boosted smuggling businesses. smuggling boosted has crisis migrant and current the that shows Evidence journey. their along exploitation and abuse experiencing continue will they that are high chances the guided, and not protected when and communities, and families away from children pushes violence Domestic for children. the risks trafficking and exploitation increases level also family and atcommunity ages inearlier experienced abuse and Violence riskierjourneys. and longer they themselves find undertaking region, the across multiplying walls border and restrictions, ever-tighter border With to survival. seek escape children and Parents violence. generalised and war, conflict experiencing in2015 to countries from bysea Europe come arriving of people cent per 69 to UNHCR, According of origin. country inthe back start of violence forms other and exploitation abuse, often Most journey. of their leg one atleast on of abuse, types other and/or labour of forms worst the exploitation, have experienced 2 1 children. unaccompanied were considered (EU) Union ofEuropean the States Member the in protection for international seekers applying asylum 88,300 2015, In Europe. south-eastern across and inGreece stranded migrants and of the percent 40 make around up children now inthree, and one was it of December end bythe a child, was migrants 2015, and inten ofrefugees one the September In increase. the on been has them among of children number The life. abetter and of safety insearch Europe crossed people 1.3 2015 2016, million almost August and January Between achildren’s is inEurope crisis migrant crisis. and refugee The avoided be can smuggling and trafficking Exploitation, children might not start their journey as trafficked, many end up manyend trafficked, as journey their not start might children migrant and refugee many While destination. planned the to reach option only their as smugglers see migrants and refugees often to move further, very opportunities restrictive increasingly and Flow Monitoring Surveys, The and other Exploitative Practices Prevalence Prevalence IndicationPractices Survey, May-August 2016 Exploitative other and Trafficking Human The Surveys, Monitoring Flow Analysis: Beyond, and Mediterranean the in Flows Migration Mixed IOM, Example for See 2016 2May 87/2016, release, Press Eurostat Refugee andMigrant ADVOCACY BRIEF CRISIS IN EUROPE 1 They are the most vulnerable and many many and vulnerable are most the They 2 With little information available available information little With

1 for the purpose of financial or other material benefit. material or other of financial for purpose the stay, of illegal enabling entry, or/and ofillegal the procurement ‘the criminalises legislation Smuggling are involved. children when especially two, the between to differentiate easy always Smuggling and trafficking are complex offences and it and offences complex are trafficking and Smuggling not. or crime of organised context inthe committed of whether regardless arecriminalised Today, trafficking and smuggling both 4 3 Transnational Crime. Organized against Convention UN the supplementing Protocols two with crime, organised transitional fighting context of the in persons in trafficking and smuggling of definitions legal the developed community international The European legal and policy framework children. migrant and the of refugee abuse and toexploitation fight done is not enough and yet trafficking and smuggling criminalising framework legal journey. the asolid has during Europe abused and exploited being Article 3, Smuggling Protocol Smuggling 3, Article Protocol) Smuggling the (Hereinafter: Crime Land, by Migrants Sea of and Air, supplementing Smuggling the the United Nations Convention against against Transnational Organised Protocol Protocol); Palermo the (Hereinafter: supplementing2000), the United Nations Convention against(Palermo Transnational OrganisedChildren Crime and Women Especially Persons in Trafficking Punish and Prevent, to Suppress Protocol 2000); York (New Crime Organized Transnational against Convention UN 4 It is a sort asort is It OCTOBER 2016 OCTOBER 3 is not is 3

© UNICEF/UN030630/GRIPIOTIS © UNICEF/ASH GILBERTSON VII PHOTO © UNICEF/UN030630/GRIPIOTIS Convention on Worst Forms of of Child Forms Worst on Convention Rights ofChild the Rights the on Convention the including instruments, legal international all relevant have ratified States ofEuropean the majority The approach. an such enables that framework legal asolid has Europe have experienced. inEurope arriving children migrant and refugee that of violence forms interconnected often and multi-faceted the to to required is prevent respond and approach rights child A holistic abused. otherwise or labour of form child in aworst exploited, up end and journey inthe on later to asmuggler pay to agree work own, his/her on towards Europe journey the start infact categories’. move ‘within can children as Achild complex even more becomes reality The offences. two the between differentiating inlegally conclusive not always thus is ‘Consent’ the child for the purpose of exploitation qualifies as trafficking.’ as qualifies of exploitation for purpose the child the of receipt or transfer, harbouring transportation, ‘recruitment, mere the and are used, means however to prove certain that need no there is are involved, children When of exploitation.’ for purpose the person, over another control having a person of consent achieve the to benefits or of payments receiving or ofgiving the or of vulnerability of aposition or of power abuse the of of deception, of fraud, of abduction, of coercion, forms other of force use or or ofthreat the bymeans of persons, receipt or transfer, as the defined transportation, ‘recruitment, harbouring is Trafficking intent person. the the as to is exploit person the against crime a always is hand, the on other Trafficking, crime. of organised context the within occurs smuggling when especially bysmugglers, exploited be can which position, vulnerable inavery are often to smugglers resorting persons State. However, the against offence an as considered is smuggling As such benefits.’ stay, other or or amount of agiven inexchange entry illegal the facilitates smuggler the whereby of ‘agreement’ 9 8 7 6 5 of children and trafficking. and of children exploitation and abuse sexual against legislation EU have enacted the and of(CoE) Europe Council the level, both European At the etc. Protocols, supplementing two its and Transnational Crime Organized against assistance to victims. CoE Conventions are in particular very very are inparticular Conventions CoE to victims. assistance and for protection provides and law criminal substantive immigration, who cooperate with the competent authorities (hereinafter: Directive 2004/81/EC) Directive (hereinafter: authorities competent the with cooperate who illegal immigration, facilitate to action an of subject the been have who or beings human who in nationals trafficking of victims are third-country to issued permit residence the on 2004 April Council 29 of 2011/36/EU); 2004/81/EC Directive Directive (hereinafter 2002/629/JHA Decision Framework and Council victims, replacing its protecting and beings human in trafficking combating and 05 of preventing Council on 2011 the of and April Parliament European the of 2011/36/EU Directive Crimes 1983); Violent of Victims of (Strasbourg Compensation the on Convention European 2007); Sexual and (Lanzarotte Abuse Exploitation Sexual against Children of Protection the on Convention Europe of 2005); Council (Warsaw Trafficking Human against Convention Europe of Council others: among See 1999) of 182 (No. Labour Child of Forms Worst on Convention ILO 1930) of 29 (No. Labour Compulsory or Forced concerning Convention ILO 1989) York (New Child the of Rights the on Convention Protocol Palermo 3(c), Article 6 , ILO Forced labour Convention labour , ILO Forced 9 This legislation harmonises the harmonises legislation This 8 , the UN Convention Convention UN , the 7 , the ILO , the 5

2 refugee and migrant children. migrant and refugee of trafficking and preventing measures exploitation in efficient for 2017 to time invest high is further it todeveloped is on, be and anti-trafficking on anew EU Strategy As enforcement authorities. law with cooperation their on dependent mainly are also victims to trafficking permits Residence atrisk. not to and children such as recognised to victims apply ofmeasures the most of protection increased knowledge of emerging concerns traffickers of victims protection five priorities: key under actions foresees concrete strategy This the same source, the prices for migrant smuggling have tripled. smuggling for migrant prices the source, same the to according as, situation for even an 2016, sombre shows more in only fewin only months. Turkey from smuggled States European inother and into Greece migrants 2016, referred insummer to 600 Greece over some children are further elaborated in the EU Strategy on trafficking. on EU inthe Strategy elaborated are further children particular in and of trafficking to victims assistance on Measures consideration. prevailing the as interests respected best his/her and proceedings in criminal representation including representation, legal access should child The possible. as soon as located family his/her and established to be need nationality and identity his/her unaccompanied, is child the if and education, access to able be should of trafficking victim child a to legislation, EU According children. by trafficked needed assistance paidthe to attention is Specific to trafficking. subject of being consequence adirect as committed activities criminal for of trafficking to victims of penalties non-application or for non-prosecution provides also victims its protecting and beings in human trafficking preventing combating on and EU legislation The of to children. protection preventionregard and with also of enforcement law but interms not only tools strong 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Greece. from relocated have been Turkey people to 4,697 EU the and from resettled have been refugees 8,268 2016, only October By slowly. are moving schemes relocation and EU resettlement into EU. the activities smuggling illegal from generated was billion 5-6 2015 USD In estimated an alone, journey. their throughout point at some network smuggling migrant of a services facilitation the use Union European the reaching of migrants all cent per 90 than more report, Interpol and Europol to a2015 joint According arises. for smugglers ademand so, do to opportunities legal no are they given and of reasons a variety for borders to across migrate decide children, including people, As Smuggling is on the increase being turned back. turned being and (fYROM) of Macedonia Yugoslav former Republic the with border the to cross trying are spotted a day migrants 100 and 50 between estimates, to police 2016, according of May end the by closed was camp Idomeni the Though networks. their and bysmugglers route the facilitated movement through ongoing highlight reports 2016, media inMarch migrants and for refugees 40 per cent from Bulgaria. Police authorities from all countries on on countries all from authorities Police Bulgaria. from cent per 40 and fYROM the from arriving of them cent per 60 basis: daily on country the entering migrants and refugee 300 estimated an

http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/ Time Ragus, Migrant Smuggling surges in Greece, 8 August 2016 8August Greece, in surges Smuggling Migrant Ragus, Time 2016 7August grow, frustrations migrant as Greece in surges AP, Smuggling press-material/docs/state_of_play_-_relocation_en.pdf 2016 June Smuggling, Migrant in Trend 2016 Latest Summary Europol, Executive Networks, Smuggling Migrant Report, Europol-Interpol Joint EU Strategy on trafficking) (hereinafter: 2012–2016 Beings Human in Trafficking of Eradication the towards Strategy EU 2004/81/EC Directive and 2011/36/EU Directive 14 In the same time, police investigation conducted in conducted investigation police time, same the In , enhanced coordination and cooperation coordination enhanced 16 15 In Serbia, in June 2016, UNICEF reported reported 2016, UNICEF in June Serbia, In Since the Balkan Route was declared closed closed declared was Route Balkan the Since 10 , prevention 12 prosecution of of prosecution , and Europol analysis of data of data analysis Europol . However, interms and and 13 11

© UNICEF/UN025295/GILBERTSON VI 17 inLibya. especially move, the on children bythe suffered exploitation and abuse of extreme hand testimonies first gives byUNICEF report A recent trafficking. and to exploitation vulnerable are they particular such, As smugglers. to way the pay to along work stopping system, ‘pay-as-you-go’ a use Africa Sub-Saharan from of migrants the Most Egypt. and Gambia Eritrea, Somalia, 15 to , from 17 come and olds year year. to previous the are mainly compared They twice than more unaccompanied, as were of them cent identified per . 92 to bysea 31, May and irregularly 2016, crossed 7.567 children 1 January Between ignored. be cannot lower.though figures The route remains Mediterranean Central the undertaking of children number the involved, to dangers the Due Tunisia). Egypt, (e.g. Africa Northern and are Sub-Saharan from inItaly bysea arriving nationalities main the Iraqis, and Afghans bySyrians, mainly used route, Turkey from Mediterranean been Eastern has to Greece, the While it. undertaking bychildren suffered exploitations and for severe the notorious abuses been to Italy, long has Africa North from crossing Route, Mediterranean Central The children. migrant and of refugee exploitation and abuse to further contributed indirectly to have they also thrive, business smuggling the have allowed policies management migration current the Whilst trafficking and More needs to be done to prevent exploitation radar. the off remain often too for children of smuggling consequences protection the to allowed enter of while territory, children numbers small the on or stranded children the to on focus continue have and actors other and protection child information, this Despite of children. including smuggling, of cases identified report routethe regularly running from West and East Africa towards the Libyan coast. coast. Libyan towards the Africa East and West from running routes of smuggling the stages at all of violence sexual forms other and rape torture, for ransom, of abductions testimonies

children, UNICEF Child Alert, June 2016. June Alert, Child UNICEF children, migrant and refugee for Europe to journey Aharrowing way, the of step every Danger UNICEF, 17 A 2016 Amnesty International report provides provides report International A2016 Amnesty

3 are to vulnerable and harassment. sexual violence guards, female lack which facilities, inthese held Women centres. detention inimmigration ill-treatment other and torture widespread with offences, for migration-related foreign nationals of detention systematic the on reports also International Amnesty 21 20 19 18 schemes. reunification family through of destination country their reached safely and havelegally could trafficked and exploited abused, were who children ofstranded the some that shows Evidence were area recorded. greater Paris inthe and Strasbourg UK, inthe farms cannabis on exploited being children of Vietnamese several cases interviews, During terminals. at ferry smugglers assisting as such activities, for illicit children separated and were references There to of use unaccompanied the UK. over to to for the crossing pay into forced prostitution of being spoke Eritrea, and Ethiopia from girls well as as girls, Kurdish Young trafficking. and labour of child forms worst of exploitation, refer testimonies to child cases France, Moreover, inNorthern are investigated. cases alleged and countries inother camps refugee from are reported of abuse fears Similar exploitation. and fear of violence sexual and camp in the conditions living of spoke degrading interviewed children migrant and refugee All Vietnam. and , Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Ethiopia, Eritrea, 11 Egypt, , from 17 and originating old years of ages the between children, 60 interviewed UNICEF Channel, of English the coast the along in seven camps conducted a study In risks of trafficking and and exploitation. of trafficking risks to them expose and of smugglers into hands children the push system, the in distrust generate reunification of family procedures lengthy, and complicated definitions legal narrow addition, In

See UNICEF Refugee and Migrant Crisis in Europe, The right of the child to family reunification, May 2016 May reunification, family to child the of right The Europe, in Crisis Migrant and Refugee UNICEF See 2016 June Sound, nor Safe 2016 Neither UNICEF, 13 August camps, refugee Greek at children’ on assaults ‘Sexual Guardian, The example: for See 2015. London, refugees, and from migrants abuse and violence sexual abduction, of stories cruelty’, of full is ‘Libya 2016, July exploitation Libya, in and abuse violence, sexual fleeing migrants and Refugees international, Amnesty 20 But children often lack information about these options. options. these about information lack often children But 19 21 18

© UNICEF/UN05639/GILBERTSON VII report also concludes that protection measures for trafficked and and for trafficked measures protection that concludes also report 23 22 trafficking. of child prevalence alow simply or cases, of identification poor lawenforcement, inefficient requirements, and evidentiary legislation of anti-trafficking to complexity the due is this whether unclear is it that concludes report A UNICEF inconvictions. up ending of them number on data consolidated no thereis lawand of beforecourt a ended 2,700 only trafficking, of 7,704 out for 2010-2012, prosecuted for period the cases to data, Eurostat low. is According of convictions number the do, they when and even court, up in end trafficking of child cases few Very complex. and are long investigations Police protection. social enforcement law and between not coordinated and hoc ad are sometimes efforts assistance and Outreach contacts. first the after soon ofchildren the track lose late too or arrive they often but children, to out exploited reach authorities protection Child Justice for exploited and trafficked children situation. off in aworse and exploited up end indeed or risks such through successfully navigate centres leave who children whether on available is evidence little but exists of exploitation risk The countries. destination to movefamily, chosen for or reasons other peers to extended unite with try might They home. back family assist or and/ smugglers to back money pay pressure to earn under Europe in arrive of them Some into hands. own their takemay matters they procedures, interests prevail current in the will best their that nottrust do children As trafficked. necessarily arethey (all) that not mean does This to afterwards. them happens what on exists information no and period ashort within centres leave to are reported children separated and unaccompanied Many 18. turn they as soon as returned be will they that fearing 16-17 particularly old year aged children with status, legal their about uncertain and plans integration without are left children often and properly not function do systems Guardianship not to related them. adults with together sometimes and conditions in overcrowded periods, for extended often are of incentres, them majority The relatives. byadult or for infoster families cared are currently in2015-2016 in Europe arriving children separated and fewunaccompanied ofOnly the exploited trafficked or areChildren not necessarily ‘disappear’ who

UNICEF Innocenti Research Center, Child Trafficking in Europe, A broad vision to put children first, 2008 first, children put to vision broad A Europe, in Trafficking Child Center, Research Innocenti UNICEF for effective guardianship for unaccompanied and separated children, August 2016 August children, separated and unaccompanied for guardianship effective for Acall and home, from away Ahome Europe, in Crisis Migrant and Refugee UNICEF, see more For 22 23 The same same The

4 27 from Nigeria. come the EU within victims trafficked of identified majority the home against potential reprisals. against home traffickers. suspected their against authorities the with collaboration their upon conditional is this ofcases the inmost but permit, residence Italy or in other European States. European inother or Italy throughout arethey exploited traffickers, of their hands inthe once and, to authorities the age their hide They unwanted pregnancies. of reported cases to with Europe, journey their on exploitation and abuse face labour. They of bonded inasituation them puts which costs, the back of paying ceremonies traditional through make apromise girls the Before leaving, chain. exploitation of their part to final tothe Europe trip be the consider may and childhood since exploitation and abuse have experienced ofgirls the Some in Europe. jobs of well-paying promises with boyfriends) friends, cousins, (neighbours, know they bypeople inNigeria back lured are usually girls The reported. of also is 13 girls old year are 15 number increasing an toarriving 17 though old, years girls ofNigerian the Many years. two last the increase on been have numbers the but not anew is phenomenon, in Italy. This bysea arrived women and girls Nigerian 2016, 3,529 June and January between Only in girls Europe. Nigerian of trafficking and of exploitation cases bythe illustrated as are relevant, still findings its to 2008, back dates report UNICEF the Though considered. are rarely movement itself the during and countries destination and inorigin rights political and of children’s socio-economic violations Broader of origin. to country to the child the returning prior assistance short-term tend to on focus children exploited 26 25 24 children. on of exploitation consequences lasting to long the light brought has research various while however,remain duration, in their short They are available. protection and of support forms different victims, as and recognised identified children For investigations. judicial and inpolice to collaborate reluctant are often and victims as themselves identify not proactively do children exploited and trafficked the for which ofreasons the are system in the some overall distrust and returned of being money,earn prospect the to need the practices, traditional belief in traffickers, from Fears

Directive 2004/81/EC trafficking in children for labour, sexual and other forms of exploitation, ILO 2009 ILO exploitation, of forms other and sexual labour, for children in trafficking fight to manual Training Gift, UN. UNICEF, ILO, also see 2004; Hommes, des Terre Federation International it, about do to what and Trafficking Child Commodities? as Kids Dottridge, M. Eurostat Statistical Working Papers, Trafficking in human beings, 2015 edition 2015 beings, human in Trafficking Papers, Working Statistical Eurostat 2016 June Invisibili, Schiavi Piccoli Italia, Children the Save Nigerian See by girls. face violations rights child the on evidence detailed provides report children the A Save 27 26 No safeguards exist for them and their family back back family their and exist for them safeguards No 25 Child victims of trafficking can be provided with a with provided be can of trafficking victims Child 24 According to Eurostat Data, to Data, Eurostat According

2. 1. UNICEF Recommendations: 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3.

including with their extended families in destination countries. countries. indestination families extended their with including to families, their for reunite children make with easier and it procedures reunification family up to States speed upon calls UNICEF and exploitation. trafficking abuse, against children protect interests ofchild, the best bythe guided pathways, legal and other and relocation resettlement reunification, Family reunification: fostering the child’s social inclusion. inclusion. child’s social the fostering services, and skills’ other development and training education, access and ofabuse, the consequence psychological and physical the with to deal child the enable should provided Assistance support. and protection term long with provided be should children Trafficked and exploited support: term Long traffickers. suspected against authorities the with of collaboration regardless and interests child’s best inthe when of destination, country the Legal residence: child. the with trust by building and work multidisciplinary outreach through children exploited of assistance and identification to invested be inearly needs work: Multidisciplinary aspirations. and concerns his/her reflect and child the with together built be should solution such Any solution. adurable with offered Durable solution: assistance. to legal access well as as case, of their management the and situation own their regarding information to access better guardians, of qualified appointment systematic the through children migrant to and refugee support better providing by and exploitation trafficking to take measures prevent should countries destination and transit Origin, children: migrant and refugee of Protection harmonised. be move should the on children for systems management information and entitlements protection practices, good by existing Guided knowledge. and information of data, sharing well as as authorities protection of child collaboration and exchanges border cross Transnational collaboration: children. migrant and refugee including children, against exploitation and abuse of violence, cases refer address and prevent, identify, to effectively are they able that so countries destination and transit inorigin, strengthened further be should systems: protection Child schemes. bysuch prioritised be should children separated and unaccompanied and children with families interests ofchild, the best the in When children. refugee stranded for trafficking and exploitation of smuggling, to risks the minimise schemes relocation and inresettlement investments and commitments and relocation: Resettlement a support person, an interpreter an alawyer. and person, a support present of the including standards, relevantother international and of crime witnesses and victims child involving matters in justice on Guidelines UN inthe forth put safeguards all from benefit should processes injustice part taking Children or exploitation. to trafficking subject of being consequence adirect as committed activities for criminal prosecuted not be Non-prosecution: Children should be entitled to in reside entitled be should Children Refugee and migrant children should be be should children migrant and Refugee Trafficked and exploited children should should children Trafficked and exploited Effective schemes of family of family schemes Effective Along migratory routes, migratory Along more National child protection systems systems protection child National States should promote should States States should extend extend should States 5

© UNICEF/UNI197005/ROMENZI