport and Safety Authority KQ Kenya Airways PESTEL Political, Economic, Social, Environmental, and Legal KR Kenya Railways PFCs Perfluorocarbons KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority REA Rural Electrification Authority KWS Kenya Wildlife Service REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of LECRD Low Emission Climate Resilient Development conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry carbon stocks in developing countries M&E Monitoring and Evaluation SCCF Special Climate Change Fund MAI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation SDG Sustainable Development Goal MALFI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation SGR Standard Gauge Railway MEF Ministry of Environment and Forestry SLEEK System for Land-based Emissions Estimation in Kenya MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources StARCK+ Strengthening Adaptation and Resilience to Climate Change in Kenya MITC Ministry of Industrialisation, Trade and Cooperatives UN United Nations MOE Ministry of Energy UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
x xi UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen It is a mitigation mechanism that creates
UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea trifluoride (NF3). financial value for the carbon stored in forests UNDP United Nations Development Programme by avoiding deforestation, and increasing the UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Mitigation refers to human interventions carbon stock in existing forests. VAT Value Added Tax to prevent or slow down atmospheric GHG WRA Water Resources Authority concentrations by limiting current or future Resilience refers to the capacity of social, WRUA Water Resource Users Association emissions, and/or enhancing potential sinks for economic and environmental systems to cope greenhouse gases. with a hazardous event, trend, or disturbance. It is manifested through responding or
MtCO2eq or MtCO2e is an abbreviation for reorganizing in ways that assert the essential million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. It is function, identity, and structure of the system, Units and Symbols the amount of GHG emissions expressed as an while also maintaining the capacity for equivalent of concentrations of carbon dioxide. adaptation, learning and transformation CH4 Methane ha Hectare Ocean acidification refers to the reduction in the Vulnerability refers to the propensity or 3 m Cubic metre potential of Hydrogen (pH) of the ocean over an predisposition to be adversely affected. It MtCO2e Million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent extended period of time, caused mainly by the encompasses a variety of concepts and MW Megawatt uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. elements, including sensitivity or susceptibility N2O Nitrogen Oxide REDD+ is the acronym for ‘Reducing Emissions to harm, and lack of capacity to cope and adapt. NF2 Nitrogen trifluoride from Deforestation and Forest Degradation’. SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
CO2 Carbon dioxide Definition of Terms
Adaptation means adjustment in natural or Climate change refers to a change in the human systems in response to actual or expected climate system that is caused by significant climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates changes in the concentration of greenhouse harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. gases due to human activities, and which is in addition to the natural climate change that has Adaptive capacity refers to the ability of systems, been observed during a considerable period. institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, take advantage of Global warming refers to the observed or opportunities, or respond to consequences. projected gradual increase in global surface temperature. It is one of the consequences of Carbon credit or offset is a financial unit of climate change. measurement that represents the removal of one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent from Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases that the atmosphere. Carbon credits are generated absorb and emit radiant energy within the by projects that deliver measurable reductions thermal infrared range. The main GHGs in greenhouse gas emissions. measured in a GHG inventory are, carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), Carbon market is a market created from the perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons trading of units of greenhouse gas emissions.
xii xiii Executive Summary
Photo: Unisplash
xiv xv This National Climate Change Action Plan water, energy, tourism, wildlife, and health, supported by the Adaptation, and Mitigation 2017-2026; improve crop productivity by (NCCAP) 2018-2022 is a five-year plan to steer these changes in the country’s climate were Thematic Working Groups that collated and increasing the acreage under irrigation; Kenya’s climate change action. The Plan singled out as severe threats to the well-being interpreted collected views in light of the increase productivity in the livestock and derives from the Climate Change Act (Number of Kenyans. The economic cost of floods and political, economic, social, technological, fisheries sectors through implementation of 11 of 2016), which requires the Government of drought in the country created a long-term fiscal environmental, and legal environment in Kenya. relevant actions in KCSA; diversify livelihoods Kenya (GoK) to develop Action Plans to guide liability equivalent to between 2% and 2.8% of the The Working Groups produced the Adaptation to adjust to the changing climate; increase the mainstreaming of climate change into country’s Gross Domestic Product, every year. Technical Analysis Report (ATAR) 2018-2022 and annual per capita water availability through sector functions. NCCAP 2018-2022 will further Kenya’s responsibility for global climate change the Mitigation Technical Analysis Report (MTAR) development of water infrastructure; the achievement of Kenya’s development is very little, as the country’s greenhouse gas 2018-2022, respectively, which are part of NCCAP climate proof water harvesting and water goals by providing mechanisms to realise (GHG) emissions represent less than 1% of total 2018-2022. storage infrastructure, and improve flood low carbon climate resilient development. global emissions. Climate change is a global control; promote water efficiency through It emphasises sustainability, while prioritising problem, and Kenya participates actively in the Seven priority areas underpin NCCAP 2018- monitoring, reducing wastage, re-using, adaptation and enhanced climate resilience for international response founded on the United 2022; Disaster Risk Management; Food recycling, and modelling; improve access vulnerable groups, including women, youth, Nations Framework Convention on Climate and Nutrition Security; Water and the Blue to good quality water; improve the climate persons with disabilities, and marginalised and Change (UNFCCC). Economy; Forestry; Wildlife, and Tourism; resilience of coastal communities; afforest minority communities. Health, Sanitation, and Human Settlements; and reforest degraded and deforested Kenya’s priority climate actions are in the six Manufacturing; and Energy and Transport. areas in Counties; implement initiatives to NCCAP 2018-2022 was developed at a time when mitigation sectors set out in the UNFCCC; Through these priority areas, climate change reduce deforestation and forest degradation; significant changes in Kenya’s climate were agriculture, energy, forestry, industry, transport, action is aligned to the Government’s Big Four restore degraded landscapes in arid and evident. Climate-related disasters, particularly and waste. The actions are expected to lower Agenda, and the Sustainable Development Goals semi-arid lands, and rangelands; promote droughts and floods, were frequent, and their GHG emissions, and help Kenya meet its (SDGs). NCCAP 2018-2022 seeks to increase the sustainable timber production on privately- impacts adversely affected the economy and Nationally Determined Contribution goal of number of households and entities benefiting owned land; conserve land area for wildlife; livelihoods in the country. The frequency of abating the emissions by 30% by 2030, relative from devolved adaptive services; improve reduce incidences of malaria and other cold days and nights, and frost, had greatly to business as usual. NCCAP 2018-2022 aligns the ability of people to cope with drought and vector-borne disease; promote recycling to increased. Temperature rise spanned across sectors in Kenya to support this goal. The floods; improve the coordination and delivery divert collected waste away from disposal all seasons, and rainfall patterns had changed. Plan was developed through an extensively of disaster management response; improve sites; climate proof landfill sites; control With an economy that is dependent on consultative process led by a Taskforce that crop productivity through roll out of actions flooding in human settlements; promote climate-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture, conducted over 1,000 stakeholder consultations, in the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture (KCSA), green buildings; increase energy efficiency;
Photo: Shutterstock
xvi xvii improve water use and resource efficiency; The Climate Change Act sets out the institutional optimise manufacturing and production structures and responsibilities in the oversight and processes; promote industrial symbiosis in management of NCCAPs, including this NCCAP The Journey industrial zones; increase renewable energy 2018-2022. The National Climate Change Council for electricity generation; increase captive (NCCC) is responsible for overall coordination, in climate change renewable energy; improve energy efficiency while the Cabinet Secretary responsible for climate and conservation; climate proof energy change affairs submits NCCAPs for approval, infrastructure; promote the transition to clean and reports to NCCC and Parliament on their action cooking with alternative clean fuels in urban implementation. Implementation of NCCAP 2018- areas, and clean biomass cookstoves and 2022 is supported by a number of National, County, alternatives in rural areas; develop an affordable, and sectoral policies and plans that have been 2018 safe, and efficient public transport, including developed, such as the National Climate Change Lorem ipsum 2018 1992 NCCAP Climate a Bus Rapid Transit System in Nairobi; reduce Response Strategy (2010), the National Adaptation UNFCCC Adopted 2018-2022 Finance Policy fuel consumption and fuel overhead costs, Plan (NAP 2015-2030), the Kenya Climate Smart including electrification of the Standard Gauge Agriculture Strategy (2017-2026) and the National Railway; encourage low carbon technologies in Climate Finance Policy (2017). County Governments 1994 Kenya ratified 2017-2018 the aviation and maritime sectors; and climate- are enacting regulations to allocate a portion of the UNFCCC National Climate proof transport infrastructure. These actions their development budgets to support climate Change Fund are to be mainstreamed in the Third Medium change action. State departments and national Term Plan (MTP III), and in County Integrated public entities are required to establish climate 1997 Development Plans (CIDPs), to ensure that change units to integrate NCCAP 2018-2022 into Kyoto Protocol they are taken up in Counties and in all sectors their strategies and implementation plans, and adopted 2016 in the country. to report to NCCC on an annual basis. County Climate Governments are to integrate actions in NCCAP Change Act Thirty-eight crosscutting enabling actions will 2018-2022 into their CIDPs for the 2018-2022 period, 2005 be implemented to equip government and and designate a County Executive Committee Kenya ratified Kyoto and other stakeholders with the knowledge, skills, member to coordinate climate change affairs. implemented CDM projects technologies, and financing needed to deliver 2016 and report on the planned climate change NCCAP 2018-2022 requires the National and County Kenya ratified actions. The enabling actions comprise of Governments, the private sector, civil society, 2010 Paris Agreement supporting policy and regulatory framework, faith-based organisations, other non-state actors, National Climate Change Strategy capacity development and knowledge individual citizens, and development partners to management, technology and innovation, contribute in its implementation that is projected climate finance, and Measurement, Reporting, to cost KES 1,784,309 million; KES 289,093 million 2015 National and Verification Plus (MRV+). These actions are in the 2018/2019 fiscal year, KES 408,424 million in Adapation Plan important to the successful delivery of NCCAP the 2019/2020 fiscal year, KES 486,013 million in 2013 NAP 2015-2030 2018-2022, alongside effective institutional the 2020/2021 fiscal year, KES 352,044 million in NCCAP 2013-2017 structures and oversight responsibilities. the 2021/2022 fiscal year, and KES 248,335 million in the 2022/2023 fiscal year. 2015 2014 Paris Agreement Ratified Doha Adopted Ammendments 2015 to Kyoto Protocol Kenya's NDC submitted
xviii xix Photo: Benard Omwaka
CHAPTER ONE
Background and Context
2 Facts & 7.4% of Kenya’s land area covered by forests as of 2018 70% Kenyans rely on biomass 10 percent of land in Figures 7.4% 7 billion 32% (fuelwood and charcoal) schools planted with Annual contribution of the Forestry sector 2nd largest GHG emissions energy for cooking trees by 2023 forest sector to the economy contributor in 2015 (32% of national emissions) as of 2018
No. of wildlife dispersal areas and 20%migratory pathways secured by 2023 10% Area under private sector commercial and industrial plantations to increase from 71,000 ha to 121,000 ha by 2022
20% of terrestrial and inland water, and 15% of coastal marine 70% 90% areas conserved by 2023 30,000 ha of wildlife habitats conserved by 2023
5.3% 1 6 5.3% rise in cattle slaughtered 89% to cushion farmers from effects of 90% of collected wastes to drought between 2016 and 2017 3.4 million 13 to 20 million Kenyans at be diverted away from disposal risk from malaria; 89% of the Kenyans left food sites to recycling practices by 2023 insecure due to the population could be at 2017-2018 drought 2,000,000,000 risk by 2050 KES 2 billion allocated annually to NDEF towards 2 reduction of risks
Kenyans without access to water due to Global benchmark 500,000 the 2017-2018 drought per capita water 70 Km of BRT for 600 biogas systems availability: 1000 m3 nairobi-brt 70 Km Nairobi Metropolitan constructed in various Area by 2023 600 schools and public facilities by 2023
183 Current per capita 2 new aircraft (B787) water availability with fuel efficient 2 aircraft (B787) 3 engines purchased in Kenya: 647 m by 2023 3 Lives claimed in the 2018 flooding 0.5 MW solar power Water storage 30% of freight from plant installed at Mombasa to Nairobi and non-revenue SGR 30% Moi International Airport No of ground shifted from road to rail by 2018 water reduced from 5 water surveys by 2023 undertaken by 2023 43% to 20% by 2023
No. of sub-catchment 2,333 MW: Installed 56 management plan 2,333 MW electricity generation At least 15% of coastal developed 2023 capacity in 2016/2017 2,405 MW marine areas conserved by 2023 No. of sub-catchment 44% 236 management plans Geothermal 2,405 MW new implemented by 2023 renewables developed 33% Hydro Deep/offshore fishing fleet 2% 21% by 2023 Over 225,000 people to increase from 9 to 68 Imports displaced in the 2018 floods by 2023 Thermal National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022
1.1 Introduction Section 13 of the Climate Change Act, 2016 of the United Nations Framework Convention on This National Climate Change Action Plan 2018- enhanced food and nutrition security, affordable provides for the development of National Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2022 (NCCAP 2018-2022) presents detailed housing, increased manufacturing, and universal Climate Change Action Plans (NCCAPs) to actions that Kenya will embark on to address healthcare. prescribe measures and mechanisms to Climate change is a shared responsibility climate change, during the 2018-2022 medium- mainstream adaptation and mitigation actions between the National Government and County term planning period. Climate change has Kenya takes climate change seriously. This is into sector functions of the National and County Governments. The National Government led and increased the frequency and magnitude of demonstrated by its enactment of the Climate Governments. The Act requires the Cabinet guided the process of developing NCCAP 2018- extreme climate events in Kenya. These events Change Act (Number 11 of 2016). This Act is the first Secretary responsible for climate change 2022, and worked with County Governments have led to loss of lives, diminished livelihoods, climate change-dedicated legislation in Africa. It affairs to review and update the NCCAP every during this process. Implementation of the Plan is reduced crop and livestock production, and provides the regulatory framework for enhanced five-years. The first NCCAP was for the period coordinated by the two levels of government, in damaged infrastructure, among other adverse response to climate change, and mechanisms 2013-2017. NCCAP 2018-2022 is Kenya’s second line with the Constitution of Kenya (2010). NCCAP impacts. The torrential rains and severe flooding and measures to transition to low carbon climate Action Plan on climate change. It builds on 2018-2022 coincides with the second generation that were witnessed in the country from March resilient development (see Box 1). This pathway NCCAP 2013-2017 by which considerable of County Governments. County Governments are to May 2018, which devastated communities, emphasises sustainable development, while progress was made. This progress includes, responsible for a number of devolved functions most of which were already struggling to prioritising adaptation, and recognising the the establishment of climate change funds in whose actions will contribute to the achievement recover from a prolonged drought, are an importance of enhancing the climate resilience five counties, expanding geothermal power, of NCCAP 2018-2022, and the Big Four Agenda. example of these events. Climate change is of vulnerable groups, including children, women, establishment of the National Climate Change therefore a significant threat to Kenya’s future youth, persons with disabilities, the elderly, and Resource Centre, and improvement of the legal NCCAP 2018-2022 guides the climate actions of development, including achievement of the marginalised and minority communities. and policy framework (see Chapter 2 for more the National and County Governments, the private Kenya Vision 2030 goals, and the Government’s details). NCCAP 2018-2022 is a framework for sector, civil society, and other actors, to enable Big Four Agenda for 2018-2022 that focuses on Kenya to deliver on its Nationally Determined Kenya transition to low carbon climate resilient Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement development. BOX 1: Kenya’s low carbon climate resilient development pathway 1.2 Goal of NCCAP 2018-2022 A low carbon climate resilient development pathway for Kenya emphasises: NCCAP 2018-2022 seeks to further Kenya’s of vulnerable groups, including children, women, Sustainable Development development goals by providing mechanisms youth, persons with disabilities, the elderly, and Achieving sustainable development is at and measures to achieve low carbon climate marginalised and minority communities. The Plan the forefront of all climate actions. This is resilient development, in a manner that helps to further Kenya’s development aspirations because climate change and development prioritises adaptation, and recognises the by seeking to: are intricately linked; essence of enhancing the climate resilience Mitigation Taking actions, where possible, Adaptation ■■ Align climate change actions in the country ■■ Provide the framework to deliver Kenya’s NDC for to encourage greenhouse gas Reducing vulnerability to avoid with the Government’s development agenda, the 2018-2022 period; and emissions that are lower than or cushion from the impacts including the Big Four Agenda; ■■ Provide a framework for mainstreaming climate business-as-usual practice; and to of climate change, as well as ■■ Encourage participation of the private sector, change into sector functions at the National and reduce human causes of emissions enabling people to respond to civil society, and vulnerable groups within County levels. by moving toward a resource climate risks by moving toward society, including children, women, older efficient economy that is as low a climate resilient society; members of society, persons with disabilities, carbon as possible. Mitigation or youth, and members of minority or marginalised low carbon actions should only be considered as priority climate communities; change actions if they also have Source: National Climate Change climate resilience or significant Action Plan, 2013-2017, page 25. sustainable development benefits.
5 6 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
In order to achieve climate change actions that simultaneously advance economic and sustainable 1.3 Approach Used in Developing NCCAP 2018-2022 development objectives, NCCAP 2018-2022 is guided by the following principles: The Ministry of Environment and Forestry Groups that developed the Adaptation Technical • Responsiveness – responding to actual communities, through an inclusive approach to • coordinated the development of NCCAP 2018- Analysis Report (ATAR): Volume II and Mitigation adaptation and mitigation needs in Kenya climate change action; through taking of measures that reduce 2022 through the NCCAP Taskforce that was Technical Analysis Report (MTAR): Volume III that the adverse effects of climate change, and •• Consultation and cooperation – implementing gazetted by the Cabinet Secretary via gazette are part of NCCAP 2018-2022. The Climate Change preventing or minimising the causes of climate actions through consultation and cooperation notice number 10943 of 19th September, 2017. Directorate (CCD) situated in MEF led the technical change; between the National and County Governments, The Taskforce comprised of experts from the analyses, and organised extensive consultations to and in consultation and cooperation with civil National and County Governments, civil society, ensure that NCCAP 2018-2022 reflected the inputs •• Equity and social inclusion – addressing the society and the private sector; and and the private sector; and was supported by the and priorities of a wide range of stakeholders (see needs of vulnerable groups within society, Adaptation and Mitigation Thematic Working Box 2). including those of children, women, older •• Fairness – ensuring that climate actions do not members of society, persons with disabilities, create competitive disadvantage for the Kenyan youth, and members of minority or marginalised private sector, relative to its trading partners. Box 2: Stakeholder consultations in the development of NCCAP 2018-2022
The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MEF) led the development of NCCAP 2018-2022, through The climate change actions in this NCCAP were identified through extensive the NCCAP Taskforce that was appointed and gazetted by the Cabinet Secretary. consultations with over 1,000 stakeholders from:
Photo: KenGen Departmental Senate Committee on Standing National County Environment Committee Government Governments and Natural on Land, sector ministries Civil society and Council of Resources, Environment and state Governors National and Natural departments Assembly Resources
Vulnerable groups, including persons with Development Youth Women disabilities, Private sector pastoralists, fisher partners communities and forest resource users
7 8 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
Kenya is frequently affected by weather- settlements. Flooding normally occurs across the 1.4 Underpinning Contexts related disasters, particularly droughts. These entire country in years with above-normal rainfall, 1.4.1 Kenya’s Positioning profoundly impact the country’s economy and as well as those with heavy rainfall storms. 2018 is the well-being of Kenyans. Floods are however an example of this, with some of the highest level Kenya is a commercial, transportation, and Kenya is equatorial with a complex and variable seasonal and more localised, and mainly affect of rainfall totals in the long rain season (March- communications hub for eastern Africa. It has climate that ranges from warm and humid in the areas around the Lake Victoria basin and April-May) recorded since 1950.7 experienced moderate economic growth coastal region, to arid and very arid in the interior. Tana River drainage basin, as well as coastal over the past five years, and also witnessed The central and western highlands, which make improved indicators of human development up about 18% of Kenya’s land area, are bisected by 1.4.2 Kenya’s Climate is Changing in areas, such as education, and declining the Rift Valley, and have a temperate climate with Kenya’s climate is already changing. The Fifth Rainfall patterns have also changed. The long- birth rates1. In 2016, Kenya was the ninth- medium to high rainfall. These highlands are the Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental rain season has become shorter and drier, and largest economy in Africa, and became a lower productive zones of the country, having high to Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents the short-rain season has become longer and middle-income country with gross national medium agricultural potential. Low and unevenly strong evidence that surface temperatures wetter. Overall annual rainfall remains low, with the income (GNI) per capita of US $1,3802. The distributed rainfall over much of Kenya means that across Africa have increased by 0.5 – 2 °C long rains declining continuously and, droughts country has an estimated population of 50 about 82% of the country receives less than 700 over the past 100 years, and from 1950 becoming longer, more intense, and tending to million Kenyans, about 52% being women and mm of rain per year (see Figure 1). 23 out of Kenya’s onwards, climate change has altered the continue across rainy seasons. The frequency of 48% men. Close to 45% of the population lives 47 Counties are considered arid or semi-arid lands magnitude and frequency of extreme climate rainfall events that cause floods has also increased, below the poverty line, and poverty is slightly (ASALs). Counties in arid lands are predominantly events.8 The frequency of cold days, cold not just in Kenya, but in the entire East African higher in female-headed households3. 54% of pastoral, while those in the semi-arid lands are nights, and frost, has decreased; while the region, from an average of less than three events rural and 63% of urban women and girls are agro-pastoral, with integrated crop/livestock frequency of hot days, hot nights, and heat per year in 1980s, to over seven events per year in estimated to live below the poverty line, which production systems5. waves, has increased. Temperature rise has 1990s, and ten events per year from 2000 to 2006. makes them more vulnerable to impacts of been observed across all seasons in Kenya The frequency of droughts and heavy rainfall has climate change4. (see Figure 2), but particularly from March to also significantly increased in the East Africa region 6.00 May. Variations exist between locations, with in the last 30-60 years. a lower rate of warming observed along the 5.00 coast.9 The surface temperature trends of
MANDERA Nairobi and its environs show warming of 4.00 10 MOYALE 281.80 2000.00 more than 2.5 °C in the past 50 years. LODWAR 731.70 1900.00 3.00 201.20 1800.00 Photo: Min. of Environment MARSABIT 1700.00 816.90 2.00 WAJIR 1600.00 329.10 1500.00 1400.00 1.00 ELDORET 1300.00 KAKAM 1200.00 1071.40 MERU KISUMU 0.00 1962.20 1100.00 NAKURU 1341.30 1379K.E3R0ICHO NYERI GARISSA KISII 919.30 1000.00 2005.50 959.60 393.40 900.00 2101.70 NAROK -1.00 DAGORETTI 800.00 782.20 760.10 700.00
-2.00 MAKINDU LAMU 600.00 602.00 943.10 500.00 400.00 -3.00 VOI MALINDI 300.00 568.50 1074.20 200.00 MOMBASA -4.00 1105.00 Figure 1: Distribution of -5.00 annual rainfall in Kenya6.
33.00 34.00 35.00 36.00 37.00 38.00 39.00 40.00 41.00 42.00 43.00
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a) Maximum temperature b) Minimum temperature 1.4.3 Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya Climate change is causing rise in average losses of 0.362% per year, due to extreme climate global temperatures and sea levels. This is events.16 The Kenyan economy is dependent on triggering major environmental and economic climate-sensitive sectors, such as agriculture, disruptions. In Kenya, heat, drought, and floods water, energy, tourism, wildlife, and health, whose 1.54 are negatively impacting lives, with human vulnerability is increased by climate change 0.90 0.58 health increasingly being at risk. Extreme (see Table 1 for other sources of vulnerability). 1.80 climate events cause significant loss of life, Increased intensities and magnitudes of climate- 1.27 0.95 and adversely affect the national economy. In related disasters in Kenya aggravate conflicts, the 1997-2016 period, the country experienced mostly over natural resources. They are a threat 0.85 0.64 an average of 57.95 deaths per year, and GDP to Kenya’s security. 1.91 1.59 1.38 1.17 1.01 0.80 1.91 1.59 1.80 1.48 Table 1: Climate risks and sources of vulnerability. 1.59 1.33
0.69 Climate risks Key Sources of vulnerability 0.58 1.75 1.43 1.48 1.22 0.90 1.01 0.74 0.64 ■■ High levels of multi-dimensional ■■ Rising temperatures 1.22 1.11 1.48 0.53 1.38 0.58 poverty, particularly in ASALs ■■ Uncertain changes in rainfall patterns ■■ Gender inequality ■■ Rising sea levels, and stronger storm ■■ Environmental degradation, including surges 0.58 0.69 County boundary 0.85 0.95 loss of forest cover ■■ Greater risk of extreme climate events High potential areas ■■ High reliance of the national economy (droughts, floods, and landslides) 0.58 0.80 and local livelihoods on rain-fed ■■ Melting glaciers agriculture ■■ Ocean acidification Figure 2: Temperatures changes in Kenya’s 21 arid and ■■ High level of water scarcity, and semi-arid Counties between 1960 and 2013.13 mismanagement of water resources ■■ Insecure land tenure, and land Rising annual temperatures are a trend that is IPCC reports that precipitation projections are fragmentation ■ Population growth, and migration to expected to continue in Kenya in all seasons. more uncertain than temperature projections; ■ urban areas This concurs with the IPCC Fifth Assessment suggesting that by the end of the 21st century, ■ Heavy disease burden, and limited Report, which indicated that during this century, the East African region will have a wetter climate, ■ access to quality health care, temperatures in the African continent would with more intense wet seasons and less severe particularly in rural, and remote areas rise more quickly than in other land areas, and droughts. The proportion of rainfall occurring in that this would particularly be observed in more heavy events is expected to increase. Regional arid regions. Climate modelling for the East climate model studies however suggest drying Africa region using a high-emissions scenario over most parts of Kenya in the months of August suggested that mean annual temperatures and September, by the end of the 21st century.15 would increase by 0.9 °C by 2035, 2.2 °C by 2065 and 4.0 °C by 2100.14
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(a) Social Impacts Floods have caused huge disruptions to 2017. At that time, it had affected 23 out of the 47 some areas become less conducive for livestock, fisher communities suffer from severe poverty, human lives in Kenya. The floods experienced Counties, with Counties in ASALs being the most particularly cattle, which leads to reductions in and are impacted by climate change-induced in early 2018 claimed over 183 lives, displaced affected. At least 3.4 million Kenyans were severely herd numbers. Counties, such as Laikipia, which storms, and heavy rainfall that cause seas to get more than 225,000 people, including over food insecure, and an estimated 500,000 people have favourable conditions, could enter into rough, especially in May-June-July periods, when 145,000 children, and led to closure of over did not have access to water.23 An estimated resource-use conflicts when pastoralists from other they are unable to fish or risk their lives attempting 700 schools.17 They have been associated with 482,882 children, mainly from 23 ASAL Counties, Counties move their animals to them in search of to earn income. Concern has also been expressed cholera outbreaks in at least five Counties, and required treatment for acute malnutrition. School water and better conditions of pasture.27 Cross- over the vulnerability of the poor that live in urban people experiencing upsurges in mosquito- attendance dropped in the Counties that were border conflicts could increase with neighbouring slums. borne diseases, such as malaria, and dengue impacted by the drought.24 Droughts also cause countries, such as Ethiopia, and Tanzania, when fever.18 Between 1990 and 2015, a total of 43 changes in the migratory patterns of animals, pastoralists compete for food, water, and grazing Women are vulnerable to climate change. flood disasters happened in Kenya. This is and increase conflicts between people and large lands. Their role as primary caregivers and providers equivalent to an average of 1.65 flood disasters mammals like elephants. of food and fuel makes them more vulnerable per year. On average, each flood disaster There is evidence of migration of vulnerable groups when flooding and droughts occur. Drought affected 68,000 people.19 Estimates show that From a geographical perspective, Kenya’s ASALs in Kenya that is linked to climate change. The compromises hygiene for women and girls, as 267,000 Kenyans will be at risk from coastal are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of migration is mainly due to reliance on resource- the little water available is used for drinking and flooding by 2030, because of sea level rise.20 climate change. The highest incidence of poverty based livelihoods by the groups. Reduced cooking. It also negatively effects women’s time An increase of 30 centimetres of sea water at is found in these areas. Women and men in ASALs agricultural productivity is a key trigger for rural- management in the household. When nearby the Kenyan coast is capable of submerging experience greater competition over resources urban migration, and settlement in risk-prone areas wells and water sources run dry, women travel Mombasa and 17% of coastal areas.21 This than in other areas. Kenyan ASALs are experiencing and informal settlements. Resource scarcity, which long distances to search for water. Longer dry could be a threat to the country’s economy, rising populations and in-migration from the often couples with historical land conflicts, could seasons mean women have to work harder to and to the movement of imports and exports country’s densely-populated highlands and, lower also lead to displacements. Floods, droughts, and feed and care for their families. In both urban by Kenya and countries that use the port of access to infrastructure, such as potable water, landslides also contribute to movement of people,28 and rural areas, women have multiple demands Mombasa, as the area supports tourism and electricity, and telecommunication facilities.25 The which affects effective planning. Groups that are in the home, workplace, and community, which fishing industries, and has the largest seaport ASAL economy is highly dependent on climate- most vulnerable include, remote and pastoralist leave less time for their political involvement and in East Africa. sensitive activities, yet it supports more than 70% communities, hunters and gatherers, and fisher active participation in decision-making processes. of the national livestock population, and 90% communities. These are affected by climate Women in traditional communities may be On average, droughts in Kenya affect about of wildlife that is the backbone of the country’s change because of environmental degradation, subject to cultural beliefs that deny them equal 4.8 million people.22 Droughts have destroyed tourism sector.26 and growing competition for land and water.29 opportunities and rights. Women are also more livelihoods, triggered local conflicts over Persons with disabilities, children, and the elderly, likely to experience poverty, less likely to own scarce resources, and eroded the ability of Cross-border and cross-County conflicts could are also vulnerable because of potential impacts land, and have less socioeconomic power than communities to cope. The 2014-2018 drought be exacerbated by climate change. Furthermore, of climate change on their health, which is often men, which makes it difficult for them to recover was declared a national emergency in February as temperatures rise and rainfall patterns change, related to their limited mobility. Many artisanal from climate disasters that affect infrastructure, jobs, and housing.
Photo: Unisplash
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(b) Environmental Impacts Droughts are large-scale disasters in Kenya. average. This will lead to greater levels of, and Desertification in ASALs is also a major direct impact of drought. Kenya Wildlife Services The International Disaster Database reported more frequent coastal flooding, changing patterns environmental impact attributable to climate (KWS) has reported that in some years, more that a total of ten droughts occurred in Kenya of shoreline erosion, increased salinity of coastal change, besides human activities. It is intensifying animals die from drought than poaching in Kenya. between 1990 and 2015. This translates to one aquifers, and modification of coastal ecosystems, and spreading, and reducing the productivity of Climate change has the potential to alter migratory drought disaster every two and a half years. including beaches, coral reefs, and mangroves.36 land, which negatively affects communities.43 routes and timings of species, such as migratory An assessment conducted by the Kenya Food Climate change is also a major contributor to land birds that use seasonal wetlands, and herbivores Security Steering Group on the 2017 long- IPCC reports that the ocean has absorbed about degradation, which encompasses changes in that track seasonal changes in vegetation. Climate rain season in Kenya’s ASAL Counties found 30% of the emitted anthropogenic carbon dioxide, the chemical, physical and biological properties change significantly affects marine ecosystems, that spatial and temporal distribution of rain causing seawater to become more acidic.37 Ocean of the soil. Human activities however pose the and could lead to large-scale shifts in patterns was poor across the entire country.30 The acidification is expected to impact many ocean greatest threat through unsustainable land of marine productivity, biodiversity, community assessment also established that rains began species, and to cause decline of species. This management practices, such as destruction of composition, and ecosystem structure. late in most parts of the country, resulting in would negatively impact fisher communities, who natural vegetation, over-cultivation, over grazing, a shortened rainy season.31 Most areas were rely on these species for food and livelihoods. and deforestation.44 Restoration of degraded land Kenya lost about 12,000 hectares of forest reported to have received 50-90% of normal Marine species, such as corals, which dependent seeks to achieve neutrality in land degradation, annually, from 1990 to 2005, through deforestation. rainfall.32 on calcium carbonate to build their shells and and maintain or enhance the land resource base, At independence in 1963, Kenya had a 12% skeletons, are highly vulnerable. Little is known or the stocks of natural capital associated with forest cover. Due to population pressure for Rising sea temperatures in the Western about ocean acidification in the Western Indian land resources and the ecosystem services that settlements, infrastructure, demand for wood Indian Ocean influence the coastal conditions Ocean because long-term observations and flow from them. Restoration of degraded land products, and conversion to agriculture, forest associated with Kenya. IPCC reports that relevant experiments have not been carried out.38 has important climate benefits, including the cover had been reduced to about 6.9% in 2017.49 sea temperatures have increased by 0.6 °C Research is underway to determine the economic sequestration of carbon dioxide, and improved Deforestation is a major cause of climate change, between 1950 and 2009, triggering mass coral and social impacts of ocean acidification on coastal climate resilience through recovery of lost because clearing forests releases huge amounts bleaching and mortality on coral reef systems communities and fisheries in Kenya.39 ecosystems. Kenya launched an ambitious land of greenhouse gases. Deforestation and forest over the past two decades. This is likely to restoration programme in 2016, which targets degradation in Kenya largely results from human change the abundance and composition of Glaciers are declining on Mount Kenya. They have restoration of 5.1 million hectares of degraded activities. Climate change could affect the growth, fish species, with a negative impact on coastal been projected to disappear in the next 30 years, and deforested landscapes by 2030.45 composition, and regeneration capacity of forests, fisheries.33 largely because of climate change.40 The Lewis which would result in reduced biodiversity, and Glacier shrunk by 23% from 2004 to 2010, while the Climate change is contributing to the loss of diminished capacity to deliver important forest Rising sea levels are also a concern for Kenya’s Gregory Glacier disappeared.41 The ice volume Kenya’s biodiversity. The Inter-Governmental goods and services. Rising temperatures and long coastline consisting of mangroves, coral reefs, of Lewis Glacier decreased from about 7.7 km3 in Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and periods of drought could lead to more frequent sea grass and, rocky, sandy, and muddy shores. 1978 to about 0.3 km3 in 2004, with an average Ecosystem Services reported that climate and intense forest fires, while rising temperatures IPCC reports that over the 1901-2010 period, thickness loss of almost one metre of ice per change could result in significant losses of many could extend the ecosystem range of pests and global mean sea level rose by 0.19 metres, as year.42 The glaciers are melting because of lack of African plant species, some animal species, and pathogens. Climate change impacts tree growth, a result of thermal expansion of the ocean due precipitation, particularly, diminished snowfall on decline in the productivity of fisheries in Africa’s survival, yield, and quality of wood and non-wood to warming, and addition of water from the loss the mountain peaks to sustain them. Mount Kenya inland waters during the 21st century.46 Dozens products. Rising sea levels could submerge of mass from melting glaciers and ice sheets. is one of Kenya’s water towers, and the source of of animals died in 2017 as a result of lack of water mangrove forests in low-lying coastal areas.50 The annual rise over the past 20 years has numerous rivers and streams. and pasture in national parks and reserves; a been 3.2 millimetres per year, which is roughly Other climate-related environmental hazards twice the average speed observed in prior Photo: Min. of Environment in Kenya include, landslides, and forest fires. 80 years. Globally, sea levels are expected to Landslides are associated with heavy rainfall rise from 26 cm to 82 cm by 2080s.34 The rate in regions with steep slopes, such as Murang’a of sea level rise along Africa’s Indian Ocean County, Counties in Western Kenya, and the North coast is expected to be greater than the global Rift Valley.51
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(c) Economic Impacts household economic income, ranges from 25% Sea level rise is also a climate change-induced 54 The economic cost of floods and droughts in the rains. The El Niño-induced floods in 1997/1998 to 80% in Mandera, Marsabit, Turkana, and Wajir, phenomenon that affects the Kenyan economy Kenya is estimated to create a long-term fiscal caused losses and damages of between US$ 800 with the share being larger for poorer families. by impacting coastal towns and communities. 55 liability equivalent to between 2% and 2.8% of million and US$ 1.2 billion in Kenya. Drought could weigh heavily on pastoralists The National Museums of Kenya is constructing 52 the country’s GDP every year. Specifically, because animals often perish. Over 70% of a KES 500 million sea wall to protect Fort Jesus the costs of floods are estimated to be about Droughts have had the greatest climate change- livestock mortality in ASALs is caused by drought. in Mombasa from the erosion caused by rising 5.5% of GDP every seven years, while droughts related economic impacts in Kenya. On average, Droughts therefore cause significant disruptions sea levels and storm surges.62 Coastal flooding 53 account for 8% of GDP every five years. a 0.6 percentage point decline in GDP growth is in income streams, and loss of assets in the areas. from sea-level rise is projected to affect 56 observed in years of poor rains (see Figure 3). This Kenya risks losing about 1.7 million cattle, which is 10,000–86,000 people a year, and lead to The economic impacts of floods are severe; is because most of the country’s growth sectors equivalent to 52% of the total cattle population in coastal erosion and wetland loss at an annual in 2018, rain and flooding wiped out resources are climate-sensitive. The agriculture sector, for ASALs, in the next ten years, because of drought cost of between US$ 7 and US$ 58 million by worth billions of shillings. Roads and example, grew by a mere 1.6% in 2017, compared to and effects of climate change. Livestock farmers 2030, and rising to between US $ 31 and US$ infrastructure were damaged, seasonal crops 4.7% in 2016. This is because drought suppressed risk losing between KES 34 and KES 68 billion 313 million by 2050.63 The projected impacts of across an estimated 8,500 hectares of land production of crops, and adversely affected in the ten-year period, with the largest impacts climate change by sector are elaborated in the 57 destroyed, and over 20,000 livestock drowned. livestock production. From 2007 to 2017, losses projected to be in Garissa, Wajir, Tana River, and Adaptation Technical Analysis Report (ATAR) The Government allocated over KES 75 billion in livestock populations due to drought-related Turkana.61 2018-2022, and summarised in Table 2. to combat floods and fix the roads destroyed by causes amounted to about US$ 1.08 billion.58 Table 2: Summary of likely impacts of climate change by sector in Kenya.64
Sector Likely impacts of climate change
■■ Greater food insecurity ■■ Decline in overall crop yields in most areas, due to insufficient availability of water, excessive moisture conditions and, more pests, diseases, and weeds Crops ■■ Reduced production in ASALs, due to temperature increases, and lower precipitation, which lead to reduced soil moisture ■■ Uncertainty regarding the impact on the production of specific crops, but likely reduction in the yields of maize and beans, and potential reductions of export cash crops, such as tea, coffee, horticulture ■■ Higher temperatures in highland areas may have a positive impact on agricultural production
59 Figure 3: Growth rate in GDP in Kenya in 2007-2011, with and without drought. ■■ Livestock deaths, caused by drought ■■ Decline in production, due to lack of pasture, reduced access to water, The 2008-2011 drought is estimated to have of 3.8% between 2008 and 2012.60 The drought also Livestock and heat stress cost the Kenyan economy KES 968.6 billion; depressed generation of hydroelectricity, leading to ■■ Changes in disease patterns, and potential for re-emergence of climate KES 64.4 billion for the destruction of physical an increase in generation from thermal sources that related diseases and pests assets, and KES 904.1 billion for losses in the are more costly and produce GHG emissions. flows of the economy. Along with other internal The impacts of drought are felt at the household and external shocks, the severe droughts level, and are particularly devastating for pastoralists ■■ Thinning of species, and biomass abundance, owing to effects of between 2008 and 2011 contributed to the in ASALs, where livestock production, specifically, Fisheries temperature increase on nesting and feeding grounds reduction in Kenya’s GDP growth rate, from an semi-nomadic pastoralism, is the key source of ■■ Increased risk from alien invasive species average of 6.5% in 2006/2007 to an average income. The share of income from livestock, in total
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Sector Likely impacts of climate change Sector Likely impacts of climate change
■■ Submergence of low-lying areas, and increased water-logged areas ■■ Increase in risks from collapse, declining health of buildings, and loss of ■■ Salt water intrusion along the coast, due to sea level rise, with implications Housing value, due to more frequent and heavier rain events, water encroachment, for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses and, coastal ecosystems and and storm surges in coastal areas Coastal ■■ Destruction of coral reefs Buildings ■■ Safety risks associated with existing buildings that do not meet standards Zones ■■ Negative impact on the economic benefits of investments in the blue and codes / Blue economy, including declining fisheries, damage to coastal ecosystems, Economy and tourism and, damage to ports due to sea level rise and storm surges ■■ Declines in fisheries and livelihoods, due to ocean acidification, and ■■ Reductions in hydroelectric generation, which could cause energy warming oceans fluctuations or blackouts because of energy supply interruptions ■■ Greater resource scarcity, such as water and raw materials that are inputs ■■ Increased frequency and intensity of droughts, especially in ASALs and, Manufacturing in manufacturing processes decreased ability of ASAL people to cope ■■ Greater risk of plant, product and infrastructure damage, and supply chain disruptions from extreme climate events Drought ■■ Increased frequency and intensity of flooding, which could decrease ■ Higher costs to companies, including for insurance and Flood people’s ability to cope ■ Management ■■ Increased number of food insecure and malnourished people ■■ Increased number of people without access to water ■■ Declines in school attendance, and rising dropout rates ■■ Increased likelihood of conflicts within and between countries, Counties, Security and communities ■■ Decline in forest productivity, which restricts availability of fuelwood ■■ Political and financial instability, resulting from supply line disruptions, ■■ Reduction in the capacity for hydroelectric generation, due to decline and increased risks of doing business in water flows in rivers, particularly during dry seasons and, increased Energy reservoir siltation ■■ Increased demand for energy, as high temperatures encourage the use of ■■ Tourist facilities affected by reduced availability of water, and lack of air conditioners and refrigeration access due to damaged roads and infrastructure ■■ Damage to infrastructure Tourism ■■ Adverse impacts on ecologically-sensitive tourist destinations and Wildlife ■■ Potential for migration of wildlife populations, with implications for park ■■ Increased likelihood of contestation and conflict over diminishing natural boundaries and human-wildlife conflict resources ■■ Potential for species extinction Environment ■■ Increases in invasive species, and new pests and diseases ■■ Increase in stagnant air days, which aggravates air pollution ■■ Damage to infrastructure, including roads and bridges, during storms ■■ Interruptions to maritime, road, rail, and air networks, because of flooding, and heavy rainfall events Transport ■■ Softened and expanded pavements, creating rutting, and potholes and, ■■ Increased exposure to fire, pathogens, and invasive species warping of rail tracks because of increased temperatures Forestry ■■ Reduced provision of environmental resources and benefits, and forestry- ■■ Disruption of access to work, markets, education, and healthcare facilities, associated economic activities due to damaged infrastructure and transport services.
■■ Reduced availability of surface water for activities, such as irrigation, livestock production, household use, wildlife, and industry ■■ Shifts in the geographic range of malaria to higher altitudes ■■ Increased water loss from reservoirs, due to evaporation ■■ Increase in incidences of malaria, Rift Valley Fever, malnutrition, scabies, Water ■ Continued retreat of glaciers on Mount Kenya that feed the Tana and Health chiggers, and lice infestations ■ Ewaso Ng’iro Rivers, leading to lower water levels, particularly during dry ■■ Increase in water-borne diseases, such as cholera, and typhoid seasons
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1.4.4 Contribution to Climate Change by Kenya Kenya has little historical or current responsibility lower than the projected trajectory, and to deliver for global climate change; the country’s GHG co-benefits, including sustainable development, emissions represent less than 1% of total green growth, and resource efficiency. The low- global emissions. Nonetheless, the amount of carbon actions also contribute to achieving the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that humans release Government’s Big Four Agenda. into the atmosphere has increased every year since the Industrial Revolution, and is now at Actions in the six mitigation sectors set out in the disturbing levels. As carbon dioxide and other UNFCCC; agriculture, energy, forestry, industry, GHGs build up in the atmosphere, they trap heat, transport, and waste, lead to lower emissions which causes climate change. While adaptation than in the projected baseline, and could help is the priority for Kenya, action is needed to meet Kenya’s mitigation Nationally Determined reduce GHG emissions that are projected to Contribution (NDC). The forestry sector has large increase due to population and economic growth potential to reduce GHG emissions in Kenya, (see Figure 4). Kenya’s mitigation or low-carbon because forests act as “sinks” through carbon actions seek to help to keep GHG emissions sequestration (see the green wedge in Figure 5).
66 Figure 5: Composite abatement potential for all sectors in Kenya (technical potential) in MtCO2e.
Waste 1.4.5 Summary on the Implementation of NCCAP 2013-2017 The Government of Kenya made substantial finance, knowledge management, legislation Industrial Process progress in implementing its first NCCAP, which and policy, and performance measurement. Energy Demand was operational from 2013 to 2017. NCCAP 2013 Seven actions were completed, twenty-five were - 2017 helped the country to deliver on domestic progress as of May 2018, and many have been Transportation goals, and international obligations under carried over to NCCAP 2018-2022. Six actions the UNFCCC. It identified 38 priority actions, did not progress, five of which were under the LULUCF including nine mitigation actions, and twenty- National Performance and Benefit Measurement nine enabling actions in the areas of climate subcomponent.67 Electricity Generation (a) Progress on Adaptation Agriculture Priority actions on adaptation were summarised 2030 was approved. in NCCAP 2013-2017, and elaborated in the At the National level, many actions in NAP 2015- National Adaptation Plan (NAP) 2015-2030. Over 2030 were undertaken through the National Figure 4: Baseline projection of greenhouse gas emissions in Kenya (MtCO e).65 the 2013-2017 period, GoK and its partners Drought Management Authority (NDMA), 2 took action to reduce climate change-related including ending drought emergencies, vulnerabilities, and build adaptive capacity. establishment of the National Drought Emphasis during the period was on disaster risk- Emergency Fund (NDEF), and initiatives in ASALs reduction, humanitarian action, preparedness aimed at helping the most vulnerable in times of and response actions, and other priorities drought. Coping strategies of the poorest people identified in the NAP.68 Adaptation actions have in Turkana, Wajir, Mandera, Marsabit, and other however not yet been reviewed in detail, given ASAL Counties were enhanced through provision that only 2 years have passed since NAP 2015- of support during droughts.
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Adaptation actions supported by development Entity (NIE) to the Adaptation Fund. The initiative partners were on adaptation within the focused on food security, water management, (b) Progress on Mitigation agriculture sector, including irrigation coastal ecosystem management, and NCCAP 2013-2017 identified six priority action energy was increased under NCCAP 2013 – 2017 projects, enhancing the climate resilience of environmental management. areas for emission reductions, and had quick- through geothermal projects in Olkaria, wind pastoralists, and sustainable land management. win or short-term actions that would trigger the projects in Turkana and Ngong Hills, and several Considerable progress was made in improving At county level, many County Governments process of meeting the long-term goals. These decentralised energy projects, such as mini-grids access to climate information services, integrated climate change in their 2013 short-term actions included the development and solar photovoltaic systems for off-grid public providing loans for smallholder farmers to County Integrated Development Plans (CIDPs); of funding proposals, and improving the schools. invest in resources that increase their climate acknowledging that climate change poses measurement of GHG emissions and sinks. A resilience, and establishing insurance schemes threats to their sustainable development.69 As key quick-win achievement was the approval of The private sector was a critical partner, for smallholder farmers. Adaptation actions also indicated in Box 3, Garissa, Kitui, Makueni and a grant of Euro 20 million from the International with companies generating electricity helped to improve climate risk management, Wajir County Governments passed regulations to Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) using renewable energy sources, including and natural resource-related knowledge in establish County Climate Change Funds (CCCFs). Facility for Nairobi’s Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) solar, biogas and bagasse. Companies also ASALs and, built the capacity of government to Legislation on the County Climate Change Fund system, which will be implemented as part of manufactured solar panels and established pay- enable adaptation-related actions. Kenya also (CCCF) was developed in Isiolo, County and was NCCAP 2018-2022. as-you-go solar lighting systems for households. made considerable progress on increasing the awaiting approval by the County Assemblies as of The Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM) availability of freshwater sources, and improving September 2018. Other Counties, such as Kisumu, While reducing GHG emissions is critical, worked with the Ministry of Energy to support the resilience of water towers. established institutional structures to mainstream Kenya prioritised mitigation actions that have energy audits, and efficiency improvements, climate change in plans and programmes. adaptation and sustainable development aimed at reducing GHG emissions. The cement Adaptation action at community levels was The private sector was an active partner in the benefits. An example was in the forestry sector introduced energy efficiency and process supported through the Integrated Programme implementation of adaptation-related actions. It sector, where actions to sequester carbon, improvements, while efforts to reduce energy to Build Resilience to Climate Change and provided technologies, insurance products, and such as reforestation, are expected to bring demand at household levels embraced improved Adaptive Capacity of Vulnerable Communities climate information services; many of which are development benefits, including protected cookstoves, biogas and solar lighting. in Kenya, which was supported by the UNFCCC facilitated by smart-phone applications. Various watersheds, and improved livelihoods. MEF Adaptation Fund, and implemented by the companies have also been active in building and Kenya Forestry Service (KFS) worked with Action to reduce emissions in the transport National Environment Management Authority the climate resilience of farmers in their supply County Governments and private land holders sector included completion of the Mombasa- (NEMA) in its role as the National Implementing chains. to plant trees, and developed actions on the Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway (SGR). This has Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and helped to shift container freights from road to rail. Box 3: County Climate Change Funds forest Degradation and the role of conservation, Furthermore, the requirement that all containers Five County Governments, namely, CCCFs work through the Climate change fund legislation was sustainable management of forests and for Nairobi and beyond use the inland container Garissa, Isiolo, Kitui, Makueni, and government’s established enacted in Makueni, Wajir Garissa, enhancement of forest carbon stocks in depot at Embakasi is expected to ensure that at Wajir have established County Climate planning and budgeting and Kitui Counties in 2015, 2016, 2018 developing countries (REDD+). least 40% of freights move from trucks to the SGR. Change Funds (CCCFs) that identify, systems, and will be linked and 2018 respectively. Makueni and prioritise, and finance investments with the Climate Change Kitui County regulations obligate Electricity generation from geothermal energy Regarding participation in the Clean Development to reduce climate risk and attain Fund established under the the setting aside of 1% of annual sources reduced GHG emissions, and lessened Mechanism (CDM), Kenya registered sixteen CDM adaptation priorities. This is achieved Climate Change Act (2016). development budgets for climate the vulnerability of the energy sector to projects, and sixteen Programmes of Activities in through community-level planning The CCCFs are structured change action; while the legislation climate change. The total installed geothermal such sectors as reforestation, energy efficiency, committees that identify adaptation to blend resources from in Wajir and Garissa Counties require capacity at the end of 2016 was about 630 MW, geothermal, wind, and hydro. Kenya was also needs, guided by transparent decision- international climate an annual allocation of 2% of their which is an increase of about 380 MW from active in the voluntary carbon market; hosting the making criteria. CCCF investments finance, development development budget. This amounts aimed at building climate resilience partners, the private sector, to approximately KES 85 million in the 250 MW of geothermal power generation Kasigau Wildlife Corridor REDD project, which is 70 have largely focused on livestock, and National Government the 2017/18 fiscal year for each of reported in June 2013. In the 2016/2017 fiscal the first activity to issue voluntary forestry carbon water, natural resource governance and County budgets. Wajir and Garissa; KES 75 million for year, installed capacity was 2,333 MW, with credits and, the Kenya Agriculture Carbon project, and climate information services. Makueni; and KES 117 million in the geothermal accounting for 44% of the electricity which is the first project in Africa to issue carbon 2018/2019 fiscal year for Kitui. generation in the mix, hydro 33%, thermal 21%, credits for sequestering carbon in soil. 71 Murphy, D. & Orindi, V. (2017). Snapshot: Kenya’s County Climate Change Funds. County Brief 2B: NAP Global Network and imports 2%. The capacity of renewable
23 24 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
(c) Progress on Enabling Actions ■■ National Climate Finance Policy approved by Parliament in 2018. ■■ The National Treasury appointed as the National Designated Authority NCCAP 2018-2022 builds on the foundation provides for the mainstreaming of approaches (NDA) for the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and implemented a established through enabling actions for low carbon climate resilient development. programme of GCF readiness. implemented under NCCAP 2013-2022, as The National Climate Change Policy (2018) was ■■ NEMA appointed as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the GCF summarised in Box 4. A key accomplishment approved by Parliament, the Climate Change and Adaptation Fund under the UNFCCC. was enactment of the Climate Change Act, Directorate (CCD) put in place, and the National 2016, which provides the regulatory framework Climate Change Resource Centre (NCCRC) for enhanced response to climate change, and established. Climate Finance
Box 4: Highlights of progress on Enabling Actions under NCCAP 2013-2017 ■■ Prototype registry of climate change actions developed in 2017. ■■ Technology Needs Assessment completed in 2013. ■■ Kenya’s Second National Communication, including an updated GHG ■■ Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI) appointed as the inventory, submitted to the UNFCCC in 2015. National Designated Entity (NDE) for the Climate Technology Centre and Network ■■ CCD established a GHG inventory unit to manage data and reporting (CTCN), the operational arm of the UNFCCC Technology Mechanism. on GHG emissions and removals. ■■ KIRDI, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), Kenya ■■ National Forest Inventory developed and the System for Land- Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute based Emissions Estimation in Kenya (SLEEK) established to improve (KMFRI) and other institutions supported the development and transfer of climate estimations of land-based GHG emissions. change technologies. National ■■ Climate change indicators handbook developed to improve the Technology ■■ Kenya Climate Innovation Centre, KAM Centre for Energy Efficiency and Performance monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of climate change actions. Development and Conservation, and Kenya National Cleaner Production Centre provided technology- and Benefit Transfer and innovation-related services to the private sector. Measurement Framework
■ National Climate Change Resource Centre (NCCRC) established in 2015. Source: Adapted from the Government of Kenya (2016), Addressing Climate Change: Success Stories from Kenya, Nairobi: MENR; ■ and Murphy, D. & Chirchir, D. (2017), Review of the Implementation of the Kenya National Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2017, ■■ Kenya Climate Information Portal, with sections for children and youth, launched Nairobi: StARCK+ Technical Assistance to the Government of Kenya Component in 2018. ■■ Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) improved its climate observation network, including the installation of automated weather stations, and established the National Climate Diagnostic Laboratory to improve climate knowledge and information management. Photo: Benard Omwaka ■■ MEF, in collaboration with the Kenya School of Government and the COG, Knowledge developed a training programme on Climate Change Policy, Planning and Budgeting Management and Capacity Development at National and County Levels.
■■ Climate Change Directorate established. ■■ Climate Change Act (No. 11 of 2016) enacted in May 2016. ■■ National Climate Change Policy approved by Parliament in February 2018. ■■ Climate change fund regulations enacted in Garissa (2018), Kitui (2018), Makueni (2015), and Wajir (2016).
Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework
25 26 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
(d) Lessons Learned 1.4.6 The Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal Situation Lessons learned while implementing NCCAP cross-cutting issue with impacts across sectors. 2013-2017 guided the development of NCCAP Adequate consultations enable views and 2018-2022.72 These lessons included: perspectives of different stakeholders to be (a) Political Environment Emphasis on adaptation and mitigation actions. accounted for, including those expressed by Effective delivery of NCCAP 2018-2022 requires is favourable, as the political leadership at the While priority enabling actions are important individuals and representatives of communities, a supportive political, economic, social, National and County levels is supportive of because they support the achievement of Counties, business associations, civil society, and technological, environmental, and legal climate change action. adaptation and mitigation goals. It is essential to vulnerable members of society. environment. The country’s political environment focus attention on the priority actions identified Engagement of County Governments ensures in the priority sectors, such as, agriculture, clean ownership and buy-in. Since many of the climate (b) Economic Environment energy, biodiversity conservation and use, and change actions are to be delivered at County A supportive economic environment is key to is the reduction in the subsidy for households disaster risk reduction. levels, inputs from the Counties should inform successful delivery of NCCAP 2018-2022. The to access liquefied propane gas (LPG). The Successful climate change actions are the development of NCCAPs. planned actions require resources that depend Government’s commitment to low carbon vulnerable group-centered. Identifying Reporting on climate actions needs to account on a supportive economy. While the Kenyan climate resilient development is nonetheless vulnerable groups, including women, older for devolution and the role of State Departments economy is steadily growing, a number of clear from the budgetary allocations to projects members of society, persons with disabilities, and Counties, as set out in the Climate Change the country’s planned development projects, that support climate change mitigation, like the children, youth, and members of minority and Act, 2016. This will enhance successful delivery of including some that relate to actions in NCCAP Standard Gauge Railway (SGR), and Bus Rapid marginalised communities and, working with NCCAPs. 2018-2022, do not receive adequate budgetary Transit. The war on corruption is also helpful and for them, is important to success of climate An appropriate Measurement, Reporting and allocations due to competing demands for the because it will ensure resources are applied to change action. Verification Plus (MRV+) system that includes revenues collected by Government. Measures their intended purposes, which is beneficial to A robust legal framework, like the one adaptation and mitigation actions could be to raise revenues may also sometimes impinge NCCAP 2018-2022. established through the Climate Change introduced in a phased approach over the on planned climate change actions. An example Act, 2016 encourages mainstreaming, which lifespans of respective NCCAPs. NCCAP 2018- is essential for effective implementation of 2022 actions should lead to adaptation and (c) Social Environment NCCAPs. This ensured that Kenya’s Third mitigation benefits that can be measured, with The country’s social situation is key to the particulate matter during cooking. This category Medium Term Plan (MTP III) includes climate baseline information and specific, measurable, success of NCCAP 2018-2022. A significant of Kenyans is also closely associated with the change as a crosscutting issue, and that climate attainable, realistic and time-bound (SMART) number of Kenyans live below the poverty high unemployment, and health complications change is easily being mainstreamed in the indicators. National level indicators could be line. Their energy use is dominated by wood- linked to use of energy sources that are not clean. relevant sectors. identified to provide a snapshot of progress based fuels that emit substantial GHGs and Effective coordination of climate change on climate change. These could, for example, action is an important element of success. The highlight the number of people receiving drought Climate Change Act, 2016 defines a coordination relief payments, and percentage of renewable role that is overseen by the National Climate energy in the electricity mix. Enhanced data Change Council (NCCC) and delivered by CCD. collection and management is important for The process of developing NCCAPs requires successful climate change action, because it adequate consultation. Climate change is a helps to improve reporting on climate results.
Photo: Min. of Environment
27 28 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
(d) Technological Environment Actions relating to technology and innovation are flows of know-how, experience, and equipment important enablers of success for the adaptation for mitigating and adapting to climate change and mitigation actions described in Chapter 4. amongst stakeholders such as governments, The overall objective is to support the sectors to private sector entities, financial institutions, civil promote appropriate technologies for delivery society, and academia”.73 Kenya is well known for of adaptation and mitigation actions, such as technological innovations, such as MPESA. Given water harvesting, climate information services, the disruptions that are expected in technological and clean lighting and cooking technologies. innovations in what has been termed as the 4th This will be achieved through technology Industrial revolution,74 the country’s technological development and transfer that is defined by capability will be a valuable tool in the delivery of IPCC as “a broad set of processes covering the NCCAP 2018-2022. CHAPTER (e) Environmental Situation Efforts are underway in the country to restore and and use of thin plastic bags, tree planting, and TWO improve the environment for posterity. These improvement in waste management. These are include restoration of the country’s water towers, helpful to NCCAP 2018-2022. enforcement of prohibitions on manufacture e) Legal Environment The Climate Act (No. 11 of 2016) sets the legal is anchored. A comprehensive presentation on framework on which all climate action in Kenya this is in Chapter 2.
Photo: Min. of Environment Enabling Policy and Legal Framework
29 30 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
2.1 The Global Perspective
Climate change is a global problem that the UNFCCC on 12th June 1992, and ratified the The Kyoto Protocol, a GHG emissions reduction Parties to the Convention, accounting for at demands a global solution, and Kenya is Convention on 30th August 1994. The country is a treaty linked to UNFCCC, was adopted by the least an estimated 55% of the total global GHG an active player in international efforts. The key player in the global climate change governance COP in 1997, and entered into force in 2005. The emissions. international response to climate change is system, and participates in meetings of the Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement that founded on the United Nations Framework Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC, commits developed countries, and countries in The Paris Agreement was ratified by Kenya on Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) articulating the national interest, and the country’s transition to market economics, to reduce their 26th December, 2016, under section 9(1) of the that entered into force in 1994. Kenya signed position, during international negotiations. overall GHG emissions. The Kyoto Protocol created Treaty Making and Ratification Act (Number 45 the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), of 2012), and entered into force for Kenya on The objective of the UNFCCC is set out in Article 2, which states: under which projects of developing countries, 27th January, 2017. Kenya’s NDC sets out the which reduced GHG emissions, and contributed country’s actions to contribute to achieving the to sustainable development, earned credits that global goal set out in the Paris Agreement (see could be sold to countries or companies with a Box 5). As set out in Article 2(6), and read with commitment to reduce GHG emissions. More Article 94(5) of the Constitution of Kenya (2010), The ultimate objective of this Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic than 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide were the Paris Agreement now forms part of the law interference with the climate systems. Such a level should be achieved within a avoided through CDM, and US$ 9.5-13.5 billion in of Kenya. time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to direct benefits went to host counties from the sale ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development of credits, as of 2012. The first commitment period The Paris Agreement aims at strengthening to proceed in a sustainable manner.75 started in 2008, and ended in 2012.76 Parties to the the global response to the threat of climate Kyoto Protocol adopted an amendment in 2012, change, by keeping rise in global temperature which has yet to enter into force. Kenya ratified during this century to well below 2 °C above pre- the Kyoto Protocol on 25th February, 2005. industrial levels. Additionally, the Agreement aims at strengthening the ability of countries The Paris Agreement entered into force to deal with the impacts of climate change. internationally on 4th November, 2016, thirty days To reach these ambitious goals, appropriate after 5th October, 2016, the date on which the financial flows, a new technology framework, threshold for entry into force was achieved. As of and an enhanced capacity building framework May 2018, 178 Parties had ratified the Convention, will be put in place to support developing surpassing the threshold for entry of at least 55 countries.
1997 Photo: Min. of Environment
2015
1994
31 32 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
Kenya is signatory to the United Nations was adopted and opened for signature in Box 5: Kenya’s Nationally Determined Contribution Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) October 2013; 94 countries had ratified the (1992) and the United Nations Convention to agreement by June 2018. Kenya is in the process Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (1994). Kenya of pre-ratification procedures for the Convention. became Party to UNCBD on 24th October, 1994, Both the UNFCCC and Minamata Convention and ratified UNCCD on 25th June, 1997. These place a significant onus on emissions from coal two conventions, plus the UNFCCC, are known combustion. as the Rio Conventions and, are intrinsically linked because they address interdependent issues, The United Nations Convention on the Law Adaptation contribution - ensure enhanced such as sustainable land management, and land of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 10th December, 1982 resilience to climate change towards the degradation neutrality. seeks to establish a comprehensive set of attainment of Vision 2030 by mainstreaming rules governing the oceans. Kenya ratified the climate change into the Medium Term Plans Kenya is a signatory to the Vienna Convention for UNCLOS on 2nd March, 1989. The interface (MTPs) and implementing adaptation actions. the Protection of the Ozone layer and its Montreal between climate change and this international Protocol on Substances that Deplete the law includes changes to the existing boundaries Ozone Layer, a global agreement with universal of maritime zones because of sea level rise, and ratification to protect the stratospheric ozone layer requirements to regulate emissions from aircraft by phasing out the production and consumption and marine vessels. There is discussion around of ozone-depleting substances. The Protocol the dispute settlement mechanism established entered into force on 1st January, 1989. Kenya in the UNCLOS, eventually attracting claims ratified the Montreal Protocol on 9th November, relating to climate change.79 1988. The Kigali Amendment seeks to phase down the production and usage of hydrofluorocarbons. The International Civil Aviation Organization At the end of 2014, over 98% of controlled ozone- (ICAO) Assembly Resolutions A37-19 (2010) and Mitigation contribution - seek to abate GHG depleting substances had been eliminated. A very A38-18 (2013) set global aspirational goals to emissions by 30% by 2030 relative to the significant co-benefit is emission reductions of ensure carbon neutral growth from 2020, and a 78 business as usual scenario of 143 MtCO2eq. 135,000 MtCO2e from 1989 to 2013. 2% annual increase in fuel efficiency up to 2050. In 2015, Kenya set a target to achieve an annual The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic average fuel efficiency improvement of 2%,
Pollutants is an international environment treaty which is equivalent to 2.86 MtCO2e, until 2030, that entered into force in May 2004. The Convention and an aspirational fuel efficiency improvement aims at eliminating or restricting the production rate of 2% per annum, from 2031 to 2050. Kenya and use of persistent organic pollutants. Kenya ratified the Convention on International Civil Achievement of the NDC is subject to international support in the form of finance, investment, ratified the Stockholm Convention on 24th Aviation on 1st May, 1964. technology development and transfer, and capacity development. September, 2004. Climate change has potential impacts on the releases, transport, distribution, Kenya has been a member of the International The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is an operating governments had made pledges to GCF, totalling and toxicity of persistent organic pollutants, Maritime Organization (IMO) since 1973. IMO 77 entity of the Financial Mechanism of the US$ 10.3 billion. The Global Environment which could lead to higher health risks for human adopted an initial strategy in 2018 to reduce total UNFCCC that serves the Paris Agreement and Facility (GEF) manages contributions from donors populations, and risks to the environment. annual GHG emissions from ships by at least supports projects, programmes, and other through trust funds to help developing countries 50% by 2050, compared to 2008. The Protocol activities in developing countries. The Fund meet the objectives of international environment The Minamata Convention on Mercury aims at to the International Convention for the Prevention aims for a 50:50 balance between investments conventions, including the UNFCCC. The trust funds protecting human health and the environment of Pollution from Ships, 1997, known as MARPOL in mitigation and adaptation, and engages include, the Adaptation Fund, Special Climate from anthropogenic emissions and releases of Annex VI, regulates air emissions from ships. directly with the private sector through its Change Fund, and Capacity Building Initiative for mercury and mercury compounds. The Convention Compliance with IMO regulations has mitigated Private Sector Facility. As of May 2018, 43 Transparency (CBIT).
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GHG emissions from international shipping. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk While the SDGs are not legally binding, objective of “leaving no one behind” that has Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture Reduction 2015-2030 is a voluntary agreement governments are expected to take ownership, strong implications for the definition, and selection and Technology hosts the regional Maritime that recognises that the State has the primary and establish national frameworks for their of climate actions. This objective prioritises the Technology Cooperation Centre for the Africa role to reduce disaster risk, but that responsibility achievement. The 2030 Agenda includes poorest and most marginalised people, so that region that aims at helping to mitigate the should be shared with other stakeholders, dedicated goals for climate change (SDG they progress at a higher rate than those that are harmful effects of climate change. The Kenya including local governments, the private sector, 13), protecting, restoring, and promoting better off. To ensure that no one will be left behind, Ports Authority has initiated a Green Port and other stakeholders. It aims at the following sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems world leaders committed to end extreme poverty, Strategy. outcome: “The substantial reduction of disaster (SDG 15), and mainstreaming climate change and curb inequalities by 2030 and, underscored risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health impacts and climate actions across all the that no goal of the 2030 Agenda will be met until it The Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce and in the economic, physical, social, cultural SDGs. The Agenda introduces the overriding is met for everyone.81 Short-lived Climate Pollutants, founded in and environmental assets of persons, businesses, February 2012, is a voluntary partnership of 60 communities and countries.”80 Kenya adopted the governments, intergovernmental organisations, Sendai Framework in 2015. businesses, scientific institutions, and civil society organizations that are committed to Kenya is committed to the 2030 Agenda for improving air quality, and protecting the climate, Sustainable Development that was adopted through actions to reduce short-lived climate by world leaders, including the President of the 2.2 The Regional Legal and Policy Framework pollutants. These pollutants include, emissions Republic of Kenya, in September 2015 at the of black carbon (soot), methane, tropospheric United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development At the regional level, the African Union’s Agenda developing a climate change bill and forest policy ozone, and some hydrofluorocarbons. Kenya Summit. On 1st January, 2016, the 17 Sustainable 2063 commits to climate change action that and strategy, and exploring the establishment of became a partner of the coalition in 2012. Development Goals (SDGs) (see Box 6) officially prioritises adaptation and calls on member an alliance on carbon markets and climate finance. came into force. countries to implement the Programme on Climate Action in Africa, including a climate The Lake Victoria Basin Commission developed a Box 6: Sustainable Development Goals resilient agricultural development programme. Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Action Plan Agenda 2063 commits to building climate (2018-2023) that presents a roadmap for addressing resilient economies and communities, and and adapting to climate change impacts. notes that participation in global efforts for climate change mitigation will support and The African Forest Landscape Restoration broaden the policy space for sustainable Initiative (AFR100) seeks to bring 100 million development. hectares of land in Africa into restoration by 2030. The commitments announced under AFR100 also The East African Community (EAC) Secretariat support the Bonn Challenge adopted in 2011, whose developed a Climate Change Policy and overall objective is to restore 150 million hectares Strategy (2010) to guide Partner States and by 2020, the New York Declaration on Forests that other stakeholders on the preparation and stretches the goal to 350 million hectares by 2030, implementation of collective measures to and the African Resilient Landscapes Initiative that address climate change in the region. The promotes integrated landscape management to Policy prescribes statements and actions to promote adaptation to, and mitigation of climate guide adaptation and mitigation, reduce the change. In 2016, Kenya committed to restore 5.1 vulnerability of the region, enhance adaptive million hectares of forest land. capacity, and build socioeconomic resilience of vulnerable populations and ecosystems. EAC is
Source: United Nations (2018). Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs
35 36 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
2.3 The National Legal and Policy Framework Box 7: The Climate Change Act (No. 11 of 2016)
A robust framework of policies, plans, and Governments be allocated a minimum of 15% institutions is being progressively established of national revenue received annually, but the at the National and County levels in Kenya allocation often surpasses this minimum, which The Climate Change Act (2016) is national to address climate change. The foundation gives County Governments considerable scope to legislation that provides for an enhanced response of the institutional and legal framework for influence investments in climate change action. to climate change, and provides mechanisms and climate change action is the Constitution measures to achieve low carbon climate resilient of Kenya (2010). Article 10 sets out national The Constitution of Kenya (2010) advances gender development. The Government of Kenya, led by values and principles of governance, such equality, stating in Chapter 4, the Bill of Rights the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, worked as sustainable development, devolution of that “women have the right to equal opportunities with stakeholders from civil society, the private government, and public participation, which in political, economic, and cultural spheres,” sector, and national and county governments to are mandatory when making or implementing and in order to achieve that equality, requires LAWS OF KENYA develop this climate change legislation. The Act any law or public policy decisions, including that government puts in place, and implements adopts a mainstreaming approach that includes those relating to climate change. Article 42 affirmative action that delivers equity for women. integration of climate change considerations into provides for the right to a clean and healthy This commitment to gender equality and CLIMATE CHANGE ACT all sectors and in County Integrated Development environment for every Kenyan, which includes implementation of gender equity is taken up in Plans. The Act establishes the National Climate NO. 11 OF 2016 the right to have the environment protected for section 7(6) of the Climate Change Act, 2016 that Change Council, chaired by His Excellency the the benefit of present and future generations requires the President to ensure compliance with President. The Council is responsible for overall through legislative and other measures. the two-thirds gender principle when appointing coordination and advisory functions. The Act members to the National Climate Change also establishes the Climate Change Fund – a The Constitution of Kenya (2010) created the Council (NCCC). Further, section 8(2)(c) of the financing mechanism for priority climate change devolved system of government comprised Climate Change Act, 2016 obligates the Cabinet actions and interventions. of the National Government and 47 County Secretary responsible for climate change affairs to Published by the National Council for Law Reporting Governments. The concept of devolution goes formulate and implement a national gender- and with the Authority of the Attorney-General www.kenyalaw.org beyond mere decentralisation of government intergenerational-responsive public education and services, providing a form of self-governance awareness strategy. at the local level, and a process of equitable The main policies, plans, and frameworks that influence and guide climate change actions in sharing of resources. County Governments The Climate Change Act, 2016 is the key legislation Kenya are briefly described in Table 3, and elaborated in Chapter 2 of the Adaptation Technical have a key delivery role in implementing the guiding Kenya’s climate change response. It is Analysis Report (ATAR): NCCAP 2018-2022 Volume II. Climate Change Act, 2016, having jurisdiction, the legal basis for mainstreaming climate change as set out in the Fourth Schedule (Part 2) considerations and actions into sector functions, of the Constitution, over sectors relevant to and provides the legal foundation for NCCAPs. climate change action, such as agriculture, NCCAP 2018-2022 responds to provisions in the soil and water conservation, forestry, water Climate Change Act, 2016 that require the updating and sanitation, tourism, and health. Article of the NCCAP every five years (see Box 7). 203(2) of the Constitution requires that County
Photo: Unisplash
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Table 3: Kenya’s legal and policy framework for national climate change action. National National Framework Description Framework Description
Kenya Vision 2030, the country’s development blueprint, recognised Kenya Vision Kenya Climate The objective of the Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (KCSAS) climate change as a risk that could slow the country’s development. 2030 (2008) and Smart Agriculture is to adapt to climate change and build the resilience of agricultural Climate change actions were identified in the Second Medium Term its Medium Term Strategy (2017- systems, while minimising GHG emissions. Planned actions will lead Plan (MTP) (2013-2017). The Third Medium Term Plan (2018-2022) Plans 2026) to enhanced food and nutritional security, and improved livelihoods. recognised climate change as a crosscutting thematic area, and mainstreamed climate change actions in sector plans.
National Climate Kenya’s National Climate Change Response Strategy was the first Climate Risk The Climate Risk Management Framework for Kenya integrates national policy document on climate change. It sought to advance disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, and sustainable Change Response Management Strategy (2010) the integration of climate change adaptation and mitigation into all development, so that they are pursued as mutually supportive government planning, budgeting, and development objectives. Framework (2017) rather than stand-alone goals. It promotes an integrated climate risk management approach as a central part of policy and planning at National Climate Kenya’s National Climate Change Action Plan, 2013-2017 was a five- National and County levels. Change Action year plan that sought to further Kenya’s development goals in a Plan (2013-2017) low carbon climate resilient manner. The plan set out adaptation, National The National Climate Change Framework Policy aims at ensuring mitigation, and enabling actions. Climate Change the integration of climate change considerations into planning, Framework Policy budgeting, implementation, and decision-making at the National National Kenya’s National Adaptation Plan 2015-2030 (NAP) was submitted to (2018) and County levels, and across all sectors. Adaptation Plan the UNFCCC in 2017. NAP provides a climate hazard and vulnerability (2015-2030) assessment, and sets out priority adaptation actions in the 21 (NAP) planning sectors in MTP II. National Climate The National Climate Finance Policy promotes the establishment Finance Policy of legal, institutional, and reporting frameworks for access to, and Kenya’s Kenya’s NDC under the Paris Agreement of the UNFCCC includes (2018) management of climate finance. The goal of the policy is to further Kenya’s national development goals through enhanced mobilisation Nationally mitigation and adaptation contributions. In regard to adaptation, “Kenya will ensure enhanced resilience to climate change towards of climate finance that contributes to low carbon climate resilient Determined development goals. Contribution the attainment of Vision 2030, by mainstreaming climate change into Medium Term Plans (MTPs), and implementing adaptation actions.” (NDC) (2016) The mitigation contribution “seeks to abate Kenya’s GHG emissions The Government of Kenya’s Big Four Agenda establishes priority by 30% by 2030, relative to the business as usual scenario of 143 Big Four Agenda areas for 2018 to 2022 of ensuring Food and Nutrition Security, MtCO2eq.” Achievement of Kenya’s NDC is subject to international (2018-2022) Affordable Housing, Enhanced Manufacturing, and Universal Health support in the form of finance, investment, technology development Coverage. Sector plans and budgets are to be aligned to the Big and transfer, and capacity development. Four Agenda.
The Climate Change Act (No. 11 of 2016) is the first comprehensive Climate Change Act At the national level, several ministries and policies to guide them in mainstreaming climate legal framework for climate change governance in Kenya. The (No. 11 of 2016) departments have established climate change actions in their sectors. Some of these are listed in objective of the Act is to “Enhance climate change resilience and units and climate change-related plans and Table 4. low carbon development for sustainable development of Kenya.” The Act establishes the National Climate Change Council (Section 5), Climate Change Directorate (Section 9), and Climate Change Fund (Section 25).
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Table 4: National climate change strategies, plans, and regulations for various sectors in Kenya. Sector Climate Ministry/Department Sector Climate Ministry/Department Change-relevant Change-relevant Plan Plan
■■ Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture ■■ National Forest Programme (2017) ■ Kenya Forest Service Strategy (KCSAS) 2017-2026 - chapter on climate change ■ ■■ Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry ■■ Ministry of Environment and Agriculture ■■ Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture ■■ REDD+ Readiness Plan and Fisheries, and Irrigation Forestry Implementation Framework analysis (2013-2017) (KCSAIF) 2018-2027
■■ Health Act (No. 21 of 2017) - Blue Economy ■■ Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Health section on environmental health ■■ Ministry of Health Fisheries and Irrigation (fisheries, coastal ■■ Blue Economy Strategy (2017) and climate change (Part VII, zones, marine ■■ Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, sections 68 and 69) transport) Housing and Urban Development
■■ Kenya Building Research Centre: ■■ Ministry of Transport, ■■ Kenya’s Disaster Risk Financing Infrastructure Strategic Plan, 2017/18 - 2021/22 Infrastructure, Housing and Strategy (2018-2022) ■■ National Treasury and Planning Disaster Risk Urban Development Management ■■ National Disaster Risk ■■ Ministry of Interior and Management Policy (2017) Coordination Land ■■ National Spatial Plan (2015-2045) ■■ Ministry of Lands and Physical ■■ National Drought Management Management Planning Authority Act (No. 4 of 2016) ■ National Drought Management Drought ■■ Ending Drought Emergencies ■ ■■ Action Plan to Reduce CO2 Management Strategy Authority Emissions from Aviation (2015) ■■ Public Finance Management ■■ Executive Order: The Nairobi (National Drought Emergency Metropolitan Area Transport Fund) Regulations, 2018 Transport Authority (2017) ■■ Ministry of Energy ■■ Kenya National Aviation Action ■■ Energy Bill (2017) Part 3, section Plan for International Civil Aviation 43; Part 4, section 74 (i); and Part 9 Organisation (ICAO) and Mitigation Energy ■■ Ministry of Energy address climate change-related plan for International Maritime issues Organisation (IMO) (2017)
■■ Environmental Management and ■■ Water Act (No. 43 of 2016) – Coordination Act, 1999 (Cap. 387) establishes National Water Water ■■ Ministry of Water and Sanitation Environment ■■ Green Economy Strategy and Harvesting and Storage Authority Implementation Plan (GESIP 2016- ■■ Ministry of Environment and ■■ Draft Water Harvesting and 2030) Forestry Storage Policy (2018) ■■ Kenya Strategic Investment Framework on Sustainable Land Management (2017-2027)
41 42 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
County Governments have begun to Governments are required by the Climate develop regulatory frameworks for Change Act, 2016 to mainstream climate climate change (see Table 5). All County change in their CIDPs.
Table 5: Climate plans and regulations at County Government levels in Kenya. County Framework Description
County County Governments are required to mainstream climate Integrated change in their CIDPs. All the 47 CIDPs developed in 2013 Development mentioned the impacts of climate change, and many Plans (2013) identified actions to address these impacts. Adaptation CHAPTER actions were a priority for most County Governments.
Makueni Climate The regulations establish the Makueni County Climate THREE Change Fund Change Fund, to provide funding for climate change Regulations actions identified in the Makueni CIDP. They mandate the County Government of Makueni to set aside 1% of its annual (2015) Photo: Min. of Environment development budget for climate change action.
Wajir County The Wajir Climate Change Fund Act (No. 3 of 2016) established Climate Change a Climate Change Fund to facilitate and coordinate finance Fund Act (No. 3 of for community-initiated adaptation and mitigation projects, Priority Climate 2016) and for connected purposes. The Act mandates the County Government of Wajir to set aside 2% of its annual development budget for climate change action. Change Actions
Garissa Climate The Garissa Climate Change Fund Act requires the County for 2018-2022 Change Fund Act Government of Garissa to set aside 2% of its annual (2018) development budget for a special fund for climate change action. The fund will undertake programmes to assist local people to adapt to climate change.
Public Finance The Public Finance Management Act (Kitui County Management Climate Change Fund) Regulations (2018) requires the Act (Kitui County Government of Kitui to set aside 1% of its annual County Climate development budget for the Kitui County Climate Change Change Fund) Fund. The Fund will finance approved climate change resilience projects. Regulations (2018)
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3.1 Identification of Priority Climate Change Actions
NCCAP 2018-2022 takes cognisance of the examples of the negative impacts of climate Adaptation actions are prioritised in NCCAP development benefits (see Box 9). They reflect impacts of climate change on Kenya’s socio- change in Kenya. Other negative impacts include, 2018-2022 because of the devastating inputs received from the National and County economic sectors. It identifies strategic an increase in vector-borne diseases, such as impacts of droughts and floods in Kenya, Governments; vulnerable groups, including areas where climate change action over the malaria and cholera; damage to infrastructure in and the negative effects of climate change women, the youth, persons with disabilities, next five years will be linked to the Big Four homes, schools, hospitals, and public places; and on vulnerable groups, including children, and members of marginalised and minority Agenda (see Box 8); recognising that climate high prices of electricity due to reliance on thermal women, older members of society, persons communities; the private sector; civil society; and change could limit the achievement of the generators when reservoir levels are too low to with disabilities, the youth, and members of sector experts. The actions are mainstreamed in Agenda. The destruction of tens of thousands sustain adequate electricity generation from hydro minority and marginalised communities. The the Third Medium Term Plan in all sectors, and of hectares of crops, and loss of livestock sources. actions will be undertaken, where possible, in a in CIDPs, to ensure they are taken up across the in the floods of March-May 2018, are recent way that limits GHG emissions, so as to ensure country, and in all relevant sectors. They will benefit that the country achieves its NDC under the vulnerable groups directly and indirectly through, Box 8: The Big Four Agenda Paris Agreement of reducing GHG emissions by for example, increased agricultural productivity, 30% by 2030, relative to the business-as-usual and improved access to water. They also provide
Food and Nutrition Security Over the next five years the government shall invest heavily in securing our scenario of 143 MtCO2e. benefits for women through access to clean water towers and river ecosystems to harvest and sustainability exploit the cooking, and forest restoration and agroforestry potential of our water resources. We shall provide, together with other actors, The priority climate change actions in NCCAP actions that assure increased access to affordable key enablers within the farming process that will address distribution, wastage, 2018-2022 contribute to achieving sustainable cooking energy, and water. storage, and value-addition of agricultural commodities. Box 9: Climate change-SDG impact assessment
MEF examined the impacts of climate change Affordable Housing equality, and SDG 10 on reducing inequalities. Over the next five years, we will create 500,000 new home owners through mitigation and adaptation actions on the SDGs The analysis indicated that implementation of facilitation of affordable housing, and a home ownership programme that will and the Big Four Agenda to foster alignment ensure every working family can afford a decent home by injecting low-cost NCCAP 2018-2022 could provide a significant capital into the housing sector. Reforms will be undertaken to lower the cost of and synergies. Particular attention was given contribution to the attainment of the Big Four construction and improve accessibility of affordable mortgages. to the way climate change actions address Agenda, including the achievement of food and the overriding objective of the 2030 Agenda to nutrition security for all Kenyans. Climate change “leave no one behind.” This objective seeks to actions are essential to efforts aimed at reducing prioritise the poorest and most vulnerable in the vulnerability of the manufacturing, housing, Universal Health Coverage the pursuit of sustainable development, so as health, and agriculture sectors. NCCAP 2018-2022 Over the next five years, we will grow the manufacturing sector and raise its to end extreme poverty and curb inequalities share of the nation’s cake from 9% to 15%, by reducing power tariffs charged therefore generates opportunities to boost the to manufacturers by 50% between the hours of 10:00 pm and 6:00 am. This by 2030. The MEF analysis systematically productivity of the agriculture and manufacturing is in line with our 24-hour economy policy. assessed the impact of all climate actions on sectors and supports improved health outcomes. SDG 1 on poverty eradication, SDG 5 on gender
Enhancing Manufacturing Over the next five years, we will target 100% Universal Healthcare Coverage for all households by ensuring that 13 million Kenyans and their dependents are beneficiaries of the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) scheme. This will be achieved through a complete reconfiguration of the NHIF and reform of the laws governing private insurance companies.
Source: The Official Website of the President sets out the Big 4 Action Plan. See: http://www.president.go.ke
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The MEF assessment found that adaptation and mitigation actions in NCCAP 2018-2022 directly 3.2 Priority Climate Change Actions address or provide likely benefits for all the SDGs. The benefits with the greatest potential were found to relate to: - This section outlines the priority climate change actions envisaged in NCCAP 2018-2022 for implementation in Kenya from 1st July, 2018 to 30th June 2023. The actions:
Sustainable ■■ Enable all sectors in Kenya to work toward way that limits GHG emissions, to ensure that the Ecosystem Water agriculture Sustainable achieving climate change adaptation and country achieves its mitigation NDC under the Paris restoration and availability mitigation objectives; Agreement; and and food and renewable security (SDG preservation (SDG 6 and ■■ Support achievement of the Big Four Agenda, ■■ Require climate action in Kenya to be undertaken energy (SDG and SDGs; 2 and the Big (SDG 15 and Big the Big Four in an integrated manner when addressing several 7 and the Big Four Agenda Agenda on ■■ Enhance the adaptive capacity and resilience priorities. For example, actions to plant trees to be Four Agenda of communities, with emphasis on vulnerable Four Agenda on Food and Food and implemented in a framework that appreciates they on Food and groups within society; also contribute to disaster risk management, water, on Enhanced Nutrition Nutrition Nutrition Manufacturing) ■■ Require to be undertaken, where possible, in a and food security objectives. Security) Security) Security) The priority climate change actions are summarised in Table 6, and described in this chapter. Further details on the priority actions and all other climate change actions identified by stakeholders are included in ATAR and MTAR.
Table 6: Priority climate change actions. Sustainable Sustainable Sustainable Human health waste Priorities Objectives growth and transport (SDG (SDG 3 and industry (SDG management 9 and Big the Big Four Disaster Risk Reduce risks that result from climate-related disasters, such as (SDG 11 and Big 8 and Big Four Agenda Agenda on (Floods and droughts and floods, to communities and infrastructure. Four Agenda on Four Agenda on Enhanced Universal Health Drought) Universal Health on Enhanced Manufacturing) Coverage) Management Manufacturing) Coverage) Food and Increase food and nutrition security through enhanced productivity Nutrition and resilience of the agricultural systems, in as low-carbon a manner Security as possible. Low-carbon energy sources; ecosystem-based solutions like climate smart agriculture, rangeland restoration and agroforestry; and the development of sustainable public transport systems have Enhance the resilience of the water sector by ensuring access to, Water and the sizeable win-win benefits necessary for boosting employment and manufacturing capacity, and efficient use of water for agriculture, manufacturing, domestic, protecting the environment, and narrowing inequalities. Blue Economy wildlife, and other uses.
Government of Kenya (2018). Report on the Impact Assessment of the Second National Climate Change Action Plan on the Big Four Agenda of the Government of Kenya and the National Increase forest cover to 10% of total land area, increase the resilience Forestry, Wildlife Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Nairobi: MEF. of the wildlife and tourism sectors, and rehabilitate degraded lands, and Tourism including rangelands
Health, Reduce incidences of malaria and other diseases that are projected Sanitation to increase because of climate change, encourage climate-resilient and Human solid waste management, and promote climate resilient buildings and Settlements settlements, including in urban centres, ASALs, and coastal areas
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Priorities Objectives and increased malnutrition, with impacts that rely on emergency assistance during droughts. are particularly weighty for pregnant women, Droughts also negatively impact businesses lactating mothers, children, and the elderly. through reduced water for manufacturing Manufacturing Improve energy and resource efficiency in the manufacturing sector. Droughts also increase water scarcity, with processes, increased costs of inputs in the negative impacts for communities, especially agro-processing sector, and increased prices for women and girls who have to travel long of electricity due to shifting to diesel generators distances in search of water and, have less for electricity generation because of declining water for their hygiene. Droughts also mean that water in reservoirs used for hydroelectric women have to work harder to feed and take generation. Energy and Climate-proof energy and transport infrastructure, promote renewable care of their families and, take up roles that used Transport energy development, increase the uptake of clean cooking solutions, to be the preserve of men, who often migrate to Floods have more immediate, and often large- and develop sustainable transport systems. take up paid work in urban areas. scale impacts. An example is the flooding witnessed in Kenya in early 2018 that claimed For each priority action, information is included the strategic priorities. These are, improving the Droughts have negative impacts on pastoralists over 183 lives and displaced more than 225,000 on the problem being addressed, the action legal and policy framework, building capacity and in ASALs, including livestock deaths due to lack people,85 and the Solai dam disaster in Nakuru required to address the problem, expected enhancing knowledge management, promoting of forage and water, and increased insecurity County in May 2018 that claimed 47 lives; more results, national-level indicators, alignment technology and innovation, increasing access to and conflicts within Kenya and across national than half of who were women and children. with the Big Four Agenda, alignment with climate finance, and measuring and reporting on borders. Many pastoralists keep large livestock Children, persons with disabilities, and the SDGs, and relevant institutions to deliver the climate actions. These actions are described in herds for cultural reasons, but also to cushion elderly are particularly at increased risk during actions. NCCAP 2018-2022 recognises that Chapter 4. themselves from the adversities of drought,84 floods and disasters, because they may be certain actions are enabling, and cut across that can have negative impacts on rangeland left behind or abandoned during evacuation. management. A significant number of people Figure 8 is a map showing the flood-prone from marginalised and minority groups in ASALs areas in Kenya. 3.2.1 Climate Change Priority 1: Disaster (Drought and Flood) Risk Management Climate-related disasters, such as drought the Kenyan society and economy. This requires and floods, could prevent the achievement of proactive approaches in dealing with the disasters. the Big Four Agenda by adversely impacting (a) Impacts of Climate Disasters on Kenyan Societies and the Economy Impacts of climate-related disasters are felt at Prolonged and chronic droughts in Kenya are the household levels through food insecurity, increasing due to poor or failed rains, which results damage to property, and increased prices from climate change. Drought conditions in the late of food and fuel. At the national level, scarce 2017 and early 2018 left 3.4 million people severely government resources are re-allocated to food insecure, and an estimated 500,000 people address the impacts of floods and drought, without access to water.82 The cyclical nature of at the expense of social programmes, such drought disasters, and the incomplete recovery as health, and education. Climate shocks also from them means that some households have have significant impacts on the national GDP. become increasingly vulnerable, losing their ability Figure 6: Flood- to spring back.83 Prolonged droughts lead to crop prone areas in failure, shrinking of productive crop areas, and loss Kenya.86 of livestock, which leads to reduced food security
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(b) Proactive Approaches to Reduce risks to communities and infrastructure Tackling Climate-Related Disasters Strategic resulting from climate-related disasters, such as droughts and floods. The priority actions in NCCAP 2018-2022 resilience and preparedness measures, response Objective promote proactive, rather than reactive interventions, and recovery interventions 1 approaches to climate-related disasters. They that include protecting the most vulnerable seek to ensure that climate disasters are populations.88 The Contingencies Fund that is Floods and droughts have national economic consequences, and extensive curtailed, and do not result in emergencies. established by the Constitution of Kenya (2010) is socio-economic effects at the household and community levels, especially for They also seek to build the capacity of people also in place to address urgent and unforeseen Issue/ vulnerable groups, such as women, older members of society, persons with disabilities, to cope with impacts of climate change. The needs, and could be used to support disaster problem: children, youth, and members of marginalised and minority communities. Current priority actions include flood and drought early relief. Other systems and programmes that are in responses are reactive rather than proactive, and impeded by inadequate early warning systems, lack of disaster management coordination, and limited support to build warning systems, including at the community place to deliver climate change actions include the disaster preparedness. level; improved social protection programmes National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), for chronically food-insecure populations; Ending Drought Emergencies (EDE), Hunger Safety Food and Universal implementation of flood management plans Net Programme (HSNP), National Safety Net Affordable Enhanced Nutrition Health Housing Manufacturing that include water storage, drainage networks, Programme (NSNP), and the CCCFs. Big 4 Pillars: Security Coverage reforestation and rehabilitation of riparian areas, construction of dams, and land use The climate change actions prioritised under restrictions;87 CCCFs for locally-identified NCCAP 2018-2022 seek to proactively manage priority adaptation actions; and community- climate-related disasters in a way that results in: SDGs: level capacity building to raise awareness and ■■ Adaptation - Increased number of households educate people on disaster management and benefiting from social protection systems and ■■ Number of deaths, missing persons, and persons directly affected, flood hazards. In particular, women, as central CCCFs, with emphasis on reaching the poor, and which could be attributed to disasters (per 100,000 people); players in disaster response are to be provided marginalised and minority groups; improved ■■ Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local with resources and support to effectively carry ability to cope with droughts and floods through disaster risk reduction strategies, in line with national strategies; and National-level out these roles. early warning systems, and water harvesting ■■ Number of households receiving food aid and cash transfers. and storage; and implementation of integrated Indicators: Some of the priority climate actions will be flood management plans. Action Expected Results Adaptation/ implemented under the National Disaster ■■ The Big Four Agenda - Enhanced progress Risk Management Policy that was approved toward the achievement of all four pillars of by 30th June 2023 Mitigation by Cabinet in 2018, and the National Drought the Agenda by ensuring that climate-related Emergency Fund (NDEF) established in disasters do not divert resources. 1. Increase ■■ Number of beneficiaries of social protection Adaptation 2018. NDEF has an annual allocation of KES 2 ■■ Sustainable Development - Reduced exposure the number of mechanisms, and other safeguards (under the billion from the Exchequer, which is aimed at and vulnerability of the country, especially of households Hunger Safety Net Programme) increased from 100,000 to 150,000 for regular beneficiaries; supporting action against climate-induced the poor and vulnerable groups, to climate and entities and from 90,000 to 130,000 for scalability to risks, such as drought risk management, disasters and shocks. benefiting beneficiaries; from devolved ■■ Number of households better able to cope with adaptive services climate change because of receiving benefits from CCCFs increased from 300,000 households in 2018 to 800,000 households. ■■ CCCFs address local adaptation priorities that are identified and monitored by community committees comprised of women and men; and
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Action Expected Results Adaptation/ by 30th June 2023 Mitigation by 30th June 2023 Mitigation ■ Number of beneficiaries under the National ■ 4. Improve the Improve the coordination of disaster risk management, Enabling Safety Net Programme increased from 4,017,759 coordination including of floods, droughts, disease outbreaks, beneficiaries in 2017 to 4,280,000. and delivery landslides, and other disasters by enacting and Note: number of beneficiaries increases because the implementing the Disaster Risk Management Act that expanded scope of programmes means that more of disaster risk includes the establishment of: Kenyans are eligible for support management ■■ A National Disaster Risk Management Authority to coordinate disaster response; ■■ Engendered County Disaster Risk Management Committees to coordinate disaster response at 2. Improve the ■■ Drought early warning systems improved, including Adaptation ability of people the promotion of people-centred systems at the County levels; National and County levels; ■■ A Disaster Risk Management Fund to provide to cope with funds for disaster preparedness, mitigation of droughts ■■ Number of recipients of climate information services who use the information in their risk disaster impacts, and disaster recovery measures, management decisions increased from 1,000,000 particularly for vulnerable groups. to 2,000,000; ■■ Water harvesting and storage (see expected results under Climate Action 3: Water and the Blue Enabling ■■ Implement the mandate of the National Water Enabling Economy); and (legal) Harvesting and Storage Authority under the 2016 ■■ Operationalise NDEF. Water Act, to undertake strategic water emergency interventions during drought, on behalf of the 3. Improve the ■■ Flood early warning systems improved, taking Adaptation National Government. ability of people advantage of widespread access to mobile technology that provides avenues for dissemination to cope with, and Enabling ■■ Contingency Fund allocations to address urgent Enabling of information; infrastructure to (finance) and unforeseen needs. withstand, floods ■■ The existing 11 integrated flood management plans, for example, water storage, drainage networks, reforestation and rehabilitation of riparian areas, Enabling ■■ Expertise developed to customise and manage Enabling construction of dams, and land use restrictions, (technology) satellite-generated vegetation condition index implemented; used for drought early warning and response ■■ Dam Safety Control Systems established, including a needs assessment, and development of safety Enabling ■■ Research on migration as an adaptation strategy. Enabling manuals and codes of practice; (capacity ■■ Capacity development of at least 50 Water development) Resources Users Associations (WRUA) that are rights-based groups or community-based organisations with female and male membership; RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: and Relevant Institutions: County Governments, CoG, NDMA, The National Treasury and Planning, KMD, ■■ Water and flood control, including dams/dykes, Water Resources Authority (WRA), WRUAs, community groups, civil society, the private sector. All drainage systems, and water storage: (see expected sectors identify actions to realise the strategic objective. results under Climate Action 3 – Water and the Blue Economy).
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3.2.2 Climate Change Priority 2: Food and Nutrition Fisher communities report that increasing Climate change is also causing storms and Security temperatures impact fish breeding and fish rougher seas, which prevents fisher communities distribution. In the coastal areas, fish are from earning a living and obtaining fish for Climate change has the potential to prevent highlights how food insecurity is increased by moving from in-shore to deeper waters, sustenance, especially in the months of May, achievement of the Big Four Agenda item on climate change and, the win-win solutions for the whereas artisanal fisher communities lack the June and July.98 food and nutrition security. This sub-section climate, agriculture, and food security. technologies to safely fish in deeper waters. (a) Increased Food Insecurity due to Climate Change Climate shocks significantly impact annual to drought, as farmers and pastoralists growth rates of the agriculture sector, as slaughtered animals to cushion themselves shown in Figure 7. This growth (or decline) from losses;91 has a large impact on the national economy. ■■ The quantity of fish from fish farming decreased The agriculture sector is highly susceptible to from 15.0 thousand metric tonnes in 2016 to climate vagaries, including temperature rise, 12.4 thousand metric tonnes in 2017, because changes in precipitations, and extreme climate farmers did not re-stock fish ponds due to high events. prices of inputs, and the drying up of ponds due to drought;92 and It is projected that climate change could ■■ The overall Import Dependency Ratio of the negatively impact crop yields in Kenya, with Food Balance Sheet increased from 29.4% in yield reductions of up to 45% expected for 2016 to 42.7% in 2017 because of increased maize, rice, and soybean crops by 2100, and imports of vegetable products, caused by food yield losses of up to 40% for tea and coffee deficits due to drought.93 because of the reduction in suitable areas for cultivation, caused by temperature increases. At the household level, drought caused high food Figure 7: Historical timeline of major shocks in agricultural production in Kenya, 1980-2012.99 It is also projected that livestock numbers prices. In 2017, the prices of maize, sugar, rice, and could decline as water resources become milk hit record highs.94 The price of one kilogram increasingly scarce. Dry weather conditions in of sugar increased from an average of KES 118 Photo: Unisplash 2017 led to declines in the production of most in 2016 to KES 138 in 2017.95 These high prices agricultural commodities, with real gross value particularly impacted the rural areas of Kenya, added in the agriculture sector growing at a where households spent more than 60% of their decelerated rate of 1.6%, from KES 879.6 billion income on food in 2017, compared to 49% by their in 2016 to KES 893.3 billion in 2017.89 Impacts of counterparts in core-urban areas.96 the 2017 drought included: Pastoralists are negatively impacted because ■■ 7% decrease in tea production between extreme climate events lead to reduced pasture 2016 and 2017, despite the area under tea and availability of forage, degradation of the production having been increased;90 environment, and increased poverty. Strong winds ■■ 6.3% decline in maize production between and dust storms erode top soil, making grass and 2016 from 2017; rangeland regeneration difficult even when it rains. ■■ 5.3% rise in the number of cattle slaughtered Recurring droughts have forced an estimated 30% from 2016 to 2017, which was attributed of livestock owners out of pastoralism in the past 20 years.97
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(b) Win-Win Solutions for the Climate, The climate change actions to improve food and ■■ The Big Four Agenda - Enhanced nutrition security result in: progress toward the achievement of food Agriculture, and Food Security ■■ Adaptation - Maintained or increased and nutrition security; and productivity and enhanced resilience of the ■■ Sustainable Development - Most climate change-response actions aimed the next five years are included in the table below, agricultural systems through livelihood and Improved agricultural, livestock, and at increasing food security take place in the with others set out in ATAR 2018-2022; Volume II of crop diversification, increased water harvesting fish productivity; increased food and agriculture sector, including action relating NCCAP 2018-2022, and MTAR 2018–2022; Volume III and storage, increased irrigation, sustainable water security; improved incomes and to crops, livestock and fisheries. Agriculture of NCCAP 2018-2022. land management, reduction in post-harvest livelihoods of pastoralists and small- is a priority for the people of Kenya because losses, and uptake of insurance; holder farmers; improved health with of the sector’s importance on food security, To be successful, these actions will include focused healthier food available; and better ■■ Mitigation - GHG emissions of 2.61 MtCO2e rural livelihoods, and poverty alleviation. interventions to address gender because women by 2022 through agroforestry, minimum tillage management of ecosystems and their The agriculture sector contributed 31.5% of account for 75% of labour in the agriculture sector.103 systems, manure management, and efficiency biodiversity. GDP in 2017,100 provided about 75% of total Many impoverished women are also farmers that in livestock management; employment in Kenya, and supported over suffer the impacts of climate change more than 80% of the rural population.101 men because of lack of input in decision-making, Photo: Shutterstock insecure land tenure, limited access to land, and NCCAP 2018-2022 provides a range of actions limited access to livestock and technology. Farmer to transform Kenya’s agriculture sector. field schools are a participatory and effective Increasing production in a changing climate way of transferring knowledge to, and learning will be necessary for the achievement of the from, women farmers. Gender-aware agricultural Big Four Agenda pillar of food and nutrition extension services are therefore essential to security over the next five years. This will be ensuring that women receive, use, and benefit achieved by enhancing large-scale production, from vital information, such as climate information driving smallholder productivity, and reducing services. These services are also important for the cost of food. Adaptation actions are thus pastoralists. To be effective, the information needs a priority, and food and nutrition security to be made available in local languages. takes precedence over the mitigation of GHG emissions. Climate smart actions to increase food and nutrition security will be supported through on- Many of the actions in the agriculture sector going initiatives, including the KCSA Strategy, and reduce GHG emissions, including agroforestry, the KCSA Implementation Framework. In addition, sustainable land management, and efficiency the following programmes will also support in livestock management. Reducing GHG climate smart actions: The Kenya CSA Project, emissions in the sector, where possible, is National Agricultural Rural Inclusive Growth Project important because agricultural emissions (NARIG), Kenya Cereal Enhancement Programme accounted for approximately 40% of total (KCEP), Climate Resilient Agricultural Livelihoods national emissions in 2015.102 The main action Project (CRALP), insurance pilot programmes, and in the sector will be the implementation of the partnerships with the World Agroforestry Centre Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Strategy, (ICRAF) and the International Livestock Research 2017-2026 that seeks to enhance the adaptive Institute (ILRI). capacity and resilience of farmers, pastoralists and fisher communities, and minimise GHG emissions from agricultural production systems. Actions with measurable goals over
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Increase food and nutrition security by enhancing by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Strategic productivity and resilience of the agricultural sector in ■■ Number of households and acreage under as low-carbon manner as possible Objective sustainable land management (SLM) increased for 2 agricultural production: •• Support for the reclamation of 60,000 hectares of degraded land; Climate change is negatively impacting agricultural productivity and the resilience of •• Area under integrated soil nutrient management Issue/ value chain actors, including households. An increase in the severity and frequency of increased by 250,000 acres; climate change-related disasters, such as droughts and floods poses, threats to food •• Farm area under conservation agriculture problem: security, and negatively impacts small-scale and large-scale farmers, pastoralists, and increased to 250,000 acres, incorporating fisher communities. minimum/no tillage; and •• Total area under agroforestry at farm level increased by 200,000 acres. Food and Nutrition Big 4 Pillars: Security 2. Increase crop ■■ Acreage under irrigation increased from 202,000 Adaptation productivity hectares to 486,000 hectares. through ■■ Production efficiency from irrigated fields SDGs: improved increased from 50% to 90%. irrigation ■■ GDP growth of agricultural sector; ■■ Livestock deaths from drought / number of livestock slaughtered 3. Improve ■■ Improved productivity of pastoralists: Adaptation due to drought; productivity in •• 10,000 hectares of rangelands re-seeded in 23 ■ Agricultural land under irrigation (acreage); and National-level ■ the livestock ASAL counties; Indicators: ■■ GHG emissions in the agriculture, forestry, and other land use sectors. sector •• Annual ASAL’s water harvesting and storage through the increased by 25%, from 16 million cubic metres Action Expected Results Adaptation/ (m3) to 20 m3 via small dams and water pans, Implementation by 30th June 2023 Mitigation and 700 m3 through large multipurpose dams; of CSA and 1. Improve crop ■■ Number of institutions/value chain actors and Adaptation interventions •• Animal disease control and surveillance productivity households harvesting water for agricultural use/ improved. through the production increased to 500,000; ■■ Number of customers/ beneficiaries farmers Implementation ■■ Agricultural pre- and post-harvest losses reduced accessing climate-oriented livestock insurance of CSA from 40% to 15%; increased from 18,000 to 105,750. ■ Number of beneficiaries accessing climate- interventions ■ oriented crop insurance increased from 280, 000 ■■ Efficiency in dairy management improved for Mitigation farmers to 3,500,000 farmers; and 267,000 households; and ■■ Number of farmers accessing subsidies for ■■ Manure management improved through the appropriate agricultural inputs increased from adoption of biogas technology by 80,000 239,000 to 311,300. households, and at least 200 abattoirs.
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ 3.2.3 Climate Change Priority 3: by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Water and the Blue Economy NCCAP 2018-2022 addresses one of Kenya’s the potential to undermine achievement of the 4. Improve ■■ Insurance packages piloted and developed for the Adaptation largest challenges, which is water scarcity. Big Four Agenda. Water is also linked to the Blue productivity in fisheries sub-sector; and The decline in access to quality water in the Economy, which refers to the “sustainable use and the fisheries •• Aquaculture production increased: country is exacerbated by climate change, economic development of both aquatic and marine through •• Number of cages for fish farming increased and its associated droughts and reduction of spaces, including oceans, coasts, lakes, rivers and Implementation from 3,450 to 8,000; glaciers. Lack of access to quality water has underground water.”104 • Number of fish ponds increased by 16,000; and CSA • •• Number of farmers using low-carbon interventions (recirculating) aquaculture systems increased (a) Increased Water Scarcity: from 20 to 180. A Major Challenge for Kenya 5. Diversify ■ At least 521,500 households supported to adopt ■ Adaptation Kenya is a water-scarce country, with per capita Rural women are particularly affected because diversified adaptive enterprises/value chains for livelihoods water availability of 647 m3. This is very below of impacts on their households and small-scale sustained livelihoods and nutrition security; and to adjust to the global benchmark of 1000 m3 per capita, agribusinesses, and the need to walk longer ■ Small-scale famers, pastoralists, and fisher a changing ■ and indicates chronic water scarcity. Water distances to obtain water. Women and girls are communities supported to transition to specialised climate coverage in the country now stands at 55%, primary collectors of water for domestic use and and market-oriented output in 13 priority value meaning that approximately 45% of Kenyans could be exposed to potential risks during times of chains, including drought-tolerant values chains. have inadequate access to clean and safe water scarcity. drinking water. Kenya’s per capita surface water storage is 103.1 m3; with only 3.1 m³ available Climate change also impacts the Blue Economy. 6. Enabling ■ Number of counties developing and implementing Enabling ■ for domestic, livestock, industrial, and irrigation Extreme climate events negatively impact climate information service plans increased from 9 Action – use, and the balance being for hydroelectric maritime and shipping activities. Rise in sea levels, to 47. Linked to Action 1: Disaster Risk Management technology power generation.105 The water-scarcity and storm surges flood coastal settlements, and and Enabling Action T4 and knowledge situation in Kenya is made worse by climate damage coastal infrastructure, such as ports. In management change, and compounded by deforestation, the longer term, ocean acidification could have low storage capacity, a growing demand for negative impacts on fisher communities through RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: water, and sharing of over half the rivers, lakes, declines of fish populations and their movement to County Governments, CoG, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation (MALFI), and aquifers with neighbour countries. Many deeper waters because of warming ocean waters. Ministry of Water and Sanitation (MWS), WRA, Kenya Forest Service (KFS), KMD, Kenya Agriculture of the rivers are drying up, lake levels are The economic cost of impacts of climate change and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO), Private sector, ICRAF, ILRI, farmer organisations, receding, dams and water pans are silting, and on fisheries and aquaculture is estimated to reach fisher organisations, pastoralist organisations. All sectors identify actions to realise the strategic water quality is deteriorating. 3% of GDP per annum by 2030, and possibly 5% objective. by 2050.106 Maritime transport is a contributor to Erratic rains due to climate change have climate change, accounting for approximately 2.7% affected water supply, with severe impacts of annual global carbon dioxide emissions in 2014, on food production. In early 2018, many urban and potentially rising to 10% of total global GHG areas faced acute water shortages following emissions by 2050 if other sectors make significant a prolonged dry spell, and many rivers dried reductions.107 up, which impacted rural and urban areas.
61 62 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
(b) A Comprehensive Plan for Enhance the resilience of the Blue Economy and water Ensuring Access to Quality Water for All Strategic sector by ensuring adequate access to, and efficient use of, water for agriculture, manufacturing, domestic NCCAP 2018-2022 seeks to increase annual per Many of the actions planned in this sector will be Objective use, wildlife, and other uses. capita water availability from 647 m3 to 1000 implemented under existing initiatives, such as the 3 m3. To achieve this target, the Plan proposes African Initiative for Combatting Desertification; the concrete actions to enhance the resilience of Kenya Integrated Water, Sanitation and Hygiene the water sector, by ensuring adequate access Project; and the Water Sector Trust Fund. The to, and efficient use of water for agriculture, climate actions are expected to result in: Issue/ Access to, and quality of, water is projected to decline because of climate change manufacturing, domestic use, wildlife, and ■■ Adaptation - Increased water availability impacts, particularly droughts and reduction of glaciers. Coastal areas are impacted by rise in sea level, storm surges, rise in ocean temperatures, and ocean acidification. other uses. The planned water-related climate through water harvesting and storage, problem: change actions involve women who help improved water efficiency, and improved water to reduce water wastage at the household availability; level, and to some extent, also support water ■■ The Big Four Agenda - Progress toward the agencies to reduce wastage. The actions also achievement of food and nutrition security; and Food and Universal Affordable Enhanced Nutrition Health ■■ Sustainable development - Reduction in water Housing Manufacturing promote the Blue Economy by encouraging Big 4 Pillars: Security Coverage low-carbon actions in the maritime sector, scarcity through improved water harvesting ensuring coastal infrastructure that better and greater water use efficiency, improved withstands projected rise in sea level and human health and well-being, and protection storm surges, and assisting coastal fisher of coastal and marine ecosystems. SDGs: communities to cope in a changing climate. ■■ Water storage per capita; Photo: Shutterstock ■■ Water coverage; ■■ Per capita water availability; and National-level ■■ Coverage of protected areas in relation to marine area. Indicators: Action Expected Results Adaptation/ by 30th June 2023 Mitigation
1. Increase ■■ Increased annual per capita water availability Adaptation annual per capita (harvested, abstracted and stored) from 647 m3 to water availability 1000 m3, achieved through: through the •• Construction of 12 multipurpose dams (Thwake, development Thiba, Radat, Gogo, Thuci, Kaiti, Lowaat, Rupingazi, Thambana, Maara, Kithino, Kamumu) of water (under construction in 2018), accounting for infrastructure projected climate impacts (climate-proofed (mega dams, infrastructure); small dams, •• Undertaking national hydrogeological survey to water pans, identify major strategic aquifers; untapped •• Identifying two locations and mapping for direct aquifers) artificial groundwater recharge to increase the supply of ground water;
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Action Expected Results Adaptation/ by 30th June 2023 Mitigation by 30th June 2023 Mitigation
•• Five ground water surveys to establish 5. Improve ■■ Number of people and entities accessing good Adaptation abstraction levels against recharge; and access to quality water for domestic, agricultural, and •• 56 sub-catchment management plans good quality industrial use increased from 58% to 65% through: developed, and 236 sub-catchment water •• Large-scale installation of water meters; and management plans implemented to assist •• Regular inspection of water quality. local communities to protect wetlands, lakes, and other water catchment areas. 6. Improve ■■ Deep/offshore fishing fleet increased from 9 to 68 Adaptation to improve coastal fisheries by: 2. Increase ■■ The annual number of climate-proofed water Adaptation resilience livelihoods harvesting, flood control, and water storage of coastal •• Addressing overcapacity of artisanal fishing vessels; system climate infrastructure increased from 700 to 2,000, through: communities •• Integrated catchment approach and ecosystem- •• Rehabilitating and restoring mangrove forests; proofing, water and harvesting, and based adaptation structural/ mechanical design, such as structural catchment protection, •• Conserving at least 15% of coastal and marine water storage especially in the upper catchments; areas, especially areas of importance for infrastructure, •• Coastal sea walls; and biodiversity and ecosystem services. and improve •• Development of flood early warning systems in flood control areas susceptible to floods (Linked to Climate 7. Climate- ■■ Implement the “Greening of the Mombasa Port” Adaptation/ Action 1: Disaster Risk Management). proof coastal plan, and build resilience and mitigate GHG Mitigation infrastructure emissions through: •• Installation of solar panels; •• Waste management; and 3. Increase ■■ Enhanced household access to water, and food Adaptation •• Rain water harvesting. gender- security through water harvesting, including: responsive •• 300,000 farm ponds installed; affordable water •• Livelihood systems improved on 60,000 8. Enabling ■■ Develop the Blue Economy Master Plan (BEMP) to Enabling harvesting- hectares of degraded land through the actions provide a blue print to guide the long-term holistic development of water pans and ponds; and based livelihood (policies and development of the Blue Economy; •• Water utility creditworthiness index developed, resilience regulations) ■■ Implement the Water Act 2016 and enact relevant and tool kits on commercial lending to the water regulations and strategies to ensure universal programmes and sanitation sector to attract Public-Private- access to clean drinking water; Partnerships designed. ■■ Zero rate taxes on water harvesting and storage equipment; 4. Promote ■■ Water wastage and non-revenue water reduced Adaptation ■■ Develop a water harvesting policy for institutions water efficiency from the current 43% to 20% through, for example: and households; (monitor, reduce, •• Innovation in water tracking and the identification ■■ Review by-laws that prohibit water harvesting in re-use, recycle and reporting of leakages; and urban areas, such as Nairobi; and and modelling) •• Awareness programme for water efficiency. ■■ Formulate a policy for recycled water pricing and beneficiary sectors, such as construction, watering flower beds, and car washes.
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RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: Kenya’s forest area covered 7.4% of land livelihoods of many communities, including County Governments, CoG, MWS, MOTIHUD, The National Treasury and Planning, Attorney area in 2018,111 comprised of natural forests, forest resource users.114 General and Department of Justice, Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife (MoTW), KFS, KEFRI, WHSA, plantation forests, open woodlands, and a Deforestation and forest degradation are major WRA, WRUA, Kenya Water Towers Agency (KWTA), Kenya Maritime Authority, Kenya Ports small amount of mangrove forests on the problems in Kenya, releasing large amounts of Authority (KPA), civil society, private sector, fisher organisations. All sectors identify actions to coast. Grasslands are common in ASAL GHGs. Deforestation and forest degradation are realise the strategic objective. areas, with scattered natural forests that driven mainly by clearance for agriculture, due are small.112 The forestry sector is central to to rural poverty and rapid population growth; Kenya’s economy, and the country’s future. unsustainable utilisation of forest products, 3.2.4 Climate Change Priority 4: Forests are important national assets in including timber harvesting, charcoal production, Forests, Wildlife and Tourism terms of their economic, environmental, and grazing in forests; and past governance and 115 Sustainable and productive management and maintain a tree cover of at least 10% of total social, and cultural values. The forest sector institutional failures in the forest sector. The of land and land resources are enshrined in land area.108 NCCAP 2018-2022 will contribute is estimated to contribute about KES 7 billion negative impacts of deforestation, such as soil Chapter 5 of the Constitution of Kenya (2010). to the restoration, preservation, and sustainable to the economy annually and, employs over erosion and increased flooding, are exacerbated The Constitution stipulates, among other management of forests and other ecosystems 50,000 people directly and another 300,000 by climate change. things, that the state will work to achieve that play an essential role in Kenya’s economy. indirectly. Climate change is likely to affect the growth Five forests are the country’s main water and development of tree species, resulting in (a) Highly Valuable, towers, as they regulate 75% of the country’s reduced biodiversity and capacity to deliver renewable water supplies. More than 80% important forest goods and services. Climate but Fragile Ecosystems of the energy used in Kenya comes from change also impacts biodiversity and wildlife, Kenya is composed of seven different agro- (ASAL), while 18% is humid to semi-humid land, fuelwood.113 Forests therefore offer water with subsequent impacts on tourism. Of concern ecological zones, as shown in Figure 8. 82% which means that the country is home to several catchments, biodiversity and conservation to Kenyan tourism, climate change is projected of the country is arid and semi-arid land ecosystems that provide various services. functions, and are home to, and provide a to shift the distribution of wildlife species, reduce variety of goods that support the subsistence the population sizes of species, and lead to extinction of some others.
Photo: Min. of Environment
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Figure 8: Land use in Kenya.110
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(b) Multiple Benefits of Sustainable Increase forest/tree cover to 10% of total land area, Management of Forests Strategic rehabilitate degraded lands, including rangelands and, Actions to increase forest cover and prevent While reducing GHG emissions is critical, Objective increase the resilience of wildlife. deforestation and forest degradation have mitigation actions that have adaptation and 4 important benefits, including improved sustainable development benefits are prioritised livelihoods of majority of Kenyans, while in NCCAP 2018-2022. Work is needed to measure enhancing the country’s climate resilience. the results and benefits of actions in the forestry Unplanned development, such as agricultural expansion, settlements, and Forests provide ecosystem services that and land-use sectors, requiring linking of Issue/ infrastructure development and, overreliance on biomass for cooking, leads to contribute to reduction in the vulnerability SLEEK with the Measurement, Reporting and deforestation and forest degradation, with negative impacts on wildlife and, increased of people and wildlife. Mangroves, for Verification Plus (MRV+) system (see Enabling problem: GHG emissions. example, protect coastal areas against action M3 in Section 4). Actions in other sectors storms and waves that are projected to also contribute to increased forest cover and become even more intense with climate sustainable ecosystem management, including change and climate-induced sea-level rise. sustainable charcoal production (climate change Food and Nutrition Forest products provide safety nets to local priority 6) and the promotion of clean cooking Big 4 Pillars: Security communities when climate variability causes (climate change priority 7). crop failures. Women and forest resource users play a key role in managing forests, and The planned actions in the forests, wildlife, and are crucial to integrating forest conservation tourism sectors will result in: SDGs: activities in livelihoods. ■■ Adaptation - Sustainably managed forests, increased forest cover, improved ■ Forest cover as a % of total land area; Forests also provide hydrological ecosystem management of rangelands and grasslands, ■ ■ Area of land used for private forestry; services, such as regulation of storm reduced coastal erosion through mangroves ■ ■ Proportion of land that is degraded over total land area; and waters. Upper watersheds could increase conservation and restoration, and ■ ■■ Deaths of big wildlife animals, such as elephants and rhinos, as a infiltration of rainwater, reduce surface run- maintenance of ecosystems for wildlife and National-level result of drought. off, and control soil loss, thus decreasing linking of protected areas; Indicators: the destructive impacts of floodwaters. By ■■ Mitigation - GHG emission reductions of 10.4
storing run-off, forests also act as natural MtCO2e by 2023 through forest restoration, Action Expected Results Adaptation/ water recharge areas because the stored afforestation, reforestation, and reduction of by 30th June 2023 Mitigation run-off replenishes stream flows. Any actions deforestation; to combat deforestation and speed up ■■ The Big Four Agenda – Progress toward the 1. Afforest ■■ An additional 100,000 hectares of land afforested Adaptation/ restoration of degraded lands will contribute achievement of food and nutrition security; and reforest or reforested, including via agroforestry; Mitigation to economic growth, poverty reduction, and and degraded and ■■ Planting of one million trees per county per year greater food and nutrition security and, help ■■ Sustainable Development - Restored and deforested through such initiatives as: protected forests and rangelands, and their communities to adapt to climate change. areas in •• Annual National Tree Planting Day; ecosystems and biodiversity; increased • Revived Green Schools Programme (GSP) – 10% Counties • Forests also mitigate the harmful effects of forest cover; improved food, nutrition, and of school land areas planted with trees; GHG emissions by acting as “sinks” through water security; improved livelihoods of forest •• Increased tree nurseries and production and carbon sequestration. The forestry sector resource users; healthy wildlife populations availability of seedlings; is however the second largest contributor and viable tourism operations; reduced •• Tree planting (with appropriate species, to Kenya’s GHG emissions after agriculture, poverty and inequality; and opportunities for including indigenous species); accounting for 32% of emissions in 2015, timber industries and housing construction. •• Forest management and planning; largely due to deforestation.116 •• Silviculture interventions;
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Action Expected Results Adaptation/ by 30th June 2023 Mitigation by 30th June 2023 Mitigation
•• Promotion of agroforestry - linked to climate 3. Restore ■■ Restoration of up to 200,000 hectares of forest on Adaptation/ change priority 1: Food and Nutrition Security; degraded forest degraded landscapes in ASALs and rangelands Mitigation •• Expansion and protection of mangrove forest landscapes through such initiatives as the GCF Dryland cover (for coastal adaptation and blue carbon (ASALs and Resilience Project, including: sequestration) including implementation of the rangelands) •• Enhanced natural generation of degraded National Mangrove Ecosystem Management lands through conservation and sustainable Plan - linked to Action 3: Water and Blue management; Economy; and •• Ecosystem-based adaptation through •• Fast-tracking the signing and implementation rangeland and forest landscape restoration of respective Transition Implementation Plans and sustainable management. (sites include (TIPs) rangelands, woodlands/forests, wetlands, and croplands); •• Initiation of restoration processes on 33% of 2. Reduce ■■ Deforestation and forest degradation reduced Adaptation/ land area in seven Counties. deforestation through enhanced protection of an additional Mitigation •• Analysis of priority landscapes and existing and forest 100,000 million hectares of natural forests through restoration successes; and degradation such initiatives as: •• Economic analysis of restoration options, and •• Community/participatory forestry management; identification of financing options to scale up •• Limiting access to forests; landscape restoration. •• Preventing disturbances through improved enforcement and monitoring; 4. Promote ■■ Area under private sector-based commercial Mitigation and industrial plantations increased from 71,000 •• Developing alternative technologies to reduce sustainable demand for biomass, such as clean cooking, timber hectares to at least 121,000 hectares. briquetting, and efficient charcoal production). production Linked to climate change priority 6: Sustainable on privately- charcoal production and climate change priority 7: owned land Promotion of clean cooking; •• Carbon stock enhancement (enrichment planting) in existing forests; 5. Conserve ■■ At least 20% of terrestrial and inland water, and Adaptation 15% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas •• Financial innovations, including payments through land areas for ecosystem services and carbon markets; and wildlife of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, conserved. (linked to Water and the Blue •• Development of the REDD+ architecture through multi-stakeholder engagements, including a Economy); national strategy and investment plan, safeguards ■■ 30,000 hectares of wildlife habitats conserved to information system, National Forest Monitoring support a broad range of wildlife and plant species System (NFMS) and Forest Reference Level (FRL) under changed climate conditions; for improved forest monitoring and measurement ■■ Human wildlife conflict reduced by 50% from the 2018 baseline; and ■■ 20% of dispersal areas and migratory pathways for wildlife that have been identified in the National Wildlife Dispersal Corridor Report (NWDCR) secured.
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ 3.2.5 Climate Change Priority 5: Health, by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Sanitation and Human Settlements Sustainable human settlements and an integrated approach to climate actions that sanitation services are essential for human addresses sustainable human settlements and 6. Enabling ■■ MRV+ technologies, including remote sensing and Enabling health, which is a pillar of the Government’s health, and sanitation services. action global positioning systems, and computer tagging Big Four Agenda. NCCAP 2018-2022 proposes (technology) and tracking systems, adopted and used in all sectors. (a) Climate-Related 7. Enabling ■■ Standards and regulations, including social and Enabling action environmental safeguards, for sustainable forestry Threats to Human Health (policy and management (voluntary moving to regulated), As shown in Figure 9, the risk of malaria and the number of Kenyans at risk to about 89% by regulatory) developed; other vector-borne diseases is projected to 2050. In areas where malaria already occurs, ■■ Guidelines and standards for establishment of increase due to changing climate conditions. transmission intensity is projected to increase green zones, as required by the Forest Act 2016, Approximately 13 to 20 million Kenyans are along with the length of the transmission season. developed, which requires linkage with County at risk from malaria, with the percentage of Communities living at altitudes above 1,100 physical planning and development control those at risk potentially increasing because meters are more vulnerable to malaria due to functions; climate change facilitates the movement of lack of immunity, lack of preparedness, climate ■ An adaptation strategy for the tourism sector ■ malaria transmission up the highlands. Rising variability, and other factors. Children under developed; temperatures would likely lead to greater five years and pregnant women are the most ■ A wildlife climate change strategy that includes ■ incidences of malaria at higher altitudes of the vulnerable to infection by malaria.117 the impacts of climate change on wildlife, Kenyan highlands, and potentially increase human-wildlife conflict, and locations suitable for harvesting flood waters and drilling of boreholes, developed; ■■ Land use planning and zoning done to segregate and identify forest areas for conservation; and ■■ Climate change mainstreamed into environment audits, environmental impact assessments, and strategic environmental assessments.
8. Enabling ■■ Build the capacity of county level institutions for Enabling action (capacity the efficient transfer and implementation of the development) devolved function with respect to community forests
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: County Governments, CoG, MEF, MALFI, The National Treasury and Planning, MoTW, KFS, KWS, NEMA, NDMA, WRA, KEFRI, Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association (KWCA), Community Forestry ! Associations (CFAs), community institutions, tea industry, farmer organisations, private sector, and civil society. All sectors identify actions to realise the strategic objective.
Figure 9: Population at risk from malaria in Kenya (in millions)
73 74 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022.
Climate change increases risks for human adequate waste treatment is accentuated by the The planned climate actions in the waste sector ■■ Sustainable Development – Improved health by impacting human settlements. growing industrialisation of Kenya’s economy, will result in: human health, reduced burden of disease The cities of Nairobi, Kisumu, and Mombasa coupled with the current state of inappropriately for households, and greater individual have concentrated populations, economic disposed solid waste and wastewater that ■■ Adaptation – Reduced incidence of malaria, productivity; improved engagement of activities, and built environments, which pollutes air, water, and soil, causing significant climate-proofed landfill sites, and flood women as community health workers; increases their risk from flooding, heat health and environmental problems. The waste control in urban settlements; improved and sustainable waste waves, and other climate hazards. The sector contributes to climate change, accounting ■■ Mitigation – GHG emission reductions of 0.72 management; more sustainable human most affected populations are the urban for about 3% of total national GHG emissions settlements; reduced health impacts from MtCO2e by 2022 through mitigation actions poor, who tend to live along river banks, on in 2015.120 This is a very small contribution in to reduce and recycle solid waste, green inappropriate waste disposal and biomass hillsides and slopes prone to landslides, near comparison to other sectors such as agriculture, buildings, and exploring options for methane cookstoves; and improved surveillance polluted grounds, in unstable structures forestry, and energy. This notwithstanding, the capture and power generation; and monitoring of climate change-related that are vulnerable to collapse during heavy Government of Kenya takes waste management ■■ The Big Four Agenda – Improved health diseases, including monitoring of deaths rains, and along waterfronts in coastal seriously. The main guiding approach is the services and affordable housing; resulting from indoor air pollution. areas. This is especially true in informal “zero waste principle” as set out in the National settlements and other low-income areas, Solid Waste Management Strategy (NSWMS). where high population density and lack of Recycling, composting, waste minimisation, and infrastructure aggravate these problems. industrial symbiosis, are important elements of Photo: Min. of Environment Coastal areas are also very vulnerable, with this strategy that seeks to protect human health communities prone to flooding from rises in and the environment. sea levels and surging storms. Improving the resilience of the built environment in human Studies into the effects of climate change settlements is needed, including flood on health in Kenya have reported increased control, green building technologies, and acute respiratory infections for ASAL areas, waste management. emergence and re-emergence of Rift Valley Fever and leishmaniasis and, malnutrition. Building the climate resilience of waste More severe and frequent flooding displaces disposal systems and facilities is also of great communities and increases the risks of water- importance. The volume of solid wastes that borne diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, and is generated across Kenyan urban centres typhoid, which already affect large numbers of increased from 4,950 tonnes per day in 2011 Kenyans.121 Higher temperatures are projected to 5,990 tonnes per day in 2014; a rate that is to increase heat-related deaths in the elderly.122 faster than that of the country’s urbanisation. Short-lived climate pollutants, including black Improperly managed solid wastes could carbon or soot and methane, are released accumulate in areas otherwise intended through inefficient use and burning of biomass for water runoff and flood control, and and fossil fuels. Household air pollution is a big make cities and towns vulnerable to floods health challenge, leading to about 21,560 deaths and contaminated water from moderate annually in Kenya. Women and children are rainfall, let alone the intense and heavy rains particularly impacted. Exposure to household air projected due to climate change. Solid waste pollution almost doubles the risk for childhood dumping sites are open in Kenya, and often pneumonia, and women exposed to high levels exposed to run-off during heavy rains. This of indoor smoke are more than two times as likely leads to contamination of water resources to suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary and negative health impacts. The need for disease than women who use cleaner fuels and technologies.123
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Mainstream climate change adaptation into the health by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Strategic sector, and increase the resilience of human settlements, including through improved solid waste 2. Promote ■■ A circular economy solid waste management Adaptation/ Objective recycling to approach that diverts at least 90% of collected Mitigation 5 management in urban areas. divert collected waste away from disposal sites toward various waste away recycling practices in Nairobi implemented. from disposal ■■ Options for methane capture and power generation at landfill sites, such as in Eldoret and, waste Kenya’s improvements in the control of malaria, water-borne diseases, respiratory sites. Issue/ diseases, infant mortality, and malnutrition are at risk from setbacks relating to climate incineration for energy generation, explored. change. Inappropriate waste management could contribute to increased GHG problem: emissions, and enhance negative health impacts. 3. Climate proof ■■ Existing dumpsites in two major urban areas Adaptation landfill sites screened for vulnerability to climate change, and plans developed to adapt to extreme climate Universal Affordable patterns. Health Housing Big 4 Pillars: Coverage 4. Control ■■ Floodways (manmade channels to divert flood Adaptation flooding water) constructed in select urban centres. in human SDGs: settlements
■■ Malaria incidence per 1,000 population; 5. Enabling ■■ The surveillance and monitoring of climate-related Enabling ■■ Percentage of urban solid waste regulatory collected and Action diseases improved; and well managed; and (technology ■■ The health impacts of transition to clean cooking ■ Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal National-level ■ and capacity tracked (linked to Climate Action 7): Promotion of settlements or inadequate housing. Indicators: building) clean cooking), with the aim of reducing the number of household deaths related to biomass energy Action Expected Results Adaptation/ use from 21,560 annually (49% of total deaths) to by 30th June 2023 Mitigation 20%.
1. Reduce the ■■ Community-level interventions on malaria control Adaptation 6. Enabling ■■ The awareness of community health workers and Enabling incidence of scaled up country-wide, with emphasis on women action (capacity volunteers strengthened by developing materials malaria and as community health workers. building) on climate-related health risks, including disaster ■■ Uptake and utilisation of malaria treatment risk management, and the impacts on women, other vector- children, and persons with disabilities. borne disease services increased in new malaria areas to reduce the incidence of malaria.
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ 3.2.6 Climate Change Priority by 30th June 2023 Mitigation 6: Manufacturing Climate change could prevent achievement by reducing the impacts of climate change 7. Enabling ■■ Five county-based waste management plans and Enabling of the Big Four Agenda’s goal of increasing on manufacturing activities, and creating new Action (policy regulations that are consistent with the NWMS and manufacturing to 15% of GDP by 2022. NCCAP economic and market opportunities. and regulation) other relevant policies developed; 2018-2022 supports the manufacturing sector ■■ A national resettlement policy framework that sets out safeguard mechanisms against involuntary (a) Impacts of Climate resettlement and forced evictions from homes when land is acquired for development projects Change on Manufacturing developed and implemented; ■■ Alternative approaches to land acquisition, other Manufacturing is capital intensive, with many sector. The 2017 drought significantly affected tea than compulsory acquisition, implemented, where long-life fixed assets, long supply chains, and production and resulted in diminished turnover possible; significant water requirements. These are in processed tea. Reductions in the production ■■ Policy for green building and, green building negatively impacted by floods, droughts, and of other crops also caused slow-downs in the codes and regulations that account for climate extreme climate events whose intensities and manufacturing processes that rely on those information, developed; frequencies have increased due to climate particular crops. ■■ A national framework for waste water management change. Climate change increases resource developed; and scarcity, such as water and raw materials While being impacted by climate change, ■■ Laws on urban planning and storm water that are used as inputs in manufacturing. An manufacturing also produces GHG emissions. management in urban areas, such as desilting of example is reduction in crop production that The sector emitted about 7% of Kenya’s total drainage and, riparian protection enforced. negatively impacts the agro-manufacturing emissions in 2015.124
RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: County Governments, CoG, MEF, MALFI, The National Treasury and Planning, MoTW, KFS, KWS, NEMA, NDMA, WRA, KEFRI, Kenya Wildlife Conservancies Association (KWCA), Community Forestry Associations (CFAs), community institutions, tea industry, farmer organisations, private sector, and civil society. All sectors identify actions to realise the strategic objective.
Photo: Min. of Environment
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(b) Win-Win Solutions for Low Carbon Climate Promote energy and resource efficiency in the Resilient Impact, Greater Productivity, and Strategic manufacturing sector Competitiveness Objective
126 6 Climate actions to promote a green to the manufacturing actions in this NCCAP. manufacturing sector focus on resource Some of the actions will be implemented efficiency, sustainable production, and under such existing programmes as the Kenya Scarcity of resources, including water, electricity, and other inputs in manufacturing managing waste as a resource in the creation Association of Manufacturers (KAM) Centre Issue/ processes, which arises due to climate change and, inefficient energy use in the of new product lines from waste recovery and for Energy Efficiency and Conservation; and manufacturing sector, such as unsustainable charcoal and cement production, re-use. Moving toward green manufacturing will complement programmes like the Kenya problem: increases GHG emissions. will require innovation and the promotion National Cleaner Production Centre’s SWITCH, of micro, small and medium enterprises Africa Green-Industrial Symbiosis Project started by entrepreneurs, including in the (AGISP), and the Green Growth and Employment areas of urban and rooftop agriculture, and Programme (GGEP). Enhanced sustainable briquettes for cooking.125 Big 4 Pillars: Manufacturing The climate actions are expected to result in: The climate actions also focus on improving ■■ Adaptation - Improved efficiency in water energy and resource efficiency, including in use and, industrial symbiosis; the industrial sector. They also seek to reduce ■■ Mitigation - GHG emission reductions of SDGs: emissions from industrial processes. A priority 0.45 MtCO2e by 2022, through sustainable action area is charcoal production, which briquettes and charcoal production, industrial currently uses very inefficient technologies. energy efficiency, and industrial symbiosis; ■■ Reduction in GHG emissions through adoption of efficiency and Actions to improve the efficiency of charcoal ■■ The Big Four Agenda - Progress toward the conservation of energy; and kilns, and to formalise the sector to reduce achievement of the goals of the pillar on ■■ Number of industrial parks adopting waste diversion practices. deforestation and forest degradation, are enhanced manufacturing; and National-level closely linked to Climate Change Priority 4: ■■ Sustainable Development - Promotion of Indicators: Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism. Actions to sustainable production and green industries, formalise the charcoal sector could draw on renewable energy, greater efficiency in Action Expected Results Adaptation/ the innovation of the youth, and create roles the energy and water sectors, improved by 30th June 2023 Mitigation for women in the value chain processes. productivity in manufacturing, reduced deforestation and forest degradation, 1. Increase ■■ Number of companies participating in energy Mitigation development of green industries and jobs, Actions delivered under the Green Economy energy efficiency initiatives doubled to 1,000 (including Strategy and Implementation Plan (GESIP) and promotion of innovation among the 1,000 energy audits); and youth and women. efficiency are critical to the achievement of green ■■ Minimum Energy Performance Standards manufacturing, and are complementary developed for five more appliances, and existing testing facilities up-scaled to include these five appliances.
2. Improve ■■ Number of companies participating in water Mitigation water use efficiency initiatives increased to 200 (including and resource 200 water audits). efficiency
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ 3.2.7 Climate Change Priority 7: by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Energy and Transport Clean, sustainable and affordable energy also key infrastructure enablers for the Big Four 3. Optimise ■ Optimisation of manufacturing processes Mitigation ■ and transportation systems are essential for Agenda. manufacturing promoted; and Kenya’s sustainable development. They are and production ■■ A sustainable charcoal system promoted processes by encouraging the uptake of efficient kiln technologies to increase yields to 30-42% and, (a) Major Impacts of Climate Change on the establishment of a charcoal certification and labelling scheme. the Energy and Transport Sectors Climate change, including temperature of addressing infrastructure-related climate 4. Promote ■■ Scale-up of industrial symbiosis and Adaptation/ and sea level rise, and a greater number of, change impacts is a key recommendation of industrial environmentally sound technologies and Mitigation and more such severe and extreme climate Kenya’s NAP, and is necessary to maximise symbiosis in practices in existing and upcoming Industrial events as heavy rains that result in floods, potential development benefits. Climate- industrial zones Zones in Nairobi, Machakos, Mombasa, Kilifi, damage energy and transport infrastructure. proofing of infrastructure requires the factoring and Kwale Counties through waste diversion, These impacts increase incidences of delays, in of additional costs associated with the burden and energy and transport efficiency measures, disruptions, damages, and failures across of climate change in the design, implementation, which will contribute to avoided GHG emissions land-based, air, and marine transportation and maintenance of infrastructure. and GHG emission reductions. Linked to systems. The impact of drought on hydro- climate action 5: Health, sanitation, and human generated electricity is well understood in Reducing GHG emissions in the energy and settlements and, climate action 7: Energy and Kenya. Low water levels in the country’s transport sectors is required to achieve Kenya’s transport. hydro-generation reservoirs, which was mitigation NDC. The contribution of the country’s caused by drought in early 2017 led to energy sector to GHG emissions was expected 5. Enabling ■■ Innovation promoted through a Sustainable Enabling increased use of diesel-powered generators, to increase sharply between 2015 and 2030. The (capacity Consumption and Production Networking and a connected increase in the price of energy sector, excluding transport and industry, development) Facility (SCPNF) for Micro, Small and Medium electricity.127 The early 2018 floods caused accounted for 7.1% of total emissions in 2015, Linked to Enabling Enterprises (MSME), with emphasis on women extensive damage to Kenya’s road network. a figure that is projected to rise to 29.7% of the Actions T4 and the youth. Linked to Enabling Action T4; and country’s total emissions in 2030. The transport ■■ Awareness raising undertaken to promote These, and other climate change impacts have sector is a significant source of GHG emissions, resource efficiency within the private sector. consequences for the design, construction, directly accounting for about 13% of Kenya’s location, and operations of energy and total GHG emissions in 2015. GHG emissions in Enabling (policy ■■ Application of special economic zones legislation Enabling transport infrastructure. Climate-proofing or the transport sector are increasing at a rate that and regulatory) and planning laws that encourage clustering of proactive adaptation could be cost-effective is faster than in other sectors, and are projected industries into zones to enhance symbiosis and for energy and transport infrastructure with to rise to 17% of the country’s total national increase shared industrial efficiency measures a long lifespan. Climate-proofing as a means emissions in 2030.128 enhanced; and ■■ The regulatory framework governing treatment and management of industrial (trade) effluent (b) Strong Opportunities for Transforming the reviewed and enhanced to encourage waste water Energy and Transport Sectors recycling, including through industrial symbiosis. Implementation of NCCAP 2018-2022 could and sustainable development. The draft 2015 RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: drive major transformations in Kenya’s Energy and Petroleum Policy indicates that County Governments, CoG, Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives (MITC), MWS, KIRDI, Kenya energy and transport systems, support rapid growth in the Kenyan economy over the Bureau of Standards (KEBS), NEMA, KIRDI, the private sector, charcoal producers, the academia, achievement of the Big Four Agenda, and past decade is partly attributed to increased civil society, youth organisations. All sectors identify actions to realise the strategic objective. provide strong benefits for poverty reduction investment in the energy sector, particularly the
83 84 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. electricity sub-sector. In 2016/2017, installed to develop programmes that encourage product •• Transport - GHG emission reductions electricity generation capacity was 2,333 availability and affordability through a robust Women and children are disproportionally of between 1.93 and 4.69 MtCO2e MW, with geothermal accounting for 44% pipeline of businesses to manufacture and sell affected by the challenge of using raw biomass by 2022 and 2030, respectively, of the generation mix, hydro 33%, thermal products, and provide services at affordable for cooking, suffering from toxic smoke, time through electrification of the SGR, 21%, and imports 2%.129 An estimated 6.7 prices. poverty, and the consequences of deforestation. extension of the SGR, construction of million households formed the off-grid and The use of clean cooking technologies should the Bus Rapid Transit system in the decentralized electricity market in 2013,130 The transition to clean cooking through uptake be integrated into community development Nairobi metropolitan area, low carbon with supply consisting of micro- and pico- of LPG, ethanol, and other alternative fuels initiatives, and activities involving women. technologies in the aviation and systems, mini-grids, and stand-alone in urban areas, and uptake of briquettes and Women are the most affected by lack of clean maritime sectors, and pilot projects on systems, and solar, wind, and hydro being the improved biomass cookstoves in rural areas cooking technologies, and have the potential to electric vehicles. main resources in use. is about more than just energy; it improves the drive the achievement of the desired outcomes. ■■ The Big Four Agenda – progress toward health of women and children, and protects the achievement of the Agenda through Electricity generation based on renewable forests. About 70% of Kenyans rely on biomass The climate actions in the energy and transport the provision of efficient energy and energy also has impacts for the transport (fuelwood and charcoal) energy for cooking, sector result in: transport services; and sector, particularly the electrification of which is a significant driver of deforestation and ■■ Sustainable Development – sustainable the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) that is forest degradation.131 The use of raw biomass ■■ Adaptation – Climate-proofed energy and and renewable energy, new business expected to take place by 2022. fuels for cooking is a pressing health, social, and transport infrastructure; opportunities for clean energy and environmental problem. About 21,560 Kenyans ■■ Mitigation transport sectors, protection of water In regard to energy demand, transition to die every year from health conditions that could •• Electricity supply - GHG emission catchment areas, reduction of deaths from clean cooking is a priority action. It presents be traced back to indoor air pollution.132 Use reductions of 9.2 MtCO2e by 2022 indoor air pollution from 49% of Kenya’s an opportunity for technological leapfrogging of LPG to replace charcoal could reduce 55 through development of geothermal total annual deaths (21,560 in 2017) to on savings in energy, and reducing GHG deaths per year per 25,000 households, and and other renewable energy sources of 20%, and reduced deforestation, forest emissions and, delivery of health and cost- save up to 30 trees per household each year.133 electricity supply, energy efficiency, and degradation and stress on forests. saving benefits compared to the business- Clean cooking, including the use of briquettes, use of clean coal technology; as-usual incremental improvements. Clean could also save money at the household level. •• Energy demand - GHG emission Actions with significant GHG emission cooking is an opportunity for investment in Charcoal briquettes cost KES 3 to cook a meal of reductions of an estimated 7.1 MtCO2e reductions are included in the table below, innovation and technology development in maize and beans for a family of five, compared to by 2022, through uptake of alternative and the full list of energy and transport actions the biomass energy sub-sector. A key action is KES 26 for charcoal and KES 45 for kerosene.134 fuels and efficient cookstoves; and included in MTAR.
Photo: Min. of Environment
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Ensure an electricity supply mix that is based Action Expected Results Adaptation/ mainly on renewable energy, is resilient to by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Strategic climate change, and promotes energy efficiency and, encourage transition to clean cooking to 2. Increased ■■ Captive renewable energy generation plants Mitigation Objective developed, where such electricity as direct 7 reduce demand for fuelwood. generation a use of geothermal resources to power various capacity for captive industrial applications like boilers and dryers is renewable used by the developers. Supply of renewable and affordable electricity needs to increase to meet the energy Issue/ demands of Kenya’s growing population, and industrial aspirations. 70% of Kenyans energy depend on biomass for primary energy, most of which is non-renewable. This leads to problem: indoor air pollution, deforestation, and GHG emissions. 3. Improved ■■ Losses in electricity transmission and distribution Mitigation energy reduced from 18% to 14%; efficiency ■■ 3.3 million Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL) and energy distributed to households through CFL initiative; Food and Universal ■ Energy efficiency and conservation projects Affordable Enhanced ■ Nutrition Health conservation Housing Manufacturing delivered, which focus on: Big 4 Pillars: Security Coverage •• Efficient lighting; •• Energy efficiency in buildings; •• Minimum energy performance standards; and SDGs: •• Distribution of clean lighting.
■■ Percentage share of renewable energy in the total electricity generation mix; 4. Climate ■■ Concrete poles replace wooden poles; Adaptation ■■ Percentage of households using biomass for energy; proofed energy ■■ Existing hydropower plants optimised, and water National-level ■■ Percentage of households using LPG; and infrastructure management and conservation improved; and Indicators: ■■ Percentage of freight moved by rail. ■■ 1000 hectares of water catchment areas conserved and rehabilitated by protecting the Action Expected Results Adaptation/ areas feeding hydro-generation reservoirs. Linked to climate change priority 3 – Forestry, by 30th June 2023 Mitigation wildlife and tourism. 1. Increased ■■ 2,405 MW new renewables developed, Adaptation/ renewable including: Mitigation energy for •• Geothermal – prioritised as baseload 5. Transition to ■■ Number of households using LPG, ethanol, or Mitigation electricity generation that is climate resilient; clean cooking other cleaner fuels for cooking increased to 2 million, through a programme that promotes: generation, in a •• Biomass / Co-generation; with such • Hydro; •• Development of a depot with LPG storage manner that is • alternative fuels •• Solar; and as LPG, ethanol, tanks, bottling machines, and stock cylinders climate resilient of various sizes; •• Wind. and other clean and accounts •• Loan programme through micro-finance for the needs of fuels promoted institutions to assist with up-front costs of rural areas in both rural cookers and cylinders; and urban areas •• Local manufacture and servicing of clean cookers;
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Action Expected Results Adaptation/ by 30th June 2023 Mitigation by 30th June 2023 Mitigation
•• Tax-relief incentives for manufacturers; 7. Enabling ■■ Climate change resilient technologies, such Enabling •• Training and loans for local service; Actions as modern coolers and scrubbers promoted; •• Local businesses stocking and delivering (technology) and LPG to consumers; ■■ Research undertaken on new and emerging •• Engagement of women and youth groups energy technologies that would reduce GHG to brand cooking cylinders procured by emissions in the energy sector. government; and •• Increased production of such non-forest Enabling biomass fuel briquettes as agricultural 8. Enabling ■■ Training and public awareness on climate waste, sawdust and human waste, with Actions change adaptation and mitigation emphasis on women and the youth. (capacity mechanisms; Actions linked to climate change priority development) ■■ Working with civil society organisations 3: Forestry, Wildlife, and Tourism; climate (CSOs) to train of jua kali artisans to produce change priority 5: Health, Sanitation and improved cookstoves; Human Settlements, and climate change ■■ Training of 100 students per year by Kenya priority 6: Manufacturing. Power International (Institute of Energy Studies and Research) on renewable energy technologies; and ■■ Number of households using improved biomass Mitigation ■■ Training of 60 participants per year at the 6. Uptake of United Nations University’s Geothermal clean biomass cookstoves increased by 4 million through a programme that promotes: Training Programme. (charcoal •• Loan programme through micro-finance ■ Develop a policy to guide in the management Enabling and wood) 9. Enabling ■ institutions to assist with the up-front cost of of vegetation, wayleaves acquisition, and cookstoves, Action cookstoves; (policy and corridors for energy infrastructure; and briquettes, •• Local manufacture and servicing of clean regulations) ■■ Explore the use of fiscal and tax policies and and other cookstoves, through tax-relief incentives for regulations to encourage uptake of clean clean cooking manufacturers, and training and loans for local cooking. alternatives service providers; and promoted in •• Local businesses that stock improved cookstoves, rural areas with an emphasis on women-led businesses. RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: ■■ Biogas technology scaled up to increase access Ministry of Energy (MOE), MITC, The National Treasury and Planning, MoH, CCD, KFS, Attorney to clean energy through the construction of 6,500 General and Department of Justice, CoG, County Governments, Energy Regulatory Commission digesters for domestic use and 600 biogas systems in (ERC), Kenya Power, Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), Geothermal Development various schools and public facilities. Corporation (GDC), Kenya Power, Rural Electrification Authority (REA), Kenya Electricity Transmission ■■ Increased production of such non-forest biomass fuel Company (KETRACO), KIRDI, Correctional Services, Kenya Climate Innovation Centre (KCIC), micro- briquettes as agricultural waste, sawdust, and human finance institutions, the private sector, civil society, women’s groups, youth groups. All sectors waste, with emphasis on women and the youth. identify actions to realise the strategic objective. Actions linked to climate change priority 3: Forestry, Wildlife, and Tourism; climate change priority 5: Health, Sanitation and Human Settlements, and climate change priority 6: Manufacturing.
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ Establish efficient, sustainable, world-class by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Strategic transport systems and logistics services that withstand projected impacts of climate change. 2. Reduce fuel ■■ SGR from Nairobi to Mombasa electrified; Mitigation Objective ■■ 30% of freight from Mombasa to Nairobi shifted 7 consumption b from road to rail; and fuel ■■ Roadmap for the improvement of heavy-duty truck overhead costs efficiency developed, including increased use of low-rolling resistance tyres, super structure fittings Issue/ Operational inefficiency, heavy traffic congestion, heavy fuels, and high fuel etc. and, development of vehicle standards; and problem: consumption lead to high levels of GHG emissions. ■■ Light-duty vehicle fuel economy improved through labelling, promotion of fuel-efficient driving, and improved traffic management.
Food and Universal Affordable ■■ Shore power infrastructure for four berths installed Nutrition Health 3. Encourage Mitigation Big 4 Pillars: Housing to provide power to ships while at berth instead of Security Coverage low-carbon using their engines; technologies ■■ 2 new aircraft (B787) which have fuel efficient in the aviation engines purchased; SDGs: and maritime ■■ Service Charter on Sustainable Aviation Fuels sectors (certification and use of biodiesel production for captive use at the airports) implemented by 2020; and ■■ Percentage of freight moved by rail instead of by road. ■■ 0.5 MW solar power plant installed at Moi International Airport and commissioned by 2018. National-level Indicators: 4. Climate proof ■■ Climate information used in infrastructure planning, Adaptation transportation and transport resilience plans developed; ■ Feasibility study on constructing roads that Action Expected Results Adaptation/ infrastructure ■ by 30th June 2023 Mitigation systematically harvest water and mitigate floods undertaken; and 1. Develop an ■■ 70 km of BRT for Nairobi Metropolitan Area Mitigation ■■ 4,500 km of roads climate-proofed. affordable, safe designed, constructed and implemented in 5 routes; and efficient ■■ Use of electric hybrid vehicles (buses) piloted and 5. Enabling ■■ Domestic technology development for electric Enabling public transport appropriate incentives provided for their use; (technology) modes of transport encouraged; and ■■ SGR extended from Nairobi to Naivasha; ■■ Research on the use of renewable energy for ■■ Feeder public transport to BRT, commuter rail, and powering different modes of transport undertaken. SGR developed and provided for the public; and ■■ 150 km of non-motorised transport facilities constructed, including pedestrian and bicycle access within, and to town centres and transit stations.
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Action Expected Results Adaptation/ 3.3 Climate Change Priority Actions in the Counties by 30th June 2023 Mitigation Successful implementation of the actions refuse removal and dumping, solid waste 6. Enabling ■■ Awareness built on the fuel economy and electric Enabling planned for in this NCCAP will require the disposal, housing, and management systems (capacity mobility options, including exploring infrastructure efforts of Kenya’s 47 counties. County for storm water; needs for electric mobility. development) Governments are the main implementing 6. Manufacturing - Planning and development; agents of many of the climate actions set out and in Section 3.2, and will implement the actions 7. Energy and Transport - Electricity and gas 7. Enabling ■■ The Integrated National Transport Policy (2021) Enabling in such locally-appropriate ways as would reticulation, energy regulation, and County (policy and reviewed and implemented; bring on board the unique needs of local transport. ■ The international standards on aviation (ICAO regulation) ■ populations. Annex 16 Vol 4), and the Maritime (MARPOL Annex County Governments will play critical roles in The Climate Change Act, 2016 requires that VI) domesticated and implemented by 2021 and such areas as: County Governments mainstream climate 2020, respectively; change actions and interventions in their CIDPs, ■■ Standards for electric cars and two-wheelers 1. Disaster Risk Management - Response while taking into account National and County developed and implemented by 2019; measures to address drought, floods, and priorities. In 2013, all 47 CIDPs mentioned the ■■ Standards for climate proofing of transport other climate-driven disasters; impacts of climate change in their areas of infrastructure developed; and 2. Food and Nutrition Security - Agriculture, jurisdiction, and many identified actions to ■■ Planning and building control regulations to including crop and animal husbandry; address these impacts. The main climate change encourage compact development, mixed use, and livestock sale yards; County abattoirs; impact mentioned in the CIDPs was increased reduced provision of parking near MRT stations plant and animal disease control; and temperatures that resulted in prolonged dry updated and implemented. fisheries; spells and droughts. Erratic rainfall, flooding, and 3. Water and the Blue Economy - Water unpredictable climate patterns were also noted. management and implementation of The CIDPs pointed out that climate change RELEVANT INSTITUTIONS: policies established by the National negatively impacted economic activities, leading MOTIHUD, MOE, CCD, County Governments, Nairobi Metropolitan Area Transport Authority Government on water conservation; to reduced food and livestock production, (NAMATA), Kenya Railways Corporation (KRC), National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA), 4. Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism - scarcity of potable water, increased spread Kenya Civil Aviation Authority (KCAA), Kenya Airports Authority (KAA), Kenya Civil Aviation Authority Implementation of policies on natural of diseases, and increased conflicts (human/ (KCAA) , Kenya Airports Authority (KAA), ERC, KETRACO, KENGEN, KEBS, Kenya Urban Roads resource and environmental conservation, human and human/wildlife).135 Impacts of, and Authority (KURA), Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority and the management of community and responses to, climate change vary across the (KERRA), National Construction Authority (NCA), Kenya Ports Authority (KPA),Kenya Maritime private forests. Counties, as noted during the consultations with Authority (KMA), Kenya Airways (KQ), the private sector, the academia, research institutions, civil 5. Health, Sanitation and Human the six County Economic Blocs (CEBs) shown in society. All sectors identify actions to realise the strategic objective. Settlements - County health facilities figure 10. and promotion of primary health care,
Photo: Benard Omwaka
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■■ Jumuiya Ya Kaunti Za Pwani: Comprised of The Counties also identified issues that were proper siting of landfill sites to account for such Kilifi, Kwale, Lamu, Mombasa, Taita Taveta, not caused by the impacts of climate change, projected impacts of climate change as heavy and Tana River counties; but which could be addressed through rainfall and flooding. ■■ Lake Region Economic Bloc: Comprised mitigation actions to reduce GHG emissions. of Bungoma, Busia, Homa Bay, Kakamega, These include, tree planting, and addressing The actions identified by the Counties focus on Kericho, Kisii, Kisumu, Migori, Nandi, deforestation and forest degradation to needs at the local level, reflecting the realities Nyamira, Siaya, Trans Nzoia, Vihiga, and achieve 10% tree cover. A coordinated and priorities of local communities. Most of the Bomet counties; approach to forest management includes actions have sustainable development benefits ■■ Mount Kenya and Aberdares Counties the priority actions identified by the Counties: to improve the lives of vulnerable groups in Trade and Investment Bloc: Comprised Protecting forests, planting trees, addressing society, including children, women, the youth, of Embu, Kiambu, Kirinyaga, Laikipia, Meru, charcoal production and unsustainable and marginalised and minority communities. Murang’a, Nakuru, Nyandarua, Nyeri, and logging, and promotion of clean cooking, The actions, where appropriate, also address Tharaka-Nithi counties; including use of efficient cookstoves, the needs of smallholder farmers that form ■■ North Rift Economic Bloc: Comprised briquettes, biogas, and LPG alternatives. the bulk of Kenya’s agricultural sector, fisher of Baringo, Elgeyo-Marakwet, Nandi, Counties also identified the need to promote communities that are the backbone of coastal ! Samburu, Trans Nzoia, Turkana and Uasin renewable energy, including improved communities and communities near such major Gishu, and West Pokot counties; and biomass, wind, and solar. water bodies as Lake Victoria, and pastoralists, ■■ South Eastern Kenya Economic Bloc: whose livelihoods are severely impacted by Comprised of Kajiado, Kitui, Machakos, Improvement of waste management climate change. Makueni, Nairobi, and Narok counties. systems was also noted as a priority for All the six County Economic Blocs identified many Counties. Climate change actions to A summary of the priority climate change actions 136 Figure 10: Kenya: County Economic Blocks. two main climate change issues requiring reduce GHG emissions in the area of waste that were identified through the consultations action in drought and floods. Other impacts management included waste to energy, with the County Economic Blocs is provided The Counties in each of the Economic Blocs of climate change identified by the Counties capture of methane from landfill sites, and in Table 7. A fuller description of the actions are listed hereafter: through the consultative meetings with their promotion of a circular economy approach submitted by the County Economic Blocs ■■ Frontier Counties Development Council: respective County Economic Blocs are listed in to waste management, which encourages could be accessed from the reports of County Comprised of Garissa, Isiolo, Mandera, Box 10. recycling and re-use. Adaptation actions Consultations available at: http://www.kcckp. Marsabit, and Wajir counties; related to waste management included go.ke.
Box 10: Climate change impacts identified by the Counties Photo: Min. of Environment
■■ Drought ■■ Declining livestock productivity ■■ Flooding ■■ Food and nutrition insecurity ■■ Declining agricultural productivity ■■ Negative health impacts for humans and ■■ Declining livestock productivity livestock ■■ Food and nutrition insecurity ■■ Water scarcity ■■ Negative health impacts for humans and ■■ Displacement of populations livestock ■■ Intra-and inter-community conflict ■■ Land and ecosystem degradation ■■ Human-wildlife conflict ■■ Water scarcity ■■ Landslides and erosion ■■ Declining agricultural productivity
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Table 7: Adaptation, mitigation, and enabling actions identified by County Economic Blocs. ADAPTATION ADAPTATION/MITIGATION
FORESTRY ■■ Farm forestry / ■■ Soil and water MITIGATION agroforestry conservation / ■■ Drought tolerant conservation crops agriculture DROUGHT FLOODING FOOD SECURITY CROPS LIVESTOCK ■■ Climate-smart ■■ Water efficient agriculture technologies WASTE ■■ Establishment ■■ Farm forestry / ■■ Establishment of early ■■ Water efficient ■■ Proper management ■■ Establishment ■ Crop diversification MANUFACTURING ENERGY TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT of early warning agroforestry ■ warning systems technologies of pasture lands / of irrigation ■ Climate information systems ■ Drought tolerant ■ ■■ Diversification of ■ ■■ Crop diversification controlled grazing / systems, such services for farmers ■■ Regulations ■■ Renewable/ ■■ Legal and ■■ Waste to ■ Protection of riparian crops livelihoods ■ ■■ Climate fodder banks as construction ■ Urban agriculture and laws green energy policy energy areas along rivers ■ Climate-smart ■ ■■ Harvesting of flood ■ information ■■ Drought-resistant of dams for ■ Promotion of on charcoal (wind, solar, instruments ■■ Proper waste ■ Strategic placement agriculture ■ water ■ services for breeds irrigation, and such non-rain- production biogas, to promote management, of dams / dykes ■ Establishment of ■■ Food and nutritional ■ farmers ■■ Adoption of new up-scaling drip fed agricultural ■■ Promotion of briquettes) high efficiency including ■ Drainage systems for irrigation systems, supplements, such ■ ■■ Urban agriculture animal husbandry irrigation practices as the briquetting ■■ Promotion vehicles recycling storm waters / storm such as construction as school feeding ■■ Promotion of techniques ■■ Improved greenhouse industry of briquettes water harvesting of dams for irrigation, programmes such non-rain- ■■ Livestock insurance agricultural farming and efficient ■■ Insurance systems and up-scaling drip fed agricultural extension services cookstoves irrigation practices as ■■ Improved agricultural greenhouse extension services farming ■■ Soil and water conservation / conservation agriculture ENABLING
ECOSYSTEM WATER DEGRADATION INFRASTRUCTURE HEALTH FISHERIES CLIMATE CHANGE DISASTER HUMAN HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT CLIMATE MONITORING REGULATORY ■■ Fish farming ■■ Water harvesting ■■ Restoration of ■■ Climate proofing ■■ Vaccination / EDUCATION MANAGEMENT SETTLEMENTS CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND INFORMATION FRAMEWORK ■■ Fish harvesting ■■ Dams, boreholes, water catchment of infrastructure immunization ■■ Enhance ■■ Establishment ■■ Proper ■■ Sensitise ■■ Strengthen ■■ Establish ■■ Establish ■■ Controlled mangrove and water pans areas through use of campaigns community of disaster planning communities conflict a climate institutional harvesting ■■ Protection of ■■ Soil conservation concrete for poles, ■■ Disease awareness response of towns on the resolution monitoring and legal ■■ Research on coral springs and water and control of bridges, dykes, and surveillance and ■■ Increase units / County benefits of mechanisms infrastructure frameworks bleaching catchment areas erosion (terracing, roads reporting access to ■■ Establishment spatial wildlife for climate ■■ Protection of fish ■■ Water storage gabions) ■■ Construction of ■■ Mosquito nets learning of disaster planning ■■ Provide water change breeding sites ■■ Water treatment ■■ Promote the raised ports and ■■ Promotion of family materials and management / land use in national ■■ Establish ■■ Capture of water conservation of jetties planning tools fund / planning parks CCCFs run-off on roads natural resources ■■ Improve recovery and ward ■■ Management of ■■ Protection of network “kitty” for development ground waters wetlands reception post-drought funds to ■■ Rehabilitation of ■■ Synchronize and post- address local degraded rivers school floods problems calendar with climate- related events
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CHAPTER FOUR
Delivering NCCAP 2018-2022
100 100 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022. 4.1 Enablers Table 8: Priority enabling actions: Enabling policy and regulatory framework A range of crosscutting enabling actions are ■■ Capacity development and knowledge required to effectively deliver the adaptation management; Coordinating and mitigation actions set out in the seven ■■ Climate finance and resource mobilisation; priority climate change areas described in and Institution Chapter 3. The actions equip government and ■■ Transparency, Measurement, Reporting, and Enabling and Relevant Expected Results stakeholders with the finance, knowledge, Verification Plus (MRV+). Actions Partners (Process Indicator) skills, and technologies needed to deliver and report on the adaptation and mitigation This section provides brief descriptions of the P1 ■■ Prioritise, develop and ■■ The National By 30th December 2020 actions. priority enabling actions to be completed from implement the needed Treasury and Assessment of needed The enabling actions take place in five areas: 1st July 2018 to 30th June 2023. The descriptions regulations to effectively Planning regulations complete. indicate whether the actions were continued implement the Climate ■■ Office of Attorney ■■ Enabling policy and regulatory from NCCAP 2013-2017, identify the relevant Change Act, 2016 through a General and By 30th June 2023 framework; institutions, and set out process indicators to multi-stakeholder process Department of Two regulations ■■ Technology and innovation; measure progress and achievements. that includes women, the Justice developed and youth, and marginalised ■■ CCD operationalised. and minority groups. Action continues from NCCAP 2013- 4.1.1 Enabling Policy and 2017: Enabling Policy and Regulatory Framework Legal Framework 5 Development of a comprehensive policy and reporting requirements. At the County level, regulatory framework for climate change support is needed to develop appropriate P2 ■■ Support the alignment of ■■ CoG By 30th December 2020 is well underway in Kenya. The process is legislation, including climate fund regulations County legislation to the ■■ County Five County Governments articulated in the Climate Change Act, 2016, that are informed by local contexts, aligned to Climate Change Act, 2016. Governments have developed CCCF and the National Climate Change Policy, 2018. County systems, and conform to national public ■■ Assist County Governments ■■ The National regulations. A key requirement of the Climate Change Act finance policies and laws. This legal and policy to develop County Climate Treasury and is the development of regulations to provide framework will guide the development and Change Fund (CCCF) Planning By 30th June 2023 further interpretation on some of its provisions, utilisation of CCCFs, and enable climate finance regulations that are linked to ■■ CCD An additional ten and to support the operationalisation of to address County-specific local issues. The two the NCCF, and building on County Governments such administrative aspects of the Act as enabling actions are described in Table 8. the examples of Makueni, have developed CCCF Wajir, Garissa, Isiolo and Kitui regulations. Counties
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4.1.2 Technology and Innovation Coordinating The climate change actions on technology Development and deployment of locally-relevant Enabling Institution Expected Results and innovation are important enablers of technologies for climate change action will be Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) success for the adaptation and mitigation supported through the provision of incubation actions described in Chapter 3. The overall and capacity building services, and financing of Partners objective is to support the various sectors in Kenyan entrepreneurs. Promotion of sustainable and dissemination of ■■ KIRDI By 30th June 2023 Kenya to promote appropriate technologies, production and consumption will help the endogenous technologies ■■ KALRO Information on to deliver such adaptation and mitigation private sector achieve resource efficiency, and that meet the needs of ■■ KEFRI five endogenous actions as water harvesting, Climate move toward industrial symbiosis, while the women and marginalised ■■ CCD climate technologies Information Services (CIS), and clean cooking identification of appropriate and effective policy groups. ■■ The academia disseminated to technologies. and fiscal tools will be another priority action. ■■ Research stakeholders. The enabling actions on technology and Technology diffusion and uptake will be institutions innovation are presented in Table 9. They facilitated through such policy and fiscal NB. Endogenous technologies ■■ The private sector include, building the capacity of KIRDI to incentives as the introduction in the 2018/2019 are based on locally available deliver on its role as the National Designated budget statement of 100% duty remission knowledge and cultures, and Entity (NDE) for the Climate Technology for inputs and raw materials for assembly of ensure that external resources Centre and Network (CTCN) under the clean energy cooking stoves imported by local UNFCCC. Other research institutions, manufacturers.137 Another priority will be to assist fit the local conditions. including KALRO, Kenya Forestry Research KMD to improve the provision of CIS, including Institute (KEFRI), and Kenya Marine and immediate and short-term climate forecasts and ■■ Provide Climate Information ■■ KMD By 30th December 2020 Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI) will also advisories. Climate information is important for T2 Services (CIS), including ■■ CCD 24 County Climate be supported to promote climate innovation. farmers to manage risk, for planning standards information to help farmers ■■ CoG Information Service Plans and regulations, and for assessing climate manage risk, inform early ■■ County developed. The enabling actions on technology and change risks in environmental assessments. warning systems, and Governments innovation promote the role of the private Climate information is also a critical element inform decision making for ■■ The private sector By 30th June 2023 sector to develop and disseminate adaptation of early warning systems to help communities, organisations, businesses At least 100 clients and mitigation technologies, to deliver the especially vulnerable groups, cope with such and households. (organisations, businesses associated priority climate change actions. extreme climate events as droughts and floods. and households) access CIS provided by KMD. Table 9: Priority enabling actions: Technology and Innovation. Coordinating T3 ■■ Establish a Sustainable ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 Institution Expected Results Consumption and ■■ The private sector 50 MSMEs, half of which Enabling Production Networking ■■ The youth are led by the youth, Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) facility for Micro, Small and organisations and women, trained in Partners Medium Enterprises (MSME), ■■ Women sustainable consumption with an emphasis on women ■■ groups in production. T1 ■■ Improve the capacity of ■■ KIRDI By 30th December 2020 and youth. KIRDI to coordinate the ■■ KALRO Request CTCN for By 2022 activities and services that it ■■ KEFRI technical assistance on Trained MSMEs reduce delivers as the NDE for the ■■ CCD gender-responsive climate resource (energy and CTCN, the operational arm ■■ The academia technologies is approved water) use by 10%. of the UNFCCC Technology ■■ Research for KES 25 million. Mechanism, including institutions the promotion, upscaling ■■ The private sector
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Coordinating Table 10: Priority enabling actions: Capacity development and knowledge management. Enabling Institution Expected Results Coordinating Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) Enabling Institution Expected Results Partners Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) Partners T4 ■■ Promote gender-responsive ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 climate technologies and ■■ The private sector 10 clients, half of innovations in the private who are women and C1 ■■ Operate a publicly accessible ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 sector through the provision youth, supported to National Climate Change Business plan for NCCRC of financing, capacity commercialise their clean Resource Centre (NCCRC) that developed. building, and start-up/ technology businesses. includes a robust and up-to- scale-up of services. date climate change knowledge By 30th June 2023 management system, and ■■ Encourage youth By 30th June 2023 NCCRC refitted to enable an updated climate change innovation through Clean technology access for persons with information portal with platforms outreach programmes with businesses reach 1,000 disabilities. for children, the youth, women, schools, universities, and customers. organisations of the youth. and marginalised and minority communities; and ■■ Use Knowledge Harvesting ■■ Identify policy and fiscal ■■ The National By 30th December 2020 T5 techniques to capture and incentives to promote the Treasury and Options identified and share information, including on uptake of climate-friendly Planning analysed, including the climate change-based traditional technology (such as tax ■■ CCD development of baseline knowledge, especially from incentives, reduced- ■■ CoG information and expected women and the elderly. Action energy tariffs, low-interest ■■ Other State climate results. continues from NCCAP 2013-2017: loans, and public-private Departments and Knowledge Management and partnerships). Action Agencies By 30th June 2023 Capacity Development 1, 2, and 5. continues from NCCAP 2013- ■■ The private sector Two policies and fiscal 2017: Finance 7. incentives launched. C2 ■■ Establish Community Education, ■■ CoG By 30th December 2020 Business and Information Centres ■■ County Samburu Community, 4.1.3 Capacity Development and Knowledge Management in select Counties, building on the Governments Education, Business Climate change-related knowledge coordination structures effective implementation model established in Samburu ■■ CCD and Information Centre management refers to the organisation of the Climate Change Act and the National County, to improve access to established. and sharing of climate change knowledge, Climate Change Policy, 2018, and for the effective information and reduce climate while climate change-related capacity delivery of Kenya’s NDC. The actions will also vulnerability. The Centres will be By 30th June 2023 development is defined by the UNFCCC build the capacity of climate change units in state managed by engendered local Two additional as “enhancing the capacity and ability of departments and Counties, and assist NEMA to management committees, and Community, Education, countries to take effective climate change incorporate climate change in environmental will provide focused services for Business and Information action.”138 The priority actions on capacity assessments, and to develop its enforcement women, the youth, minority, and Centres established. development, presented in Table 10, role. other marginalised groups. emphasise the establishment of engendered
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Coordinating Coordinating Enabling Institution Expected Results Institution Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) Enabling and Relevant Expected Results Partners Actions Partners (Process Indicator) ■■ Strengthen the capacity to NEMA ■■ NEMA By 30th December 2020 ■■ Strengthen the capacity of ■■ The National By 30th December 2020 C5 C3 to implement the Climate Change ■ CCD Climate change integrated National Government institutions Treasury and Climate change is ■ Act, including integrating climate in impact assessment to implement the Climate Change Planning mainstreamed in MTP change in impact assessments guidelines. Act, including: ■■ State sector plans. and, GHG emissions control, •• Training of staff of climate Departments regulation, and enforcement. By 30th June 2023 change units on reporting and ■■ CCD By 30th June 2023 Role of NEMA in climate finance; All state departments compliance and •• Support to NCCC; provide annual enforcement defined and •• Training on the climate reports with gender- its capacity built. change-gender nexus; disaggregated information. •• Supporting CCD in its C6 ■■ Build the capacity of stakeholder, ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 coordination. Action continues including: ■■ County Ten awareness sessions from NCCAP 2013-2017: •• Vulnerable groups, such as Governments held. Knowledge Management and women, the youth, marginalised Capacity Development 3 and 4, and minority communities, and By 30th June 2023 and Enabling Policy and Legal persons with disabilities, to Twenty (20) awareness Framework 5. participate in, attract funding for, sessions held. and report on climate change C4 ■■ Build the capacity of County ■■ CoG By 30th December 2020 actions. Governments, including: ■■ County Five County Governments •• The private sector and civil •• Strengthening of Climate Governments reporting on a pilot basis. society to implement and report Change Coordination Units ■■ The National on climate actions. (CCCUs); Treasury and By 30th June 2023 ■■ Develop a national gender and ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 •• Setting up functional Planning All County Governments C7 inter-generational responsive ■■ National Gender National gender and CCCFs, and gazettement ■■ CCD providing annual reports awareness plan and build and Equality inter-generational plan of engendered County on climate change with capacity for effective gender Commission delivered to the National Environment Committees and gender-disaggregated integration in NCCAP 2018-2022, (NGEC) other supportive structures; Climate Change Council. information. and in the implementation of •• Coordination of climate NDC; change programmes across By 2022 ■ Incorporate a knowledge Counties; ■ Gender integration harvesting approach to develop •• Mobilisation and tracking of guidelines and training the strategy for capturing climate finance using gender- toolkits developed. Twenty knowledge and insights from the disaggregated data, including institutions sensitised local level; and CCCF allocations; and on integration of gender ■■ Engage women and the youth in •• Monitoring and reporting on into NDC planning and the development of the gender the impact of climate change implementation. and intergenerational responsive programmes. awareness plan.
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Coordinating 4.1.4 Climate Finance and Resource Mobilisation Enabling Institution Expected Results The priority actions on climate finance and Kenya include the Green Climate Fund (GCF) Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) resource mobilisation, set out in Table 11, and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), which implement the National Climate Finance are the entities entrusted with the operation of Partners Policy, 2018. The actions emphasise the the Financial Mechanism of the UNFCCC. Other design and launch of the Climate Change mechanisms of interest under the UNFCCC C8 ■■ Develop and operationalise ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 Fund, development of a climate finance and include the Special Climate Change Fund a public awareness and Public awareness and resource mobilisation strategy, piloting of the (SCCF), the Adaptation Fund (AF), and the REDD+ engagement strategy that engagement strategy issuance of Green Bonds, improving access mechanism. highlights outreach to politicians delivered to the National modalities and efficiency of climate finance, and media. Climate Change Council. and ensuring that climate finance is available Tracking of, and reporting on climate finance will ■■ Engage vulnerable groups, for actions in key sectors, including for the include alignment of climate finance as tracked including women, older Big Four Agenda. The actions help GoK to by the National Treasury and Planning, and members of society, children, By 30th June 2023 effectively mobilise, manage, and track adaptation and mitigation results as tracked by youth, persons with disabilities, Strategy operationalised climate finance. CCD. This tracking will improve analysis, including and members of minority and at the National and County the identification of actions that provide value marginalised communities, in the levels. A priority action will be to operationalise the for money, and determining how much climate development of the strategy. Climate Change Fund to be overseen by finance reaches those most in need, including the National Climate Change Council, which women, the youth, and marginalised and will allocate funding for priority mitigation minority communities and, the climate impact of C9 ■■ Develop a national vulnerability ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 assessment to identify and National vulnerability and adaptation initiatives. The action that finance. prioritise adaptation actions. assessment completed. includes the establishment of regulations, The assessment to include the and management and oversight functions. The National Treasury and Planning will develop identification and compilation of By 30th June 2023 Work will be undertaken to link the National a climate finance resource mobilisation strategy existing vulnerability assessments National vulnerability Climate Change Fund (NCCF) with CCCFs. that will be cascaded to the Counties, recognising at the National and County levels. assessment informs In 2018, such CCCFs were established in that many adaptation actions will take place at updating of NCCAP. Garissa, Kitui, Makueni and Wajir Counties, the county level, with climate finance reporting and were in the planning and design stages taking place at the National level. The capacity in many other Counties. of the private sector to access climate finance C10 ■■ Integrate climate change in the ■■ Ministry of By 30th December 2020 will be enhanced, recognising the sector’s education system, emphasising Education Draft climate change Building the capacity of the National critical role of investing in the implementation integration in existing curriculum ■■ Kenya curriculum developed Treasury and Planning as the National of the priority climate actions in Chapter 3, for lower secondary grades 7, Institute of and piloted for lower Designated Authority (NDA) to the Green including the development of bankable projects, 8 and 9. Action continues from Curriculum secondary grades. Climate Fund (GCF) will be a priority action. and accessing funding through Green Bonds. NCCAP 2013-2017 – Knowledge Development Capacity is needed to track and report on The National Treasury and Planning will work Management and Capacity ■■ CCD By 30th June 2023 sources, applications, and impacts of climate with financial institutions to increase their Development 6. Climate change finance. Climate finance includes all finance understanding of climate finance, develop a curriculum introduced for that targets low carbon climate resilient climate risk index, and develop climate-related lower secondary grades. development, and consists of domestic funding schemes in high-risk areas. budget allocations, public grants and loans from bilateral and multilateral agencies, Kenya needs to be well positioned to act and private sector investments. Important on emerging carbon market opportunities sources of international climate finance for and to benefit from results-based payment
109 110 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022 mechanisms. This action will support finance and investment, improving Kenya’s engaging in the development of new market capacity to engage in carbon asset activities, Coordinating mechanisms under the UNFCCC, clarification strengthening the viability of domestic carbon Enabling Institution Expected Results on the treatment of emission reductions asset production, and increasing access to Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) in Kenya that are created through climate international carbon markets. Partners Table 11: Priority enabling actions: Climate finance and resource mobilisation. ■■ Develop a climate finance Coordinating resource mobilisation Enabling Institution Expected Results strategy that includes Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) domestic allocations, international climate Partners finance, access to carbon credits and markets, F1 ■■ Operationalise NCCF, including ■■ The National By 30th December 2020 allocations from the private establishing the management Treasury and NCCF is operationalised, sector, and Public-Private and oversight of the Fund; Planning secretariat and Partnerships for climate- annual budgeting and reporting; ■■ Office of the management board in friendly investments). Action development of policies, Attorney General place, as set out in the continued from NCCAP 2013- guidelines and procedures; and and Department Climate Fund regulations. 2017 – Finance 1. capitalising the Fund through of Justice GCF, DPs, and other contributions. By 30th June 2023 Action continued from NCCAP Climate finance being F3 ■■ Report on domestic and ■■ County By 30th December 2020 2013-2017 – Finance 1. disbursed through international climate finance flows Governments A climate finance tracking identified funding through an improved tracking ■■ The National system established at the windows; and NCCF is system (including building Treasury and National level. linked with CCCFs. capacity of government to track Planning climate finance), and supported ■■ State By 30th June 2023 through improved coordination Departments Climate finance tracking ■■ Enhance the capacity of the ■■ County By 30th December 2020 F2 with development partners. ■■ CCD NDA to mobilise and manage Governments Climate resource system reporting on Action continued from NCCAP climate finance, including the ■ The National mobilisation strategy domestic and international ■ 2013-2017 – Finance 2 and 3. management of, access to, and Treasury and developed. climate finance flows. tracking of international climate Planning finance; and development of ■■ State By 30th June 2023 F4 ■■ Build the capacity of the private ■■ The National By 2022 funding proposals. Departments Climate resource sector and civil society to develop Treasury and Three financial institutions ■■ Build the capacity of national ■■ NEMA mobilisation strategy bankable projects and build the Planning have developed climate- institutions to gain accreditation cascaded to the Counties in-house capacity of financial ■■ CCD related lending schemes. for international finance (five Counties have institutions to assess climate ■■ The private mechanisms, and to develop developed strategies). risk and develop climate-related sector bankable proposals. schemes.
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4.1.5 Transparency: Measurement, Coordinating Reporting and Verification Plus (MRV+) Enabling Institution Expected Results The Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC sets The MRV+ system includes MRV of emissions Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) out an enhanced transparency framework and removals of GHGs by mitigation actions, Partners for climate change action and support. and is an enabling action as presented in Table Kenya is expected to provide information 12. Kenya reports to the UNFCCC through F5 ■■ Pilot the issuance of Green Bonds. ■■ The National By 30th December 2020 on mitigation, adaptation, and the support National Communications and Biennial Update Through these bonds the funds Treasury and Pilot the issuance of two received, including: Reports, which include GHG inventories in the will be earmarked for green Planning green bonds. agriculture; energy, which includes energy use in projects, many of which will have ■■ National GHG inventory to enable the transport sector; land use, land-use change climate change benefits. By 30th June 2023 tracking of progress on implementing and forestry (LULUCF); industrial processes; and Assessment of the green and achieving of the mitigation waste sectors. bonds’ impact on climate component of Kenya’s NDC; change. ■■ Information related to climate change Adaptation actions under NCCAP 2018-2022 will impacts, vulnerabilities, and adaptation; be tracked through a monitoring and evaluation and (M&E) system based on indicators. Currently, F6 ■■ Participate in the design and ■■ CoG By 30th December 2020 ■■ Information on financial, technology there are no agreed adaptation indicators at the implementation of market-based ■■ The National Submission to the development and transfer, capacity international level. Kenya made progress under mechanisms. Treasury and UNFCCC on market-based building needs, and the support NCCAP 2013-2017 and NAP to identify relevant ■ Promote investor confidence and Planning ■ mechanisms. received from developed countries. and appropriate indicators to track progress on participation in market-based and ■ CCD ■ adaptation and resilience-building. results-based mechanisms. ■ NEMA ■ By 30th June 2023 Kenya’s transparency framework is based on ■ Enhance Kenya’s capacity to ■ KenGen ■ ■ Unit established to the Measurement, Reporting, and Verification The MRV+ system generates information for engage in carbon asset activities. ■ GDC ■ promote projects plus (MRV+) system defined in NCCAP national and international reporting requirements. ■ Strengthen the viability ■ KFS ■ ■ responsible for generation 2013-2017 as “an integrated framework for Reporting to the National Climate Change Council of domestic carbon asset ■■ The private of carbon credits. measuring, monitoring, evaluating, verifying needs to demonstrate that climate change action production; and sector and reporting results of mitigation actions, and spending on climate change leads to real ■■ Increase access to international adaptation actions and the synergies results. For mitigation, this means demonstrating carbon markets. Action continued between them.”139 that GHG emissions are lower than the projected from NCCAP 2013-2017 – Finance
4 and 6. baseline, and that Kenya is delivering on its NDC.
F7 ■■ Update the Climate Public ■■ County By 30th December 2020 Expenditure and Budget Review Governments Updated CPEBR (CPEBR). ■■ The National complete. Treasury and Planning By 30th June 2023 ■■ State Implementation of Departments recommendations of ■■ CCD CPEBR.
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For adaptation, this means demonstrating that collection of baseline data. The mitigation actions Coordinating people are better able to cope with climate include establishment of an appropriate process Expected Results change. Examples are that production be to collect, collate, and analyse GHG emissions, Enabling Institution maintained or increased in the agricultural and improvements to, and embedding of the Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) sector as the climate changes, and that System of Land-based Emissions Estimation Partners capital investments in infrastructure are not in Kenya (SLEEK) process. Actions to 2020 will damaged by such extreme climate events as take place under established projects, including M2 ■■ Establish a functional system to ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 flooding, sea level rise and storm surges, and the US$ 2.2 million project to help Kenya meet develop Kenya’s GHG inventory, ■■ NEMA Third National maintain their value over time. the transparency requirements of the Paris and an MRV system for tracking ■■ SLEEK Communication submitted Agreement, supported by the Capacity Building mitigation for NDC reporting. ■■ KNBS to the UNFCCC, including Kenya’s MRV+ system will be developed for Transparency Initiative (CBIT) of the GEF, and ■■ Strengthen capacity for carbon ■■ State the third National GHG in a phased approach over the 2018-2022 support for the third GHG inventory from the UN management and verification. Departments Inventory. period. Initial actions will seek to improve Environment Programme and the Low Emission Action continued from NCCAP the measurement of adaptation outcomes, Climate Resilient Development (LECRD) project 2013-2017: NPBM 5. By 30th June 2023 including the identification of indicators to managed by UNDP and funded by the United CCD has established measure climate-related impacts, and the States Agency for International Development. systems to collate, track, analyse, and report on Priority enabling actions: MRV+. Table 12: GHG data, including Coordinating a climate registry for Enabling Institution Expected Results mitigation actions. Actions and Relevant (Process Indicator) M3 ■■ Establish a system to track and ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 Partners report on land-based emissions; ■■ KFS Six working groups and ■■ SLEEK under SLEEK established ■ Develop a monitoring and ■■ Establish the M&E component ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 ■ to provide data and M1 reporting system for transparent of the MRV+ system to report on ■■ Kenya National Climate registry for information to the national adaptation actions and benefits, Bureau of adaptation actions accounting of emissions and GHG inventory and MRV including the identification and Statistics (KNBS) established, with removals in the forestry and land- systems. use sectors. Action continued from measurement of such adaptation ■■ County information publically NCCAP 2013 – 2017: Mitigation 8. indicators as collected baseline Governments available. By 30th June 2023 data, gender-disaggregated data, ■■ State Reporting on land-based and gender indicators. Action Departments By 30th June 2023 emissions fully integrated continued from NCCAP 2012-2017: ■■ NGEC The adaptation M&E in GHG inventory. NPBM 1,2,3,4, 6, 7, 8. system fully functional, M3 ■■ Establish a Climate Business ■■ CCD By 30th December 2020 setting out institutional Platform to support reporting ■■ The private Framework for large structures and role of requirements of private entities. sector emitter reporting stakeholders in reporting. established.
By 30th June 2023 Private sector large emitters reporting to CCD on a voluntary basis.
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4.2 Delivery and Coordination Mechanisms To ensure gender equity on the Council, and powers to identify sources of climate groups recommending nominations of finance, and monitoring its use and, working 4.2.1 Institutional Roles and Responsibilities representatives for the private sector, civil with the CS responsible for climate change The Climate Change Act sets out institutional and County Governments and, approves and society, marginalised communities, and the affairs to develop incentives to promote climate structures and responsibilities to guide the oversees the implementation of NCCAPs. academia are requested to take into account change initiatives (Section 25(9) and Section oversight and management of NCCAPs Members of NCCC are set out in Section 7 of the gender equity, in the context of the broader 26). The National Climate Change Fund (NCCF) (see figure 11). Responsibilities of the main Climate Change Act. They are: membership of the Council. is vested in the National Treasury and Planning institutions engaged in the oversight, (Section 25(2)); implementation, and monitoring of NCCAP ■■ Cabinet Secretary (CS) responsible for The CS responsible for climate change affairs ■■ County Governments are responsible for 2018-2022 are illustrated in Figure 11, and environment and climate change affairs; is the Secretary to the Council, formulates and integrating and mainstreaming climate change described in this Section. ■■ CS responsible for the National Treasury and periodically reviews climate change policy, into CIDPs, designating a CEC member to Planning; strategy, and NCCAPs, and submits them to coordinate climate change affairs, and reporting The National Climate Change Council, ■■ CS responsible for economic planning; the Council for approval. He or she provides, on the implementation of climate change on chaired by His Excellency the President of ■■ CS responsible for energy; through CCD, technical assistance on climate an annual basis. County Governments are also the Republic of Kenya, is responsible for such ■■ Chairperson of the CoG; change actions and responses to County expected to establish Climate Change Units, overall coordination and advisory functions ■■ A representative of the private sector; Governments, based on mutual agreements led by the CEC member responsible for climate as guiding the implementation of NCCAPs, ■■ A representative of civil society; and needs identified by County Governments. change. The units oversee the implementation including this NCCAP 2018-2022. The Council ■■ A representative of the marginalised The CS reports biennially to Parliament on the of climate change actions stipulated in CIDPs ensures, among others, the mainstreaming community; and status of implementation of international and (Section 19), in this case, the 2018-2022 CIDPs; ■ State departments and national public of climate change functions by the National ■■ A representative of the academia. national climate change obligations. ■ entities are to establish Climate Change Units The Climate Change Directorate (CCD) (CCUs) responsible for integrating NCCAPs coordinates the implementation of NCCAPs, into strategies and implementation plans, and including this NCCAP 2018-2022. This report to the Council on an annual basis on PARLIAMENT performance and implementation. All state Enabling Legislation responsibility includes the coordination departments and public entities are required MAINSTREAMING of climate change actions and related OF CLIMATE CHANGE measurement, monitoring, and reporting. to report on the priority actions in NCCAP 2018- CCD is the Secretariat for the Council, and 2022, even if they did not implement climate NCCC (Chair)=The President NEMA change actions (Section 15(5)); To provide overaching national climate Monitor & enforce coordinates the technical implementation change coordication mechanism compliance ■ The National Environment Management of climate change functions. CCD’s ■ Authority (NEMA) is responsible, on behalf COUNCIL OF responsibilities include providing analytical GOVERNORS of the Council, for monitoring and enforcing Climate Change support and technical assistance on climate MINISTRY Directorate compliance of climate change interventions (Climate Change Affairs) Pricipal Govenrment Agency change, and coordinates the implementation on National Climate Change actions CS = Secretary to NCCC To Serve as the Secretariate 47 (Section 17); and for integrating climate risk to the NCCC National Govenment of, and reporting on, NCCAPs. Sectoral Agencies COUNTY COUNTY and vulnerability assessment into all forms of (MDAs) GOVERNMENTS ASSEMBLIES (Mainstreaming at national level) assessment (Section 20); and As regards the implementation of climate ■■ The Kenya Institute of Curriculum change actions and NCCAP 2018-2022, the Development (KICD) is to integrate climate Climate Change Act sets out roles and County Govenment change into the national education curricula Sectoral Agencies (Mainstreaming at county level) responsibilities for government entities as at all levels, and to advise tertiary institutions follows: Figure 11: Institutions established in the Climate Change Act, 2016. on the integration of climate change into their ■■ The National Treasury and Planning is curricula (Section 21). responsible for developing a strategy and making regulations that set out procedures
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Mainstreaming and reinforcing Climate that businesses adjust as well as possible in the development and implementation livelihoods of these communities are at Change Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) into to any consequences of climate change by of gender and intergenerational plans. risk because of climate change, hence strategies and actions of public and private managing risk and exploiting opportunities; The National Climate Change Council will adaptation actions should engage them entities, as set out in section 3(2)(d) of the and 2) Mitigation, which relates to the include representation of women. in implementation and monitoring. Climate Change Act, requires the participation reducing of GHG emissions from business •• Youth: Engagement of the youth, ■■ The Academia and research institutions: of the following government entities: operations to minimise future impacts of who constitute the majority of the Researchers help to provide evidence climate change. According to section 16 of the population in many Counties in Kenya, and science for knowledge-based ■■ The National Drought Management Climate Change Act, the Council may impose will be encouraged through schools, decision making by the National and Authority (NDMA) coordinates actions climate change obligations on private entities post-secondary institutions, and youth- County Governments, the private sector, on drought management and disaster regarding likely reporting requirements that focused organisations. Youths are development partners, and civil society. risk reduction in 23 ASAL counties. It would be introduced in a phased manner and agents of change, and have influence They conduct research on different plays a critical role in mainstreaming developed in consultation with the private on the broader community through aspects of climate change, including ways and reinforcing climate change disaster sector; their parents, relatives, and families. of improving the understanding of climate risk reduction into strategies and actions ■■ Public Benefit Organisations: These include They will be engaged through climate change attribution in Kenya, and developing of public and private entities, including non-governmental organisations, civil society change actions, and in the development appropriate technologies for reducing GHG reporting annually to the Council on the organisations and faith-based organisations, and implementation of the gender and emissions and adapting to climate change. status and progress of climate change amongst others. They have been involved intergenerational plan. ■■ Media: Media provides vital information actions in Counties; in climate change activities in Kenya, and •• Pastoralists, hunter gatherers, and at times of emergency, from warning of ■■ The National Drought Operation Centre the UNFCCC acknowledges the role of civil fisher communities: These groups are imminent floods, to explaining how to deal (NDOC) is the focal point for disaster society in Paragraph 1(i) Article 4 in the areas a critical constituency. Article 56 of the with disease outbreaks. Media also helps management and response in Kenya, of education, training, and public awareness Constitution of Kenya, read together with to disseminate information about climate including drought, floods, and landslides. related to climate change. In Kenya, civil Article 260, recognises these groups change. Accurate, timely, and relevant NDOC is critical in the mainstreaming and society is known to be a powerful agent of as marginalised communities for whom information is a critical component of reinforcing of climate change disaster risk change through public awareness creation, efforts must be put in place to ensure resilience and appropriate climate change reduction into strategies and actions of policy research and analysis, and advocacy their participation and representation in action. public and private entities; and on key socio-economic issues, including governance and other spheres of life. The ■■ The National Disaster Risk Management climate change. Authority (NDRMA) proposed in the ■■ Vulnerable groups within society, including Photo: Solomon Ngari National Disaster Risk Management Bill, women, older members of society, persons 2018, is expected to lead the coordination with disabilities, children, the youth, and of disaster risk management activities. members of minority or marginalised Various stakeholders have roles in communities are engaged through an implementing NCCAP 2018-2022 and inclusive approach to climate change action. addressing climate change. They include: Due to inequities and disparities, these groups ■■ Public: The public play a role in the are disproportionately affected by impacts of planning, implementation, and monitoring climate change. Climate change actions will of climate change interventions, with be delivered in a way that accounts for the emphasis on enhancing adaptive capacity unique needs of the following groups: and improving ability to withstand climate •• Women: Gender equality is a critical shocks; component of NCCAP 2018-2022, and ■■ Private sector: Action on climate change women will be engaged through planning, and implementation of NCCAP 2018- implementation, and monitoring of 2022 and the Climate Change Act could climate change interventions. Women be supported by the private sector in will also be involved in reviews of the two ways: 1) Adaptation, which ensures implementation of NCCAP 2018-2022, and
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4.2.2 Coordination of NCCAP 2018-2022 Three coordination committees; adaptation, gaps in implementation of NCCAP 2018-2022, mitigation, and means of support, will report to the identify climate finance opportunities, and inter-governmental platform for climate change propose solutions to enhance the delivery (a) The Role of the Ministry of Environment coordination. These technical committees of NCCAP 2018-2022. The committees will and Forestry through CCD will provide advisory support for effective submit regular progress reports to the inter- coordination of the respective issues, support governmental platform, and to CCD. CCD is responsible for overall coordination Additionally, CCD is to work in collaboration monitoring of climate change actions, advise on of the implementation of NCCAP 2018- with other agencies at the National and County 2022, including coordination and reporting Government levels to: (b) The Role of County Governments on implementation of actions by partners. ■■ Identify low carbon development strategies, Section 9(8) of the Climate Change Act and coordinate related MRV; County Governments will support CCD in its that supports climate change action. provides guidance on the role of CCD in ■■ Develop strategies and coordinate actions coordination role by: These best practices, together with climate change action. CCD will: for building resilience to climate change ■■ Nominating a CEC Member to be in charge those documented by the National and enhancing adaptive capacity; and of coordinating the implementation of Government, will be shared in Kenya and climate change actions. The Council of through global platforms. ■■ Provide analytical support on climate ■■ Optimise Kenya’s opportunities to mobilise change for County Governments, various climate finance. Governers will work closely with CCD ■■ Reporting annually, at the end of every ministries, and agencies. to ensure that County Climate Change financial year, to respective County Units are established, strengthened, Assemblies on the progress achieved in ■■ Provide technical assistance based CCD is delivering on these roles, including the on the needs identified by County establishment of a pilot registry, launching the and functional, leading to effective the implementation of climate change Governments. NCCRC, and providing analytical support; but implementation of NCCAP 2018-2022. actions. A copy of the report will be ■ Mainstreaming climate change actions in sent to CCD, which is responsible for ■■ Establish and maintain a national much work remains, which will be undertaken ■ registry for both mitigation and adaptation with the support of the enabling actions set their respective CIDPs, and implementing compiling reports and submitting a actions. out in Section 2.1. CCD will establish an inter- and reporting on these actions over the summary report to the CS in charge of 2018-2022 period. ■■ Serve as the national knowledge governmental platform to improve its climate climate change affairs, and to NCCC. ■ Generating best practices, including and information management centre change coordination function. This engendered ■ the development of County legislation for collating, verifying, refining, and platform will include key players in the climate disseminating knowledge and information change response, including County Governments, 4.2.3 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of NCCAP 2018-2022 on climate change. sector ministries, the private sector, civil society, CCD is responsible for M&E of NCCAP 2018-2022. The M&E of NCCAP 208-2022 will focus on ■■ Coordinate adherence to the country’s the academia, and representatives of vulnerable Implementation of NCCAP 2018-2022 will be demonstrating that investments in adaptation international obligations, including groups, including women, the youth, and minority reviewed every two years, as required by Section and mitigation actions are leading to real reporting on Kenya’s NDCs, representing and marginalised communities. The members of 13(7) of the Climate Change Act. The review will climate results and development benefits Kenya in international negotiations, and this platform will assist CCD to access required utilise reports from County Governments and that are linked to the Big Four Agenda. The developing national communications, information, mainstream climate change in state departments, and inputs from relevant M&E systems will track the implementation biennial update reports, and Kenya’s GHG plans and policies, guide the actions of the stakeholders. Important stakeholders in the and results of NCCAP 2018-2022, and climate inventory. Climate Change Units in County Governments review process include, the private sector, the finance raised to deliver the Plan. This will ■■ Coordinate implementation of the and state departments, monitor progress on academia, women, the youth, and minority and provide the evidence base for planning and gender and intergenerational plan at the implementation of the Climate Change Act, marginalised groups, including pastoralists, implementation of future actions, support the levels of the National and County 2016, and report to the National Climate Change hunter gatherers, and fisher communities. seeking, and domestic and international Governments. Council. The platform will also play a role in the reporting. ■■ Coordinate actions related to climate M&E of NCCAP 2018-2022, as described in sub- finance. section 4.2.3.
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The M&E system to report on the implementation ■■ Report on climate finance that supports NCCAP 2018-2022 will be linked to the MRV+ the delivery of NCCAP 2018-2022. system and SDG reporting. Establishment of ■■ Identify a limited number of national the M&E system will include development of indicators that have baseline data and are tracked by the National Treasury and reporting frameworks for County Governments Planning to measure climate-related impacts and state departments, and processes to at the National level. This will help to align compile, analyse, and report on the actions and the tracking and measurement of climate results. The key to success is a workable M&E change co-benefits with the Government’s system that is appropriate for the devolved Big Four Agenda and SDGs. system of governance, and for the available ■■ Use gender disaggregated data, where resources. The system will: possible, and prioritise collection of this data if it is not available; and ■■ Ensure that all state departments report on ■■ Track and measure GHG emissions on a their progress and achievement of NCCAP sector basis at the National level. Measuring 2018-2022 actions. GHG emissions on an action or County basis ■ Ensure efficient reporting processes for ■ is costly and resource-intensive, and unlikely County Governments and draw, where to generate robust information that is aligned possible, on such established reporting with the National GHG inventory approach. procedures as the National Integrated Sector-based tracking and measurement of Monitoring and Evaluation System (NIMES), GHG emissions will be embraced. and the County Integrated Evaluation System (CIES). 3.2.4 Financial Requirements Implementation KES 1,784,309 million will be required to deliver of NCCAP 2018-2022. This funding will enable KES 289,093 million will be required in the CCD to participate in international discussions 2018/2019 fiscal year, KES 408,424 million in and negotiations on climate change; build the Matrix the 2019/2020 fiscal year, KES 486,013 million capacity of national government ministries in the 2020/2021 fiscal year, KES 352,044 million and departments, County Governments, and in the 2021/2022 fiscal year, and KES 248,335 other stakeholders; develop regulations and million in the 2022/2023 fiscal year. Additionally, guidelines; mobilise and track climate finance CCD will require approximately KES 350 million to deliver on NCCAP 2018-2022; and monitor and annually to carry out its duties and functions report on climate change actions. to ensure effective coordination and delivery
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Implementation Matrix for NCCAP 2018 - 2022 Strategic Priority Expected Key Performance Responsible Targeted Indicative Budget (KES million) Authority Management c. Operationalisation of Committees; Objectives Actions Outputs/Outcomes Indicators Institutions Groups
- DRMF NTP; MoH; MALFI; CBOs/ Time frame of Source Funds Total 18/19 19/20 20/21 21/22 22/23 NGOs; Hospitals Disaster Increase the The climate-resilience Adaptation Ministry of Persons with 2018 GOK 80,089 14,160 14,794 16,285 16,650 18,200 Sub-total: Disaster Risk Management 94,649 17,364 17,627 19,122 19,491 21,045 (Drought and number of of the vulnerable ü Number of Labour and disabilities; - / Food and Improve crop Crop productivity and Adaptation County Farmers and 2018 GOK 17,920 2,913 3,955 4,526 3,213 3,313 Flood) Risk households and members of society beneficiaries of Social Protection Pastoral 2022 DPs Nutrition productivity farmer resilience ü Number of farmers Governments; pastoralists; - / Management entities enhanced by: - social protection and secretariat; communities in Security through the roll increased through: with crop insurance MALFI; KALRO; Cooperatives, 2022 DPs benefiting from a. Increased No. of mechanisms (food CoG and CGs; ASALs; out of the a. No. of climate- ü Number of farmers Kenya Forest and private Reduce risks to devolved regular beneficiaries and cash transfers) National Social Marginalised Increase food Climate Smart oriented insurance accessing agriculture Service (KFS); producers communities adaptive from 100,000 to ü Number of Protection communities; and nutrition Agriculture coverage increased input subsidies CBOs/ NGOs; and services, 150,000; and households Council and the elderly; security through actions from 280,000 to ü Number of DPs; infrastructure including scalability benefitting from Secretariat; Women and enhanced 3,500,000 farmer institutions Private sector HSNP and beneficiaries from HSNP County and Sub- children. resulting from productivity beneficiaries harvesting water investors; ü climate-related CCCFs 90,000 in 2018 to Amount of funding County Social and resilience of b. No. of farmers ü Percentage of pre- Kenya Marine disasters such as 130,000 allocated to climate Protection the agricultural accessing and post-harvest and Fisheries droughts and b. No. of households change actions Committees; systems in as appropriate losses Research floods receiving benefits through CCCFs in National Social low-carbon agriculture input Institute from CCCFs counties that have Protection manner as subsidies increased Mitigation (KMFRI); National-level increased from climate fund Council and possible. from 239,000 to ü GHG emissions from Horticulture indicators: 300,000 households regulations Secretariat; 311,300 LULUCF sector Crops § No. of deaths, in 2018 to 800,000 Ministry of National-level c. No. of institutions Development missing c. No. of beneficiary Devolution and Indicators: and households Authority; persons and increases due to ASAL Areas; § GDP growth harvesting water Information directly programme Ministry of of agricultural for agricultural Communication affected expansion Interior and sector purposes increased Technology persons Coordination of § Livestock from current to (ICT) providers attributed to National deaths from 500,000 disasters per Government drought / d. Pre-and post- 100,000 (MoICNG); number of harvest losses people. NDMA; NTP; livestock reduced from 40% § Proportion of Ministry of slaughtered to 15% County Public Service, attributable to e. Adoption of Governments Youth and drought Sustainable Land adopting and Gender Affairs; § GHG Management implementing MALFI; emissions in techniques for local disaster MoH; the agricultural risk reduction Improve the People better able to Adaptation County Farmers; 2018 GOK 10,310 2,054 2,058 2,062 2,066 2,070 Agriculture production, strategies in ability of cope with drought ü Number of recipients Governments; Pastoral and - / and LULUCF including: line with people to cope because of: of CIS WRMA; agro-pastoral 2022 DPs sectors - Reclamation of national ones. with drought a. Improved Climate ü Number of early Kenya communities in 60,000 ha of Information Services warning systems Metrological ASALs; degraded land (CIS), with number. ü National Drought Department Marginalised - GHG emissions reductions of 1.66 of recipients of CIS Emergency Fund (KMD); CCD; communities; Mt CO2e by 2022 increased from (NDEF) disbursed NGOs/CBOs; Women and through 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 Water Services children in agroforestry on b. Improved and Trust Fund drought prone 200,000 ha of increased No. of (WSTF); MoE; areas farmland early warning Media for - Reduction in GHG systems Education and emissions of 0.55 c. NDEF Development Mt CO2e by 2022 by operationalised (Media), increasing SLM Intergovernment practices, incl. al Authority on conservation Development tillage, on 250,000 Climate ha Prediction and Improve crop a. Crop production Adaptation County Farmers and 2018 GOK 219,420 26,413 42,355 47,826 51,413 51,413 Applications productivity by maintained or ü Acreage under Governments; pastoralists; - / Center (ICPAC); increasing the increased irrigation MALFI; Community- 2022 DPs African Centre acreage under b. Precipitation KMFRI; KALRO; based of irrigation patterns through Private sector organizations Meteorological increased area investors; Applications for under irrigation CBOs / NGOs Development from 202,000 ha to (ACMAD) 486,000 ha Improve the People better able to Adaptation County Communities 2018 GOK 1,000 500 125 125 125 125 Increase Improved resilience of Adaptation County Pastoral 2018 GOK 25,246 6,018 5,660 5,731 3,918 3,919 ability of cope with floods and ü Number of early Governments; living in flood - / productivity in pastoralists and ü Hectares of Governments; communities; - / people to cope damage to warning systems WRMA; MWS; prone areas, like 2022 DPs the livestock livestock farmers rangeland re-seeded MALFI; Small-scale and 2022 DPs with floods infrastructure reduced ü Dam safety needs MOH; NDMA; Lower Tana and sector through through: ü MCM of water KMFRI; KALRO; underprivileged via: assessment, safety KMD; Lake Victoria implementation a. Re-seeding of storage in ASALs ICT; Private farmers a. Establishment of manual and codes of CCD; NTP; basin regions, of CSA actions 10,000 ha of ü Numbers of farmers sector investors; early warning practice published NGOs/CBOs; and towns that rangeland accessing livestock KMFRI; KALRO systems ü No. of WRUAs KMD; WSTF; experience flash b. Annual ASALs insurance CBOs / NGOs; b. Establishment of participating in MALFI; KenGen; floods water harvesting CoG Dam Safety Control training sessions CoG; Media for and storage Mitigation System Education and increased by 25% ü GHG emissions from c. Improved capacity Development c. Control disease agriculture sector of at least 50 WRUAs (Media), ICPAC; outbreaks ACMAD d. 105,759 farmers Improve The coordination of Adaptation County Communities 2018 GOK 3,250 650 650 650 650 650 access livestock coordination disaster management ü National Disaster Governments; living in flood - / insurance, from a and delivery of is centralised and Risk Management NDMA; prone areas, like 2022 DPs baseline of 18,000 disaster improved by: - Authority Disaster Lower Tana and farmers management a. Enactment of established Operation Lake Victoria e. GHG emissions response Disaster Risk ü DRMF established Centre (DOC); basin regions, reductions of 0.40 Management Bill ü Amount of funding MoICNG; KMD; and towns that Mt CO2e by 2022 b. Operationalisation of allocated through Disaster experience flash through efficiency the National Disaster DRMF Management floods improvements in Risk Management Council, Disaster the dairy sector for
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267,000 farmers Sub-total: Water and the Blue Economy 430,344 100,655 112,174 99,948 72,070 45,495 f. Improved manure Forestry, Afforest and a. Increase in the area of Adaptation County Non-industrial 2018 GOK 41,511 7,311 7,996 8,534 8,720 8,950 management via Wildlife and reforest land afforested or ü Hectares of land Governments; forest owners; - / the adoption of Tourism degraded and reforested by 100,000 afforested or KFS; KEFRI; Marginalised 2022 DPs biogas technology deforested hectares to improve reforested Community communities, by 80,000 Increase forest areas in resilience of ü Number of TIPs Forest including households and at cover to 10% of Counties ecosystems and signed Associations hunters and least 200 abattoirs, total land area; reduce GHG Mitigation Youth gatherers, leading to GHG rehabilitate emissions by 2.0 Mt ü GHG emissions from Organizations; farmers; emission reductions degraded lands, CO2e by 2022 LULUCF sector Kenya Plant Pastoral Enhance Improved resilience of Adaptation County Fisher 2018 GOK 9,998 1,539 2,481 2,952 1,513 1,513 including b. Improved forest Health communities; productivity in the fisheries sector: ü Number of cages for Governments; communities - / rangelands; management by Inspectorate Rangelands the fisheries a. Increased fish farming MALFI; and fish farmers 2022 DPs increase ensuring CGs are Service Conservation sector through aquaculture ü Number of fish KMFRI; Private resilience of the prepared for (KEPHIS); NGOs implementation production by ponds sector investors; wildlife and management of Ministry of of CSA actions increasing number ü Number of farmers CBOs / NGOs; tourism sector community forests Lands of cages for fish using low-carbon CoG Implement Deforestation and Adaptation KFS; KEFRI; Youths; Schools; 2018 GOK 10,037 1,850 2,250 2,116 1,910 1,660 farming from 3,450 recirculating National-level initiatives to forest degradation ü Number of hectares CGs; Tertiary - / to 8,000, that of fish aquaculture systems SDG Indicators reduce reduced via protection of protected forest Community Institutes; 2022 DPs ponds by 16,000, ü Fisheries insurance § Forest cover as deforestation of an additional 100 land Forest Private and that of farmers products developed a % of total using low-carbon and forest million ha of land, Associations Conservancies; land area degradation leading to increased Mitigation Youth Conservation recirculating § Area of land resilience, and ü GHG emissions from organizations; NGOs aquaculture used for systems from 20 to increases in forest LULUCF sector Academia private 180 carbon stocks leading forestry b. Insurance products GHG emissions § for fisheries Proportion of reductions of 2.0 Mt land that is 2 developed and CO e by 2022 degraded over piloted Restore Up to 200,000 ha of Adaptation County Pastoralists; 2018 GOK 10,037 1,850 2,250 2,117 1,910 1,660 total land area ü Diversify Improved resilience of Adaptation County Fisher 2018 GOK 9,659 1,469 2,407 2,873 1,457 1,453 degraded forests restored on Number of hectares Governments; Farmers; - / § Hectares of livelihoods to households through ü Number of Governments; communities - / landscapes degraded landscapes of restored degraded KFS; KEFRI; Rangelands and 2022 DPs land adjust to a livelihoods households MALFI; CBOs / and fish farmers 2022 DPs (ASALs and (ASALs, rangelands) to landscapes Ministry of wetlands changing diversification supported to NGOs; conserved for rangelands). a build climate Petroleum and inhabitants wildlife climate diversify livelihoods KMFRI; Private resilience and reduce Mitigation Mining habitats sector investors; GHG emissions by 5.4 ü GHG emissions from § CoG Elephant Mt CO2e by 2022 LULUCF sector deaths as a Promote More sustainable Adaptation County Private land 2018 GOK 30 6 6 6 6 6 Sub-total: Food and Nutrition Security 282,243 38,352 56,858 63,908 61,514 61,611 result of sustainable production of timber ü Number of hectares Governments; owners; - / Water and the Increase annual Increased water Adaptation County Household 2018 GOK 43,116 8,163 9,210 9,249 9,015 7,479 drought timber by increasing the area of private-sector KFS; NEMA; Timber 2022 DPs Blue Economy per capita availability through: ü Per capita water Governments; consumers; - / production on under private-sector based plantations KEFRI; Private manufacturing Enhance water a. 12 dams availability MWS; Industrial 2022 DPs privately- commercial and sector investors industry resilience of the availability via constructed ü Number of dams Kenya Waters consumers; The owned land industrial plantations Mitigation water sector by development of b. 5 ground water ü Number of sub- Towers Agency marginalized from 71,000 ha to at ü GHG emissions from ensuring access water surveys completed catchment (KWTA); RMA; least 121,000 ha, LULUCF sector to and efficient infrastructure c. 56 Sub-catchment management plans WSRB; Private leading to reduction in GHG emissions of 1.0 use of water for management plans sector investors, Mt CO2e by 2022 agriculture, developed MWS; KRA; manufacturing, National domestic, Treasury and wildlife and Planning Conserve land The resilience of Adaptation County National and 2018 GOK 1,875 375 375 375 375 375 area for wildlife wildlife increased by: - ü Percentage of Governments; private reserves; - / other uses Climate proof Water storage and Adaptation County Farmers and 2018 GOK 325,626 83,349 89,443 76,149 50,250 26,435 a. Conserving at least terrestrial and inland KWS; Wildlife Households; 2022 DPs water flood control improved ü Number of climate- Governments; pastoralists; - / 20% of terrestrial and water areas Conservations Farmers; National-level harvesting and through the proofed water National Water Household 2022 DPs SDG Indicators: water storage establishment of 1,300 harvesting, flood Conservation consumers; inland water conserved Society (WCS); Pastoralists and ü § Water storage infrastructure climate-proofed water control and water and Pipeline Industrial b. Conserving 30,000 ha Number of hectares Wildlife fisher per capita and improve harvesting, flood storage Corporation consumers; of wildlife habitats of wildlife Conservations communities § Water flood control control and water infrastructure (NWCPC); NCA; Irrigation c. Reducing HWCs by conservation areas NGOs; Kenya experiencing ü coverage storage infrastructure. Private sector schemes 50% Number of secured Wildlife Service human-wildlife § Per capita investors; NHC; d. Securing 20% of incidents of human- Training conflicts; Private water NEMA dispersal areas and wildlife conflicts Institute conservancies ü availability Promote water Household water Adaptation County Households, 2018 GOK 10,140 2,020 2,020 2,100 2,000 2,000 migratory pathways Percentage of (KWSTI) § Coverage of efficiency access enhanced via ü Number of farm Governments; and Corporate - / dispersal areas and protected (monitor, development of: - ponds MWS; buildings / 2022 DPs migratory pathways areas in reduce, re-use, a. 300,000 farm ponds ü Number of CBOs / NGOs; businesses Sub-total: Forestry, Wildlife and Tourism 63,490 11,392 12,877 13,248 12,922 12,651 relation to recycle and b. Water pans households with WRUA; NHC; Reduce Reduction in the Adaptation County Marginalised 2018 GOK 9,900 1,200 1,200 1,200 3,200 3,100 marine area modelling c. Tool kits on access to water pans NWCPC; Private Incidence of incidence of malaria ü Malaria incidence Governments; communities; - / commercial lending and ponds sector investors malaria and and other vector-borne per 1,000 population MoH; Kenya Underprivileged 2022 DPs to the water sector ü Tool kit on other vector- diseases that are National Bureau women and commercial lending borne disease expected to increase of Statistics children to water sector because of climate (KNBS); Improve access Increased percentage Adaptation County Household and 2018 GOK 29,474 2,727 5,080 5,057 3,971 3,638 change through: - MOTIHUD; to good quality of people (from 58% to ü Percentage of people Governments; industrial - / a. Scaled-up community Development water 65%) accessing good with access to good MWS; NWCPC; Consumers; 2022 DPs health interventions Partners quality water through quality water WRUA; CoG; Irrigation b. Improved uptake and regular inspection of Regional Water Schemes; utilisation of malaria water quality and Management Residents of treatment services large-scale installation Boards ASALs Mitigation of water meters Promote a. Solid waste County Persons living 2018 GOK 20,500 3,100 5,100 5,100 4,100 3,100 recycling to management ü Percentage of waste Governments; near dumpsites; - / Improve a. Improved coastal Adaptation County Fisher 2018 GOK 30,988 4,396 6,422 7,394 6,833 5,943 divert collected improved through the diverted from NEMA; Manufacturers; 2022 DPs climate fisheries by Increasing ü Number of Governments; communities - / waste away implementation of a disposal sites Waste Waste resilience of deep/offshore fishing deep/offshore MALFI; KFS and fish 2022 DPs coastal fleet from 9 to 68 fishing vessels KWS; Kenya farmers; Coastal from disposal circular economy towards recycling Management management communities b. Restored and ü Hectares of Marine & residents; CBOs; sites. solid waste practices in Nairobi Authority; MoH companies; ü rehabilitated mangroves restored/ Fisheries Conservation management in GHG emissions from Private sector mangrove forests rehabilitated Research NGOs Nairobi that leads to waste sector investors, ü c. Constructed seawalls ü Percentage of coastal Institute GHG emissions Feasibility study to prevent erosion and marine areas (KMFRI) reductions of 0.1 Mt complete for d. At least 15% of coastal conserved CO2e by 2022 methane capture and and marine areas b. Improved power generation at conserved understanding of the landfill sites feasibility of installing
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methane capacity and power generation at mix landfill sites § Percentage of households Climate proof Protection of human Adaptation County Waste 2018 GOK 25 5 5 5 5 5 landfill sites health by climate ü Number. of Governments; management - / using biomass proofing at least two landfill/waste NEMA; Waste companies 2022 DPs for energy landfill/waste disposal disposal sites Management § Percentage of sites screened for climate Authority; proportion of impacts Private waste households collectors using LPG § Percentage of Control Improved health and Adaptation County Residents of 2018 GOK 20,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,0000 freight moved flooding in safety in human ü Number. of flood Governments; flood-prone - / by rail human settlements through ways constructed in MWS; WRA; areas 2022 DPs Increase Captive renewable Mitigation MMOE; KenGen; Industries; 2018 GOK settlement the construction of urban centres MOTIHUD captive energy generation ü GHG emissions from GDC; PPPs; Private - / flood ways. renewable plants developed, the energy sector NETFUND; Consumers; 2022 DPs Promote green Buildings are better Adaptation Coounty Landlords; 2018 GOK 1,085 115 320 225 225 200 energy where electricity is KETRACO Renewable Included in amounts for Action 29 buildings able to withstand the ü Number of green Governments; Tenants; - / used by the developers energy impacts of climate building codes MOTIHUD; Industries; 2022 DPs providers and change through an developed and NCA; NEMA; Private sector manufacturers improved policy and approved NHC; ERC investors Improve § Losses in Mitigation MOE; ERC; Households; 2018 GOK 1,250 250 250 250 250 250 regulatory framework. energy transmission and ü Losses in KETRACO; Corporate - / Sub-total: Health, sanitation and human settlements 51,510 8,420 10,625 10, 530 11,530 10, 405 efficiency and distribution reduced transmission and KIRDI; KAM businesses; 2022 DPs Increase energy Energy efficiency Mitigation County Industries; 2018 GOK 250 50 50 50 50 50 conservation from 18% to 14% distribution Electricity § 3.3 million Compact ü Number of CFLs consumers Manufacturing efficiency increased in ü GHG emissions from Governments; Manufacturers - / Fluorescent Light delivered to manufacturing energy sector MOE; KEBS; 2022 DPs (CFL) distributed to households Improve energy processes leading to ü Number of KAM; KIRDI households through ü Number of energy and resource GHG emission companies CFL initiative. performance efficiency in reductions, through participating in § Energy efficiency standards developed manufacturing participation of 1,000 energy efficiency and conservation sector companies in energy initiatives projects delivered ü audits and improved Number of energy that focus on efficient National-level standards efficiency standards lighting, energy SDG Indicators Improve water Water use and Adaptation County Industries; 2018 GOK 50 10 10 10 10 10 efficiency in § GHG emission use and resource efficiency ü Number of Governments; Manufacturers - / buildings and reductions resource improved in companies Ministry of 2022 DPs minimum energy through efficiency manufacturing participating in Industry, Trade performance adoption of processes through water efficiency and standards energy participation of 200 initiatives Cooperatives Climate proof The resilience of the Adaptation MOE; Electricity 2018 GOK 640 120 130 130 130 130 efficiency and companies in water (MITC); KAM; energy energy is increased by: ü Percentage of poles KETRACO; consumers; - / energy efficiency audits WRMA; WRUA infrastructure a. Concrete poles that are concrete Kenya Roads Large power 2022 DPs conservation Optimise GHG emission Mitigation County Charcoal 2018 GOK 50 10 20 10 10 0 replacing wooden ü Number of hydro Board; producers; practices manufacturing reductions of 0.45 ü GHG emissions from Governments; manufacturers; - / poles. plants optimised Water Resource Hydro-power § Number of and production MtCO2e by industrial sector MOE; MITC; Briquette 2022 DPs b. Existing ü Hectares of water Management plants industrial processes 2022through improved KEBS; KIRDI; manufacturers; hydropower plants catchment areas Authority; parks industrial processes, KAM; KEPSA Cement optimised, and conserved and KFS; KWTA adopting including the manufacturers water management rehabilitated and conservation waste promotion of a improved. diversion sustainable charcoal c. Conservation and practices production system rehabilitation of with efficient kiln 1000 ha of water technologies to catchment areas increase yields to 32- feeding the hydro- 40% power reservoirs Promote Improved industrial Adaptation County Manufactures; 2018 GOK 4,500 900 900 900 900 900 Promote the GHG emission Mitigation MOE; ERC; Rural residents 2018 GOK 9,325 2,628 3,004 3,091 417 185 industrial practices through the ü Number of Governments; Waste - / transition to reductions of 7.1 ü GHG emissions from NOC; CGs; who are - / symbiosis in scale up of industrial industrial parks MITC; KIRDI; companies; 2022 GCF clean cooking MtCO2e by 2022 the energy sector NEMA; CBOs / firewood and 2022 DPs industrial symbiosis in five adopting industrial NEMA; KEPSA Transport with alternative through the ü Number of NGOs; KFS charcoal zones Counties through symbiosis practices companies clean fuels in development and households using consumers; waste diversion and urban areas; distribution of 4 LPG Urban energy and transport Mitigation and clean million improved ü Number of households who efficiency ü GHG emissions from biomass biomass stoves and 1 households with are charcoal waste, energy and (charcoal and million LPG stoves improved biomass consumers; transport sectors wood) cookstoves Institutions Sub-total: Manufacturing 4,850 970 980 970 970 960 cookstoves and (schools, alternatives in prisons) using Energy and Increase GHG emission Mitigation Ministry of Industries; 2018 GOK 88,630 164,199 245,561 145,155 70,322 rural areas fuelwood Transport renewable reductions of 9.20 ü GHG emissions from Energy (MOE); Household - / Sub-total: Energy 725,092 91,628 167,583 249,032 145,952 70,887 Climate-proof energy for MtCO2e by 2022 the energy sector Geothermal consumer; 2022 DPs Develop an Public transport Mitigation MOTIHUD; Commuters in 2018 GOK 82,350 17,050 20,200 17,950 14,450 12,700 energy and electricity through the Development Corporate affordable, safe systems are improved, ü GHG emissions from NAMATA; traffic- - / transport generation development of 2,405 Corporation consumers and efficient resulting in GHG the transport sectors KRC; NTSA; challenged 2022 DPs infrastructure; MW of renewable (GDC); Energy public emission reductions of KENHA; KURA; towns; Public encourage energy for electricity Regulatory transport, 0.44 MtCO2e by 2022 Motorists transport renewable generation, with an Commission including a Bus and providing co- Association of providers; energy emphasis on (ERC); KenGen; Rapid Transit benefits of safety, Kenya (MAK) Cyclists; development; geothermal, and PPPs; Kenya System in reduced air pollutants Pedestrians increase uptake including hydro, solar, electricity Nairobi and reduced of clean cooking wind and biomass Transmission commuting time, solutions; and Company through: - develop (KETRACO) a. Construction of 70 sustainable km of the BRT for transport Nairobi systems b. Construction of 150 km non-motorised transport facilities National-level to complement BRT Indicators: - c. Extension of SGR § Percentage of from Nairobi to renewable Naivasha energy share in the total electricity generation
129 130 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022 National Climate Change Action Plan (Kenya) 2018-2022
Endnotes Reduce fuel Fuel consumption is Mitigation MOTIHUD; Logistics and 2018 GOK 960 192 192 192 192 192 consumption reduced, resulting in ü GHG emissions from KRC; National freight - / and fuel GHG emission the transport sectors Transport companies; 2022 DPs 1 overhead costs, reductions of 1.48 Authority Motorists Worldometers (2018). Elaboration of data by United Nations, World Population Prospects: 2017 including MtCO2e by 2022 (NTA); ERC; electrification including through the: Transport Revision. Retrieved from: http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/kenya- of the SGR a. Electrification of the License Board; SGR NTSA; KPC; population b. Shifting freight from NTP 2 World Bank Group (2018). Data for Lower middle income, Kenya. Retrieved from: road to rail c. Improving heavy- https://data.worldbank.org/?locations=XN-KE duty truck efficiency 3 Encourage low- The maritime and Mitigation MOTIHUD; Shipping 2018 GOK 2,170 434 434 434 434 434 Kenya National Bureau of Statistics [KNBS] (2015). Spatial Dimension of Well-Being in Kenya: carbon aviation sector ü GHG emissions from KCAA; KPA; companies; - / technologies in transition to low- the transport sectors Kenya Maritime Airline and air 2022 DPs Where are the Poor? Nairobi: KNBS. the aviation carbon pathway via: - ü Number of berths Authority; cargo 4 and maritime a. Installation of shore with shore power Kenya Ferry companies Kaudia, A. (2015). Gender mainstreaming. Retrieved from: sectors power infrastructure ü Number of fuel Authority; for four berths to efficient aircraft Kenya Airport https://www.slideshare.net/agroforestry/4-kenya-gendermainstreaming provide power to purchased Authority; 5 ships while at berth Transport Njoka, J., Yanda, P., Maganga, F., Liwenga, E., Kateka, A., Henku, A., Mabhuye, E., Malik, N. instead of using their License Board; engines IMO; Kenya & Bavo, C. (2016). Kenya: County situation assessment – Working Paper. Nairobi: Pathways to b. Purchase of 6 new Power; Kenya aircraft (B787) which Airways; KEBS Resilience in Semi-Arid Economies. have fuel efficient 6 . engines Kenya Meteorological Department (2017), Climate Change Risks c. Implementation of 7 Kenya Metrological Department [KMD] (2018). Review of Rainfall during the March to May 2018 Service Charter on Sustainable Aviation “Long Rains” Season and the Outlook for the June-July-August 2018. Nairobi: Ministry of Fuels (certification and use of biodiesel Environment and Forestry. production for captive use at the 8 Niang, I., O.C. Ruppel, M.A. Abdrabo, A. Essel, C. Lennard, J. Padgham & P. Urquhart (2014). airports) by 2020 d. Installation of 0.5 Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional MW of solar power plant at Moi Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental International Airport by 2018 Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, Climate-proof Transport Adaptation Kenya Urban Pedestrians; 2018 GOK 141,300 20,000 26,500 29,800 32,000 33,000 transport infrastructure better ü Number of Roads Authority Motorists; - / T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. infrastructure able to withstand kilometres of roads (KURA); Farmers 2022 DPs extreme weather that are climate MOTIHUD; Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge and New York: events through: proofed KeRRA; a. Climate proof 4,500 ü Feasibility study of KeNHA; CGs Cambridge University Press, page 7. 9 km of roads road construction to Daron, J.D. (2014). Regional Climate Messages: East Africa, Scientific report from the CARIAA b. Assessing the harvest water and feasibility of mitigate floods Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions Project, December. constructing roads 10 that systematically Funk, C. et al. (2017). Climate Change Vulnerability, Impacts and Adaptation Assessment for East harvest water and mitigate floods Africa: Summary for Policy Makers. Arusha: East African Community. undertaken 11 Masih, I., Maskey, S., Mussa, F.E.F., & Trambaurer, P. (2014). A review of droughts on the Sub-total: Transport 226,780 37,676 47,326 48,376 47,076 46,326 Sub-total: Energy and Transport 951,872 129,304 214,408 297,408 193,038 117,213 African continent: a geospatial and long-term perspective, Hydrology and Earth System Total for NCCAP 2018-2022 1,784,309 289,093 408,424 486,013 352,044 248,335 Sciences, 18: pp. 3635-3649.
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141 142 ww w .e n vi r MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY on me n REPUBLIC OF KENYA t.go. k e